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UMPIRE MANUAL
Kevin Ryan | Independent Contractor and Director of Umpires for USA Softball
LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR OF UMPIRES
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UMPIRE MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2023 Umpire Manual
Points of Emphasis ...................................................................................................................16
Mechanics Denitions...............................................................................................................26
Umpire Social Media Guidelines ..............................................................................................28
Code of Ethics for Umpires.......................................................................................................31
CHAPTER 1
Pre-requisites for Good Umpiring
Elements of a Successful Umpire.............................................................................................32
Professional Appearance ...................................................................................................32
Communications .................................................................................................................32
Conditioning .......................................................................................................................34
Game Management ............................................................................................................34
Judgment ............................................................................................................................35
Mechanics ..........................................................................................................................35
Positioning ..........................................................................................................................35
Rule Knowledge .................................................................................................................35
Timing .................................................................................................................................35
Difcult Situations .....................................................................................................................36
Appeal Plays ......................................................................................................................36
Ejections .............................................................................................................................36
Forfeits ...............................................................................................................................36
Protests ..............................................................................................................................36
CHAPTER 2
Communications and Signals
Routine Safe or No Catch.........................................................................................................38
Sell Safe ...................................................................................................................................38
Routine Out or Strike ................................................................................................................38
Sell Out .....................................................................................................................................39
Fair Ball ....................................................................................................................................39
Dead Ball, Time Out, No Pitch or Foul Ball...............................................................................39
Hold Up Play & Play Ball ..........................................................................................................40
Count ........................................................................................................................................40
Foul Tip .....................................................................................................................................41
Ineld Fly ..................................................................................................................................41
Four Base Award ......................................................................................................................41
Home Run ................................................................................................................................42
Two Base Award or Ground Rule Double ................................................................................. 42
Delayed Dead Ball or Illegal Pitch or Obstruction.....................................................................42
Umpire to Umpire Signals.........................................................................................................43
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Requesting Help on a Check Swing ...................................................................................43
The Ineld Fly Situation is On ............................................................................................43
The Ineld Fly Situation is Off ............................................................................................44
Requesting the Count .........................................................................................................44
Requesting the Number of Outs .........................................................................................44
HAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
Pre and Post Game Responsibilities
Pre-Game with Partners ........................................................................................................... 45
Umpire Crew Entering the Field ...............................................................................................46
Pre-Game Conference with Coaches .......................................................................................46
End of the Game Procedure .....................................................................................................47
Post Game with Partners..........................................................................................................47
CHAPTER 4
Plate Mechanics
Calling the Pitch in Slow Pitch and Fast Pitch ..........................................................................48
Stance ................................................................................................................................48
Set Position ........................................................................................................................49
The Pitch ............................................................................................................................49
Movement from the Plate in Slow Pitch and Fast Pitch ............................................................51
Movement ...........................................................................................................................51
Movement to Third Base ....................................................................................................52
Plays at Home Plate ...........................................................................................................53
Difcult Situations .....................................................................................................................53
Slow Pitch ...........................................................................................................................53
Fast Pitch ...........................................................................................................................53
General Responsibilities Both Slow Pitch and Fast Pitch.........................................................55
CHAPTER 5
Base Mechanics
General Responsibilities ...........................................................................................................58
Base Umpire Starting Positions Terminology ...........................................................................58
Starting Positions......................................................................................................................58
General Techniques on the Bases .....................................................................................59
Points Governing Decisions on the Bases .........................................................................60
Going for Help ....................................................................................................................60
Watching the Ball................................................................................................................61
Base Calls ................................................................................................................................61
Force Plays/Plays at First Base/Tag Plays ......................................................................... 61
Swipe Tag/Pulled Foot ........................................................................................................ 62
Tag Play Philosophy ...........................................................................................................63
Inside/Outside Theory ........................................................................................................65
Fly Ball Coverage ...............................................................................................................66
Difcult Situations ...............................................................................................................66
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UMPIRE MANUAL
CHAPTER 6
Umpire Systems
The One Umpire System. .........................................................................................................69
Ground Ball to the Ineld. ...................................................................................................69
Base Hit to the Outeld ......................................................................................................70
Fly Ball to the Outeld ........................................................................................................72
Difcult Situations… ...........................................................................................................73
The Two Umpire System ..........................................................................................................74
Fast Pitch – No Runner on Base. .......................................................................................74
Fast Pitch – Runner on First Base .....................................................................................76
Fast Pitch – Runner on Second Base ................................................................................77
Fast Pitch – Runner on Third Base ....................................................................................78
Fast Pitch – Runners on First and Second Base ...............................................................80
Fast Pitch – Runners on First and Third Base ...................................................................81
Fast Pitch – Runners on Second and Third Base ..............................................................83
Fast Pitch – Bases Loaded ................................................................................................84
Other Situations… ..............................................................................................................86
Slow Pitch – No Runner on Base .......................................................................................87
Slow Pitch – Runner on First Base… .................................................................................88
Slow Pitch – Runner on Second Base ...............................................................................90
Slow Pitch – Runner on Third Base ...................................................................................91
Slow Pitch – Runner on First and Second Base ................................................................93
Slow Pitch – Runner on First and Third Base ....................................................................94
Slow Pitch – Runner on Second and Third base ...............................................................96
Slow Pitch – Bases Loaded ................................................................................................97
Two Umpire System Pick Off and Steal Mechanics .................................................................99
The Three Umpire System .....................................................................................................101
No Runner on Base. .........................................................................................................101
Runner on First Base .......................................................................................................103
Runner on Second Base ..................................................................................................106
Runner on Third Base ......................................................................................................109
Runner on First and Second Base ................................................................................... 111
Runner on First and Third Base .......................................................................................113
Runner on Second and Third Base ..................................................................................116
Bases Loaded ..................................................................................................................119
Fly Ball Coverage No Runner on Base or Runner on Third Base ....................................122
Fly Ball Coverage Runner on First Base ..........................................................................123
Fly Ball Coverage Runner on 2B, 1B & 2B, 1B & 3B, 2B & 3B, & Bases Loaded ............ 124
Leaving a Base too soon on a pitch responsibilities in the Three Umpire System ..........126
Umpire Uniform Requirements ...............................................................................................126
National Indicator Fraternity ...................................................................................................127
Umpire Medals Program.........................................................................................................128
2022 Elite Umpires. ................................................................................................................130
National Hall of Fame. ............................................................................................................131
Safety Awareness Guide. .......................................................................................................140
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UMPIRE MANUAL
DIRECTOR OF UMPIRES
Kevin Ryan
7540 Turnberry Ln
Stanley, NC 28164
Bus: (704) 941-4404
2023 NATIONAL UMPIRE STAFF
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UMPIRE MANUAL
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Randy Sprouse
111 Powhatan Ct
Sumter, SC 29150
Cell: (703) 507-8320
Email: V[email protected]
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Steve McCown
1709 Transcendence Dr.
Wylie, TX 75098
Cell: (972) 658-5450
Email: Steve@usasoftballdfw.org
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Steve Nelson
208 Windemere Dr.
Rainbow City, AL 35906
Cell: (205) 960-7495
Email: [email protected]
2023 DEPUTY UMPIRE STAFF
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UMPIRE MANUAL
2023 DEPUTY UMPIRE STAFF
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Dave Chandler
6077 Woodbrush Way
McCordsville, IN 46055
Cell: (765) 729-9780
Email: [email protected]
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Greg Pohl
2371 Seven Pines Dr. #5
St Louis, MO 63146
Bus: (314) 539-1927
Cell: (314) 503-3632
Email: [email protected]
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Geri Magwire
3480 Forest View Ct
Reno, NV. 89511
Cell: (480) 220-2576
Email: [email protected]
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UMPIRE MANUAL
2023 NATIONAL UMPIRE STAFF
Northeast Region (1)
John Cambridge
5 Ryan Road
Barnegat, NJ 08005
Phone: (908) 910-4903
Email: [email protected]
Central Atlantic Region (2)
Joe DeFranco
3278 Rose Glen Ct.
Falls Church, VA 22042
Phone: (571) 212-5744
Email: [email protected]
Southeast Region (3)
Jimmy Derrick
4210 Daniell Mill Road
Winston, GA 30187
Work: (678) 290-6161
Cell: (770) 331-4628
Email: [email protected]
South Region (4)
Mike Adams
205 Wild Mango Cove
Benton, AR 72015
Phone: 903-826-2324
Email: [email protected]
Southwest Region (5)
Brian Mount
13807 Beckwith Drive
Houston, TX 77014
Cell (713) 876-8274
Email: [email protected]
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Midwest Region (6)
Bryan Smith
3216 Shetland Rd.
Lansing, MI 48911
Cell: (517) 763-4104
Email: [email protected]
Mid-America Region (7)
John Orlowski
10427 North Cherry Drive
Kansas City, MO 64155-1932
Work: (816) 797-1197
Email: [email protected]
Northern Region (8)
Steve Riswold
4901 S Baha Ave #3
Sioux Falls, SD 57106
Cell: (605) 212-0657
Email: [email protected]
Northwest Mountain Region (9)
Mike Graeber
P.O. Box 242052
Anchorage, AK 99524
Phone: (907) 440-7500
Email: [email protected]
Pacic Coast Region (10)
Chuck Louie
1224 - 34th Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94122
Cell: (415) 987-7888
Email: [email protected]
2023 NATIONAL UMPIRE STAFF
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UMPIRE-IN-CHIEF BY STATE
ALABAMA
Alabama
Jeff Madaris
240 Seddon Farms Dr.
Pell City, AL 35128
Cell: (205) 422-7888
ALASKA
Alaska
Mike Graeber
PO Box 242052
Anchorage, AK 99524
Cell: (907) 440-7500
Bus: (907) 762-3847
ARIZONA
Arizona
Wally Latall
29834 N. Cave Creek Road,
Suite 118-PMB212
Cave Creek, AZ 85331
Cell: (602) 999-9392
ARKANSAS
Arkansas
Mike Adams
205 Wild Mango Cove
Benton, AR 72015
Res: (903) 826-2324
CALIFORNIA
Central California
Alan Blanchard
18764 Olive St.
Woodbridge, CA 95258
Cell: (209) 712-9573
Northern California
Sean Beaton
146 Keyt Way
Cotati, CA 94931
Cell: (707) 478-0746
Sacramento
Chuck Brabec
4170 Dena Way
Sacramento, CA 95821
Res: (916) 834-8074
San Francisco
Chuck Louie
1224 34th Ave
San Francisco, CA 94122
Cell: (415) 987-7888
Southern California
Laura Head
PO Box 90722
Long Beach, CA 90809
Cell: (562) 221-4540
COLORADO
Colorado
TBD
CONNECTICUT
Connecticut
Cliff LaRose
53 Highland Drive
Monroe, CT 06468
Res: (203) 243-6662
FLORIDA
Florida
Anthony Small
2729 N Martha Ave
Lakeland, FL 33805
Bus: (863) 409-7250
GEORGIA
Georgia
W Lee Gray
5628 Silver Ridge Drive
Smoke Rise, GA 30087
Cell: (770) 362-0906
HAWAII
Hawaii
Stan Finch
5333 Likini St. Apt. 1707
Honolulu, HI 96818
Cell: (808) 990-6256
Work: (808) 448-1256
Stanley[email protected]
IDAHO
Idaho
Glenn Slocumb
11671 Bachelor Ct
Nampa, ID 83651
Cell: (208) 440-1288
PLEASE VISIT ASSOCIATION WEB SITE
FOR COMPLETE STAFF LISTING
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UMPIRE-IN-CHIEF BY STATE
ILLINOIS
Chicago
Steve Verive
2450 Coach and Surrey Lane
Aurora, IL 60506
Res: (630) 618-7927
Illinois
Jon Hand
21625 E. County Line Rd.
Maple Parks, IL 60151
Phone: (309) 826-4495
INDIANA
Indiana
Ronald Summers
18109 S River Road
Three Rivers, MI 49093
Phone: (574) 226-3071
IOWA
Iowa
Ed Murphy
1470 48th Street
Marion, IA 52302
Res: (319) 373-4106
Cell: (319) 310-4210
KANSAS
Kansas
Pete Jackson
619 South Court
Enterprise, KS 67441
Phone: (785) 280-1377
KENTUCKY
Kentucky
Slow Pitch
John Combs
1045 Walnut Grove Circle
Richmond, KY 40475
Phone: (859) 582-6143
Fast Pitch
Chris Brawner
3400 Deibel Way
Louisville, KY 40220
Phone: (502) 445-2873
LOUISIANA
Louisiana
Judy White
50275 Sage Road
Folsom, LA 70437
Phone: (985) 373-4661
MAINE
Maine
Dave Mulcahy
687 Main Street
Monmouth, ME 04259
Phone: (207) 240-2599
MARYLAND-DC-
DELAWARE
Maryland, DC, Delaware
Steve Zawierucha
411 Ocracoke Way Glen
Burnie, MD 21060
Bus: (301) 832-6576
Delaware UIC
Diane Carden
42 Millbrook Rd
Newark, DE 19713
Cell: (302) 598-7725
MASSACHUSETTS
Massachusetts
Dianne Weissbach
20 Woodland Drive #354
Lowell, MA 01852
Cell: (978) 884-3656
KASHMIR889@COMCAST.NET
MICHIGAN
Detroit
John Jonassen
22448 Beach Dr.
St. Clair Shores, MI 48081
Cell: (586) 713-8567
Michigan
Ross S. Martin
7940 Sylvan Dr.
Portland, MI 48875
Cell: (517) 256-5067
MINNESOTA
Minnesota
Dallas Apfelbacher
1536 Stonewood Lane
Eagan, MN 55122
Phone: (612) 756-1096
Minneapolis
Paul Kraimer
PO Box 126
Maple Plain, MN 55359
Cell: (952) 240-5499
MISSISSIPPI
Mississippi
Chris McGee
622 Milton Barnes Ave.
Hattiesburg, MS 39401
Phone: (601) 297-6898
PLEASE VISIT ASSOCIATION WEB SITE
FOR COMPLETE STAFF LISTING
12
UMPIRE-IN-CHIEF BY STATE
MISSOURI
Kansas City
Darren Elliott
15905 W. 153rd St.
Olathe, KS 66062
Cell: (316) 214-9502
Bus: (913) 288-7295
Missouri
Rick Petty
2214 Brandy Lane
Jefferson City, MO 65109
Res: (573) 634-5434
Cell: (573) 690-1977
St. Louis
Greg Pohl
2371 Seven Pines Dr. #5
St Louis, MO 63146
Cell: (314) 503-3632
MONTANA
Montana
Matt Heckel
3500 Magenta Road
Bozeman, MT 59718
Phone: (406) 640-1218
NEBRASKA
Nebraska
Tim Watts
3430 N 74th
Lincoln, NE 68507
Cell: (402) 432-0396
NEVADA
Nevada
David Stocker
294 Cadence Vista Drive
Henderson, NV 89015
(702) 715-2500
NEW HAMPSHIRE
New Hampshire
Beth Vacek
125 Champlin Ridge Road
Rochester, NH 03867
Phone: (603) 343-6737
NEW JERSEY
New Jersey
John Cambridge
5 Ryan Road
Barnegat, NJ 08005
Phone: (609) 698-5612
Cell: (908) 910-4903
NEW MEXICO
New Mexico
John Baca
02 N Paseo San Pasqual
Santa Fe, NM 87507
Phone: (505) 795-8916
NEW YORK
New York
Kathy Zifchock
468 Shawanga Lodge Rd
Bloomingburg, NY 12721
Cell: (914) 799-4365
New York City
Frank Gugileimo
120 Levil Ave
Staten Island, NY 10314
Phone: (917) 816-4879
NORTH CAROLINA
The Carolinas North Carolina
Alan Riggs
423 Parkman Grant Drive
Cary, NC 27519
Phone: (919) 271-7085
NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota
Michael Wolf
1926 Billings Drive
Bismarck, ND 58504
Cell: (701) 400-2100
OHIO
Slow Pitch
Paul Drake III
420 Holly Drive
Oregon, OH 43616
Cell: (419) 340-8305
Fast Pitch
Jerry Fick
3016 Ambler Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45241
Cell: (513) 673-9900
Bus: (513) 563-2755
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma
David Anderson
417 S Mississippi Ave
Ada, OK 74820
Cell: (580) 436-9390
Bus: (580) 332-4410
PLEASE VISIT ASSOCIATION WEB SITE
FOR COMPLETE STAFF LISTING
13
UMPIRE-IN-CHIEF BY STATE
OREGON
Oregon
Joseph Pree
4777 SW 11th Apt# 124
Gresham, OR 97080
Phone: (503) 453-2413
Portland
Dan Duffy
4840 SW Western Ave #900
Beaverton, OR 97005
Bus: (503) 520-1319
Fax: (503) 520-9747
PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania
Dave Kolojejchick
6508 Terrance Ct.
Harrisburg, PA 17111
Phone: (717) 574-9216
Philadelphia
James Stewart
7925 Ditman Street
Philadelphia, PA. 19136
Cell: (215) 313-3515
RHODE ISLAND
Rhode Island
Dan LaCorbiniere
2332 Post Rd Apt 1
Warwick, RI 02886
Phone: (401) 486-9964
SOUTH CAROLINA
The Carolinas South Carolina
Alan Riggs
423 Parkman Grant Drive
Cary, NC 27519
Phone: (919) 271-7085
SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota
Steve Riswold
4901 S Baha Ave #3
Sioux Falls, SD 57106
Res: (605) 212-0657
TENNESSEE
Tennessee
Ed Rowe
1906 Williams St
Chattanooga, TN 37408
Cell: (423) 355-3002
TEXAS
Dallas-Fort Worth
Steve McCown
1709 Transcendence Dr
Wylie, TX 75098
Cell: (972) 658-5450
Steve@usasoftballdfw.org
Houston
John Scott
23215 Bayleaf Dr.
Spring, TX 77373
Cell: (281) 686-2913
Texas
James Brau
2844 Forest Bend
Bryan, TX 77801
Res: (979) 575-3675
Bus: (979) 209-6519
UTAH
Utah
Phil Cappadonia
887 W 1100 S.
Payson, UT 84651
Bus: (801) 404-6249
VERMONT
Vermont
Dave Christiansen
1482 Maple Hill Road
Plaineld, VT 05667
Cell: (802) 917-1938
VIRGINIA
Central Virginia
Joe DeFranco
3278 Rose Glen Ct.
Falls Church, VA 22042
Cell: (571) 212-5744
Piedmont Virginia
Steve DeJarnette
1319 Wood Rd.
Lynchburg, VA 24502
Cell: (434) 401-2035
WASHINGTON
Seattle
George Gunn
29758 217th Pl. SE
Kent, WA 98042
Washington
Glenn Brown
1525 NE 5th Ave
Oak Harbor, WA 98277
(360) 969-4678
WISCONSIN
Wisconsin
Al Waldvogel
W10104 Birch Rd
Antigo, WI 54409
Phone: (715) 216-4522
awaldvogel9999@charter.net
PLEASE VISIT ASSOCIATION WEB SITE
FOR COMPLETE STAFF LISTING
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UMPIRE-IN-CHIEF BY STATE
WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia
Derick Grifn UIC
101 Harvard Ave.
Charleston, WV 25306
Phone: (304) 444-0018
Assistant UIC for West Virginia
Vince McMillan
1314 Beech Lick Rd.
Salem, WV 26426
Phone: (304) 893-3788
WYOMING
Wyoming
Jerry Kramer
1624 Trojan Dr.
Casper, WY 82609
Res: (307) 232-8233
Cell: (307) 797-0684
PLEASE VISIT ASSOCIATION WEB SITE
FOR COMPLETE STAFF LISTING
15
UMPIRE-IN-CHIEF BY STATE
PLEASE VISIT ASSOCIATION WEB SITE
FOR COMPLETE STAFF LISTING
RULES SUPPLEMENT
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UMPIRE MANUAL
2024 POINTS OF EMPHASIS
With 2023 being the best of the three previous years with COVID restrictions, there
were still several umpires across the US that did not get to umpire as much as
they would have liked due to a variety of other issues. We here at the USA Softball
Umpire Program feels it is important for all our umpires to review the POE’s as we
continue to see these issues at National Championships and National Invitational
Tournaments. It is our hope that we will be able to practice and apply these POE’s
across USA Softball events in 2024.
Two Umpire System In Slow Pitch With No Runners On And The Base Umpire
Is Back On And Walking The Line.
Rationale and Reason: After almost two decades the mechanic of the initial position-
ing of the Base Umpire in Slow Pitch in the two-umpire system has changed and
returned the umpire to being on and walking the line. Many things in the Slow Pitch
game have changed in the 18 years since the change was made to put the Base
Umpire inside the foul line in 2003. At that time there was very few ground balls
elded with plays at rst base. There were more balls hit to the outeld then, and
the feeling was the move inside the line made it easier for the Base Umpire to come
inside and get the proper position for a play at second base, while also making the
umpire hustle to a proper distance and angle for plays at rst base. In the meantime,
since 2003 changes have been made with the bats and balls, the distance between
the bases was increased to 70 feet, and the popular defensive alignment of ve
inelders (six counting the pitcher) has been introduced. These changes in the Slow
Pitch game have caused the number of plays at rst base to increase signicantly
over the number of plays prior to the change. Moving the umpire back to the line
has them getting in proper position for the play at rst base much easier than in
between the bases while working around F4, F1 and F6. If the ball gets through the
ineld then the umpire comes inside, buttonhooks, PUBGAR, and get in proper posi-
tion for a play at 2B or a throw-back to 1B.
Does This New Slow Pitch Mechanic Also Apply To A Runner At Third Base
Only?
Yes. Even though in today’s game of slow pitch a pitched ball remains live until in the
pitcher’s possession and all play has stopped, we remain on the line with a single
runner at third base. Any call on the runner at 3B is the plate umpire’s responsibility
with the base umpire watching as they are moving from the position on the line to
offer help, if asked, by the plate umpire. With the number of plays at 1B and with the
alignments of the defense with three inelders often on the right side of the eld, we
feel the game is best served with the umpire starting on the line for the plays at rst
base.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
What Is The Proper Initial Positioning On The Bases In Slow Pitch In The Two-
Umpire System?
There are several factors to consider when establishing the initial positioning on the
bases in Slow Pitch. Primarily those would be the location of the runner(s) and the
position and number of inelders used. Before applying those factors remember a
couple of concepts that we also apply in positioning. The rst concept is shading.
Shading is dened as being closer to the lead runner, 20-30 feet from either rst
base or second base if the lead runner is at 2B; but never closer than 15 feet. The
other concept is to always be positioned behind the inelders. With the number of
defensive alignments and positioning possible deviations have to be made. In order
to be considered behind the elders, when you are between two elders draw a line
between the two elders and take a position behind that line. When your position is
behind that line then adjust your position to allow the defensive players adequate
space to make any play necessary without hindrance from umpire’s position.
With the concepts of shading and behind the inelders dened, proper positioning is
now determined by the factors of location of runners and number/positioning of the
inelders. With a runner at 1B or runners at 1B and 3B the umpires initial positioning
will be shading their lead runner, the runner at 1B and behind a line drawn between
the F3 and F4. With a runner at 2B, or runners at 2B and 3B and bases loaded the
umpires initial positioning will be shading the runner at 2B and behind a line drawn
between the F4 and F6 (in a traditional alignment) or between the extra inelder and
F6 (in a 5-player ineld).
Managing The Illegal Pitch In Slow Pitch.
“The Stop”
There are several ways to have an illegal pitch in Slow Pitch, and many pitchers will
use those as a strategy to affect the timing and comfort level of the batters. The most
common infractions by pitchers today are:
• Not adhering to the rule requiring a “stop” by the pitcher prior to delivery of
the pitch
• Pitching the ball without achieving the minimum of a 6-foot arc
• Pitching the ball with an arc above the maximum of 10 feet (12 feet in
Senior SP)
The “Stop”. The pitcher must be on the pitching plate with the ball and come to a
complete stop, with the ball motionless, prior to starting the pitch (which is dened as
the rst movement made by the pitcher in the pitching motion). The most common
violations of the stop are:
• Walking on the pitching plate and starting the pitch without a stop
• Catching the return from the catcher on the pitching plate and starting the
next pitch without a stop
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UMPIRE MANUAL
“Minimum Height Of The Pitch”
A legal pitch must have a perceptible arc and reach a height of at least 6 feet from
the ground. In today’s game with the minimum pitching distance being 50 feet for
adults, it is difcult to have a pitch reach the batter’s strike zone and not achieve
an arc of 6 feet. Although difcult it is possible, and the umpire must consistently
recognize and call this pitch illegal in a timely manner. The pitch that doesn’t reach
6 feet will typically be delivered with a higher speed and reach the plate quicker so
the umpire must recognize and call this pitch illegal as soon as possible to allow the
batter to decide whether to swing or not swing at the pitch.
“Maximum Height Of The Pitch”
A legal pitch must have a perceptible arc while not exceeding a maximum height of
10 feet from the ground (12 feet in Senior SP). In today’s game with the minimum
pitching distance being 50 feet for adults, pitchers have the ability to throw the ball
above the maximum limit in order to get it to plate and pass through the strike zone
without the pitch appearing as high as it would with a shorter pitching distance. Once
again, the umpire must consistently recognize and call the illegal pitch that is too
high in a timely manner to allow the batter to decide whether to swing or not swing at
the pitch.
Why Is It Important To Stop To See The Call?
Stop, see the play, make the call.
USA Softball UIC’s observes too many umpires running through a play and/or not
fully stopping to observe the interaction of all four elements coming together. It is
important that umpires STOP and are stationary when these four elements come
together. This allows the umpire to SEE THE PLAY, move when necessary to get an
unobstructed view of the four elements. Seeing the completed play from a stationary
position allows the umpire to have better timing to MAKE THE CALL. Give a strong
verbal call simultaneously with a strong signal.
What Is USA Softball’s Tag Play Mechanics and Philosophies?
There is always a lot of discussion concerning movement by umpires on force and
tag plays. Force plays are easier by nature as the base is xed, not moving, there
is little movement besides the stretch from the elder as the ball is received and the
runner is running in a straight line through the base in most situations. Tag plays can
be extremely tricky and difcult as most of the four elements, excluding the base we
are watching, are all moving at different speeds and angles. It is important that we,
USA Softball, continue to discuss and breakdown the different variables that go into
achieving the best angle and distance for the dynamics of a tag plays.
In USA Softball, our mechanic expectation for tag plays is that we move to a starting
position rst. The starting position for tag plays should be 90 degrees to the path of
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UMPIRE MANUAL
the runner just short of the base they are trying to reach. As the four elements come
closer, move if needed, to get an unobstructed view of the play. We believe moving
to the starting position rst puts you in the best position to see the four elements of
the play. Then as the four elements come closer you can better judge if and when
to move to get an unobstructed view of the tag while keeping all the elements of the
play in front of you.
Helpful hints that we teach to assist you in understanding how a play is going to
develop are:
• Read the defense elding and throwing the ball. If we as umpires read
the hips and shoulders of the elder throwing the ball it will indicate
the direction they are going to throw the ball.
• Read how and where the defense is setting up in relation to the base. The
distance between the elder and the runner’s path may also be a variable
of how the four elements will come together.
o Are they setting up in front, middle or behind the base?
o Are they setting up in the runner’s base path, potential obstruc
tion?
• Read the speed and path of the runner toward the base.
o Is the runner’s path to the leading edge?
o Is it toward the back corner of the base?
• Read the speed of the ball on a throw compared to the runner. It is
important to gauge, when the ball arrives compared to when the
runner arrives as this will be a variable on how a elder may apply
the tag.
o If a ball is going to arrive in front of the runner, tags may be
more likely to be at the leading edge or in front of the runner’s
body.
o If the ball is going to arrive behind the runner, tags are more
likely to be at the side or back of the body, like a swipe tag. The
ball/tag is catching up to the runner/body.
• With the above variables, read and move based on all the elements. This
should help you move to the best angle and distance for a swipe tag and
at the same time stay out of the way of a possible throw for a subsequent
play.
• We also believe a movement of about three feet in either direction (right
or left) from your starting position will allow you the best unobstructed
angle and distance, to see almost every swipe tag and a tag
applied straight on.
For tag plays specically at home plate, we teach to try and not go inside the dia-
mond because after the play at home, any subsequent plays that develop, will be to
one of the other bases and the calling umpire may be in the throwing lanes on many
of the throws.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Why Move “Parallel” To The Flight Of A Fly Ball?
The basic principle when chasing a y ball remains the same. Stop and be set prior
to the catch/no catch, see the play and make the call facing the play.
Any umpire, both plate and base umpire, that chases a y ball should chase “paral-
lel” to the ight of the ball. This chase path may not be a true parallel path to the
ight of the ball, as you may need to achieve a greater angle as this movement is
intended to obtain an unobstructed view of the catch/no catch. Chasing directly at
the elder will result in not having an unobstructed view on a possible catch/no catch
especially on a ball caught near the ground.
There is a situation that requires an umpire moving directly at a elder. This situa-
tion occurs when the primary responsibility of the calling umpire is fair/foul. In this
case, the calling umpire must remain near or on the foul line, stop and be set, see
the play, indicate ball status if touched then make the call.
In all cases, the chasing umpire must turn with the subsequent throw to the ineld to
observe any additional plays.
Example where the umpire does
not move parallel in order to
achieve a greater angle to ensure
they have an unobstructed view of
the catch/no catch.
Example of parallel
movement
Example where the umpire does
not move parallel in order to
achieve a greater angle to ensure
they have an unobstructed view of
the catch/no catch.
Plate umpire movement to obtain
the best angle in order to have an
unobstructed view of the catch / no
catch.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Plate Umpire
Proper Use Of The Holding Zone.
It is important that plate umpires move up into the holding zone in order to see all
potential plays along with communicating with their partners that they are in the
proper position pertaining to their responsibilities. The holding zone is used in the
Two Umpire System and Three Umpire System when an umpire chases a y ball
reverting the crew back to the Two Umpire System. Plate umpires should move out
from behind the plate towards the holding zone ½ way to 3B in foul ground to an
area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements. It is crucial for plate
umpires to remain in the holding zone until the play develops, meaning the ball takes
you to the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for
any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Base Umpire
TAG PLAYS: For tag plays, your nal calling distance should be 10 to 12 feet from
the play and 90 degrees to the path of the runner. It is important that umpires iden-
tify the runner’s path, the defense’s positioning and how the play is developing to
move to a nal calling position to obtain an unobstructed view and maintain the view
of all four elements, in relation to where the tag will be applied. The two diagrams
below illustrate examples of the umpires positioning adjusting based on the run-
ner’s path, defense's positioning, the base, and where the tag is applied. Ultimately,
umpires should adjust their positioning to obtain an unobstructed view of all four
elements enabling them to see between the offense and defense and watch the tag
being applied (see through the tag).
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UMPIRE MANUAL
R1 at 2B. Flyball To The Outeld That Is Caught.
Why does the BU take the lone runner to 3B instead of the PU in the Two Um-
pire System or when reverting to the Two Umpire System?
USA Softball’s philosophy is the Base Umpire takes the last runner into 3B or a
lone runner into 3B. In this scenario, R1 starts at 2B. Flyball is hit to the outeld and
caught, so the batter-runner is out and there is the lone runner that started at 2B. BU
is responsible for the lone runner starting at 2B. If R1 stays at 2B or advances to 3B,
the BU is responsible for that runner at either base. If the BU achieves the proper
positioning inside the diamond slightly ahead of 2B, they can watch for and move
accordingly to their responsibilities; tag-up at 2B, play at 2B and / or play at 3B if R1
advances to 3B. USA Softball feels this mechanic maximizes the efciency of both
umpires. Having the BU take R1 into 3B allows the PU to stay ahead of the runner
in position for a possible play at the plate. Other codes have situational mechanics
that allow the PU to take the lone runner, R1 into 3B. USA Softball doesn’t have situ-
ational mechanics resulting in BU taking the lone runner, R1, into 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
In The Three Umpire System, Why Does U3 Cover 1B And Not PU When U1
Chases?
USA Softball believes that having U3 covering 1B instead of the PU provides more
benets when weighing the pros and cons.
• U3 covering all plays at 1B, 2B and 3B stays in line with our umpire cover
age and priorities when building from our Two Umpire System.
• U3 hustling across the eld to see / call the play at 1B allows for the
umpire that has the best angle to make the call at 1B while the
PU concentrates on their responsibilities of any infractions near
home plate and interference / obstruction violations.
• Angle over distance has always been a priority and in this situation U3 has
the best angle to have an unobstructed view of all four elements based on
the throw coming from right eld.
• Based on U3’s position hustling across the eld for their responsibilities
at 1B, that still keeps them ahead of the batter-runner (runner) at 1B if the
runner advances to 2B or 3B.
Focusing in on the unobstructed angle that U3 has of all 4 elements even if
they only get to the pitcher’s circle, they still have angle over distance.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Benets Of U3 Using The Buttonhook In Fair Territory Instead Of Foul Terri-
tory?
There are a lot of thoughts that it is easier for U3 starting on the line to buttonhook
inside the diamond using a path in foul territory. The current pathways in fair terri-
tory, in front of or behind the runner, allows the umpire to maintain consistency in ex-
ecuting the inside/outside movement. This gives the umpire a better opportunity to
achieve 90 degrees to the path of the runner, providing the best angle and distance
to observe the play, allows them to achieve an unobstructed view, to be able to stop
and make the call.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
SECTION 2 DEFINITIONS
ANGLE OVER DISTANCE: The decision an umpire must make when moving a
great distance to the proper position for a play. Based on the type of play,
the umpire should obtain the best possible angle even if it includes a longer
distance view.
BALL STATUS: A mechanic that an umpire uses to signal the location of a batted
ball in ight near a foul line when rst touched by a elder.
BUTTONHOOK: The movement of a Base Umpire from outside the ineld to a
position inside the diamond while picking up the ball and glancing at the runner.
This is accomplished by planting the right foot and using a pivoting motion
toward the runner.
CHECK SWING: An intentional attempt by the batter to stop the completion of their
swing.
COUNTER ROTATED: When the First Base Umpire’s starting position is off the foul
line in the Three-Umpire System.
DIAMOND: The area of the ineld inside the baseline.
FLAT PITCH (SP): A term used to describe a pitch that does not reach the required
six foot minimum height.
FORTY FIVE DEGREE ANGLE: The maximum position at rst base which an um-
pire should not go beyond as their nal calling position.
GOOD PELVIC ALIGNMENT (GPA): The alignment of the Plate Umpire’s pelvis with
the outside front corner of home plate.
HEEL/TOE STANCE: The position of the Plate Umpire’s feet when the heel of the
foot closest to the batter is in a straight line with the toe of the foot closest to
the catcher.
HIGH PITCH (SP): A term used to describe a pitch that exceeds the 10 foot maxi-
mum arc.
HOLDING ZONE: An area halfway between 3B and home plate outside the diamond,
adjacent to the third base foul line, where the Plate Umpire should go to read a
play in certain situations.
INSIDE/OUTSIDE THEORY: The theory that governs the movement of the Base
Umpire, as determined by a batted or thrown ball, inside or outside the ineld.
NINETY DEGREE ANGLE: The primary position of observation by an umpire for
viewing the required four elements to make a call.
PARALLEL MOVEMENT: The mechanic for movement by the umpire between
bases. A parallel line exists inside and outside the baselines for each base,
and the proper movement is up and down the appropriate parallel line.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
PRE PITCH PREPARATION: The thought process umpires should use to anticipate
a play prior to each pitch to better understand where they may or may not need
to move. This includes but is not limited to: the count, position of the runners,
defensive positioning, and recognition of any situations that may occur.
SECONDARY POSITION: The movement away from the primary position to an area
an umpire should attain an unobstructed view of any subsequent play.
SHADING THE LEAD RUNNER: Position in which the Base Umpire assumes off
the foul line with runners on base. The Base Umpire should position them-
selves closer to the lead runner (20-30 feet), but not any closer than 15 feet.
SLOT: The position the Plate Umpire assumes behind the catcher slightly inside the
inside corner of the plate with their inside ear lined up with the inside corner
and outside the perimeter of the strike zone prior to the set position.
TAG PLAY: A situation in which a defensive player in possession of the ball touches
a runner or batter-runner who is not in contact with a base.
TRACKING THE BALL: The act of watching the ball from the pitcher’s hand into the
catcher’s glove/mitt using a slight movement of the head guided by the nose.
TRAILING THE BATTER- RUNNER: The movement of the Plate Umpire toward
First Base near the line in fair territory to observe possible violations by the
batter-runner and to assist the Base Umpire with unusual situations.
WALKING THE LINE: The mechanic in which the Base Umpire(s) starts on the foul
line and moves toward home plate as the pitch is delivered. Walk the line by
taking one or two steps toward home plate, pushing off with your foot furthest
from the foul line to move into fair territory when the ball is batted. Umpires
should stay upright throughout the entire process to allow for quicker move-
ment, smooth transition and maximize your eld of view.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
USA SOFTBALL UMPIRE SOCIAL MEDIA GUIDELINES
INTRODUCTION: Social Media has become a tool for everyone to voice an
opinion, to congratulate, to complain, to nd out information on a real time
basis. It can be a tool for highlighting the positives of your organization and
/ or pointing out the negatives of your organization, a team, a coach or an
umpire. Social Media has become more accessible than ever and is changing
the way we communicate on a daily basis. It has taken the place of sharing
information face to face. The guidelines for functioning in an electronic world
are similar to the values and ethics policies individuals are expected to live by
every day, whether you’re posting, Tweeting, talking with coworkers or chat-
ting over the neighbor’s fence.
PURPOSE: To assist members of the USA Softball Umpire Program partici-
pating in respectful Social Media in all its forms as well as protecting the
mission, reputation and membership of USA Softball. It is also our goal to
layout a few helpful guidelines and to provide helpful and practical advice
when operating on the internet as an identiable representative of USA Soft-
ball. These guidelines apply to members who create or contribute to blogs,
forums, wikis, social networks, or any other form of social media. The list
includes but is not limited to: Text, Twitter, Yelp, Tumblr, Google+, Instagram,
YouTube, LinkedIn, Facebook pages/groups, or comments on online media
stories. USA Softball umpires, as members of the National Governing Body
of Softball, should exercise care in setting appropriate boundaries between
their personal and public online behavior, understanding that what is private
in the digital world often has the possibility of becoming public, even without
their knowledge or consent. USA Softball expects all members acting as
independent contractors to carefully review the privacy settings on any social
media and networking sites they use and exercise care and good judgment
when posting content and information on such sites.
THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN ON SOCIAL MEDIA
• Consider social media communications as public at all times — even if cre-
ated with private intentions. If you are going to use social media in any form,
consider your communication may be read by anyone at any time.
• On Social Media, you may be publicly associated with the Umpiring industry,
USA Softball, your Local Association, your assigners and/or your partners.
Act accordingly.
• Communications among ofcials for learning purposes should be done
privately and not through the use of social media. Be mindful that emails and
other forms of direct communication can be made public.
THE DO’S OF SOCIAL MEDIA
• Be very sparing in the sharing of your personal information, including photos,
surroundings and settings accordingly. Report fake proles or posts to the
appropriate authorities/governing bodies in a timely fashion.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
• Do use social media as a means for sharing information with members of
your local association. Some local groups in various states across the coun-
try have created association pages and have their group members on their
friend lists. This can be a great mechanism for information dissemination and
can also be a page for recognition of group members and to give potential
new members a rst look at becoming a USA Softball UMPIRE.
• Do use social media as a recruitment tool. Given the median age of most us-
ers of social media, it can be a great means of getting new members into the
avocation.
• Do remember to keep things positive if you post information on these sites. If
you come home from a game wherein everything went smoothly, it is okay to
generically post about it. For example, you could say, “I had a great softball
game tonight. Both teams displayed great sportsmanship. Reminds me why I
umpire.”
• Be aware that posts on social media are visible to the general public. Even
if you limit access to your page to friends, it is likely that your post will be
viewed by someone beyond the circle of people you intended to see it.
• Think twice before you post. If there is anything in your post that could be
construed as a criticism of ofcials, of ofcials’ decisions, or of leagues,
teams, administrators, coaches or athletes…it’s better left unsent.
THE DON’TS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
• Avoid posting specics about your schedule.
• Do not post any disparaging comments about players, coaches, teams,
leagues, fans or fellow umpires online.
• Do not advertise where you are umpiring at any time.
• Do not be a “cheerleader” for any league, team, coach, player or umpire on
these sites.
• When posting a picture of yourself wearing the shirt of your alma mater online
and then call a game for that team the following week, you may be setting the
stage for allegations of bias by that school’s opponent.
• Do not post specics about games, whether good or bad.
• Do not start posting online after you have had a rough game.
• Do not post details about other umpire assignments, to playoff games for
instance, until that information has been ofcially released. Don’t use social
media as a news service.
• Do not use social media to criticize state or local association policies, assign-
ing practices, etc.
• Do not post regarding calls made by umpires in other games, whatever the
level. You and other umpires might debate the call you saw on TV, but debat-
ing the call on Facebook or Twitter is a no-no.
• Do not post pictures of yourself while at a Championship after or in between
games.
• Do not post items that pertain to your debrief after your game is over.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
• Avoid texting, instant messaging, Facebooking or any other forms of com-
munication while umpires are in the heat of the moment.
• Do not post any inappropriate pictures, statements, or emails of yourself on
any social media site.
• Do not post any inappropriate pictures, statements, or emails of anyone or
anything on any social media site under the USA Softball umbrella.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
• Integrity is our most important commodity: Avoid writing or posting anything
that would embarrass The Times or compromise your ability to do your job.
• Assume that your professional life and your personal life will merge online
regardless of your care in separating them.
• Even if you use privacy tools (determining who can view your page or prole,
for instance), assume that everything you write, exchange or receive on a
social media site is public.
• Just as political bumper stickers and lawn signs are to be avoided in the of-
ine world, so too are partisan expressions online.
• Be aware of perceptions. If you “friend” a source or join a group on one side
of a debate, do so with the other side as well. Also understand that readers
may view your participation in a group as your acceptance of its views; be
clear that you’re looking for story ideas or simply collecting information. Con-
sider that you may be an observer of online content without actively partici-
pating.
Use of USA Softball’s Name or Trademark(s) without USA Softball’s
Consent is Prohibited.
USA Softball has ownership and legal rights to its tradename and trademarks,
including the USA Softball name, the USA Softball logo, and USA Softball’s
other federally-registered trademarks. As such, USA Softball has the right to
control all publicity and usage of its name and trademarks. Therefore, you
should not use the “USA Softball” name, logo or trademarks when posting to
social media, unless you have been provided advance consent by USA Soft-
ball, Inc. This includes a prohibition on any social media postings that con-
tain photographs that clearly depict a USA Softball name, logo or trademark.
DISCLAIMER and LIMITATIONS: The content provided in these guidelines is intended
solely for general information purposes, and is provided with the understanding that the
author is not providing professional advice or services for any particular situation. Social
media activities are driven by specic circumstances unique to each situation and to an
extent you are concerned about a particular situation, you should consult a professional
advisor. The information in these guidelines was posted with reasonable care and at-
tention. However, it is possible that some information in these guidelines is incomplete,
incorrect, or inapplicable to particular circumstances or conditions. USA Softball does
not accept liability for direct or indirect losses resulting from using, relying or acting upon
information in these guidelines.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
CODE OF ETHICS FOR UMPIRES
1. Honor all contracts regardless of possible inconvenience or nancial basis in
a punctual and professional manner.
2. Study the rules and mechanics of the game diligently, observe the work of
other good umpires, and attempt to improve at all times.
3. Remember that while your work as an umpire is important, you must conduct
yourself in such a way that spectator attention is directed to the players during
the game and not at you.
4. Dress and maintain your appearance in a manner betting the dignity and
importance of the umpire.
5. Be fair and unbiased in your decisions, rendering them without regard to the
score or the quality of the play on the eld.
6. Cooperate and be professional in your associations with your fellow umpires
and do nothing to cause them public embarrassment.
7. Be rm but not overbearing; positive but never rude; dignied but never ‘cocky.’
Remember the good umpire doesn’t have to have the last word.
8. Be prepared both physically and mentally to administer the game.
9. Do not smoke on or in the vicinity of the playing eld, nor drink any alcoholic
beverages before the game you are to work.
10. Do not give information which might be used by a team’s future opponent.
11. Keep in mind that the game is more important than the wishes of any individual
player or coach or the ambitions of any individual umpire.
12. You represent USA Softball at all times. Avoid comments, conversations and
social media presentations that reect negatively on you and your representa-
tions of USA Softball.
13. Administer the game with clear, concise, and proper communication skills both
verbal and nonverbal.
14. Accept responsibility for all your actions.
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CHAPTER 1
PREREQUISITES FOR GOOD UMPIRING
Successful umpires possess certain common qualities. They include:
1. A thorough knowledge of the rules
2. Effective communication skills: both verbal and listening
3. Effective game management, composure, self control, and a current
knowledge of USA Softball mechanics.
In short, there is no substitute for game experience. The quality of judgment is only
achieved through lessons learned in game situations. The game of softball demands
hustle at all times by every umpire. Athletes who play the game of softball work hard
on conditioning to perform at a peak level. Successful umpires have to achieve physi-
cal tness prior to the start of the season to be able to move at the player’s speed.
Rules study and experience will not compensate for an umpire being out of position
because they are not physically t enough to match the movement of the players.
Umpires should be prepared to match the speed and level of the game. Successful
umpiring requires complete concentration, full energies and undivided attention from
the rst pitch to the last out of each game.
A. ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL UMPIRE:
1. Professional Appearance - A professional appearance should be a habit
you never break.
a. Clean, pressed USA Softball uniform
b. Shoes shined
c. Ofcial USA Softball cap
d. USA Softball Ball bag, Indicator, Plate Brush
e. Appropriate protective equipment for the game being played.
2. Communication between umpires is just as important as communica-
tion between players:
We want to expand on the importance that verbal, visual, non-verbal (body lan-
guage) communication has on umpires. Communication is vital to the success
of any umpire and/or umpire crew on and off the eld. Effective communication
skills must be practiced just like our mechanics or studying the rulebook.
As an umpire, we must always effectively communicate. Starting from the
time we accept the assignment, to the pre-game with partners, pre-game with
coaches, during the game and nishing with the post-game with partners and/or
UIC’s.To effectively communicate, we need to understand that people commu-
nicate verbally, visually and non-verbally (body language). In the USA Softball
Umpire Manual, we expect our umpires to utilize all three forms of communica-
tion in an effective and positive manner. Most of the time all three forms are
used simultaneously.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Communicating with partners in the Two and Three Umpire Systems is vital.
There are multiple pieces that move during every play. Verbally and visually
communicating with your partners can ensure the success of proper rotations
and coverage of each play. Umpires should use all forms of communication
anytime they are rotating from one position to another. Examples of effectively
using all three forms of communication in USA Softball;
a. Plate Umpires (Two and Three Umpire System)
i. PU verbally communicates that they are rotating to 3B in the
Two and Three Umpire Systems.
ii. PU visually conrms that their partner(s) heard/saw them
rotating by witnessing their partner(s);
1. Also rotating to their next position if applicable.
2. Verbally reply when completing your rotation.
iii. PU’s movement and positioning matches what they verbally
communicated rotating up to 3B per the prescribed mechanics.
b. Base Umpires (Three Umpire System. No one chases)
i. U1 verbally communicates that they are rotating to home plate in
the Three Umpire System
ii. U1 visually conrms that their partner(s) heard/saw them rotating
to the plate by witnessing;
1. PU is rotating up to 3B.
2. U3 is rotating between 2B and 1B.
3. Both partners verbally reply.
iii. U1’s movement and positioning match what they verbally
communicated rotating up to home plate per the prescribed mechanics.
c. Base Umpires (Three Umpire System. Umpire Chasing)
i. U3 verbally communicates that they are chasing a yball that is
their responsibility, by loudly stating “going”, “chase” and/or “2 ump”
ii. U3 visually conrms their partners heard/saw them by glancing
back at their partner(s) and witnessing;
1. PU is rotating per the Two Umpire System mechanics.
2. U1 is rotating per the Two Umpire System mechanics.
3. Both partners verbally reply.
iii. U1’s movement and positioning match what they verbally
communicated rotating up to home plate per the prescribed mechanics.
USA Softball expects umpires to use all three forms of communication through-
out the game in the Two and Three Umpire Systems. What umpires specically
verbalize to their partners are up to them if it is clear, concise, direct and loud
enough. If a Base Umpire chases, they would verbalize, “going”, “chase”
and/or “2 umpire” and the other umpire(s) should verbally conrm. In the Three
Umpire System when no umpire chases, the Plate Umpire verbally conrms that
the crew remains in a three umpire system. Terms such as “3 umpire”, “all in”
etc should be used to do this. If a Plate Umpire checks with Base Umpire for a
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UMPIRE MANUAL
check swing, they may verbally ask “did they go”, “swing”. The ultimate goal is
to COMMUNICATE.
Umpires need to understand that not rotating to the proper position in a timely
manner can be a form of a “breakdown” in the rotation. Umpires that do not
commit and move to their position for a play per USA Softball Mechanics could
be communicating to their partner(s) that they are NOT rotating, creating confu-
sion between umpires.
Communications:
a. Always be business-like and professional when communicating with
anyone about the game.
b. Support your crew throughout the entire game. If an information request
comes from your partner, give relevant information in a concise manner.
c. When having a discussion with a manager or coach demonstrate good
listening skills and answer the question directly using the language from
the rulebook.
d. Communicating with your partners should be in the form of both verbal
and visual conrmation. Verbalize loud enough for your partners to hear
you when rotating to cover plays, by acknowledging verbally and visually.
e. Communication only works when it is acknowledged, therefore respond
to your partners so that they know that they have been heard and seen.
3. Conditioning: Maintaining a good level of tness not only helps an umpire’s
movement but also improves their ability to maintain focus throughout the
game. Successful umpires have to achieve physical tness prior to the start
of the season to be able to move at the player’s speed. Rules study and
experience will not compensate for an umpire being out of position because
they are not physically t enough to match the movement of the players.
4. Game management/ Game control comes from leading by example. Lead
by example, hustle during the play and to your position after the play. If you
want players to hustle on and off of the eld, then you should hustle to your
next position at the end of the inning. Remember to keep a tight rein on your
temperament and remember that no provocation, not even a physical attack,
should cause an umpire to lose sight of your primary responsibility of keeping
the game under control. Use preventive umpiring techniques to handle little
problems such as equipment left on the eld, coaches consistently arguing calls
or ball players bantering. Address it early in a respectable and calm manner
and avoid problems later.
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5. Judgment is experience salted with cool-headed common sense:
It takes years to develop good judgment. Umpires earn the respect and
credibility of the players by the way we render decisions. They should keep
a tight rein on their temperament and remember that no provocation, not
even a physical attack, should cause an umpire to lose sight of their primary
responsibility of keeping the game under control. The players will relax and
trust the good judgment of the umpire if the call makes sense. Calls that don’t
make sense put players on edge and are cause for question. To develop
good judgment umpires should take time to learn the common sense ap-
plication of the rules during game situations and USA Softball Mechanics.
6. Mechanics are the backbone of umpiring: The USA Softball National Umpire
Staff spends a large amount of time developing effective mechanics designed
to give every umpire the best opportunity to judge each play.
a. Plate mechanics begin with calling balls and strikes and end with the
required movement by an umpire to complete their other duties. This
includes the elements of stance, the set position, calling the pitch and
movement from the plate when required.
b. Base mechanics begin with the fundamentals of positioning followed
by timing, judgment, signals and a verbal call. Umpires should work on
improving their mechanics during every game.
7. Positioning equals credibility: Every umpire must be a “student of the game” to
prepare for every situation that may occur during a game, Pre-Pitch Preparation
is essential. Concentration on the play at hand by pre-pitch planning consists of a
check-list of thoughts like the count, outs, runners, ground ball, y ball, and what
do I do when the ball is hit among other things. Successful umpiring requires
complete concentration, full energies and undivided attention from the rst pitch
to the last out of each game. A current knowledge of USA Softball mechanics
will place the umpire in the proper position to umpire each play to its completion.
8. Rule knowledge is essential for successful umpiring: To develop a
complete knowledge of the rules each umpire should study their rulebook
regularly and attend Local and Regional Rules Clinics as well as a National
Umpire School. Umpires who are committed to becoming the very best should
attend the Advanced Camps offered in both Slow Pitch and Fast Pitch.
9. Timing is essential for believable umpiring: A call made before the umpire
has seen the “whole play” can be a mistake. A call made after an extended
delay is often viewed as a lack of condence in the call by the umpire. Calls
made too quick or too late have the same effect on ball players...NOT BE-
LIEVABLE! Good timing is equally important on the bases and at the plate. A
successful umpire will allow themselves to see the whole pitch or the whole
play, then after a slight hesitation, make the call.
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B. DIFFICULT SITUATIONS
1. Appeal plays are a unique part of the game initiated by the offended team.
a. Appeals include:
1. Batting out of order
2. A runner missing a base or touching the wrong portion of the double
base if a play is being made
3. Attempting to advance to 2B after overrunning 1B
4. A base runner leaving too soon on a caught y ball
b. Appeals may be made:
1. During a live ball or dead ball
2. Prior to the next pitch
3. Before the defense has left the grounds
4. Before the umpires leave the grounds at the end of the game.
2. Ejections occur when an umpire removes a participant from the game.
The ejected person must leave the grounds and have no contact with other
participants or umpires. The Plate Umpire will not restart the game until the
ejected participant has been removed. Explain the time frame to the manager
and let them handle the situation. The ejected participant should be allowed
to return for the next game unless they have physically attacked an umpire.
When working with a partner, remember that the ejecting umpire’s duties are
nished when the ejection occurs. It is now time for the partner to step in and
remove the ejected participant from the grounds and out of the park.
3. Forfeits should be a last resort. If working with a partner always consult
the crew before declaring a forfeit. All umpires can declare a forfeit, but be
sure to exhaust every option before arriving at the decision. Although the
rule book allows the umpire to rule a forfeit if the ejected participant is not
removed in one minute use good judgment. Pulling a watch only
antagonizes all concerned.
4. Protests happen when a team member does not understand the rule
interpretation or application an umpire just made, not a judgment
call. An umpire's top priority is to get the call right. Once a protest is led,
notication must be given to the opposing coach prior to the next pitch. In
Championship play a Protest Committee will convene to render a decision
before the next pitch. If the protest is upheld the game will resume from the
point the protest was led.
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CHAPTER 2
COMMUNICATIONS AND SIGNALS
Approved USA Softball signals are designed to emphasize an umpire’s ruling on a
play as well as to communicate with fellow umpires, coaches, players, spectators and
scorekeepers. Proper use of USA Softball approved signals reinforce the professional
appearance and demeanor expected of a USA Softball umpire.
ROUTINE SAFE OR NO CATCH
1) Stand up-right with the feet shoulder-width
apart, facing square to the play and eyes on
the ball.
2) Bring both hands to the chest about
shoulder high.
3) Extend the arms, parallel to the ground,
with the palms of the hands down and say
“safe”.
4) Finish signal by dropping your arms to
your sides.
SELL SAFE
1) Use the same mechanic as the routine
safe signal and add emphasis by stepping
toward the play and leading with your left foot
as you make a loud verbal safe call and safe
signal simultaneously.
2) Finish square to the play by bringing the
right foot forward into line with the left foot and
drop arms to your sides.
ROUTINE OUT OR STRIKE
1) Stand up-right with feet shoulder-width
apart, facing square to the play and eyes on
the ball.
2) Bring your left hand up belt high.
3) Bring your right hand and arm out to the
side of the body and up to a 90 degree angle
with the closed st facing your head.
4) The right arm should be parallel to the
ground and forward enough to see your elbow
with peripheral vision as you verbalize the
out call.
5) Finish signal by dropping your arm to your
side.
NOTE: Strike calls should be verbalized in the
down position before the signal is given.
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SELL OUT
(Left handed umpires can use left hand)
1) Start up-right facing square to the play
with the feet shoulder-width apart and eyes
on the ball.
2) Take a step toward the play with your
left foot.
3) Bring your right foot up behind the left
foot and shift your weight onto the right
foot.
4) Take a second step toward the play with
your left foot as you make an overhand
throwing motion and verbalize the word
“out”.
5) Bring your right foot in line with your left
foot as you complete the throwing motion
ending in a balanced position, facing the
play.
FAIR BALL
1) Start up-right facing square to the play
with the feet shoulder-width apart and
eyes on the ball.
2) Point toward fair ground by raising your
inside hand and arm no higher than your
shoulder and parallel to the ground.
3) If further emphasis is needed point a
second time toward fair ground.
4) DO NOT verbalize a fair ball call.
DEAD BALL, TIME OUT, NO PITCH OR
FOUL BALL
1) Stand up-right facing square to the play
with the feet shoulder-width apart and
eyes on the ball.
2) Raise both hands high above the head
with palms facing out as you verbalize
“Dead Ball”, “Time Out”, “No Pitch” or
“Foul Ball.”
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HOLD UP PLAY
1) Stand up-right with feet shoulder-width
apart and facing the pitcher.
2) Indicate that play should NOT begin by
holding up the hand opposite the batter
with the palm facing the pitcher.
PLAY BALL
Indicate that play should begin by pointing
to the pitcher with the hand opposite the
batter and say “Play” or “Play Ball.”
COUNT
1) Raise both arms above the head indicat
ing number of balls with consecutive
ngers on the left hand and strikes with
consecutive ngers on the right hand.
2) Give both the number of balls and
strikes verbally each time the count is
given.
3) Rotate your hands, not your body, so
everyone can see the count.
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FOUL TIP
1) Rise and raise both hands and brush
the ngers of the right hand over the left
hand, chest high in front of the body.
2) Follow with the strike signal and no
verbal strike call.
INFIELD FLY
1) Stand up-right facing square to the play
with feet shoulder-width apart and with
eyes on the ball.
2) When the ball reaches its highest point
extend your right arm above your head
with the st closed and verbalize “Ineld
Fly” or if near a foul line “Ineld Fly if
Fair”. Once determined to be a fair ball
then call the batter out.
FOUR BASE AWARD
Slow Pitch: Raise the right arm above the
head, hand open with four ngers shown and
verbally call “four bases.”
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HOME RUN
Raise the right arm above the head, st
closed and rotate the st.
TWO BASE AWARD OR GROUND RULE
DOUBLE
Raise the right arm above the head, hand
open with two consecutive ngers ex
tended and verbally call “two bases.”
DELAYED DEAD BALL OR ILLEGAL
PITCH OR OBSTRUCTION
1) Stand up-right with feet shoulder width
apart and eyes on the ball.
2) Raise the left arm shoulder high and paral-
lel to the ground with the st closed.
3) Verbalize “illegal pitch”, or “obstruction” as
needed to describe the action observed.
4) Once the call is made hold the signal
for a few seconds then drop the arm and
continue to umpire.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
REQUESTING HELP ON A CHECK SWING
1) The Plate Umpire should step out from
behind the catcher to be visible to your
partner, in Fast Pitch, remove their mask
with their left hand and:
A. In a Two Umpire System point to
the Base Umpire and ask in a loud
verbal voice “Did they go?”
B. In a Three Umpire System
1. Right-Handed Batter: The
Plate Umpire should step out
from behind the plate, remove
their mask and point to the U1,
no matter
where they are positioned
on the eld.
2. Left Handed Batter: The
Plate Umpire should step out
from behind the plate, remove
their mask and point to the U3,
no matter where they are positioned
on the eld.
2) The Base Umpire responds by saying “yes”
and gives a routine out signal, or “no” and
gives a routine safe signal.
3) The Plate Umpire places their mask back
on and gives the count to reect the end
result of the decision.
THE INFIELD FLY SITUATION IS ON
1) The Plate Umpire should put their right
hand over their chest and make eye contact
with their partner.
2) The Base Umpire(s) will return the same
signal to the Plate Umpire.
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THE INFIELD FLY SITUATION IS OFF
1) The Plate Umpire will tap their left forearm with
their right hand and make eye contact with their
partner.
2) The Base Umpires will return the same signal to
the Plate Umpire.
REQUESTING THE COUNT
1) Plate Umpire removes their mask, if necessary, and verbally asks their part-
ner “what is the count?”
2) The Base Umpire will verbally give the count back to the Plate Umpire.
REQUESTING THE NUMBER OF OUTS
(use the same procedure as above for the count).
NOTE: When the Base Umpire is missing the count or number of outs they should
use the same process.
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CHAPTER 3
PRE AND POST GAME RESPONSIBILITIES
The Pre-Game preparation should begin when you receive your assignment. Record
the assignment in your date book and then make sure to contact your partner or
partners well in advance of the scheduled game.
Arrive at the complex at least 60 minutes prior to the scheduled starting time and in-
form the appropriate administrators that you have arrived. (i.e. Coaches, Tournament
Director, UIC, Tournament personnel. Etc.).
Review the ground rules with the appropriate game administrators, then establish the
location of the game balls and where the scorekeepers will be located.
PRE-GAME WITH PARTNERS
The purpose of this meeting is to get the umpire crew on the “same page” for the game.
The Plate Umpire should conduct this conference and encourage other crew members
to participate. Do not use this conference to deviate from mechanics in this Manual.
The Pre-Game conference should include the following topics:
A. New Rules
B. Fly Ball Coverage
C. Tag Up Responsibilities
D. Umpire to Umpire signals
E. Requesting help from your partner:
1. Check Swing
2. Appeal to wrong umpire
3. Request for information
NOTE: The umpire responsible for the call asks their partner for information and an-
nounces the decision after the conference is concluded.
F. Special Rules:
1. Time Limit
2. Run - Ahead Rule
3. Tiebreaker procedure (All Fast Pitch and Men's Senior Slow Pitch)
G. Managing Umpire to Participant discussions and ejections:
1. Partners should insure discussion is “one-on-one”
2. Partners take control of removing ejected participant
H. Special situations or team-specic tendencies including:
1. Team Speed
2. Bunting and Slapping
3. Is it a rivalry game?
4. Is there ‘bad blood’ between these two teams?
I. Entering and exiting the eld:
1. Always enter together
2. Exit together on side of ‘least resistance’
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UMPIRE MANUAL
UMPIRE CREW ENTERING THE FIELD
The umpire crew should perform these specic duties upon entering the eld of play
and prior to the pre-game coaches’ conference.
A. Inspect the eld/walk the perimeter of the eld:
1. Check for any hazards that may create a dead ball situation including
holes in fences or other specic problems in general.
2. Insure the eld is properly marked and the bases and pitching plate
are set at the proper distance.
B. Inspecting Equipment:
1. Inspect all equipment together as a crew, with Plate Umpire making
nal decision on disputed equipment.
2. Communicate how illegal or removed equipment will be handled.
PRE-GAME CONFERENCE WITH COACHES
Keep the Pre-Game Coaches’ Conference short, but informative. Have a denite
agenda prepared as this is not a rules clinic. Use the following outline:
A. Umpires should take proper positions as follows:
1. The Plate Umpire stands behind home plate facing the pitcher’s plate.
2. In the Two-Umpire System, the Base Umpire faces home plate and
the Plate Umpire faces the pitcher's plate.
3. In the Three-Umpire System, the First Base and Third Base Umpires
face the Plate Umpire on their respective sides, and the Plate Umpire
faces the pitcher's plate.
B. Plate Umpire conducts meeting.
C. Plate Umpire and partners should be introduced.
D. Plate Umpire receives line-up cards from each coach:
1. Inspects for proper number of players in the starting line-up.
2. Inspects for proper information, by rule.
3. Returns line-up card to respective coach for nal check.
4. Accepts as “ofcial’ when cards are returned to Plate Umpire.
E. Review Ground Rules:
1. Keep ball in play as much as possible.
2. Designate out of play areas.
3. When out of play lines are not visible, use “permanent objects” to
determine whether a ball is in or out of play.
F. Review Special Rules:
1. Time limit
2. Run Ahead
3. Tiebreakers (All Fast Pitch and Men’s Senior Slow Pitch)
4. Home Run Limit for this classication (Slow Pitch Only)
G. Coin Toss, if needed to determine home team
H. WHEN THE CONFERENCE IS OVER, THE UMPIRES SHOULD
HUSTLE TO THEIR RESPECTIVE POSITIONS!
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UMPIRE MANUAL
END OF THE GAME PROCEDURE
A. Leave the eld together as a team and on the side of least resistance while
giving the defensive team reasonable time for an appeal. Appeals are not
permitted after the umpires leave the eld.
B. Go directly to your staging area, but don’t run. Avoid conversations with
players or fans. If confronted, be polite and excuse yourself to get ready for
your next assignment.
C. The Plate Umpire should return game balls to the administrator if present.
D. Know your departure route before the game ends and where you want to
end up.
POST GAME WITH PARTNERS
The post game should be self reective and used as a teaching tool, which can improve
our skill set in Rules, Mechanics, and Game Management, while learning from each
other. It should be a positive experience. The umpires should learn from the negatives,
and grow with the positive
A. Find a secluded place.
B Plate Umpire initiates open discussion over unusual situations that occurred
in that game. Crew members should start with items they would like to
improve on.
C. Every umpire is encouraged to participate, reect and self-evaluate.
D. Discuss pertinent Rule, Mechanic, and Game Management situations that
happened in the game.
1. What did the crew do well?
2. Should anything have been done differently?
E. Be honest giving and receiving constructive advice.
F. Take notes during your conversation allowing you access to them later so
you can create a plan for improvement.
ALWAYS REMEMBER, AN UMPIRE IS EXPECTED TO BE PERFECT THEIR FIRST
GAME AND IMPROVE EACH GAME THEREAFTER!!!
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UMPIRE MANUAL
CHAPTER 4
PLATE MECHANICS
Plate mechanics begin with calling balls and strikes and end with any required move-
ment by the umpire to complete other duties. This includes the elements of the stance,
the set position, the pitch, and movement from the plate when required.
A Plate Umpire who keeps these elements in perspective has a better chance of hav-
ing a solid game behind the plate. These elements are similar in both Slow Pitch and
Fast Pitch. Attention to detail in these areas will make you a better Plate Umpire. Let’s
examine these elements one by one.
A. CALLING THE PITCH: SLOW PITCH AND FAST PITCH
1. Stance: The stance is the foundation of good plate mechanics.The elements
of a good stance are as follows:
a. Feet position: the umpire must set their feet with the heel of the foot
closest to the batter in a straight line with the toe of the foot closest to the
catcher. Do this by setting your foot behind the catcher rst and squaring
your shoulders to the plate. Then bring in your foot behind the batter so
your feet are in a heel toe alignment making sure your ear closest to the
catcher is lined up with the inside corner. Both feet should be turned
slightly outward so your knees are over your toes. On a right handed batter
set your right foot rst, then your left foot. On a left handed batter, set your
left foot rst, then your right foot. This will provide the same stance on both
a left handed batter and a right handed batter. Your feet should be at least
shoulder width apart or wider, if comfortable, keeping in mind that you will
have to move when needed.
b. Make sure you are not
too close or too far from
the catcher. Remember
this rule of thumb; you
must see the complete
plate and then the ball
from the pitcher’s hand
to the catcher’s glove or
the ground as it passes
through or out of the
strike zone.
c. Rotating your head and
eyes toward the pitcher
will assist you in seeing
the ball from the pitcher’s hand to the catcher’s glove or the ground.
d. Remember in Slow Pitch or Fast Pitch the stance is the same with only a
slight difference in the height of the set position.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
2. Set Position: The Plate Umpire assumes the set position to call balls and
strikes. To be in a good set position the Plate Umpire should follow these
guidelines:
a. The umpire must start in the slot. The slot is dened as the position the
umpire assumes prior to going set in which they are behind the catcher,
slightly inside the inside corner of the plate with your ear closest to the
catcher lined up with the inside corner and outside the perimeter of the
strike zone.
b. You must have Good Pelvic Alignment, referred to as GPA. This position
is achieved when the umpire has their pelvis aligned with the outside front
corner of the plate. This allows you to look down and through the strike
zone.
c. In both Slow Pitch and Fast Pitch, set no lower than the top of the strike
zone in relationship to the batter. Your body should be locked in a station-
ary position to see the ball released from the pitcher’s hand and travel all
the way to the catcher’s glove or the ground. Your hands should be placed
in a comfortable position in front of your body.
d. Go set at the start of the pitch.
1. In Slow Pitch this is when the pitcher makes any motion with the ball
after the required stop. Each pitcher is different and the time you go
set can vary accordingly.
2. In Fast Pitch this is when one hand is taken off the ball after the
hands have been placed together. Each pitcher is different and the
time you go set can vary accordingly.
e. Be sure to bend at the knees, not at the waist. This allows your back to be
straight with a slight tilt forward to bring your head into the proper position.
This will reduce the pressure on your lower back and the top of your legs
f. Being in the correct slot and set position on both sides of the plate
gives you an unobstructed view of the strike zone on every pitch from the
same angle.
3. The Pitch: Calling the pitch is where a Plate Umpire puts the stance and
set position to work.To call the pitch, the Plate Umpire should follow these
guidelines:
a. To start the game or any time after the umpire has prevented a pitch from
being delivered, the umpire should direct the pitcher to play ball. When
holding up play, simply hold up the hand opposite the batter with your palm
facing the pitcher. When you are ready for the pitch, point at the pitcher
and say “play” or “play ball.” At this point, it is imperative that the umpire
pick up the ball with their eyes while the ball is in the pitcher’s hand.
b. The umpire then tracks the ball from the pitcher’s hand to the catcher’s
glove or to the ground. Tracking the ball is the act of watching the ball from
the pitcher’s hand into the catcher’s glove using a slight movement of the
head guided by the nose. Tracking is not an exaggerated head movement
or just an eye movement. It is a movement of the nose which simultane-
ously brings the head with the pitch as the eyes are locked on the ball.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
c. Good timing is crucial when calling the pitch. After the ball is in the glove or
hits the ground in slow pitch, make sure you pause, and then call the pitch.
d. From the down position, the strike call should be elongated and made
briskly and loudly. The umpire should then rise to an upright position with-
out moving their feet and bring the right arm up to a 90 degree angle so
the elbow can be seen with the umpire’s peripheral vision. The st should
be closed with the palm facing the umpire’s ear. A strong hammer adds
certainty to your call. Any swinging strike should be a signal only.
1. In Slow Pitch on a called third strike, a 90 degree hammer is used with
a louder verbal call. For further emphasis, verbalize the words “strike
three.”
2. In Fast Pitch on a called third strike, both a strong verbal call and signal
should be given. For further emphasis if desired, verbalize the words
“strike three.”
3. On a foul tip the umpire should rise and brush the ngers of the right
hand over the left hand, chest high in front of the body followed by the
strike signal.
e. Ball calls should be short and crisp and made in the down position. Use
volume to indicate closeness of the pitch.
f. In Slow Pitch with stealing and the ball hits in front of the plate, hits the
plate, or hits the batter the proper mechanic is a dead ball signal followed
by a verbal ball or if swung at a strike signal.
g. There are times when the count should be given by the Plate Umpire.
Signaling the count is done by raising both arms above the head indicating
balls with consecutive ngers on the left hand and strikes with consecutive
ngers on the right hand. Give both the number of balls and strikes every
time the count is given. Rotate your hands, not your body, so everyone can
see the count.
h. After each pitch step
out, relax, reset and
restart the process.
This allows the umpire
the time to refocus and
reset for the next pitch.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
B. MOVEMENT FROM THE PLATE IN SLOW PITCH
AND FAST PITCH
1. Movement: A good Plate Umpire realizes that they are not only required to
call balls and strikes, but must be able to move to cover other responsibilities.
The Plate Umpire must be ready and able to move during the game. Let’s ex-
amine the reasons for movement and the proper movement from the plate:
a. On a ball that eludes the catcher: passed ball, y ball behind the catcher, or
a dropped third strike the Plate Umpire should be ready to move to clear the
catcher.
1) Umpire movement is based on reading the shoulders of the
catcher.
2) On either a right or left handed batter the umpire will pivot and
drop step to allow the catcher to take you to the ball.
3) After the umpire has cleared the catcher move to the next area
of responsibility; the catch, trailing the batter-runner, play at 3B or the plate.
b. On a batted ball with no runners on base or a single runner at 1B, the Plate
Umpire should always exit to the left of the catcher to trail the batter-runner
unless the play takes you elsewhere.
1) Trail the batter-runner slightly inside the foul line no more than one-third
of the way to 1B to help the Base Umpire with a pulled foot, swipe tag or a
bobbled ball.
2) After trailing the batter-runner to 1B you should move to the holding
zone unless a runner approaches 2B and your movement is to 3B.
3) When moving to 3B move directly across the diamond to a location
90 degrees to the path of the runner a minimum depth of 10-12 feet from the
base.
4) When moving to the holding zone, move directly to an area in foul
ground about halfway to 3B to an area where you have an unobstructed view
of all four elements and read the play.
c. Plate Umpire has fair or foul responsibility on ground balls near the foul
line. Position yourself on the foul line;
1) If the ball is foul, give the dead ball signal followed by a verbal call of
“foul or foul ball.”
2) If the ball is fair, point toward fair territory with the arm closest to fair
ground.
d. On y balls to the outeld not near the foul line, move parallel to the ight of
the ball to obtain a good angle to the catch versus straight at the elder catch-
ing the ball.
1) If the ball is foul, give the dead ball signal followed by a verbal call of
“foul or foul ball.” If the ball is caught, give only an out signal.
2) If the ball is fair and not caught, no signal is needed. No verbal call is
given. If the ball is caught, give an out signal.
e. On a y ball to the outeld near the foul line, when your partner does
not turn their back, the Plate Umpire has, fair or foul and catch or no catch
responsibilities. When the ball is near the foul line with no runner at 3B,
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UMPIRE MANUAL
move up that foul line to a position where you can see the ball.
1) When the ball is close to the foul line and is touched, whether caught or not,
the umpire must rst give the ball status by pointing fair or foul.
2) When the ball is close to the foul line and is touched over fair territory point
fair and if the ball is not caught the point is followed by a strong “fair ball”
signal. If the ball is caught, give an out signal.
3) When the ball is close to the foul line and rst touched over foul territory,
point foul and if the ball is not caught, give a strong dead ball signal and
strong verbal call of “foul” or “foul ball.” If the ball is caught, give an out
signal.
4) If the ball is near the line and lands in fair territory untouched, give a fair ball
signal.
5) If the ball is near the line and lands in foul territory untouched, give a foul
ball signal.
f. When the ball is hit over the fence in fair territory, give a Home Run
signal by raising the right arm above the head, st closed and rotate the
st.
1) Plate Umpire should hustle to achieve the best angle and distance based
on the scenario to see the ball clear the fence.
2) Plate Umpire should assume a position to watch the runners touch home in
foul territory so they have all action in front of them.
3) In Slow Pitch when a fair batted ball is touched in ght and goes over the
fence in fair territory, give the four base award signal by raising the right arm
above the head, hand open with four ngers shown and verbally call “four
bases.”
4) If the ball hits the ground before clearing the fence and then bounces over
the fence, give the two base award signal by raising the right arm above the
head, hand open with two consecutive ngers extended and verbally call
“two bases.”
2. Movement to 3B: Once the umpire has exited to the catcher’s left, there
are several situations where the umpire should move to 3B:
a. First, after going to the holding zone and a play develops at 3B, move inside
the diamond about two-thirds of the way to 3B, to a minimum of 10 – 12 feet
from the base, obtaining a 90 degree angle to the path of the runner. Stop,
read the play, then make the call.
b. Second, when exiting the catcher with a play immediately at 3B, move up
the foul line in fair territory to a minimum of 10 -12 feet from the base, ob-
taining a 90 degree angle to the path of the runner. Stop, read the play, then
make the call.
c. Third, in Slow Pitch, the Plate Umpire has the responsibility for a runner
attempting to steal 3B. Move toward 3B in foul ground, or in fair territory,
staying out of the throwing lane and let the ball take you to the play as you
obtain the best angle and distance.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
3. Plays at Home Plate: There are specic mechanics used by the Plate
Umpire when making calls at home plate:
a. On throws from the outeld or the ineld assume a position in foul ground,
90 degrees to the path of the runner, to a minimum of 10 -12 feet from
home plate in line with the outside deepest corner of the right handed bat-
ter’s box. Adjust as needed to obtain an unobstructed view of the play. If
the ball gets away from the catcher and goes behind you, move as the play
dictates to get an unobstructed view. Avoid going inside the diamond except
as a last resort.
b. When returning to home plate from a play at 3B and the ball is in foul
ground, remain inside the diamond and move parallel to the base line, to a
minimum of 10 – 12 feet from home plate, obtaining a 90 degree angle to
the path of the runner.
c. On a timing play when the runner touches the plate prior to the last out of
the inning and the run will count, point to the plate emphatically and say
“run counts” or “run scores”.
d. On a timing play where the runner does not touch the plate before the last
out of the inning is made and the run will not count, verbalize “run does not
count” or “no run”.
C. DIFFICULT SITUATIONS
1. Slow Pitch
a. Illegal Pitches: A Slow Pitch Plate Umpire will normally make more illegal
pitch calls than a Fast Pitch Plate Umpire due to the differences in the
pitching rule. An illegal pitch must be called when it becomes illegal by the
plate or Base Umpire. To signal an illegal pitch raise your left arm horizon-
tal with the st closed and verbally say “illegal or illegal pitch” loud enough
for the closest defensive player to hear you. In Slow Pitch, if the batter
does not swing at the illegal pitch, it is ruled a ball. If the batter swings at
the pitch, the illegal pitch is ignored and the result of the swing stands.
b. Stealing Mechanics: Some divisions of Slow Pitch allow runners to ad-
vance when the ball reaches the front edge of home plate. Umpires must
be ready to react to a player attempting to advance. On a steal attempt
from 2B to 3B the Plate Umpire must recognize the steal attempt and react
by nding the ball while moving toward 3B, keeping in mind that the ball
may become blocked or go out of play. Let the throw turn your head toward
3B as you move into position to see the four elements of the play come
together. Stop as close to 90 degrees to the tag play as possible, see the
play and make the call.
2. Fast Pitch
a. Illegal Pitches/Catcher’s Obstruction: When catcher’s obstruction or an
illegal pitch is called, the umpire should give the delayed dead ball signal.
Give the signal by extending the left arm straight out to the side of the body
with the st closed while verbalizing “obstruction” or “illegal pitch.”
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1. The illegal pitch can be called by either umpire. The Plate Umpire calls
the timing elements, stepping outside the twenty-four inch width of the
pitcher’s plate (Women’s and JO only). The Base Umpire is responsible
for infractions involving the feet being in front or behind the pitcher’s
plate. The batter may swing at or hit an illegal pitch after it’s been called.
(Junior Olympic) If the batter reaches 1B safely and all runners advance
at least one base the illegal pitch is ignored and no option is given. If the
batter does not reach 1B safely or if any runner fails to advance at least
one base, the coach of the offensive team may choose the result of the
play or the standard effect for an illegal pitch, a ball on the batter. (Adult
Fast Pitch) If the batter reaches 1B safely and all runners advance
at least one base the illegal pitch is ignored and no option is given. If
not, the manager of the offended team is given the option of taking the
result of the play, or having a ball awarded to the batter and all runners
advanced one base. If an illegal pitch hits a batter, the batter is awarded
1B and all runners are advanced one base.
2. Catcher’s obstruction is the act of a catcher that hinders or prevents
the batter from striking at or hitting a pitched ball. If the batter reaches
1B safely and all runners advance at least one base the obstruction is
cancelled. All action as a result of the batted ball stands. No option is
given. Once a runner has passed a base the runner is considered to
have reached that base. If all runners, including the batter runner do
not advance at least one base, the manager has the option of taking
the result of the play, or enforcing obstruction by awarding the batter 1B
and advancing all runners if forced. If the catcher steps on, or in front of
home plate without the ball and prevents the batter from hitting the ball,
the umpire will call “Dead Ball”. The batter is awarded 1B and all run-
ners are advanced one base, if forced. On a swing or attempted bunt,
the catcher or any other elder prevents the batter from hitting the ball,
touches the batter or their bat with a runner on 3B trying to score on a
squeeze play or a steal, the ball is dead. The runner shall be awarded
home plate and the batter shall be awarded 1B on the obstruction. All
other runners shall advance if forced.
b. Hit by Pitch: Call “Dead Ball” as soon as the batter is hit, with a strong
verbal call. Now review the action that just happened. Did the batter make
a motion to turn away from the pitch, or was the batter in the strike zone
making no attempt to avoid being hit by the pitch? If the batter was avoid-
ing the pitch, award them 1B .If they made no attempt to get out of the
way, there is no award. If the ball was in the strike zone, it should be called
a strike, with a strong verbal call.
c. Hitting the Ball a Second Time: When the ball hits the bat a second time
or hits the batter, a dead ball is declared using the dead ball signal and
a strong verbal call. While making the dead ball call, review in your mind
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what you just saw. Then, ask yourself the question, did the second hit oc-
cur in fair or foul territory? If the answer is foul territory, the ball is foul and
a strike is called on the batter. If the ball is fair, the next question you need
to ask is whether the batter was in or out of the batter’s box. If they were
in the box, it is a foul ball and a strike is called on the batter. If the second
hit occurred out of the batter’s box, the batter is out. In each case give a
strong dead ball call and point to where the second hit took place. Then
announce to all the result of the action, “foul ball, strike on the batter”, or
“the batter is out”. The Base Umpire should assist the Plate Umpire by
making a dead ball signal and a strong verbal call immediately, indicating
only that there was a second hit.
Remember, as a Plate Umpire take charge of this call and SELL it.
d. Check Swing: When asking for help on a check swing, the umpire should
step out from behind the plate to be visible to your partner, remove the
mask, point to their partner and ask in a loud verbal “did they swing” or “did
they go? Step back in and give the count.
e. Batted Ball Off of a Batters' Foot:
1. When the batter is in the batters box:
a. Raise both hands above the head and call “dead ball” to stop the
action.
b. Verbalize “foul ball”.
2. When the batter is out of the batter’s box:
a. Raise both hands above the head and call “dead ball” to stop the
action
b. Point to the play, give an out signal and verbalize “batter is out”.
f. Three-Foot Running Lane: A three-foot lane violation is an example of an
interference call. The Plate Umpire should:
1. Give the dead ball signal while giving a strong verbal “dead ball” call.
2. Point in the direction of where the interference occurred.
3. Take charge and sell the call.
D. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES BOTH SLOW PITCH AND
FAST PITCH
1. Ineld Fly: When an umpire signals to their partner that the ineld y rule
is in effect, do so prior to the pitch. The signal is made by placing the right
hand and arm across the chest with the hand over the heart. It is the Plate
Umpire’s responsibility to call the Ineld Fly. When an Ineld Fly is judged by
the umpire:
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a. The umpire should judge the Ineld Fly when the ball reaches its highest
point.
b. Give the ineld y signal by raising your right arm above your head with
st closed and verbalize “Ineld Fly”, or if near a line verbalize “Ineld Fly if
fair”.
c. When it is determined that the ball is fair, then call the batter out and give
the out signal.
d. When the Ineld Fly is no longer in effect simply tap your left forearm
with your right hand to signal to your partner(s) the ineld y has been
removed.
2. Time out – Suspension of Play: To suspend play raise both arms high
above your head with your palms facing the pitcher while moving out from
behind the batter and catcher. If the Pitcher has started the pitch, TIME
OUT should NOT be granted. The pitch should be called a “strike” or a “ball”
depending on its location.
3. Cleaning Home Plate or the Pitcher’s Plate: If time has not been declared,
call “time”. Move to a position facing the backstop with your back to eld of
play. Use your brush to clean the plate using short, crisp strokes.
4. Conferences: The two types of conferences: Offensive and Defensive It is
the Plate Umpire’s responsibility to document conferences:
a. Offensive Conferences:
1. An umpire should only allow one Offensive Conference per half inning.
2. At the end of the conference, the umpire should notify the team partici-
pant that “the conference was the last one for that inning”.
3. A participant that attempts to have a second Offensive Conference dur-
ing the same inning should be removed from the game.
b. Defensive Conferences:
1. Each team is permitted three Defensive Conferences during a seven
inning game.
2. All of the Defensive Conferences can take place during the same in-
ning without removing the pitcher from the pitching position.
3. Umpires should not penalize an offensive team for having a conference
while the defensive team is having a Defensive Conference provided
the offensive team is ready to play when the Defensive charged Con-
ference is over. The same is true if the defensive team has a confer-
ence while the offensive team is having a charged conference.
4. Once the umpire instructs the team that is charged with the conference
to play ball, both teams must immediately play ball or be in jeopardy of
a conference being charged to them and enforcement of the appropri-
ate penalty.
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5. Ball Rotation: According to USA Softball procedure the current game ball is
in play until such time as it goes out of play. However, if both game balls do
not get into play during the rst half of the rst inning, the pitcher in the bot-
tom half of the rst inning must throw the unused ball.
a. If both game balls have been used, the pitcher has a choice of which ball
to use during that half of the inning.
b. The pitcher cannot have both game balls for the purpose of making a
choice.
c. The pitcher may request another ball prior to the start of warm-up pitches.
d. The umpire should require the pitcher to relinquish possession of the ball
and then put a replacement ball into the game.
e. The umpire has sole authority to determine if a ball is playable or not.
6. Line-up Card Management: In order to prevent problems during the game,
the Plate Umpire should keep an accurate line-up card throughout the game.
Here are some suggestions to help properly manage your line-up card:
a. Use a line-up card holder to protect each individual line-up.
b. At the pre-game conference with the coaches, inspect each card:
1. To see that the rst name, last name, number and positions are listed.
2. To see that all substitutes have rst name, last name and numbers
listed.
3. Count the players in the starting line-up to make sure they have the
proper number of players. (i.e. FP – 9 or 10 if the DP/Flex is used, SP
– 10 or 11 if the EP is used).
4. In Fast Pitch, identify the DP’s position to indicate that this is the only
place in the batting order to which the Flex may enter.
5. Return the card to the respective coaches for their nal review.
6. Accept them as “ofcial” when they are returned to you.
c. During the game, you should record the following information on your line
up card:
1. Substitutions
2. Re-Entries
3. Movement of the DP and Flex in and out of the line-up.
4. Defensive Conferences
5. Offensive Conferences
6. Courtesy Runners
d. In order to properly manage the line-up card you should understand the
principles of re-entry and substitutions as well as the Shorthanded rule.
Also, when can a player get added to the line-up card and what to do
about an incorrect number or position on the line-up card.
e. Managing your line-up card is an integral part of overall game
management.
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CHAPTER 5
BASE MECHANICS
Base Mechanics begin with the fundamentals of positioning, followed by timing, judg-
ment, signals, and a verbal call.
A. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Base Umpire Starting Positions Terminology:
USA Softball uses language to describe where the starting positions are on
the eld, for example, “rst base line”, “rotated to second base”, “counter-
rotated between 1B and 2B” and “third base line”. These positions are NOT
“X’s” on the eld, they are areas.
Some Specic Examples:
No R’s on base:
2 Umpire System: BU – “rst baseline”
3 Umpire System: U1 – “rst baseline”
U3 - “third baseline”
R1 on rst base:
2 Umpire System: BU – “counterrotated between 1B and 2B”
3 Umpire System: U1 – “rst baseline”
U3 - “rotated to second base”
R1 on second base:
2 Umpire SP System: BU – “counterrotated between 1B and 2B”
2 Umpire FP System: BU – “counterrotated between 2B and 3B”
3 Umpire System: U1 – “counterrotated between 1B and 2B”
U3 - “third baseline”
R1 on third base, only:
2 Umpire SP System: BU – “rst baseline”
2 Umpire FP System: BU – “counterrotated between 2B and 3B”
3 Umpire System: U1 – “rst baseline”
U3 - “third baseline”
2. Starting Positions:
In Slow Pitch with no runners on base or a runner on 3B only, start on the
foul line 18 – 21 feet behind the base and walk the line. Walk the line by
taking one or two steps toward home plate, pushing off with your foot furthest
from the foul line to move into fair territory when the ball is batted. Umpires
should stay upright throughout the entire process to allow for quicker
movement, smooth transition and maximize their eld of view.
In Fast Pitch with no runners on base, start on the foul line 18 – 21 feet
behind the base and walk the line. Walk the line by taking one or two steps
toward home plate, pushing off with your foot furthest from the foul line
to move into fair territory when the ball is batted. Umpires should stay
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UMPIRE MANUAL
upright throughout the entire process to allow for quicker movement, smooth
transition and maximize their eld of view.
When starting off the line or starting on the line with runners on base, the
Base Umpire will take the “ready position or stance” prior to a pitch being
delivered to the batter. Do this by:
a. Standing upright in a comfortable position, placing your feet at least
shoulder width apart or wider to create a rm foundation.
b. Go to the ready position at the start of the pitch by leaning forward and
placing your hands comfortably in front of your body in a position that
allows you to move as the play dictates. This position transfers your body
weight from your heels to the balls of your feet for better balance
providing an athletic response much the same as a defensive player.
c. Rise from the ready position at the end of the pitch and be prepared to
move as the situation dictates.
NOTE: Remember, the ready position is an athletic position, you should not
be locked in place.
A counter rotated Slow Pitch Base Umpire between 1B and 2B in the Two
Umpire System, with no runner on 2B, will take a starting position shading
1B and off of or behind the Inelder. Anytime a runner is on 2B the umpire
will take a position shading the runner at 2B and off of or behind the
Inelder. This positioning will allow the umpire to move to their primary posi-
tion when the ball is put into play. Adjustments should and may be
made based on the elder’s positions. Fielder’s often position themselves 30
to 40 feet off the baseline. This positioning starts the BU too deep to
effectively move to their primary position either inside or outside the
diamond. Therefore, an option available to the BU is to draw an imaginary
line between the appropriate inelders. The umpire should make every effort
not to take a position that puts them in the line of sight of a defender and a
pitched ball to the batter. Furthermore, the BU that uses the imaginary line
as a guide needs to have pre-pitched and be prepared for the inherent risk
of being in a potential throwing lane and must be ready to immediately
move parallel to the baseline and out of the throwing lane on any batted ball.
3. General Techniques on the Bases:
Umpires must be “Students of the Game” in preparation for handling deci-
sions on the bases. The game situation will include the presence of runners
on bases, the number of outs and the count on the batter. These factors will
dictate the Base Umpire’s primary responsibility as a play develops. Your
complete concentration, full energies and undivided attention is required
from the rst pitch to the last out.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Work for the best angle on all plays and do not let the players or coach
make the call for you. On a close play, sell the call; but on an obvious play
use only a routine signal.
Whenever possible, stop to allow yourself time to see the entire play before
making your decision. See the play to its completion and make the call. Give
a strong verbal call and visual signal simultaneously. This will help your tim-
ing and reduce the possibility of an “out/safe” call.
On a ball that is hit to the outeld that could possibly be trapped, go out on
it, even with runners on base. Remember to communicate with your part-
ners. On home runs hit out of the park, know where and when the ball left
the playing eld.
4. Points Governing Decisions on the Bases:
Base Umpire decisions are governed by the game situation and the actions
of offensive and defensive participants. The four elements of a play consist
of:
a. Ball
b. Base
c. Offense
d. Defense
The Base Umpire must hustle to get into the correct position to see these
elements come together before making a call.
Umpires should say “SAFE” while giving the safe signal when a runner
beats the ball to a base on a force out attempt and likewise say “OUT” while
giving an out signal when the ball beats the runner to the base. The same
would apply on a tag play when a runner avoids the tag by the defense,
an umpire should say “SAFE” while giving the safe signal and likewise
say “OUT” while giving an out signal when the runner is tagged by the
defense. A good verbal call and strong signal should be given simultane-
ously. The volume of the voice should reect the closeness of the play.
If you think that you were blocked out of seeing the entire play and are
asked to “go for help” then go to your partner for information to get the call
correct.
ALWAYS MAKE THE CALL AND THEN GO FOR HELP, IF NEEDED.
5. Going For Help:
Always make the call based on the information you have and then go for
help if needed due to a missing element of the play. Should you feel you
were blocked out of seeing the entire play, you can go to your partners
without being asked or if you are asked to “go for help” and you feel you
may have not clearly seen one of the four elements of the play then go to
your partners for information to get the call correct. When seeking help on
a play, you should go for help as soon as possible and most denitely not
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UMPIRE MANUAL
after a long conversation with the coach or team representative. When you
are 100% condent in your judgement and that all four elements of the play
were clearly seen, you should not seek help from your partner.
6. Watching The Ball:
Watching the ball aids a Base Umpire in reading where the play is likely to
develop. The umpire must watch the ball as it is elded on the ineld while
moving to the proper position for their primary call. Let the ball turn your
head into the play as the four elements of the play come together; stop,
read the play and make the call.
On batted balls to the outeld the BU should pick up the ball and glance at
the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum
depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner
keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to
the baseline staying ahead of the runner as you are responsible for any play
at 1B, 2B, 3B. Let the ball turn your head into the play as the four elements
of the play come together; move to obtain, get, and maintain an unobstruct-
ed view, stop, read the play and make the call.
Know where the ball is at all times, no live ball play can be made on a
batter, batter-runner or runner without the ball.
B. BASE CALLS
1. Force Plays /Tag Plays / Plays at 1B:Force plays tag plays, and plays
at 1B require movement to the proper position to see the entire play.
a. With the Base Umpire on the 1st baseline and a ground ball to
the ineld, without taking your eyes off the ball, step into fair
territory, at an angle 90 degrees to the path of the ball, no more
than a 45 degree angle from the foul line, and no closer than 18
feet from the base, and let the ball take you to the play. When
the runner is out on a very close play use the Sell Out signal. This
signal is nothing more than simulating a throw by a elder. Move
your feet as if you were elding a ground ball and give the signal and
strong “out” call simultaneously. When the runner is safe on a very
close play use the “sell safe” signal. This signal is made by stepping
toward the play, giving an emphatic “safe” signal and a strong “safe”
call simultaneously. Finish the call by bringing your rear foot forward
and squaring up to the play.
b. With a runner at 1B in a Two Umpire system, the Base Umpire will
be counter rotated between 1st and 2nd base, and a ground ball to
the ineld for a possible double play, make two movements from the
starting position. When the play goes to 2B, take one or two parallel
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UMPIRE MANUAL
steps toward 2B to watch the play and push off with the right foot
and make the call while moving parallel to the baseline toward 1B.
Without taking your eyes off the play, let the ball turn your head to
the play at 1B. Move to obtain and maintain an unobstructed view,
stop, read the play and make the call.
c. In Fast Pitch with a ground ball to the ineld and the rst play being
made at 1st base, with runners on base in a Two Umpire System
and the Base Umpire is counterrotated between 2nd and 3rd base,
move inside the diamond towards 1st base while creating angles on
the throw at 1st base. Any movement needs to rst create the best
angle possible while closing the distance to 1st base. Keep the four
elements, the ball, the base, the offense, and the defense in front
of you as the play develops. Move to obtain an angle, get, and main-
tain an unobstructed view, stop, read the play, then make the call.
d. On a routine out call, keep your feet at least shoulder width apart
and bring your body to an upright position. Raise your right arm to a
90 degree angle with the st closed, so the elbow can be seen with
your peripheral vision. On a routine safe call, keep your feet at least
shoulder width apart and bring your body to an upright position while
bringing your hands chest high with palms down. With forearms
parallel to the ground, extend your arms straight out keeping palms
down.
e. On a tag play, take a position 90 degrees to the path of the runner
just short of the base they are trying to reach at a depth of 10 – 12
feet from the play. All four elements will be in front of you. As the
play develops, move to obtain and maintain an unobstructed view,
read the play, hesitate slightly, and then make the call.
2. Swipe Tag / Pulled Foot:
a. Pulled Foot:
Once you have obtained the best angle to see the play, further ac-
tions may dictate the need to move. Sometimes movement from the
primary position will help the umpire get and maintain an unob-
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UMPIRE MANUAL
structed view of the play. After obtaining your angle on the play at
1B and there is a possible pulled foot, move with the play to get and
maintain an unobstructed view. A slight adjustment can put you in
a better position to see the foot off the base. If the elder pulls their
foot, point with your left hand and say “OFF THE BASE” and give a
strong “safe” signal and a clear “SAFE” call.
b. Swipe Tag:
Adjustment from Primary position: Once you have obtained the best
angle to see the play, further actions may dictate the need to move.
Sometimes movement from the primary position will help the umpire
get and maintain an unobstructed view of the play.
After obtaining 90 degrees to the path of the runner on a tag play,
you should adjust as necessary. After obtaining your angle on the
play at 1B and the throw takes the defense off the base for a pos-
sible swipe tag, move with the play to get and maintain an unob-
structed view. A slight adjustment will put you in a position to see the
possible tag. Once you see the tag, point with the left hand and OK
say, “TAG,” followed by an “out” call and signal.
3. Tag Play Philosophy:
There is always a lot of discussion concerning movement by umpires
on force and tag plays. Force plays are easier by nature as the base is
xed, not moving, there is little movement besides the stretch from the
elder as the ball is received and the runner is running in a straight line
through the base in most situations. Tag plays can be extremely tricky
and difcult as most of the four elements, excluding the base we are
watching, are all moving at different speeds and angles. It is important
that we, USA Softball, continue to discuss and breakdown the differ-
ent variables that go into achieving the best angle and distance for the
dynamics of a tag plays.
In USA Softball, our mechanic expectation for tag plays is that we move
to a starting position rst. The starting position for tag plays should be 90
degrees to the path of the runner just short of the base they are trying
to reach. As the four elements come closer, move if needed, to get an
unobstructed view of the play. We believe moving to the starting position
rst puts you in the best position to see the four elements of the play.
Then as the four elements come closer you can better judge if and when
to move to get an unobstructed view of the tag while keeping all the ele-
ments of the play in front of you.
Helpful hints that we teach to assist you in understanding how a play is
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going to develop are:
• Read the defense elding and throwing the ball. If we as umpires read
the player’s / elder throwing the ball hips and shoulders, it will tell us
where or the direction they are going to throw the ball.
• Read how and where the defense is setting up in relation to the base.
The distance between the elder and the runner’s path may also be a
variable of how the four elements will come together.
o Are they setting up in front, middle or behind the base?
o Are they setting up in the runner’s base path, potential obstruction?
• Read the speed and path of the runner toward the base.
o Is the runner’s path to the leading edge?
o Is it toward the back corner of the base?
• Read the speed of the ball on a throw compared to the runner. It is
important to gauge, is the ball closer than the runner or is the ball further
from the runner. When the ball arrives compared to when the runner ar-
rives, will be a variable on how a elder may apply the tag.
o If a ball is going to arrive in front of the runner, tags may be more likely
to be at the leading edge or in front of the runner’s body.
o If the ball is going to arrive behind the runner, tags are more likely to be
at the side or back of the body, like a swipe tag. The ball/tag is catching
up to the runner/body.
• With the above variables, read and move based on all the elements. This
should help you move to the best angle and distance for a swipe tag and
at the same time stay out of the way of a possible throw for a subsequent
play.
• We also believe a movement of about three feet in either direction (right
or left) from your starting position will allow you the best unobstructed
angle and distance, to see almost every swipe tag and a tag applied
straight on.
For tag plays specically at home plate, we teach to try and not go inside
the diamond because after the play at home, any subsequent plays that
develop, will be to one of the other bases and the calling umpire may be in
the throwing lanes on many of the throws.
Runner on 1B Pick Off of from the Catcher:
Step into fair territory getting a 90-degree angle to the returning runner to
1B. Stop, move to get an unobstructed view of the play.
We have stopped short at giving advice on where to move or possibly
move. We try to cover as many aspects when teaching. However, we nd if
we tell umpires to step in to the 90-degree angle or POSSIBLY into foul
ground, we have umpires immediately move to foul ground instead of
moving there based on the throw. Again, using the philosophy starting at 90
degrees to the path of the runner just short of the base of the base they are
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UMPIRE MANUAL
trying to reach and adjust from there. We also try to teach the positioning is
based on where F3 would normally be and where the runner is likely to
return to the base, like the back outside corner of the base.
As stated in the rst sentence of this play, after the umpire takes the initial
step in fair territory, we would expect the umpire to move right or left, if
needed, to achieve an unobstructed view of the four elements right before
they come together so the umpire can stop and see the play.
4. Inside / Outside Theory:
The Inside / Outside Theory is simple:
a. If the ball is hit inside the diamond stay outside the diamond.
b. If the ball is hit outside the ineld, pick up the ball and glance at the
runner while you hustle inside ineld. This allows the four elements
to be in front of you; the ball, the base, the offense and the defense.
c. For the purpose of the Inside / Outside Theory, the umpire will
consider the diamond as the area of the ineld inside the baselines
forming a diamond shape. The ineld is dened as that portion of the
eld that is normally covered by the inelders.
d. The key to the Inside / Outside Theory is movement and the key to
movement to inside the diamond is the buttonhook. When moving
from the starting position toward the ineld, concentrate on your
runner responsibility. Alternate between watching the ball and
glancing at the runner. Once inside the diamond at a minimum depth
of 10 – 12 feet, plant your right foot and pivot into the play watching
the runner touch the base. Move parallel with the runner to the next
base or return to the previous base obtaining your 90 degree angle
to the path of the runner for a possible tag play.
e. When the ball stays inside the diamond, the umpire should stay
outside the diamond.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
5. Fly Ball Coverage:
There are times a Base Umpire needs to go to the outeld for y ball
coverage. When going out on a y ball, the angle you obtain is very
important.
a. When going to the outeld, you should verbally communicate with
your partner, using phrases such as “one man”, “two man” or “go-
ing”.
b. When going to the outeld, move for an angle parallel to the ight
of the ball as opposed to running directly at the elder attempting to
make the catch. This allows a better view of the catch or no catch.
Read the elder so that you are stopped and set to see the play.
Stop, see the play and make the call by signaling either “out” for a
catch or “safe” for no catch. Once the call is made, let the ball turn
you back to the ineld to observe additional plays. Remain in the
outeld, do not come back to the ineld until all play has ceased.
c. When going out on y balls near the foul line stay near the foul line.
You are responsible for “Fair” or “Foul” and “Catch” or “No Catch.”
Position yourself near the foul line, and if foul, signal by raising your
hands over your head and give a verbal call of “Foul” or “Foul ball.”
If the ball is fair, point toward fair territory with the arm closest to
fair ground. When the ball is close to the foul line and is touched,
whether caught or not, the umpire must rst give the ball status by
pointing fair or foul. When the ball is rst touched over fair territory,
point fair and if the ball is not caught the point is followed by a strong
fair ball signal. If the ball is caught, an out signal is given. When the
ball is rst touched over foul territory, point foul and if the ball is not
caught give a strong dead ball signal and strong verbal call of “foul”
or “foul ball.” If the ball is caught give an “out” signal.
6. Difcult Situations:
A. Live Ball Running Violations:
There are violations by runners that require a signal and a verbal call
when they occur, while allowing the ball to remain live.
1. Running out of the base path to avoid a tag
a. Point at the runner with your left hand and loudly verbalize
“out of the base path…out” and give the out signal.
b. Let the play continue
2. Passing a runner
a. Point at the runner who passed their teammate and loudly
verbalize “out” and give the out signal.
b. Let the play continue
B. Run Downs:
When a player is caught in a rundown it is important that the umpires
67
UMPIRE MANUAL
responsible for the coverage move to get the best perspective of both
ends of the play. Most rundowns are covered by only one umpire.
1. Stay at a depth approximately 12 - 15 feet from the rundown and
move parallel to the baseline.
2. Know where the ball is at all times.
3. Move quickly toward and around the play to achieve the best angle
and distance as the tag is applied.
4. Be alert for obstruction or interference. When covering rundowns
with two umpires, each umpire should take a position at their end of
the rundown. This is referred to as “bracketing”. When bracketing,
one umpire should be outside the diamond and the other umpire
should remain inside the diamond. In all cases, communication is a
must. When two umpires are covering a rundown the umpire with a
clear unobstructed view of the tag should make the call. To prevent
both umpires from making a call, eye contact is essential prior to the
call being made.
C. Interference:
To indicate that interference has occurred the umpire should:
1. Step forward while giving a strong “Dead Ball” signal while emphati-
cally calling “Dead Ball”.
2. Point to the interference then give a strong “Out” signal and a verbal
“Out” call.
D. Obstruction:
The Base Umpire should immediately:
1. Give the “Delayed Dead Ball” signal and verbally say “obstruc-
tion”. The signal need not be held throughout the play, but just long
enough for it to be seen.
2. If the obstructed runner is put out prior to reaching the bases they
would have reached had there been no obstruction, the umpire shall
call “time” and award the obstructed runner and all other runners,
the base they would have reached had there been no obstruction.
3. When Catcher’s Obstruction occurs, the Plate Umpire shall give the
“Delayed Dead Ball” signal and verbalize “Catcher’s Obstruction”.
4. When the play becomes dead, make the proper obstruction award.
Be prepared to explain your ruling.
E. Collision:
Contact between defensive and offensive players does not necessar-
ily mean that Obstruction or Interference occurred. The eld is laid out
in such a manner that it puts the defensive and offensive players on a
collision course.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
Consider the following:
1. Did the offensive player alter their direction in a way to draw contact
with the defensive player in an attempt to draw an Obstruction call?
2. Did the defensive player alter their attempt to eld the ball to draw
an Interference call?
3. Could the defensive player actually make a play?
4. Did the defensive player have possession of the ball? Thorough
knowledge of Interference and Obstruction rules and their applica-
tion will assist in making a prompt and accurate decision.
F. Helping on y balls in foul territory between home and 1B or 3B:
It is permissible for Base Umpires to assist the PU on y balls in foul
territory when the BU starts on either foul line with no runner respon-
sibilities AND the PU has an obstructed view of the y ball. Reminder
this is the PU’s call unless the BU turns their back to make the call.
G. There are four times, after a ball has been batted that a Base
Umpire will make a call at 3B, regardless of if it is Slow Pitch or
Fast Pitch:
1. On a Batter Runner on a triple with no runners on base
2. On the last runner into 3B
3. On a lone runner on a y ball advancement
4. On any return throw from the plate are or cut-off by a player
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UMPIRE MANUAL
CHAPTER 6
ONE UMPIRE
The One Umpire System is being used in many areas of the country today, mostly in
the game of Slow Pitch. It should be used only when necessity demands. The one
umpire system takes a tremendous amount of hustle, alertness and keen anticipation.
The theory of “angle over distance” is paramount when working this system. With this
in mind, let’s now look at the proper mechanics of the One Umpire System.
The umpire’s starting position for each pitch should be in the slot behind home plate.
This is the best position for calling balls and strikes, and fair and foul balls. This also
enables the umpire to have a clear view of the complete playing eld.
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
STARTING POSITION: ALWAYS START BEHIND HOME PLATE
NO RUNNER ON BASE, RUNNER AT 1B
ONLY, 2B ONLY, OR RUNNERS AT 1B AND 2B:
Move out from behind the plate into the diamond and read the play. Be in a position
to move where the play takes you.
1. No runner on – play at 1B:
Move up the line toward 1B
getting the best angle and
distance possible. Stop,
read the play, and make
the call.
2.
Runner on 1B only, 2B
only, or 1B and 2B:
Move
out from behind the plate
toward the middle of the
diamond and read the play.
Be prepared for a subse-
quent throw to take you to
your next play. Be prepared
for any additional plays by
returning to the middle of
diamond. In every situa-
tion remember to call time
when all action ceases.
DIAGRAM: NO RUNNER'S ON.
GROUND BALL HIT TO INFIELD
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UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNER AT 3B ONLY, RUNNERS AT 1B AND 3B, 2B AND 3B, OR BASES LOADED:
Move out from behind the plate staying in foul ground along the 3B line.
1. If the rst play goes to Home Plate for a tag play: Move back to a position
behind and in line with the deepest corner of the right hand batter’s box at a
minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet from the plate. Stop, read the play and make
the call.
2. If the play goes elsewhere: Read the play and be ready to move and let the
ball take you to the play. If the throw is to home for a force play; stop, read the
play and make the call.
3. If the throw goes to 1B:
Move inside the diamond, get the best angle and
distance possible. Stop, read the play and make the call. If the next throw goes
from 1B to 3B for a tag play, move to the best angle and distance possible.
Stop, read the play and make the call.
4. If the throw goes to Home Plate for a force play and the next throw is to
3B:
Move up toward 3B staying outside the 3B line and get the best angle and
distance possible. Stop, read the play and make the call.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
NO RUNNER ON BASE: PLAY VIDEO
1. Move out from behind the plate to the middle of the diamond and read the play.
2. When there is no play at 3B and the runner continues to the plate, stay inside
the diamond moving parallel to the 3B base line while watching the ball and
glancing at the runner.
3. On an obvious extra base hit, read the play and move accordingly. If the bat-
ted ball is a possible Home Run or a play at the plate, move into the diamond
to see the runner touch all bases. Prior to the runner reaching 3B return to foul
territory and move par-
allel to the 3B line to a
position behind and in
line with the deepest
corner of the right hand
batter’s box at a mini-
mum depth of 10 – 12
feet from the plate.
4. In all the above sce-
narios, when making
the call, stop, read the
play and make the call.
DIAGRAM: NO RUNNER'S ON.
BASE HIT TO OUTFIELD
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UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNERS ON BASE:
1. Move out from behind the plate to the middle of the diamond and read the
play. With a runner on 1B only be prepared for a possible throw to 2B or 3B.
Read the outelder and if the throw goes to 3B move toward 3B getting the
best angle and distance possible for a tag play. Stop, read the play and make
the call.
2. With multiple runners on base, move out from behind the plate toward the
middle of the diamond and read the play. With runners on 2B and 3B, glance
and see the runner from 3B touch the plate while moving to the middle of the
diamond. If the throw goes to the home plate, open up to the throw and move
toward the plate, obtaining the best angle and distance possible. Stop, read
the play and make the call.
3. In all the above scenarios, be prepared for a subsequent throw letting the ball
take you to the play. Remember, multiple plays require the umpire to watch
the ball, read the play, hustle into position and make the call on each play as
they happen.
DIAGRAM: DIAGRAM:
R1 @ 1B. BASE HIT TO OUTFIELD R1 @ 2B. BASE HIT TO OUTFIELD
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
NO RUNNER ON BASE:
PLAY VIDEO
1. Move out from behind the plate and focus on the ball. On a y ball near the
foul line move up the line and prioritize, fair or foul and catch or no catch. If
the ball is fair and not caught, point fair, then move away from the foul line
toward the middle of the diamond, pick up the ball and glance at the runner.
If the batter-runner continues to the next base, move to the best angle and
distance possible. Stop, read the play and make the call.
2. On a y ball not near the foul line, move out from behind the plate, not directly
at the elder. Move to obtain an angle that is parallel to the ight of the ball
to see the catch or no catch. Prior to the catch or no catch, stop, see the play
and make the call.
RUNNERS ON BASE: PLAY VIDEO
1. A Single Runner on Base:
a. Responsible rst for fair or foul then catch or no catch, then watch the run-
ner tag-up.
b. On a y ball to the outeld not near the foul line with a runner on 1B only,
move to the best angle possible to see the catch or no catch. Once the ball
is touched glance at 1B to see the runner tag- up.
c. Be prepared to move to the best angle and distance possible should the
runner advance to 2B. Stop, read the play and make the call.
2. Multiple Runners on Base:
a. Responsible rst for fair or foul then catch or no catch, then watch all run-
ners tag-up.
b. On a y ball to the outeld not near the foul line with runners at 1B and 2B,
move out from behind the plate to the best angle and distance possible to
see a catch or no catch.
c. Responsible for watching all runners tag-up. Focus on the lead runner as
the runner at 1B cannot advance if the runner at 2B does not advance.
Glance at both runners to insure that they properly tag-up. If the ball is
caught and the runners properly tag-up and attempt to advance read the
elder making the catch and let the throw take you to the play. When the
throw is released, move to the best angle and distance possible. Stop, read
the play and make the call.
d. Be prepared to move to the next play when necessary. Move to the best
angle and distance possible. Stop, read the play and make the call.
3. Multiple Runners on Base with a Runner Starting at 3B:
a. Fly Ball Near the Foul Line:
1. Responsible rst for fair or foul then catch or no catch, then watch all
runners tag-up
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UMPIRE MANUAL
2. With a runner on 3B only, 1B and 3B, 2B and 3B or bases loaded and a
y ball to the outeld, move out from behind the plate and focus on the
ball.
3. On a y ball near the 3B line, move to the 3B line extended and prioritize
fair or foul and catch or no catch.
4. If the ball is near the 1B line, move to the rst base line extended and
prioritize fair or foul and catch or no catch.
5. Responsible for all base runners tagging up. Position yourself to see all
runners tag-up giving special attention to the lead runner. If the ball is
near the foul line and is touched, point fair or foul to give the ball status.
If the ball is caught, give an out signal followed by a verbal out call and
read the throw.
6. Be prepared for a subsequent play. Read the throw and let the ball take
you to the next play. Move to the best angle and distance possible. Stop,
read the play and make the call.
b. Fly Ball Not Near the Foul Line:
1. Responsible for catch or no catch then watch the runners tag-up.
2. On a y ball to the outeld with bases loaded move out from behind the
plate into the diamond to the best angle possible to see a catch or no catch.
3. Responsible for all base runners tagging up. Once you have determined
a catch or no catch, be prepared to move. Read the throw and let the ball
take you to the next play. Move to the best angle and distance possible.
Stop, read the play and make the call.
4. If there is a subsequent throw let the ball take you to the next play. While
focusing on the ball, open up to the throw. Stop, read the play and make
the call.
DIFFICULT SITUATIONS:
There are several difcult situations that the umpire must address in the one umpire
system. Here are some examples: PLAY VIDEO
1. Runners Touching All Bases: While you are reading the play and moving
toward any play you must watch the runners touch the bases. Keep your eyes
focused on the ball, while glancing at the runners. Do not guess any runner
out. If you do not see them miss touching a base you cannot call them out.
2. Base Stealing Attempt: Move out from behind the plate, hustle and read the
play. Get the best angle and distance possible. Stop, read the play and make
the call.
3. Pick-Off Plays: Move out from behind the plate and HUSTLE to the best angle
and distance possible, stop, read the play and make the call. With multiple
runners on base, let the ball take you to the next play. Hustle to the best angle
and distance possible. Stop, read the play and make the call.
4. Does The Run Count: Determine if the run counts when the last out of the
inning is a tag play and not a force out or the batter-runner is put out before
reaching 1B. If you have a tag play at a base and there is a runner attempting
74
UMPIRE MANUAL
to score you must glance at the runner but prioritize the tag play. Make the call
and immediately look at Home plate and use your best judgment to determine
if the run scored. Once you determined the run scored, prior to the third out,
turn to the score keeper and point to the plate empathetically and announce
"run counts" or "run scores". Once you determined the runner does not score
before the third out then announce, “THAT RUN DOES NOT COUNT”. You
must be loud and condent in order to sell the call.
TWO-UMPIRE SYSTEM - FAST PITCH
Key to Diagrams: P—Plate Umpire; B—Base Umpire
NO RUNNERS ON BASE
STARTING POSITION: 18 TO 21 FEET, IN FOUL TERRITORY AND WALK THE
LINE AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read
the play. Responsible for any play at the plate.
B - Step into the fair territory, at an angle 90 degrees to the path of the throw, no more
than a 45 degree angle from the foul line and let the ball take you to the play.
Responsible for any play at 1B, 2B or 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
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UMPIRE MANUAL
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read
the play. As the runner approaches 2B, move to the holding zone halfway to 3B in
foul ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to but-
tonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and
glancing at the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move
parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner as you are responsible for any
play at 1B, 2B, 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on the
y ball. As the runner approaches 2B, move to the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read
the play. Responsible for fair / foul, catch or no catch and any play at the plate. If the
BU goes out, revert to the One Umpire System.
B - Decide to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and glance at the
runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12
feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and glancing at the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are responsible for any play at 1B, 2B, or 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNER ON FIRST BASE ONLY
STARTING POSITION: SHADE THE RUNNER AT 1B WHILE STARTING BEHIND
AND OFF THE 1B SIDE OF THE SECOND BASEMAN, SQUARE TO THE PLATE
AND ADJUST AS NEEDED. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF
THE PITCH. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read
the play. As the lead runner approaches 2B, move toward 3B to rst obtain the proper
angle, then close your distance as the play develops working to get an unobstructed
view of the play and to obtain a nal calling distance of 10-12 feet from the play. Re-
member as the four elements come together; stop, read the play and make the call.
Responsible for a subsequent throw to 3B on the lead runner and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for any play at 1B, 2B and the last
runner to 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read
the play. As the lead runner approaches 2B, move toward 3B to rst obtain the proper
angle, then close your distance as the play develops working to get an unobstructed
view of the play and to obtain a nal calling distance of 10-12 feet from the play. Re-
member as the four elements come together; stop, read the play and make the call.
Responsible for a play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to button-
hook at a minimum depth of 10-12
feet. Continue to alternate between
the ball and glancing at the runner
keeping all four elements in front of
you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the baseline staying ahead of the
runner as you are responsible for
any play at 1B, 2B, and the last
runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on the
y ball. As the runner approaches 2B, move to the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read
the play. Responsible for fair / foul, catch or no catch, any play on the lead runner at
3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth of
10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four ele-
ments in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of
the runner as you are responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at 1B, 2B, and the
last runner into 3B.
RUNNER ON SECOND BASE ONLY
STARTING POSITION: SHADE THE RUNNER AT 2B, WHILE STARTING BEHIND
AND OFF THE 2B SIDE OF THE SHORTSTOP SQUARE TO THE PLATE AND AD-
JUST AS NEEDED. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play. Responsible for a subsequent throw to 3B on the lead runner and any
play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the rst throw in the ineld, any
play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind home plate
toward the holding zone halfway to 3B
in foul ground to an area where you
have an unobstructed view of all four el-
ements and read the play. Be prepared
to move as the play develops as you
are responsible for any play on the lead
runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the
runner as you hustle inside the diamond
toward 1B, about halfway between 2B
and 1B. Continue to alternate between
the ball and glancing at the runner
keeping all four elements in front of you.
Be prepared to move parallel to the
baseline staying ahead of the runner as
you are responsible for any play at 1B,
2B, and the last runner into 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P- Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on
the y ball. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, any play on the lead
runner at 3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the One Umpire
System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and
glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about halfway between 2B
and 1B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four ele-
ments in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of
the runner as you are responsible for the tag-up at 2B, any play at 1B, 2B, and the
last runner into 3B.
DIAGRAM: R1 @ 2B.
FLYBALL TO OUTFIELD.
Fly ball is caught, BR is out.
RUNNER ON THIRD BASE ONLY
STARTING POSITION: SHADE THE RUNNER AT 3B WHILE STARTING BEHIND
AND OFF THE 3B SIDE OF THE SHORTSTOP, SQUARE TO THE PLATE AND AD-
JUST AS NEEDED. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone to an area where you have
an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Responsible for the lead
runner on a subsequent throw to 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the rst throw in the ineld, any
play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind home plate towards the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
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UMPIRE MANUAL
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements. Be pre-
pared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for any play on the lead
runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of
10-12 feet. Continue to alternate
between the ball and glancing at the
runner keeping all four elements in
front of you. Be prepared to move
parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are responsible
for any play at 1B, 2B, and the last
runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on
the y ball. Responsible for fair / foul, catch or no catch, the tag up at 3B, any play
on the lead runner at 3B, and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the
One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the
outeld to make the call or pick up
the ball and glance at the runner
as you hustle inside the diamond
to button hook at a minimum depth
of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate
between the ball and the runner
keeping all four elements in front of
you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the baseline staying ahead of
the runner as you are responsible
for any play at 1B, 2B, and the last
runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
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UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNERS ON FIRST AND SECOND BASE
STARTING POSITION: SHADE THE LEAD RUNNER AT 2B WHILE STARTING
BEHIND AND OFF THE 2B SIDE OF THE SHORTSTOP, SQUARE TO THE PLATE
AND ADJUST AS NEEDED. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF
THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind home plate towards the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read
the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for any
subsequent throw on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the rst throw in the ineld, any
play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind home plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read
the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for any
play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and glancing at the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to
move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner as you are responsible for
any play at 1B, 2B, and the last runner into 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible and
read the play. with Responsible for fair / foul, catch or no catch, the tag up at 2B, any
play on the lead runner at 3B, and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to
the One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth of
10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four ele-
ments in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of
the runner as you are responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at 1B, 2B, and the
last runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
RUNNERS ON FIRST AND THIRD BASE
STARTING POSITI
ON: SHADE THE LEAD RUNNER AT 3B WHILE START-
ING BEHIND AND OFF THE 3B SIDE OF THE SHORTSTOP, SQUARE TO THE
PLATE AND ADJUST AS NEEDED. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE
START OF THE PITCH. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Move out from behind home plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read
the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for any
subsequent throw on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the rst throw in the ineld,
any play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind home plate toward the holding zone about halfway to 3B
in foul ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements
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UMPIRE MANUAL
and read the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible
for any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about
halfway between 2B and 1B. Continue to alternate between the ball and glancing at
the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to
the baseline staying ahead of the runner as you are responsible for any play at 1B,
2B, and the last runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on
the y ball. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, the tag-up at 3B, any play
on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the
One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle in-
side the diamond about halfway
between 2B and 1B. Continue to
alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in
front of you. Be prepared to move
parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the runner as you are
responsible for the tag-up at 1B,
any play at 1B, 2B, and the last
runner into 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNERS ON SECOND AND THIRD BASE
STARTING POSITION: SHADE THE LEAD RUNNER AT 3B, WHILE STARTING
BEHIND AND OFF THE 3B SIDE OF THE SHORTSTOP, SQUARE TO THE PLATE
AND ADJUST AS NEEDED. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF
THE PITCH. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Move out from behind home plate towards the holding zone to an area where
you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be prepared
to move as the play develops as you are responsible for any subsequent throw on
the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the rst throw in the ineld, any
play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind home plate towards the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for
any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond about
halfway between 2B and 1B. Continue to alternate between the ball and glancing at
the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to
the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are
responsible for any play at
1B, 2B, and the last runner
into 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on
the y ball. Responsible for fair or foul , catch or no catch, the tag-up at 3B, any play
on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the
One Umpire System
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and
glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about halfway between 2B
and 1B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are responsible for the tag-up at 2B, any play at 1B, 2B, and
the last runner into 3B.
BASES LOADED
STARTING POSITION: SHADE THE LEAD RUNNER AT 3B, WHILE STARTING
BEHIND AND OFF THE 3B SIDE OF THE SHORTSTOP SQUARE TO THE PLATE
AND ADJUST AS NEEDED. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF
THE PITCH. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind home plate toward the holding zone to an area where you
have an unobstructed view of all four elements. Be prepared to move as the play
develops as you are responsible for any subsequent throw on the lead runner at 3B
and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the rst throw in the ineld,
any play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind home plate towards the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for
any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
85
UMPIRE MANUAL
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about
halfway between 2B and 1B. Continue to alternate between the ball and glancing at
the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to
the baseline staying ahead of the runner as you are responsible for any play at 1B,
2B, and the last runner into 3B.
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on
the y ball. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, the tag-up at 3B, any play
on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the
One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and
glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about halfway between 2B
and 1B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four ele-
ments in front of you. Be prepared to
move parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the runner as you are
responsible for the tag-up at 2B and
1B, any play at 1B, 2B and the last
runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
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UMPIRE MANUAL
OTHER SITUATIONS IN THE TWO UMPIRE SYSTEM
PICK-OFF ATTEMPTS:
B - Move parallel with the base line to the best angle and distance possible, stop,
read the play, and make the call.
P - Move out from behind the plate and read the play.
PLAY VIDEO PLAY VIDEO
STEAL ATTEMPTS:
B - Move parallel to the base line to the best angle and distance possible. Stop, get
an unobstructed view of the play, and make the call.
P - Move out from behind the plate and read the play.
PLAY VIDEO PLAY VIDEO
PICK-OFF ATTEMPT AT THIRD BASE: PLAY VIDEO
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UMPIRE MANUAL
TWO UMPIRE SYSTEM - SLOW PITCH
NO RUNNERS ON BASE
STARTING POSITION: 18 TO 21 FEET, IN FOUL TERRITORY AND WALK THE
LINE AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE.
PLAY VIDEO
*** The Videos is this section, No Runners on Base are prerecorded Fast Pitch
Videos. With the NEW Slow Pitch Mechanic and umpires starting back on the
line, the mechanic and philosophy are exactly the same between Slow and
Fast Pitch***
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P -Trail the batter-runner no more
than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair
territory and read the play. Re-
sponsible for any play at the plate.
B - Step into the fair territory, at an
angle 90 degrees to the path of the
throw, no more than a 45 degree
angle from the foul line and let the
ball take you to the play. Respon-
sible for any play at 1B, 2B or 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
PLAY VIDEO
P - Trail the batter-runner no more
than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair ter-
ritory and read the play. Responsible
for any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at
the runner as you hustle inside the
diamond to buttonhook at a minimum
depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alter-
nate between the ball and the runner
keeping all four elements in front of
you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the baseline staying ahead of the
runner as you are responsible for any
play at 1B, 2B, or 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on the
y ball. Responsible for fair or foul and catch or no catch and any play at the plate. If
the BU goes out, revert to the One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth
of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are responsible for any play at 1B, 2B, or 3B.
RUNNER ON FIRST BASE
STARTING POSITION: SHADE RUNNER AT 1B. START BEHIND OR OFF OF
THE 1B SIDE OF THE SECOND BASEMAN AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. THIS
POSITION SHOULD BE ADJUSTED BASED ON THE DEPTH AND LOCATION OF
THE SECOND BASEMAN OR ANY ADDITIONAL PLAYERS POSITIONED IN THE
INFIELD. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read
the play. As the lead runner approaches 2B move toward 3B to rst obtain the proper
angle, then close your distance as the play develops working to get an unobstructed
view of the play and to obtain a minimum distance of 10-12 feet from the play. Re-
member as the four elements come together; stop, read the play and make the call.
Responsible for any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for any play at 1B or 2B, and the last
runner into 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Trail the batter-runner no
more than 1/3 of the way to
1B in fair territory and read the
play. As the lead runner ap-
proaches 2B, move toward 3B
to rst obtain the proper angle,
then close your distance as the
play develops working to get an
unobstructed view of the play
and to obtain a final calling
distance of 10-12 feet from the
play. Remember as the four
elements come together; stop,
read the play and make the call.
Responsible for any play on the
lead runner at 3B and any play
at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle
inside the diamond about half
way between 1B and 2B to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue
to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you.
Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner as you are
responsible for any play at 1B, 2B, and last runner into 3B.
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on the
y ball. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, any play on the lead runner at
3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld or pick up the ball and glance at the runner as
you hustle inside the diamond about half way between 1B and 2B to buttonhook at a
minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runners
keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline
staying ahead of the runner as you are responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at
1B, 2B, and last runner into 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNERS ON SECOND BASE ONLY
STARTING POSITION: SHADE THE RUNNER AT 2B. START BEHIND OR OFF
THE 2B SIDE OF THE SECOND BASEMAN AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE.
THIS POSITION SHOULD BE ADJUSTED BASED ON THE DEPTH AND LOCATION
OF THE SECOND BASEMAN OR ANY ADDITIONAL PLAYERS POSITIONED IN
THE INFIELD. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate
toward the holding zone halfway to
3B in foul ground to an area where
you have an unobstructed view of
all four elements and read the play.
Responsible for any play at 3B on
the lead runner and any play at
the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play.
Responsible for any play at 1B, 2B
and the last runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind home plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read
the play. Be prepared to move
as the play develops as you are
responsible for any play on the
lead runner at 3B and any play
at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at
the runner as you hustle inside
the diamond about half way be-
tween 1B and 2B to buttonhook
at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet.
Continue to alternate between
the ball and the runner keeping
all four elements in front of you.
Be prepared to move parallel to
the baseline staying ahead of the
runner as you are responsible for
any play at 1B, 2B, and last run-
ner into 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on the
y ball. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, any play on the lead runner at
3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld
to make the call or pick up the ball and
glance at the runner as you hustle inside
the diamond about half way between
1B and 2B to buttonhook at a minimum
depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate
between the ball and the runner keep-
ing all four elements in front of you. Be
prepared to move parallel to the baseline
staying ahead of the runner as you are
responsible for the tag-up at 2B, any play
at 1B, 2B, and the last runner into 3B.
DIAGRAM: R1 @ 2B.
FLYBALL TO OUTFIELD.
Fly ball is caught, BR is out.
RUNNER ON THIRD BASE ONLY
STARTING POSITION: 18 TO 21 FEET, IN FOUL TERRITORY AND WALK THE
LINE AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE.
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate toward
the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an
unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play. Be prepared to move as the
play develops as you are responsible for
any play on the lead runner at 3B and any
play at the plate.
B - Step into the fair territory, at an angle
90 degrees to the path of the throw, no
more than a 45 degree angle from the foul
line and let the ball take you to the play.
Responsible for any play at 1B, 2B or 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone in foul ground to an area
where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be pre-
pared to move as the play develops
as you are responsible for any play
on the lead runner at 3B and any play
at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the
runner as you hustle inside the dia-
mond about halfway between 1B and
2B to buttonhook at a minimum depth
of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate
between the ball and the runner keep-
ing all four elements in front of you.
Be prepared to move parallel to the
baseline staying ahead of the runner
as you are responsible for any play at
1B, 2B, and last runner into 3B.
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate to
get the best angle and distance pos-
sible on the y ball. Responsible for fair
or foul, catch or no catch, the tag-up
at 3B, any play on the lead runner at
3B and any play at the plate. If the BU
goes out, revert to the One Umpire
System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld
to make the call or pick up the ball and
glance at the runner as you hustle
inside the diamond about half way
between 1B and 2B to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Con-
tinue to alternate between the ball and
the runner keeping all four elements
in front of you. Be prepared to move
parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are responsible for any play at 1B, 2B, and last runner into 3B.
93
UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNERS ON FIRST AND SECOND BASE
STARTING POSITION: SHADE RUNNER AT 2B. START BEHIND OR OFF OF
THE 2B SIDE OF THE SECOND BASEMAN AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. THIS
POSITION SHOULD BE ADJUSTED BASED ON THE DEPTH AND LOCATION OF
THE SECOND BASEMAN OR ANY ADDITIONAL PLAYERS POSITIONED IN THE
INFIELD. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul ground
to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the
play. Be prepared to move as the play develops, as you are responsible for any play
on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for any play at 1B, 2B and the
last runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate to-
ward the holding zone halfway to 3B in
foul ground to an area where you have
an unobstructed view of all four elements
and read the play. Be prepared to move
as the play develops, as you are respon-
sible for any play on the lead runner at
3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the
runner as you hustle inside the diamond
about halfway between 1B and 2B to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-
12 feet. Continue to alternate between
the ball and the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. Be prepared
to move parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the runner as you are responsible for any play at 1B, 2B, and last runner
into 3B.
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on
the y ball. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, the tag-up at 2B, any play
on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the
94
UMPIRE MANUAL
One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call or pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about halfway between 1B and 2B to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of
10-12 feet. Continue to alternate be-
tween the ball and the runner keeping
all four elements in front of you. Be
prepared to move parallel to the base-
line staying ahead of the runner as you
are responsible for the tag-up at 1B,
any play at 1B, 2B, and last runner into
3B.
PLAY VIDEO
RUNNERS ON FIRST AND THIRD BASE
STARTING POSITION: SHADE RUNNER AT 1B. START BEHIND OR OFF THE 1B
SIDE OF THE SECOND BASEMAN AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE.
THIS POSITION SHOULD BE ADJUSTED BASED ON THE DEPTH AND LOCATION
OF THE SECOND BASEMAN OR ANY ADDITIONAL PLAYERS POSITIONED
IN THE INFIELD. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone in foul ground to an area
where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be pre-
pared to move as the play develops, as you are responsible for any play on the lead
runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for any play at 1B, 2B and the
95
UMPIRE MANUAL
last runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul ground
to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play.
Be prepared to move as the play
develops, as you are responsible for
any play on the lead runner at 3B and
any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at
the runner as you hustle inside the
diamond about halfway between 1B
and 2B to buttonhook at a minimum
depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to
alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in
front of you.
Be prepared to move parallel to the
baseline staying ahead of the runner
as you are responsible for any play
at 1B, 2B, and last runner into 3B.
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate to get the best angle and distance possible on the
y ball. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, the tag-up at 3B, any play on
the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert to the One
Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the
outeld to make the call or pick up
the ball and glance at the runner
as you hustle inside the diamond
about halfway between 1B and 2B
to buttonhook at a minimum depth
of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate
between the ball and the runner
keeping all four elements in front of
you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the baseline staying ahead of
the runner as you are responsible
for the tag-up at 1B, any play at 1B,
2B, and last runner into 3B.
96
UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNERS ON SECOND AND THIRD BASE
STARTING POSITION: SHADE RUNNER AT 2B. START BEHIND OR OFF THE 2B
SIDE OF THE SECOND BASEMAN AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE.
THIS POSITION SHOULD BE ADJUSTED BASED ON THE DEPTH AND LOCATION
OF THE SECOND BASEMAN OR ANY ADDITIONAL PLAYERS POSITIONED
IN THE INFIELD. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone in foul ground to an area
where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be pre-
pared to move as the play develops, as you are responsible for any play on the lead
runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for any play at 1B, 2B and the last
runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone in foul ground to an area
where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be prepared
to move as the play develops, as you are responsible for any play on the lead runner
at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about
halfway between 1B and 2B to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue
to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you.
Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner as you are
responsible for any play at 1B, 2B, and last runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
97
UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate in foul ground to get the best angle and distance
possible on the y ball. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, tag-up at 3B,
any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out, revert
to the One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld to make the call pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about halfway between 1B and 2B, to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the baseline staying ahead of the runner as you are responsible for the tag-up at
2B, any play at 1B, 2B and last runner into 3B.
BASES LOADED
STARTING POSITION: SHADE RUNNER AT 2B. START BEHIND OR OFF THE 2B
SIDE OF THE SECOND BASEMAN AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE.
THIS POSITION SHOULD BE ADJUSTED BASED ON THE DEPTH AND LOCATION
OF THE SECOND BASEMAN OR ANY ADDITIONAL PLAYERS POSITIONED
IN THE INFIELD. GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone in foul ground to an area
where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be
prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for any play on the
lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for any play at 1B, 2B and the last
98
UMPIRE MANUAL
runner into 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P -Move out from behind home plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul ground
to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play.
Be prepared to move as the play develops as you are responsible for any play on the
lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
B - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond about
halfway between 1B and 2B to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue
to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in
front of you. Be prepared to move
parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are responsible
for any play at 1B, 2B, and last runner
into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate in foul ground to get the best angle and distance
possible and read the play. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch, the tag-up
at 3B, any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate. If the BU goes out,
revert to the One Umpire System.
B - Decide whether to go to the outeld
to make the call and pick up the ball
and glance at the runner as you hustle
inside the diamond about halfway
between 1B and 2B, to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Con-
tinue to alternate between the ball and
the runner keeping all four elements
in front of you. Be prepared to move
parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are responsible
for the tag-up at 1B and 2B, any play
at 1B, 2B and last runner into 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
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UMPIRE MANUAL
PICK OFF AND STEAL MECHANICS
TWO UMPIRE SYSTEM- SLOW PITCH
PICK OFF ATTEMPTS
B - Move parallel with the base line to the best angle and distance possible, stop, see
the play and make the call.
P - Move out from the plate to the best angle and distance (based on the origin of the
throw), stop, see the play and make the call.
STEAL ATTEMPTS
B - Move parallel with the base line to the best angle and distance possible, stop, see
the play and make the call.
P - Move out from the plate to the best angle and distance (based on the origin of the
throw), stop, see the play and make the call.
PLAY VIDEO PLAY VIDEO
100
UMPIRE MANUAL
*** Some Videos is this pick-off section are pre-recorded Slow Pitch Videos. With
the NEW Slow Pitch Mechanic having the Base Umpire starting back on the line
with No Runners on & Runners starting on 3B, the mechanic and philosophy
of the Plate Umpire are the same per the video. Only change to what the video
demonstrates, is the Base Umpire would start on the line and not counter-rotated
like prior years***
PICK OFF ATTEMPT AT THIRD BASE: PLAY VIDEO
STEALS AND PICK OFF ATTEMPTS
Responsibilities in the Two Umpire System-Slow Pitch
Steals Pickoffs
1st Base B
2nd Base B B
3rd Base P P
PLAY VIDEO
RUNNER AT 2B, STEAL TO THIRD BASE: PLAY VIDEO
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UMPIRE MANUAL
THREE-UMPIRE SYSTEM
FAST PITCH AND SLOW PITCH
Key to Diagrams: P—Plate Umpire; U1—1st Base Umpire, U3—3rd Base Umpire
NO RUNNERS ON BASE
STARTING POSITION: BOTH UMPIRES START 18 – 21 FT BEYOND FIRST AND
THIRD BASE IN FOUL TERRITORY AND WALK THE LINE. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory, stop to see
the play at 1B, if a subsequent play occurs, then read the play and move to 3B as BR
approaches 2B. First, obtain the proper angle, then close your distance as the play
develops working to get an unobstructed view of the play and to obtain a minimum
distance of 10-12 feet from the play. Remember as the four elements come together;
stop, read the play and make the call.
U1 - Step into fair territory, at an angle 90 degrees to the path of the throw, no more
than a 45 degree angle from the
foul line, and let the ball take you
to the play. Responsible for any
play at 1B.
U3 - Hustle into the diamond to
a 90 degree angle to the path
of the runner, just short of the
base, at a minimum distance of
10 – 12 feet from 2B.
Responsible for any play at 2B.
PLAY VIDEO
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read
the play. If the runner rounds 1B and as they approach 2B the Plate Umpire should
move across the diamond in front of the pitcher’s plate to rst obtain the proper
angle, then close your distance as the play develops working to get an unobstructed
view of the play and to obtain a minimum distance of 10-12 feet from the play. Re-
member as the four elements come together; stop, read the play, and make the call.
As the runner reaches 3B take one or two steps toward home plate to see that U1
102
UMPIRE MANUAL
has rotated into position at home. Responsible for any play at 3B.
U1 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the
ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. If the runner continues
to 2B take one or two steps toward 2B to visually conrm that the U3 has rotated to
2B. As the runner reaches 2B, start to rotate home in foul ground to the farthest back
corner of the right hand batter’s box, a minimum of 10 -12 feet from the plate, for any
possible play at home plate. Responsible for any play at 1B and any play at the plate
when rotated to the plate.
U3 - While picking up the ball and glancing at the runner, rotate to a position, a mini-
mum of 10 – 12 feet from 2B at a 90 degree angle to the path of the runner, just short
of the base. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. As the runner reaches 2B, take one or two steps toward 3B
to visually conrm that the Plate Umpire has rotated into position at 3B. Responsible
for any play at 2B and any play at 1B when the U1 has rotated to the plate.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read
the play. When the batter-runner rounds 1B and as they approach 2B, move toward
the holding zone about halfway to 3B in foul ground to an area where you have an
unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be prepared to move as the
play develops as you are responsible for any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partner. Responsible for any y
ball from center elder to right eld dead ball territory. Move parallel to the ight
of the ball to obtain an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make
the call. When the ball is hit elsewhere and U3 goes out, pick up the ball and glance
103
UMPIRE MANUAL
at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth of
10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner as you are responsible for any play at 1B, 2B and 3B.
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partner. Responsible for any y
ball from the centerelder to left eld dead ball territory. Move parallel to the ight
of the ball to obtain an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the
call. When the ball is hit elsewhere and U1 goes out, pick up the ball and glance at
the runner while you hustle across the diamond toward 1st base. Continue to alternate
between the ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared
to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for any play
at 1B, 2B, and 3B.
RUNNER ON FIRST BASE ONLY
STARTING POSITION: U1 IS 12 -15 FT BEYOND 1B IN FOUL TERRITORY
AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. U3 IS ABOUT 12-15 FEET AT A NEAR 90 DEGREE
ANGLE BEYOND 2B AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. BOTH UMPIRES GO TO A
READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P- Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read the
play. As the lead runner approaches 2B move directly to 3B. First obtain the proper
angle then close the distance as the play develops working to get an unobstructed view
of the play and to obtain a minimum distance of 10 - 12 feet from the play. Remember
as the four elements come together you have to stop, read the play and make the
call. As the runner reaches 3B take one or two steps toward home plate to see that
the Base Umpire has rotated into position at home. Responsible for any play at 3B.
U1 - Step into fair territory, at an angle 90 degrees to the path of the throw, no more than
a 45 degree angle from the foul line, and let the ball take you to the play. Responsible
for the runner leaving early at 1B and any play at 1B.
104
UMPIRE MANUAL
U3 - Read the play. Responsible for any play on the lead runner at 2B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P- Trail the batter-runner no more than 1/3 of the way to 1B in fair territory and read the
play. As the lead runner approaches 2B move directly to 3B. First, obtain the proper
angle; then, close the distance as the play develops working to get an unobstructed
view of the play and to obtain a minimum distance of 10 - 12 feet from the play. Re-
member as the four elements come together; stop, read the play, and make the call.
As the runner reaches 3B take one or two steps toward home plate to see that the U1
has rotated into position at home plate. Responsible for any play at 3B.
U1 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the
ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. As the runner from 1B
approaches 2B rotate to home in foul ground to the farthest back corner of the right
hand batter’s box at a minimum of 10 - 12 feet from the plate, for any possible play at
home plate. Responsible for any play at 1B when staying at 1B and any play at the
plate when rotated to the plate.
U3 - Pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle inside
the diamond to buttonhook at a
minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet.
Continue to alternate between
the ball and the runner keeping
all four elements in front of you.
As the runner reaches 2B, visu-
ally conrm that the Plate Umpire
has rotated into position at 3B.
Responsible for any play at 2B
and any play at 1B when the U1
has rotated to the plate.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P- Pick up the ight of the ball
and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y ball from the left elder up to
dead ball territory step out from behind the plate and move up the 3B line to get an
unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for
fair or foul, catch or no catch, and any play at 3B. When the ball is hit elsewhere and
a Base Umpire goes out, trail the batter runner no more than 1/3 the way to 1B in fair
territory and read the play. As the lead runner approaches 2B, move to the holding
zone halfway to 3B in foul ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view
of all four elements and read the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops as
you are responsible for any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any
105
UMPIRE MANUAL
y ball from the right elder up to dead ball territory, move parallel to the ight of the
ball to get an unobstructed view of the play. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no
catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U3 goes out, pick up the ball and
glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum
depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner
keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the
baseline staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at
1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage
area, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the
ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the
tag-up at 1B, any play at 1B and Home plate when PU rotates to 3B.
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any
y ball from the right elder up to the left elder, move parallel to the ight of the ball
to get an unobstructed view of the play. Responsible for catch or no catch. When
the ball is hit elsewhere and the U1 goes out, pick up the ball and glance at the
runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12
feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at 1B, 2B and the last
runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up the
ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at a
minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for any play at 2B and
1B when U1 rotates to home plate.
PLAY VIDEO RUNNER ON SECOND BASE ONLY
106
UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNER ON SECOND BASE ONLY
STARTING POSITION: U1, SHADE THE RUNNER AT 2B. START BEHIND OR OFF
THE SECOND BASEMAN SQUARE, TO THE PLATE AND ADJUST AS NEEDED.
U3 IS 12 - 15 FT BEYOND 3B IN FOUL TERRITORY AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE.
BOTH UMPIRES GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate and read the play. Responsible for any play at
the plate.
U1 - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early at 2B
and any play at 1B or 2B.
U3 - Step into fair territory and read the play. Responsible for any play at 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P- Move out from behind the plate and read the play. Responsible for any play at
the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the
ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move
parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for any play at 1B
or 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the
ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for any
play at 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
107
UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to dead ball territory, step out from behind the plate and
move up the 1B line one or two steps to get an unobstructed view of the play.
Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch and any play at the plate. When the
ball is hit elsewhere and a Base Umpire goes out, move out from behind the plate
toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul ground to an area where you have an
unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be prepared to move as
the play develops as you are responsible for any play on the lead runner at 3B and
any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any
y ball from the right elder up to the left elder move parallel to the ight of the
ball to get an unobstructed view of the play. Responsible for catch or no catch.
When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U3 goes out, pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth
of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all
four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 2B, any play at 1B, 2B and the
last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up
the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook
at a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at 2B,
and any play at 1B and 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any
y ball from the left elder up to dead ball territory, move up the 3B line to get an
unobstructed view of the play. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch. When
the ball is hit elsewhere and the U1 goes out, pick up the ball and glance at the run-
ner while hustling across the diamond towards 1st base to a position to see the play
at 1B and 2B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner(s). Responsible for the tag-up at 2B, any play at 1B, 2B and the last
runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up the
ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for any play at 3B.
108
UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNER ON THIRD BASE ONLY
109
UMPIRE MANUAL
STARTING POSITION: U1 IS 12 -15 FT BEYOND 1B IN FOUL TERRITORY AND
SQUARE TO THE PLATE. U3 IS 12 - 15 FT BEYOND 3B, TAKING A POSITION TO
GAIN AN UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW OF THE PLATE AREA, SLIGHTLY OFF THE
LINE IN FOUL TERRITORY AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. BOTH UMPIRES GO
TO THE READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P -
Move out from behind the plate and read the play. See the runner from 3B touch
the plate and as the batter-runner approaches 2B rotate to 3B in fair territory to a 90
degree angle a
t a minimum depth of 10 - 12 feet from 3B. Responsible for the lead
runner at
the plate and the last runner at 3B.
U1 -
Step into fair territory, at an angle 90 degrees to the path of the throw, no
more than a 45 degree angle from the foul line, and let the ball take you to the play.
Responsible for any play at 1B and any play at the plate when rotated to the plate. If
the runner at 3B does not advance to the plate, U1 is also responsible for a play at 2B.
U3 -
Step into fair territory and read the play. If the runner on 3B advances to the
plate the U3 should hustle into the diamond to a 90 degree angle to the path of the
runner, just short of the base, at a minimum depth of 10 - 12 feet from 2B. Respon-
sible for the runner leaving early at 3B, any play on that runner at 3B and any play at
2B if the runner at 3B advances to the plate.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P -
Move out from behind the plate and read the play. The Plate Umpire should see
the runner from 3B touch the plate and as the batter-runner approaches 2B rotate
to 3B in fair territory to a 90 degree angle to the path of the runner, just short of the
base, at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet from 3B. When the runner reaches 3B take
one or two steps toward home plate
to see that the U1 has rotated into
position at home plate.
U1 -
Pick up the ball and glance
at the runner as you hustle inside
the diamond to buttonhook at a
minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet.
Continue to alternate between the
ball and the runner keeping all four
elements in front of you. If the run-
ner continues to 2B take one or two
steps toward 2B, to visually conrm
that the U3 has rotated to 2B. As
the runner approaches 2B, rotate
home in foul ground to the farthest
back corner of the right hand bat-
ter’s box, at a minimum of 10 -12
feet from the plate for any possible
110
UMPIRE MANUAL
play at home plate. Responsible for any play at 1B and any play at the plate when
rotated to the plate.
U3 -
While picking up the ball and glancing at the runner, rotate to a position at a
minimum of 10 - 12 feet from 2B at a 90 degree angle to the path of the runner, just
short of the base. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all
four elements in front of you. As the runner reaches 2B take one or two steps toward
3B to visually conrm that the Plate Umpire has rotated into position at 3B. Respon-
sible for any play at 2B and any play at 1B when the U1 has rotated to the plate.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P -
Move out from behind the plate to the holding zone in foul ground halfway to 3B in
foul ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops. Responsible for the tag-up
at 3B, any play on the lead runner at 3B, and any play at the plate.
U1 -
Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partner. Responsible for any y
ball from the center elder to right eld dead ball territory. Move parallel to the ight of
the ball to obtain an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the
call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere
and U3 goes out, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the
diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate
between the ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared
to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for any play
at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
U3 -
Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partner. Responsible for any y
ball from the centerelder to the left elder and up to dead ball territory. Move
parallel to the ight of the ball to obtain an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see
the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch. When the
ball is hit elsewhere and U1 goes out, pick up the ball and glance at the runner while
hustling across the diamond towards 1st base to see the play at 1B. Continue to
alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you.
Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner. Respon-
sible for any play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
111
UMPIRE MANUAL
play at home plate. Responsible for any play at 1B and any play at the plate when
rotated to the plate.
U3 -
While picking up the ball and glancing at the runner, rotate to a position at a
minimum of 10 - 12 feet from 2B at a 90 degree angle to the path of the runner, just
short of the base. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all
four elements in front of you. As the runner reaches 2B take one or two steps toward
3B to visually conrm that the Plate Umpire has rotated into position at 3B. Respon-
sible for any play at 2B and any play at 1B when the U1 has rotated to the plate.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD: PLAY VIDEO
P -
Move out from behind the plate to the holding zone in foul ground halfway to 3B in
foul ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops. Responsible for the tag-up
at 3B, any play on the lead runner at 3B, and any play at the plate.
U1 -
Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partner. Responsible for any y
ball from the center elder to right eld dead ball territory. Move parallel to the ight of
the ball to obtain an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the
call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere
and U3 goes out, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the
diamond to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate
between the ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared
to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for any play
at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
U3 -
Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partner. Responsible for any y
ball from the centerelder to the left elder and up to dead ball territory. Move
parallel to the ight of the ball to obtain an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see
the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch. When the
ball is hit elsewhere and U1 goes out, pick up the ball and glance at the runner while
hustling across the diamond towards 1st base to see the play at 1B. Continue to
alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you.
Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead of the runner. Respon-
sible for any play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B.
RUNNER ON FIRST BASE & SECOND BASE
STARTING POSITION: U1 SHADE THE LEAD RUNNER AT 2B. START BEHIND
OR OFF OF THE SECOND BASEMAN SQUARE TO THE PLATE AND ADJUST
AS NEEDED. THIS MAY VARY DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE GAME IS FAST
PITCH OR SLOW PITCH. U3 IS 12 - 15 FT BEYOND 3B IN FOUL TERRITORY AND
SQUARE TO THE PLATE. BOTH UMPIRES GO TO THE READY POSITION AT THE
START OF THE PITCH. PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate and read the play. Responsible for any play at
the plate.
U1 - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early at 2B
and any play at 1B or 2B.
U3 - Step into fair territory and read the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early
at 1B and any play at 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P- Move out from behind plate and read the
play. Responsible for any play at the pla
te.
U1 -
Pick up the ball and glance at the
runner as you move inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12
feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in
front of you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the baseline staying ahead of the runner.
Responsible for any play at 1B or 2B.
U3 -
Pick up the ball and glance at the runner
as you move inside the diamond to button-
112
UMPIRE MANUAL
hook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and
the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible
for any play at 3B.
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
PLAY VIDEO
P -
Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to dead ball territory, step out from behind the plate and
move up the 1B line one or two steps to get an unobstructed view of the play. Stop,
see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch and any
play at the plate. When the ball is hit elsewhere and a Base Umpire goes out, move
toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul ground to an area where you have an
unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be prepared to move as the
play develops. Respon-sible for the tag-up at 2B, any play on the lead runner at 3B
and any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to the left elder, move parallel to the ight of the ball to
get an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call.
Responsible for catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U3 goes
out, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the base-line staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any
play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball cov-
erage area, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond
to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the
ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-
up at 2B, and any play at 1B and 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the left elder up to dead ball territory, move up the 3B line to get an
unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for
fair or foul, catch or no catch.When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U1 goes out, pick
up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle across the diamond towards 1st
base to see the play at 1B and 2B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the
baseline staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at
1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage
area, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for any play at
3B.
113
UMPIRE MANUAL
hook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and
the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible
for any play at 3B.
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
PLAY VIDEO
P -
Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to dead ball territory, step out from behind the plate and
move up the 1B line one or two steps to get an unobstructed view of the play. Stop,
see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch and any
play at the plate. When the ball is hit elsewhere and a Base Umpire goes out, move
toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul ground to an area where you have an
unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play. Be prepared to move as the
play develops. Respon-sible for the tag-up at 2B, any play on the lead runner at 3B
and any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to the left elder, move parallel to the ight of the ball to
get an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call.
Responsible for catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U3 goes
out, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the base-line staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any
play at 1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball cov-
erage area, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond
to buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the
ball and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-
up at 2B, and any play at 1B and 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the left elder up to dead ball territory, move up the 3B line to get an
unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for
fair or foul, catch or no catch.When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U1 goes out, pick
up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle across the diamond towards 1st
base to see the play at 1B and 2B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the
baseline staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at
1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage
area, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for any play at
3B.
RUNNER ON FIRST BASE & THIRD BASE
STARTING POSITION: U1 SHADES THE RUNNER AT 1B. START BEHIND OR
OFF OF THE SECOND BASEMAN, SQUARE TO THE PLATE AND ADJUST AS
NEEDED. THIS MAY VARY DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE GAME IS FAST PITCH
OR SLOW PITCH. U3 IS 12 - 15 FT BEYOND 3B, TAKING A POSITION TO GAIN
AN UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW OF THE PLATE AREA SLIGHTLY OFF THE LINE IN
FOUL TERRITORY AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. BOTH UMPIRES GO TO THE
READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
PLAY VIDEO
P - Move out from behind the plate and read the play. Responsible for any play at the
plate.
U1 - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early at 1B
and any play at 1B or 2B.
U3 - Step into fair territory and read the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early
at 3B and any play at 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind plate and read the play. Responsible for any play at the
plate.
U1 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of
10-12 feet. Continue to alternate
between the ball and the runner
keeping all four elements in front of
you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the baseline staying ahead of the
runner. Responsible for any play
at 1B or 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ball and glance at
the runner as you hustle inside the
diamond to buttonhook at a mini-
mum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue
to alternate between the ball and
the runner keeping all four ele-
ments in front of you. Responsible
for any play at 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P- Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to dead ball territory, step out from behind the plate
and move to the 1B line extended and get an unobstructed view and angle of the
play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no
catch and any play at the plate. When the ball is hit elsewhere and a Base Umpire
goes out, move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in
foul ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops. Responsible for the tag-up
at 3B, any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to the left elder move parallel to the ight of the ball to
get an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call.
Responsible for catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U3 goes out,
pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook
at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the
baseline staying ahead of the run-ner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at
1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage
area, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at
1B, and any play at 1B and 2B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y ball
from the left elder up to dead ball territory, move up the 3B line to get an unobstructed
view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul,
catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U1 goes out, pick up the ball
and glance at the runner as you hustle across the diamond towards 1B to see the
play at 1B and 2B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping
all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the run-ner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B, any play at 1B, 2B and the
last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up the
ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at
3B and any play at 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
RUNNER ON SECOND BASE & THIRD BASE
STARTING POSITION: U1, SHADE RUNNER AT 2B. START BEHIND OR OFF OF
THE SECOND BASEMAN, SQUARE TO THE PLATE AND ADJUST AS NEEDED.
THIS MAY VARY DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE GAME IS FAST PITCH OR
SLOW PITCH. U3 IS 12 - 15 FT BEYOND 3B, TAKING A POSITION TO GAIN AN
UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW OF THE PLATE AREA SLIGHTLY OFF THE LINE IN FOUL
TERRITORY AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. BOTH UMPIRES GO TO THE READY
POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH.
PLAY VIDEO
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
PLAY VIDEO
P- Move out from behind the plate and read the play, Responsible for any play at the
plate.
U1 - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early at 2B
and any play at 1B or 2B.
U3 - Step into fair territory and read the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early
at 3B and any play at 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind plate and read the play. Responsible for any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel
to the baseline staying ahead of the runner. Responsible for any play at 1B or 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to but-
tonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and
the runner keeping all four ele-
ments in front of you. Respon-
sible for any play at 3B.
PLAY VIDEO
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P- Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to dead ball territory, step out from behind the plate and
move to the 1B line extended and get an unobstructed view and angle of the play.
Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch
and any play at the plate. When the ball is hit elsewhere and a Base Umpire goes
out, move out from behind the plate toward the holding zone halfway to 3B in foul
ground to an area where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and
read the play. Be prepared to move as the play develops. Responsible for the tagup
at 3B, any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to the left elder move parallel to the ight of the ball to
get an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call.
Responsible for catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U3 goes out,
pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook
at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the
baseline staying ahead of the run-ner. Responsible for the tag-up at 2B, any play at
1B, 2B and the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage
area, pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to
buttonhook at a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball
and the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at
2B, and any play at 1B and 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the left elder up to dead ball territory move up the 3B line to get an
unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible
for fair or foul, catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U1 goes out,
pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you hustle across the diamond to see the
play at 1B and 2B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping all
four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying ahead
of the runner. Responsiblefor the tag-up at 2B, any play at 1B, 2B and the last runner
into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up the
ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at
3B, and any play at 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
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UMPIRE MANUAL
BASES LOADED
STARTING POSITION: U1 SHADES THE RUNNER AT 2B. START BEHIND OR
OFF OF THE SECOND BASEMAN, SQUARE TO THE PLATE AND ADJUST AS
NEEDED. THIS MAY VARY DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE GAME IS FAST PITCH
OR SLOW PITCH. U3 IS 12 - 15 FT BEYOND 3B, TAKING A POSITION TO GAIN
AN UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW OF THE PLATE AREA SLIGHTLY OFF THE LINE IN
FOUL TERRITORY AND SQUARE TO THE PLATE. BOTH UMPIRES GO TO THE
READY POSITION AT THE START OF THE PITCH
GROUND BALL TO THE INFIELD:
P - Move out from behind the plate and read the play. Responsible for any play at the
plate.
U1 - Let the ball take you to the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early at 2B
and any play at 1B or 2B.
U3 - Step into fair territory and read the play. Responsible for the runner leaving early
at 1B and at 3B and any play at 3B.
BASE HIT TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Move out from behind plate and read the play. Responsible for any play at the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to but-
tonhook at a minimum depth of 10 – 12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and
the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for any play at 1B or 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to but-
tonhook at a minimum depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and
the runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for any play at 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to dead ball territory, step out from behind the plate and
move to the 1B line extended and get an unobstructed view and angle of the play.
Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch
and any play at the plate. When the ball is hit elsewhere and a Base Umpire goes
out, move toward the holding zone in foul ground about halfway to 3B to an area
where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play.
Responsible for the tag-up at 3B, any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at
the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to the left elder move parallel to the ight of the ball to
get an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible
for catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U3 goes out, pick up the ball
and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum
depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping
all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B and 2B, any play at 1B, 2B and
the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up the
ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at
1B and 2B, and any play at 1B and 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the left elder up to dead ball territory, move up the 3B line to get an unob-
structed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or
foul, catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U1 goes out, pick up
the ball and glance at the runner while hustling across the diamond towards 1B to see
the play at 1B and 2B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping
all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B and 2B, any play at 1B, 2B and
the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up the
ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at 3B, and
any play at 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD:
P - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to dead ball territory, step out from behind the plate and
move to the 1B line extended and get an unobstructed view and angle of the play.
Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or foul, catch or no catch
and any play at the plate. When the ball is hit elsewhere and a Base Umpire goes
out, move toward the holding zone in foul ground about halfway to 3B to an area
where you have an unobstructed view of all four elements and read the play.
Responsible for the tag-up at 3B, any play on the lead runner at 3B and any play at
the plate.
U1 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the right elder up to the left elder move parallel to the ight of the ball to
get an unobstructed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible
for catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U3 goes out, pick up the ball
and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at a minimum
depth of 10-12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping
all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B and 2B, any play at 1B, 2B and
the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up the
ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at
1B and 2B, and any play at 1B and 2B.
U3 - Pick up the ight of the ball and glance at your partners. Responsible for any y
ball from the left elder up to dead ball territory, move up the 3B line to get an unob-
structed view of the play. Stop, see the play and make the call. Responsible for fair or
foul, catch or no catch. When the ball is hit elsewhere and the U1 goes out, pick up
the ball and glance at the runner while hustling across the diamond towards 1B to see
the play at 1B and 2B. Continue to alternate between the ball and the runner keeping
all four elements in front of you. Be prepared to move parallel to the baseline staying
ahead of the runner. Responsible for the tag-up at 1B and 2B, any play at 1B, 2B and
the last runner into 3B. When the ball is hit to the PU’s yball coverage area, pick up the
ball and glance at the runner as you move inside the diamond to buttonhook at
a minimum depth of 10 -12 feet. Continue to alternate between the ball and the
runner keeping all four elements in front of you. Responsible for the tag-up at 3B, and
any play at 3B.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
4 KEY POINTS TO THE THREE UMPIRE SYSTEM
1. Rotation in the Three Umpire System is always in a clockwise direction
2. When the umpires start from a counter rotated position, there will be no rotation
3. When a Base Umpire goes to the outeld, the crew reverts to the Two Umpire
System
4. When a Base Umpire goes to the outeld, that umpire should remain outside and
allow the ball to turn them back to the ineld and observe the remainder of the play
FLY BALL COVERAGE NO RUNNER ON BASE, RUNNER ON 3B ONLY
ON A FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD EACH BASE UMPIRE SHOULD PICK UP
THE FLIGHT OF THE BALL AND GLANCE AT THEIR PARTNERS. U3 IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR A FLY BALL FROM THE CENTER FIELDER TO LEFT
FIELD AND UP TO DEAD BALL TERRITORY. U1 IS RESPONSIBLE FOR A FLY
BALL FROM THE CENTER FIELDER TO RIGHT FIELD AND UP TO DEAD BALL
TERRITORY.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL COVERAGE WITH RUNNER ON 1B ONLY
ON A FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD WITH A RUNNER ON 1B ONLY EACH BASE
UMPIRE SHOULD PICK UP THE FLIGHT OF THE BALL AND GLANCE AT THEIR
PARTNER. U1 HAS ANY FLY BALL FROM THE RIGHT FIELDER TO DEAD BALL
TERRITORY. U3 WHO IS ROTATED BEHIND SECOND BASE HAS ANY FLY BALL
FROM THE LEFT FIELDER TO THE RIGHT FIELDER. THE PLATE UMPIRE HAS
ANY FLY BALL FROM THE LEFT FIELDER TO DEAD BALL TERRITORY.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
FLY BALL COVERAGE WITH RUNNER ON 2B ONLY,
RUNNERS ON 1B AND 2B, 1B & 3B 2B & 3B AND BASES LOADED
ON A FLY BALL TO THE OUTFIELD EACH BASE UMPIRE SHOULD PICK
UP THE FLIGHT OF THE BALL AND GLANCE AT THEIR PARTNERS. U1
HAS FLY BALL COVERAGE FROM THE RIGHT FIELDER TO THE LEFT
FIELDER. U3 HAS FLY BALL COVERAGE FROM THE LEFT FIELDER TO
DEAD BALL TERRITORY. THE PLATE UMPIRE HAS FLY BALL COVERAGE
FROM THE RIGHT FIELDER TO DEAD BALL TERRITORY.
THREE UMPIRE TAG-UP RESPONSIBILITIES TABLE:
U1/U3 CHASES IN THEIR COVERAGE AREA
Situation PU U3/U1
Runner on 1st Only (R1) R1
Runner on 2nd Only (R1) R1
Runner on 3rd Only (R1) R1
Runners on 1st (R2) and 2nd (R1) R1 R2
Runners on 1st (R2) and 3rd (R1) R1 R2
Runners on 2nd (R2) and 3rd (R1) R1 R2
Bases Loaded (R1 at 3rd), (R2 at 2nd), (R3 at 1st) R1 R2 then R3
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UMPIRE MANUAL
PU HAS FLY BALL COVERAGE IN THEIR COVERAGE AREA
Situation U1 U3
Runner on 1st Only (R1) R1
Runner on 2nd Only (R1) R1
Runners on 1st (R2) and 2nd (R1) R2 R1
Runners on 1st (R2) and 3rd (R1) R2 R1
Runners on 2nd (R2) and 3rd (R1) R2 R1
Bases Loaded (R1 at 3rd), (R2 at 2nd), (R3 at 1st) R2 then R3 R1
BETWEEN INNING MECHANICS
ONE UMPIRE SYSTEM:
The Umpire shall take a position at the 1B baseline extended facing the 1B dugout
when that team is coming to bat and the 3B baseline extended facing the 3B dugout
when that team is coming to bat.
TWO UMPIRE AND THREE UMPIRE SYSTEM:
The Plate Umpire shall take a position at the 1B baseline extended facing the 1B
dugout when that team is coming to bat and the 3B baseline extended facing the 3B
dugout when that team is coming to bat.
The Base Umpire(s) shall assume a position approximately 15 feet in the outeld off
the foul line, standing in fair territory and facing the ineld. Be alert to hustle players
on and off the eld. In a Two Umpire System the Base Umpire is responsible for
brushing off the pitcher's plate after the conclusion of the inning. In a Three Umpire
System U3 has primary responsibility for brushing off the pitcher's plate. U1 will also
brush off the pitcher's plate when appropriate.
THESE ARE THE PREFERRED POSITIONS, IF YOU NEED TO MOVE TO
ANOTHER AREA, DO SO.
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UMPIRE MANUAL
LEAVING A BASE TOO SOON ON A PITCH
RESPONSIBILITIES IN A THREE UMPIRE SYSTEM
RUNNERS ON: WHICH RUNNER: WHICH UMPIRE:
1B only or 2B only First Base Umpire
3B only Third Base Umpire
1B & 2B On 1B Third Base Umpire
On 2B First Base Umpire
2B & 3B On 2B First Base Umpire
On 3B Third Base Umpire
1B & 3B On 1B First Base Umpire
On 3B Third Base Umpire
Bases Loaded On 3B & 1B Third Base Umpire
On 2B First Base Umpire
Umpire Uniform
The male and female umpire shall wear:
A. A powder blue, navy blue or white short-sleeved polo shirt. USA Softball
letters are worn on the left chest of the polo shirt.
B. The approved Navy Cap with the white USA SOFTBALL on the front.
C. The approved navy blue ball bag with USA Softball letters to be worn with
either navy or heather gray slacks. The approved gray ball bag(s) with USA
Softball letters may be worn with heather gray slacks.
D. The approved navy jacket with white USA Softball or USA Softball letters on
the left chest.
E. Black shoes and belt.
F. Base Umpires should place their base brush in their back pants pocket, not
visible.
G. T-shirt is optional to wear under the powder blue, navy, and white polo shirt.
If a t-shirt is worn it shall be;
1. A Navy or White t-shirt under the USA Softball powder blue, or white polo
shirt. Partners MUST match t-shirt color if worn.
2. A Navy t-shirt under the USA Softball navy blue polo shirt.
Partners
MUST match t-shirt color if worn.
H. The Plate Umpire in Fast Pitch shall wear a black or silver mask, with black or
tan padding and a black throat protector. (An extended wire protector may be
worn in lieu of a throat protector on the mask.) The plate umpire in Fast Pitch
is also allowed to wear a HOCKEY style face mask, if this mask is worn the
plate umpire must have an approved Navy Cap with white USA SOFTBALL on
the front, this cap must be worn between innings and during extended delays,
coach’s discussions and injuries.
For more information on rules, interpretations on plays and comments on USA Softball Mechanics
sent in to the Director of Umpires please visit the Monthly Plays and Clarications at
https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Softball/Umpires/Rule-Clarications-and-Plays
127
NATIONAL INDICATOR FRATERNITY
Listed below are the 2023 inductees into the National Indicator Fraternity. This
fraternity is one of the most prestigious honors bestowed upon a USA Softball Umpire.
To qualify, an umpire must have ofciated in three national tournaments, been a USA
Umpire for at least seven years and must be recommended by his/her commissioner
and regional umpire-in-chief. A complete list of all National Indicator Fraternity members
can be found on www.USASoftball.com or in the Umpire Case Book.
Name Hometown Association
Barber, Katrina Boise, ID Idaho
Ceprano, Peter Lewiston, ME Maine
Copeland, Robert Lawrenceville, GA Georgia
Davenport, Cedric Conyers, GA Tennessee
George, Joseph Woodbridge, VA Central Virginia
Harris, Dianne Ashdown, AR Arkansas
Kelly, Thomas Seatac, WA Seattle
Makdonado, Jaime Lowell, MA Massachusetts
Murden, Marquis Dumfries, VA Central Virginia
Salsberry, Robert Haymarket, VA Central Virginia
Smith, Mary Rana Demorest, GA Georgia
128
USA SOFTBALL UMPIRE MEDALS PROGRAM
Listed below are individuals who joined the USA Softball Umpire Medals Program
in 2023. The Umpire Medals program recognizes USA Umpires for years of service.
Each group is divided into gold (20 years), silver (15 years), bronze (seven years) and
blue (over three years). For a complete list of Umpire Medals visit the USA Softball
website at www.USASoftball.com.
GOLD
Umpire Hometown Association
Barber, Katrina Boise, ID Idaho
Brooks, John Peabody, MA Massachusetts
Callahan, Karen Hudson, MA Massachusetts
Coco, Scott Arlington, VA Central, VA
Dion, Timothy Lawrence, MA Massachusetts
Dodge, Michael Bismarck, ND North Dakota
Fleming, Peyton Hagerman, ID Idaho
Harris,Dianne Ashdown, AR Arkansas
Jakubowski, David Sterling Heights, MI Detroit
Lang, Thomas Caldwell, ID Idaho
Leitner, Harry North East, MD Maryland-DC-DE
McCloud, Chris St. Louis, MO St. Louis
Miller, Kenneth Rehoboth, MA Massachusetts
Noel Jr, Raymond Lowell, MA Massachusetts
Parker, Brian Roaknoke, VA Piedmont
Powers, Jane Leominster, MA Massachusetts
Richardson,Karen Georgetown, MA Massachusetts
Sasso, Benny Worcester, MA Massachusetts
Saylors, James Attleboro, MA Massachusetts
Smith, Mary Demorest, GA Georgia
Stein, Kevin Novi, MI Detroit
Walker, Edward Gretna, VA Piedmont
Wiley, Herman Snellville, GA Georgia
Yablonovsky, Micah Orem, UT Utah
SILVER
Umpire Hometown Association
Copeland, Robert Lawrenceville, GA Georgia
Ferguson, Christopher Thomaston, ME Maine
Goble, Robert Westminister, CO Colorado
Harris,Dianne Ashdown, AR Arkansas
Kashtock, Michael Woodbridge, VA Central, VA
Kelleher, Priscilla Ave Maria, FL Central, VA
Lewis, David Taunton, MA Massachusetts
Mchaffey, Glenda Lawrenceville, GA Georgia
McIntosh, William Oak Hill, VA Central, VA
Milaszewski, Matthew Rutland, MA Massachusetts
Ravesi, Mike Marlgorough, MA Massachusetts
Smith, Lee Nobleboro, ME Maine
Washington, Tyrone Alexandria, VA Central, VA
Wiley, Herman Snellville, GA Georgia
Wolfram, Shelby O'fallan, MO St. Louis
Wszolek, Thomas Belleville, IL Illinois
BRONZE
Umpire Hometown Association
Brown, Rob Meridian, ID Idaho
Copeland, Robert Lawrenceville, GA Georgia
129
Craft, Donald Randolph, MA Massachusetts
George, Joseph Woodbridge, VA Central, VA
Goble, Robert Westminister, CO Colorado
Harris,Dianne Ashdown, AR Arkansas
Johnson, Bobby Quantico, VA Central, VA
Juelfs. Hannah Spearsh, SD South Dakota
Loving, Adelaide McLean, VA Central, VA
Mchaffey, Glenda Lawrenceville, GA Georgia
Moore, Twanda Knob Noster, MO Missouri
Murden, Marquis Dumfries, VA Central, VA
Ohrenberger, Henry Framingham, MA Massachusetts
Rother, Paul St. Louis, MO St. Louis
Smith, Lee Nobleboro, ME Maine
St. John, Jacob Concord, VA Piedmont
Tharp, Jeremy St. Peters, MO St Louis
Townsend, Danielle Holts Summit, MO Missouri
Widows,Robert Orange, VA Piedmont
Wiley, Herman Snellville, GA Georgia
You, Sung (Sonny) Chantilly, VA Central, VA
BLUE
Umpire Hometown Association
Arnold, Todd Holden, MA Massachusetts
Baker, Brian Walpole, MA Massachusetts
Bankhead, Heather West Valley City, UT Utah
Botelho, David Acushnet, MA Massachusetts
Botelho, Gregory Fairhaven, MA Massachusetts
Breslin, Jefferey Charlestown, MA Massachusetts
Brown, Rob Meridian, ID Idaho
Copeland, Robert Lawrenceville, GA Georgia
Daly, John Alexandria, VA Central, VA
Day, George Norfold, MA Massachusetts
DiMatteo, Don Woodbridge, VA Central, VA
Gafford, Scott Boise, ID Idaho
Garland, Sidney Woodbridge, VA Central, VA
Harris,Dianne Ashdown, AR Arkansas
Harris, Steven Lorton, VA Central, VA
Hayworth, Kyrstin Belle Fourche,SD South Dakota
Holyeld, Robert Falls Church, VA Central, VA
Jaussi, Roger Novi, MI Detroit
Jones, Chris Billerica, MA Massachusetts
Jones, Marissa Billerica, MA Massachusetts
Jones, Morgan Billerica, MA Massachusetts
Juelfs, Sarah Belle Fourche,SD South Dakota
Kummer, Ayden Spearsh, SD South Dakota
Lyons, Olivia Spearsh, SD South Dakota
Mask, Jayme Danvers, MA Massachusetts
Mchaffey, Glenda Lawrenceville, GA Georgia
Moore, Todd Centreville, VA Central, VA
Morris, Derrick Fairfax, VA Central, VA
Piscitelli, Angela Woodbridge, VA Central, VA
Quinn,David Woodbridge, VA Central, VA
Richman, Steven Hull, MA Massachusetts
Roth, Gary Manassas, VA Central, VA
Sauer, Owen Alexandria, VA Central, VA
Smith, Jennifer Sterling, VA Central, VA
Smith, Lee Nobleboro, ME Maine
Stahlecker, Kristyn Spearsh, SD South Dakota
Valentino, Michael (Micky) North Andover, MA Massachusetts
Valention, Michael North Andover, MA Massachusetts
Wareld, Marjorie Southborough, MA Massachusetts
Wiley, Herman Snellville, GA Georgia
USA SOFTBALL UMPIRE MEDALS PROGRAM
130
The USA Softball Elite Umpire program is designed to recognize umpires who have reached elite
status within the program. These individuals must have participated in at least four (4) national
championships, and umpired in two (2) of which must have been in the same category of play
and from an upper level national championship. These individuals must have been a USA Softball
registered umpire for at least seven (7) years, and a current member in good standing.
2023 ELITE UMPIRES
FAST PITCH
Name City State
Bates, Kristina Baldwin MO
Bloomer, John Louisville KY
Ceprano, Peter Lewiston ME
Conder, Kevin St. Simons Island GA
Fladgard, John Mt. Vernon GA
Germany, Rusty Lufkin TX
Gray, W. Lee Smoke Rise GA
Gunn, George Auburn WA
Kamp, Shannon St. Louis MO
Parker, Brian Salem VA
Pennick, Koby Fargo ND
Reinhardt Jr., John D’Hanis TX
Repass, Melvin St. Roberts MO
Steidl, Michael Milwaukee WI
Walker, Edward Gretna VA
SLOW PITCH
Name City State
Burrus, Joshua Orange VA
Eggen, Ralph Glenn Burnie MD
Henderson, Alan Millbrook AL
Loving, Steve Lincoln NE
131
The USA Softball National Hall of Fame was established in 1957 to honor those men and women
who have played a major role in the growth and development of softball in the United States. The
following list of players, commissioners, umpires, managers, sponsors and other individuals have
made outstanding contributions to the success of the sport of softball.
MEN’S FAST PITCH
* 1957 .......................... Harold (Shifty) Gears, Rochester, NY ............................. Pitcher
* 1957 ..............................Sam (Sambo) Elliott, Atlanta, GA ................................ Pitcher
* 1958 .................................... Al Linde, Milwaukee, WI ....................................... Pitcher
* 1959 ...........................Bernie Kampschmidt, Covington, KY ............................ Catcher
* 1959 .......................... Clyde (Dizzy) Kirkendall, Findlay, OH ............................. Pitcher
* 1960 ....................... Warren (Fireball) Gerber, Columbus, OH .......................... Pitcher
1960 .......................... Clarence (Buck) Miller, Memphis, TN ............................. Pitcher
* 1960 .................................. Jim Ramage, Paducah, KY ................................. Shortstop
* 1961 ....................... John (Cannonball) Baker, Milwaukee, WI .......................... Pitcher
* 1961 ....................................... Ben Crain, Sloan, IA .......................................... Pitcher
* 1961 .................................. Hugh Johnston, Detroit, MI ................................ First Base
* 1963 .................................. John Hunter, Nashville, TN ..................................... Pitcher
* 1963 .................................... Bill West, Cincinnati, OH ....................................... Pitcher
* 1964 .................................. Tom Castle, Rochester, NY ................................ First Base
1965 .............................Roy Stephenson, Muttontown, NY ............................... Pitcher
* 1966 .................................Jim Chambers, Oshkosh, WI.................................... Pitcher
* 1966 ................................Robert Forbes, Clearwater, FL ..............................Outelder
* 1967 ..............................Noland Whitlock, Mishawaka, IN ............................. Shortstop
* 1967 ....................................Bill Wojie, Mishawaka, IN ................................ Third Base
* 1967 ............................Ronald Kronewitter, Mishawaka, IN .............................. Pitcher
* 1968 ..................................Leroy Hess, Mishawaka, IN.................................... Catcher
* 1968 ................................. Bob Sprentall, Ann Arbor, MI ................................ Outelder
* 1970 .....................................John Spring, Detroit, MI........................................ Pitcher
1970 .............................Frankie Williams, New Haven, CT ...................... Second Base
* 1971 .............................. John (Buster) Zeigler, Miami, FL ............................. Outelder
* 1971 ........................... Ray (Ned) Wickersham, Palatine, IL .......................... Outelder
1972 .......................................Don Ropp, Aurora, IL .................................... Third Base
1972 ..................................Jerry Curtis, Clearwater, FL ................................. Outelder
* 1973 .........................Richard Tomlinson, Valois Quebec, CN ....................... Shortstop
* 1974 .................................. Charles Justice, Detroit, MI ..................................... Pitcher
* 1976 ............................... Bobby Spell, Lake Charles, LA .................................. Pitcher
* 1978 .................................. Tom Moore, Clearwater, FL .................................... Inelder
* 1978 .................................Doug Mason, Clearwater, FL ................................... Inelder
1979 ....................................Bill Massey, Houston, TX ...................................... Pitcher
* 1979 ................................. Weldon Haney, Lorenzo, TX .................................... Pitcher
1980 ..............................Ron Weathersby, Clearwater, FL............................. Outelder
1981 ................................... Harvey Sterkel, Aurora, IL ...................................... Pitcher
* 1981 .................................. Bill Parker, Lake Wales, FL .................................... Inelder
1981 ................................. George Adam, Branford, CT ............................... First Base
* 1983 ................................... Bonnie Jones, Detroit, MI ...................................... Pitcher
* 1983 ...........................Robert Kuykendall, Waynesville, NC ............................. Catcher
1984 ......................................Bob Barron, Aurora, IL ............................... Second Base
* 1986 ................................. Herb Dudley, Clearwater, FL .................................... Pitcher
1988 ..............................John Anquillare, New Haven, CT ............................ Shortstop
1988 ................................ Vinnie Caserto, Marlboro, NY ..............First Base-Outelder
* 1988 ......................................Al Lewis, Stratford, CT ........................................ Pitcher
1989 ....................................Joe Lynch, Nashville, TN ....................................... Pitcher
* 1989 ..................................... Carl Walker, Detroit, MI .................................... Outelder
* 1990 ..............................Harry (Coon) Rosen, Chicago, IL ................................ Pitcher
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132
1990 .................................... Abe Baker, Cranston, RI ................................... Outelder
* 1991 ............................... Eddie King, St. Petersburg, FL .................................. Pitcher
1991 .................................. Sam Lombardo, Detroit, MI ................First Base-Outelder
* 1992 ................................... Elmer Rohrs, Hamler, OH ...................................... Pitcher
* 1993 ...................................Leo Luken, Covington, KY...................................... Pitcher
1996 ................................... Ray Allena, Petaluma, CA .................................. Outelder
1996 .....................................Jim Brackin, Fairfax, VA ......................................Inelder
* 1996 ................................. Stan Nelson, Fort Dodge, IA .................................... Pitcher
1996 ................................... Bill Stewart, Bellevue, WA .................................. Outelder
1996 .................................Ray Truluck, Clearwater, FL ................................ Outelder
* 1997 .................................. Roy Burlison, Newport, AR ..................................... Pitcher
1997 ...............................Chuck D’Arcy, Sacramento, CA .................................. Pitcher
1998 ................................... Mike Parnow, Novato, CA ................................ Third Base
1998 ....................................Tom Dallas, Winton, CA ...................................... Catcher
1999 .................................. Ray Phillips, San Jose, CA ........................... Second Base
1999 ...............................Glenn Beamon, San Jose, CA.................................. Outeld
2000 .....................................Dennis Place, Maroa, IL ...................................First base
2000 .................................. Brian Rothrock, Decatur, IL .................................... Outeld
2000 ......................................Ted Hicks, Mt. Zion, IL ................................... Third Base
* 2001 ................................ Bobby Quinn, Somerville, MA ................................... Pitcher
* 2001 ....................................Harry Kraft, Kenosha, WI ...................................... Pitcher
2002 .............................. Harold (Butch) Batt, Seattle, WA ................................ Catcher
* 2002 ...........................John S. (Sig) Lawson, Glenpool, OK.............................. Pitcher
2003 ..................................... Bill Boyer, Sumner, WA .................................... Outelder
2003 ...................................Jimmy Moore, Seattle, WA ..................................... Pitcher
2004 ...................................... Ty Stofet, Coplay, PA ......................................... Pitcher
2004 ................................... Jeff Borror, Shoreline, WA ........................................ Ineld
2004 ........................Metro Szeryk, London, Ontario, Canada ........................... Pitcher
* 2005 ..................................... Dave Scott, Decatur, IL ........................................ Pitcher
2006 ..........................Avon Meacham, Upper Marlboro, MD ............................ Outeld
2007 .................................. Peter Turner, Stockton, CA ......................... Ineld-Outeld
2007 ..................................Dave Grimes, Lakeland, FL ....................................... Ineld
2008 ..................................Mitch Munthe, Modesto, CA ................................... Outeld
2008 ..................................... Jim Marsh, Yukon, OK. ....................................... Catcher
* 2008 .............................Kermit Lynch, Oklahoma City, OK ................................ Pitcher
2009 ................................... Jeff Seip, Boyertown, PA ................................. Third Base
2009 ....................................Al Yaeger, Seymour, CT ...................................... Outeld
2010 ...................Jody Hennigar, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ...................... Pitcher
2010 ..................................Carl Solarek, Freeland, PA .......................................Ineld
* 2010 ..............................Norbert Warken, Covington, KY ................................. Pitcher
2011 ................................Brian Martie, Bloomington, IL. ..................................... Ineld
2011 ....................................Tim Wahl, Grayland, WA. ........................................Ineld
2014 ................................ Darryl Day, Hilton Head, S.C. .............................. First Base
2015 ....................................Mike White, Eugene, OR ....................................... Pitcher
2015 ..................................Steve Padilla, Manteca, CA ..................................... Pitcher
2016 ..............................Tom Penders, Narrangansett, RI .................................. Ineld
* 2016 ................................Harry Haroian, Melvindale, MI ................................. Catcher
2016 .............................Peter Meredith, Salt Lake City, UT ............................. Pitcher
2017 .................................Rick Minton, Cerro Gordo, IL ...................................Inelder
2017 .................................. Bob Quinn, Branchville, NJ ....................................Inelder
2017 ............................. Evans Telegadas, Scottsdale, AZ ...............................Inelder
2018 ....................................Dick Brubaker, Elburn, IL ....................................... Pitcher
2020 ................................... Terry Muck, Oakland, CA. ........................................ Ineld
2020 ...................................... Bill Pfeiffer, Aurora, IL .....................................................
2022 .............................. George Noke, Federal Way, WA ............................ First Base
2022 .....................................Jeff Peck, Ann Arbor, MI ................................... Outelder
NATIONAL HALL OF FAME
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MEN’S MODIFIED PITCH
1997 ..............................Frank Cecero, Staten Island, NY........................... Third Base
1998 .......................Peter Ralph Miscione, Staten Island, NY .......................... Pitcher
2011 .....................................Al White, Canton, Mich. ........................................ Pitcher
MEN’S SLOW PITCH
* 1973 ..............................Myron Reinhardt, Alexandria, KY .............. Catcher-Outelder
* 1974 ................................. Frank DeLuca, Stratford, CT .................................... Pitcher
* 1975 ................................ Donald Rardin, Lexington, KY ..................... Pitcher-Inelder
1982 ................................ Bill Cole, Sterling Heights, MI ............................. Third Base
* 1984 ..............................J.D. McDonald, McAdenville, NC ............................ Shortstop
1985 ...............................James Galloway, Westbury, NY ................................Inelder
* 1986 ..................................Hal Wiggins, Covington, KY ................................ Outelder
* 1987 .................................Carl (Tex) Collins, Detroit, MI .................................. Catcher
1988 ..................................Eugene Fisher, Denver, NC.................................... Catcher
* 1989 ............................Raymond Brown, Williamstown, KY ........................ Third Base
1989 ..................................... Mike Gouin, Detroit, MI .................................... Outelder
* 1989 .................................... Eddie Zolna, Chicago, IL ....................................... Pitcher
1990 ................................. Dick Bartel, San Antonio, TX ................................ Outelder
* 1990 ................................... Tom Beall, Monticello, GA .................................. Outelder
* 1990 .....................................Ken Clark, Stratford, CT ....................................... Pitcher
* 1992 ............................... Lou Del Mastro, Pittsburgh, PA .................................. Pitcher
1992 ..............................Paul Tomasovich, Pittsburgh, PA ........................... Third Base
* 1993 ................................ Don Arndt, Sherrills Ford, NC ................................... Pitcher
1993 ................................Eddie Finnegan, Stratford, CT............................... Shortstop
* 1993 ..................................Steve Loya, Cleveland, OH .................................... Catcher
* 1994 ............................... Bert Smith, Wantagh (L.I.), NY ..............................Outelder
1994 .............................Richard Willborn, San Antonio, TX ...........................Outelder
* 1996 .................................. Stan Harvey, Gastonia, NC ............... Outelder, First Base
1997 ..................................... H.T. Waller, Chipley, FL .............................. Second Base
1999 .................................Bruce Meade, Bradenton, FL .................................. Outeld
2000 ..................................... Bill Gatti, Louisville, KY ....................................... Catcher
2000 ................................Dennis Graser, Waukesha, WI ............................. First Base
2001 ............................... Rick Scherr, Sherrills Ford, NC ............................ Third Base
2001 ..........................Don Clatterbough, Mechanicsville, VA ........................... Outeld
2003 ................................ Ronnie Ford, Jacksonville, FL .................................. Outeld
2007 ............................... Mike Macenko, Brunswick, OH ........................ Second Base
2010 ....................................Mike Shenk, Ephrata, PA......................................... Ineld
2012 ....................................Jerry King, Maysville, KY ............................. Second Base
* 2014 .................................... Craig Elliott, Wadley, AL. ....................................... Pitcher
2015 ................................John Davide, Centereach, NY ............................... Shortstop
2017 .................................Mark Martin, Fayetteville, AR ..................................Inelder
2017 ................................ Willie Simpson, Oak Lawn, IL ............................... Outelder
2018 ............................... Ricky Huggins, Pembroke, GA ..............................Outelder
2018 .................................Todd Joerling, Deance, MO ...................................... Ineld
* 2018 ............................... Charles Wright, Columbus, GA .................................... Ineld
2019 ................................. Britt Hightower, Houston, TX ................................... Outeld
2019 .................................. Mike Nye, Jacksonville, FL .......................................Ineld
2019 ...................................Ron Parnell, Highland, CA........................................ Ineld
2020 ...................................Curtis Williams, Milton, FL ..................................................
NATIONAL HALL OF FAME
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NATIONAL HALL OF FAME
MEN’S SLOW PITCH (continued)
2020 ............................... Cecil Whitehead, Valdosta, GA ................................. Outeld
2020 .................................... Carl Rose, Valdosta, GA ...................................................
2020 ........................ Doug Roberson, Royal Palm Beach, FL .......................... Outeld
2022 .............................Rusty Bumgardner, Gastonia, NC .................................. Ineld
2022 .................................... Brett Helmer, Cicero, NY .......................................... Hitter
2023 ................................. Ray Fleetwood, Guyton, GA ................................ Outelder
2023 .................................Monty Tucker, Fincastle, VA .......................Pitcher/Catcher
* Deceased
WOMEN’S FAST PITCH
* 1957 ..............................Amy Peralta Shelton, Tempe, AZ ................................ Pitcher
* 1957 ....................................Marie Wadlow, Peoria, IL ....................................... Pitcher
* 1959 ........................... Betty Evans Grayson, Portland, OR .............................. Pitcher
* 1960 ............................... Nina Korgan, New Orleans, LA .................................. Pitcher
* 1960 ................................Ruth Sears, Taber Alberta, CN ............................. First Base
* 1963 ...................................... Kay Rich, Fresno, CA ..................................... Shortstop
* 1964 ............................... Margaret Dobson, Seattle, WA ............................ Third Base
* 1965 ................................... Majorie Law, Phoenix, AZ ........Pitcher-Inelder-Outelder
* 1966 ...............................Carolyn Thome Hart, Peoria, IL .............................. Outelder
1969 .................................. Jeanne Contel, Fresno, CA .................................... Inelder
* 1969 ..................................Micki Stratton, Stratford, CT ................................... Catcher
1970 ..................................Dot Wilkinson, Phoenix, AZ .................................... Catcher
* 1971 ..................................Virginia Busick, Fresno, CA ..................................... Pitcher
* 1972 ...................................Bertha Tickey, Dinuba, CA...................................... Pitcher
* 1973 .............................Estelle (Ricki) Caito, Oakland, CA ...................... Second Base
1973 .................................... Gloria May, Kerman, CA .................................. First Base
* 1975 .............................Kathryn (Sis) King, Cincinnati, OH .............................. Catcher
1976 .................................. Pat Harrison, Stratford, CT ................................. Outelder
1976 .....................................Pat Walker, Orlando, FL ................................... Outelder
1980 ....................................Jean Daves, Orlando, FL ...................................... Pitcher
1981 ....................................Carol Spanks, Tustin, CA ........................ Inelder-Pitcher
1981 ................................... Shirley Topley, Tustin, CA ................................. First Base
1982 .................................. Nancy Welborn, Tustin, CA ..................................... Pitcher
* 1982 ......................................Nance Ito, Denver, CO ....................................... Catcher
1982 ....................................Billie Harris, Phoenix, AZ ......................... Pitcher-Inelder
1983 .................................. Donna Lopiano, Austin, TX .................... Pitcher-First Base
1983 ................................... Joan Joyce, Stratford, CT ...................................... Pitcher
1984 ............................. Mickey Davis, Sunset Beach, CA ............................Outelder
1984 ................................. Jackie Rice, Monmouth, OR .................................... Pitcher
1984 .............................Diane Kalliam, San Francisco, CA .......... Outelder-Shortstop
1985 ............................... Sharron Backus, Fullerton, CA .............................. Shortstop
1985 ................................. Willie Roze, Wallingford, CT ................................Outelder
1985 ............................E. Louise Albrecht, New Haven, CT .............................. Pitcher
1986 .................................... Chris Miner, Omaha, NE ...................................... Inelder
1986 ................................. Peggy Kellers, Stratford, CT ................................... Catcher
1987 ................................... Lorene Ramsey, Pekin, IL ...................................... Pitcher
* 1987 .............................. Rose Marie Adams, Orange, CA ................................ Inelder
1991 ................................... Marilyn Rau, Phoenix, AZ ..................................... Catcher
1991 ........................... Marlys (Taber) Watts, Mundelein, IL .......................... Shortstop
135
WOMEN’S FAST PITCH (continued)
1992 .......................Diane Schumacher, West Springeld, MA..................... First Base
* 1992 .............................. Carolyn Fitzwater, Portland, OR ....................... Second Base
1995 ..................................Dorothy Dobie, Yakima, WA ...................................Inelder
1996 ................................ Kathy Arendsen, Zeeland, MI ................................... Pitcher
1997 ............................Gina Vecchione, New Rochelle, NY ..........................Outelder
* 1998 ..............................Freda Savona, New Orleans, LA ............................. Shortstop
1999 ............................... Barbara Reinalda, Shelton, CT .................................. Pitcher
2001 .................................. Suzie Gaw, Scottsdale, AZ .......................... Ineld-outeld
2005 ....................................Pat Dufcy, Stratford, CT ............................ Ineld-outeld
2006 ....................... Sheila (Cornell) Douty, Diamond Bar, CA ............................Ineld
2006 .............................Michele Granger, Granite Bay, CA ............................... Pitcher
2006 .................................Dot Richardson, Orlando, FL ...................................... Ineld
2006 ...................................Michele Smith, Califon, NJ ..................................... Pitcher
* 2007 ............................... Louise Mazzuca, Portland, OR .................................. Pitcher
2008 ................................ Roberta (Robbie) Mulkey, CA .................First Base/Catcher
2009 ............................ Leah O’Brien Amico, Corona, CA ............................... Outeld
* 2009 ................................ Allyson Rioux, Stamford, CT .......................... Second Base
2010 .......................... Suzy Brazney, Huntington Beach, CA ...........................Catcher
2011 ................................ Lori Harrigan, Las Vegas, NV. ................................... Pitcher
2013 ............................ Laura Berg, Santa Fe Springs, CA .............................. Outeld
2013 ............................. Lisa Fernandez, Long Beach, CA ............................... Pitcher
2014 .............................. Stacey Nuveman, La Verne, CA ................................ Catcher
2016 ................................. Jennie Finch, La Mirada, CA ................................... Pitcher
2018 .............................Crystl Bustos,Canyon County, CA ................................. Ineld
2018 ................................Christa Williams, Houston, TX .................................. Pitcher
2019 ..............................Jessica Mendoza, Camarillo, CA................................ Outeld
2020 .......................... Lovieanne Jung, Fountain Valley, CA ...............................Ineld
2020 .................................. Natasha Watley, Irvine, CA ....................................... Ineld
2022 ..................................Debbie Doom, Robinson, IL .................................... Pitcher
2022 ..................................Cat Osterman, Houston, TX .................................... Pitcher
2023 ................................Valerie Arioto, Pleasanton, CA ............................ First Base
WOMEN’S SLOW PITCH
* 1976 ............................Alberta Kohls Sims, Cincinnati, OH ........................... Outelder
1978 .....................Norma Eschenbrenner Ante, Cincinnati, OH .................... Outelder
1979 .................................Donna Wolfe, Covington, OH ............................... Outelder
* 1982 .......................... Judy Hedgecock, Satellite Beach, FL ............................. Pitcher
1983 ...................... Ida Jean (Hoppy) Hopkins, Cleveland, OH ..................... Shortstop
1994 .............................. Carol Bemis, Golden Valley, MN ............................. Outelder
1994 ..................................Sherri Pickard, Raleigh, NC .......................... Second Base
1994 ..................................Linda Polley, Champlin, MN ................................ Shortstop
1999 .................................Nancy Oldham, Sanford, NC .............................. Third Base
2007 ....................... Brenda Smith Foster, Mechanicsville, VA ................ Second Base
2008. .......................... Jenni Harp Oliver, Chattanooga, TN ............................. Catcher
2013 .........................Shirley Simmons Snell, Shreveport, LA.............................. Ineld
* 2022 ..............................Christan Dowling, Rochester, NY ...................................Hitter
2023 .........................................Sue Ilyes, York, PA ....................................... Shortstop
* Deceased
NATIONAL HALL OF FAME
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NATIONAL HALL OF FAME
COMMISSIONERS
* 1976 Nick Barack Columbus, OH
* 1976 Fred Hoffman St. Joseph, MO
* 1976 Carl Kelley Omaha, NE
* 1976 W.W. (Bill) Kethan Houston, TX
* 1976 Einar Nelson Minneapolis, MN
* 1977 Lou Hamilton San Antonio, TX
* 1977 John Nagy Cleveland, OH
* 1977 Benny Turcan Baton Rouge, LA
* 1978 Joe Barber Stratford, CT
* 1978 Edward C. Clott Cincinnati, OH
* 1978 Jerry Stremel Hutchinson, KS
* 1979 Al Bishop Marietta, GA
* 1979 Andrew Pendergast Bremerton, WA
* 1980 Ward B (Bick) Auxier Oklahoma City, OK
* 1980 George T. Cron Elizabeth, NJ
* 1980 Matt Urban Holland, MI
* 1981 Arnold (Red) Halpern Coeur d' Alene, ID
* 1982 Fred G. Blum Rochester, NY
* 1982 Fred Crosby Phelps, NY
1982 Don Snyder Biloxi, MS
* 1983 Duane (Tiny) Schafer Jamestown, ND
* 1984 Lewis D. Brasell Mobile, AL
* 1985 Jack Spore Nashville, TN
* 1986 O.W. (Bill) Smith Bennington, NE
* 1987 Alfred (Red) Morton Redwood City, CA
* 1988 John Deaver Louisville, KY
* 1988 Howard B. Honaker Ashland, OH
1989 Andrew S. Loechner Mechanicsburg, PA
1990 Bert Week s Winston-Salem, NC
* 1991 H. Franklin Taylor III Richmond, VA
* 1993 Elliott Hawke Kansas City, MO
* 1995 Francis Mott Oswego, NY
1999 G. Pat Adkison Rainbow City, AL
* 2000 Wayne L. Myers Terre Haute, IN
2003 Cliff Warrick Round Rock, TX
* 2004 Edward J. Lindsey Buffalo, NY
* 2004 A. C. Williams Prescott, AZ
* 2006 Pat Lillian Anchorage, AK
2008 Garland Thompson Wilmore, KY
2010 E.T. Colvin Columbus, MS
2015 Andy Dooley Thaxton, VA
2019 Joey L. Rich Springeld, MO
* Deceased
UMPIRES
* 1976 George Dickstein New York, NY
* 1976 Ray Ernst Cincinnati, OH
* 1976 Bernard Lassogna Stratford, CT
* 1976 Art Solz Minneapolis, MN
* 1977 Robert Deal Etowah, TN
* 1977 Ron Derr Portland, OR
* 1979 Ferris Reid Montgomery, IL
* 1980 Harold S. Adams Topeka, KS
* 1980 Ivie C. Apple Greensboro, NC
* 1980 Frank Susor Poland, OH
* 1982 Tom Mason Newark, DE
* 1982 Eddie Mayhew Indianapolis, IN
* 1983 Ed Dressler Bethpage, NY
* 1983 Bob Quillen Indianapolis, IN
1987 Henry Flowers Copley, OH
1987 Bill Humphrey Midland, MI
* 1988 Rex R. Brown Bremerton, WA
1989 Bill Finley Oklahoma City, OK
* 1991 Merle O. Butler Edmond, OK
1992 Henry D. Pollard Highland Spgs, VA
* 1992 L.R. (Tarz) Timm Jamestown, ND
* 1993 Dan Blair Lowell, NC
* 1993 Billy Monk Glenn Heights, TX
1993 Bernie Profato Niles, OH
* 1999 Herman Beagles Chickamuga, GA
2000 Billy Peterson Woodbury, MN
2001 Horace Bruff Piedmont, OK
2001 Walt Sparks San Antonio, TX
2002 Jerry Hanson Midland, MI
2004 Emily Alexander Phoenix, AZ
* 2005 Nick Cinquanto Bensalem, PA
2005 Craig Cress Terre Haute, IN
2006 Ralph B. Miller Emeryville, CA
2007 Dave Epperson Topeka, KS
* 2008 Ron Galemore Gaithersburg, MD
2008 Kevin G. Ryan Ann Arbor, MI
2009 Newton Buckner Brooklyn, NY
2009 Tony Walsh Atoka, TN
2010 Richard Ribby Eaton Rapids , MI
2010 Cheryl Simmons Palo Alto, CA
* 2011 Julie Johnson Alexandria, ID
2011 Jim Wolford DeWitt, MI
2012 Chris Armijo Grand Rapids, MI
2013 Randy Melvin Dowagiac, MI
* 2014 Ted Germain Mayville, MI
* 2015 Bonnie Anderson Springeld, OR
2015 Mark Ingrao Falls Church, VA
2016 John Nelson Dalton, GA
2017 Jimmy Derrick Douglasville, GA
2017 Gary Evans Mason, MI
2018 Bill Silves Mount Vernon, WA
2019 Rick Havercroft Saginaw, MI
2022 Jeff Hanson Elkhorn, NE
2023 Joe Massaro Colonia, NJ
137
NATIONAL HALL OF FAME
MERITORIOUS SERVICE
* 1963 Byron Eugene Martin Newark, NJ
* 1976 Leo Fischer Chicago, IL
* 1976 Raymond Johnson N ash vill e, TN
* 1977 Bob Hoffman York, PA
* 1977 Charles Jensen Chicago, IL
* 1977 Charles L. McCord Chillicothe, IL
* 1979 Bernard F. (Bunny) Lee Lynn, MA
* 1980 Nick Frannicola Newark, NJ
* 1980 James F. Jones Boston, MA
* 1980 Harold Engelhardt Indianapolis, IN
1981 Charles (Budd) Gilbert Cliffside Park, NJ
* 1981 Arthur Noren Pompano Beach, FL
* 1981 Vince Scamardella Staten Island, NY
* 1982 Percy L. Hedgecock Satellite Beach, FL
* 1982 Eddie L. Moore Shreveport, LA
* 1983 Margaret (Toots) Nusse Linden, NJ
* 1983 Cliff Smith Aurora, IL
* 1986 Mack Phillips Grosse Point Woods, MI
* 1988 Don E. Porter Oklahoma City, OK
* 1989 Tom Beck Tidewater, VA
* 1990 Bill Svochak Detroit, MI
* 1991 Kay Purves Lansing, MI
1993 Jim (Sonny) Carman West Babylon, NY
1994 Buck Johnson Soddy Daisy, TN
1994 Dick Reinmiller Lincoln, NE
1995 Jack Aaron Waco, TX
* 1996 Lewis Rober Sr. Minneapolis, MN
1998 Claud (Chuck) Davenport Branson, MO
* 1999 Bill Plummer III Syracuse, NY
2001 Kinard Latham Columbus, GA
2002 Marty McGuire Midland, MI
* 2004 Bill Williams Midland, TX
2005 Robert "Bob" P. Savoie Easton, MD
2006 Don Brewer Murphysboro, IL
2006 Norm C. Davis Auburn, ME
2007 Jack Mowatt Gambrills, MD
* 2008 Freddie & Virginia Ezell Midland, TX
2008 Jerry L. Stewart Arcola, IL
* 2009 Ben Bunch Enid, OK
* 2010 Guy Demaio New Castle, PA
* 2010 Ronnie Isham Stephenville, TX
* 2011 Max Wilkes Phenix City, AL
2012 Ivan "Ike" Wheeler Bossier City, LA
2013 Margie Wright Clovis, CA
2014 Ron Radigonda Edmond, OK
2015 Sue Enquist San Clemente, CA
2015 Charles Moss, Sr. Lanexa, VA
2016 Ken Eriksen Tampa, FL
2016 Mick Renneisen Bloomington, ID
2017 Mike Candrea Tucson, AZ
2017 Dick Gulmon Valley City, ND
2019 Warren Jones Ashland, OH
2019 Tony Laws Burlington, NC
2020 Phil Gutierrez Las Cruces, NM
2022 Mike DeLeo Au Gres, MI
2023 Jim Craig Tonawanda, NY
2023 Doug Lindaman Ackley & Geneva, IA
* Deceased
138
NATIONAL HALL OF FAME
MANAGERS
* 1976 Commie Currens Cincinnati, OH
* 1976 Willard Fenton Seattle, WA
* 1977 Vincent (Wee) Devitt Stratford, CT
* 1977 Bud Gagel Louisville, KY
* 1977 George (Doc) Linnehan Levittown, NY
1978 Duke Denson Jacksonville , FL
1978 Leroy Rutenschroer Cincinnati, OH
* 1979 Johnny Moon Atlanta, GA
* 1980 Ford Hoffman Phoenix, AZ
* 1980 Marge Ricker Orlando, FL
* 1983 Bobby Lutz Denver, NC
* 1984 Al Brausch Newport, KY
1984 Bill Caye Pittsburgh, PA
* 1985 Erv Lind Portland, OR
* 1988 William (Red) Jenkins McAdenville, NC
* 1988 Roy Lombardo Detroit, MI
* 1988 Maxine Thayer Indianapolis, IN
* 1989 Charles (Sonny) Keeble Jacksonville, FL
* 1993 Ralph Raymond Worcester, MA
1993 Rocky Santilli Leesport, PA
* 1998 Dave Neale Sr. Brook Park, OH
* 2000 Russ Boice St. Louis, MO
2002 Tom Wagner Federal Way, WA
2003 Eugene Kwalek Shelton, CT
2007 Hank Bassett Monticello, KY
2009 RB Thomas Nokesville, VA
* 2011 Rod Peterson Madison, WI
* 2012 Denny Bruckert Grand Rapids, MI
* 2012 Leon Grunalt Warren, MI
2012 Larry Mays Canyon Lake, CA
2014 Tommy Orndorff Vienna, VA
2022 Steve "PUP" Shortland Schertz, TX
2023 John Stratton Stratford, CT
SPONSORS
* 1976 William J. Pharr McAdenville, NC
* 1976 William S. Simpson Stratford, CT
* 1976 Fred Zollner Duluth, MN
* 1976 Charles Hurd Aurora, IL
* 1982 Richard Howard Denver, NC
1992 Fred and Carl Nothdurft Detroit, MI
1992 Jerry Pendergast Miami, FL
1993 Harry (Robbie) Robinson Portland, OR
* 1994 Woody and Pat Bell Tampa, FL
1997 Abbott Laboratories Ashland, OH
* 1998 Walt and Ray Guanella Santa Rosa, CA
1999 Immor Clyte Franklin Jr. Baltimore, MD
2002 Bill Fraley Lexington, KY
2011 Lewis Secory, Jr. Port Huron, MI
2011 Gary Tharaldson Fargo, ND
2014 Bruce Tanski Clifton Park, NY
2016 Terry Petersen Omaha, NE
2018 John Daniels Alberville, MN
2022 Al Savala Long Beach, CA
TEAM
2023 Sikorsky Aircraft Stratford, CT
* Deceased
140
WARNING, DISCLOSURE AND DISCLAIMER
Use of the techniques in this Softball Safety Awareness Guide should not be considered
a guarantee that participants, spectators or others will be safe or free from injury or
harm while participating in the sport of amateur softball. There are risks and dangers
incidental to the game of softball, including specically (but not limited to) the danger of
being injured by thrown bats, thrown balls, batted balls or other objects softball poses
a risk to its participants, spectators and other persons at or near USA Softball events
or practices. Softball is a vigorous team sport at times involving severe cardiovascular
stress and violent physical contact. Softball involves certain risk, including but not
limited to death, heat-stroke, serious neck and spinal injuries resulting in complete or
partial paralysis, brain damage and serious injury to virtually all bones, joints, muscles
and internal organs, and equipment provided for the protection of the participants may
be inadequate to prevent serious injury. It is further disclosed that softball involves a
particularly high risk of ankle, knee, head, and neck injury. In addition, participation in
USA Softball events may involve activities incidental thereto, including but not limited to,
travel to and from the site activity, participation at sites that may be remote from available
medical assistance, and possible reckless conduct of other participants. Participants
engaging in softball and activities incidental to softball do so with knowledge of the danger
involved and agree to accept any and all inherent risks of property damage, personal
injury, or death. Parents, family, guests, participants and spectators assume all risk and
danger of personal injury, losses, damages to person or property and all hazards arising
from, incidental to or related in any way to the game of softball.
DISCLAIMER: USA SOFTBALL, ITS OFFICIALS, AGENTS, EMPLOYEES, SPONSORS,
VOLUN- TEERS, CONTRACTORS, LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS AND AFFILLIATES ARE NOT
RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY INJURY (INCLUDING DEATH) OR LOSS OF PROPERTY TO ANY
PERSON SUFFERED WHILE WATCHING, PLAYING, PRACTICING, OR IN ANY OTHER
WAY AT OR INVOLVED IN THE GAME OF SOFTBALL FOR ANY REASON WHATSOEVER,
INCLUDING ORDINARY NEG- LIGENCE ON THE PART OF USA SOFTBALL OR ITS
AGENTS, EMPLOYEES, SPONSORS, VOLUNTEERS, THE OWNERS AND LESSORS
OF THE PREMISES AND ALL OTHERS WHO ARE INVOLVED AND INCLUDING THE
RECKLESS CONDUCT OF OTHER PARTICIPANTS. USA SOFTBALL EXPRESSLY DIS-
CLAIMS ANY AND ALL LIABILITY FOR ANY INJURY OR PROPERTY LOSS RELATED
IN ANY WAY TO THE GAME OF SOFTBALL. THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN
IS PROVIDED “AS-IS” AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. USA SOFTBALL
MAKES NO WARRANTY THAT THE INFORMATION IN THIS GUIDE WILL PREVENT
INJURIES OR ELIMINATE THE RISK OF INJURIES. THE INFORMATION IN THIS GUIDE
IS BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT IS NOT WARRANTED TO BE ACCURATE. This
warning, disclosure and disclaimer is intended to be as broad and inclusive as permitted
by ap- plicable laws. If any portion is held invalid the remainder of the warning, disclosure
and disclaimer will continue in full legal force and eect.
SAFETY AWARENESS GUIDE
141
PREAMBLE
Use of the techniques in this Softball Safety Awareness Guide should not be considered
a guarantee that participants, spectators or others will be safe or free from injury or
harm while participating in the contact sport of amateur softball. Please read the entire
document, including the Warning, Disclosure and Disclaimer at page 176.
INTRODUCTION
Anyone who has played softball, or any other contact sport, knows that there are inherent
risks. Many of these risks are listed in the Warning Disclosure and Disclaimer found in
this Guide. While no contact sport can ever be free from risk, many times risks can be
minimized. The participants in contact sports must take ownership of these issues and
make it their personal responsibility to be aware of their surroundings and take steps
to minimize these risks.
This guide, and our dedicated on-line library of documents contained in this guide, are
formulated to assist you in educating yourself to minimize risks and prevent unneces-
sary injuries.
Over the years, USA Softball has educated its participants in the area of safety aware-
ness. The USA Softball web site, USASoftball.com, and USA Softball’s insurance
agent’s web site, RPSBollinger.com, have made these documents available. With this
Safety Awareness Guide, USA Softball is launching an aggressive campaign designed
to educate its members.
This guide is designed to help you minimize and/or prevent injuries and accidents. We
hope you nd the information useful.
Also, please keep in mind that it is always best to be insured in the event that something
does happen. If your USA Softball team or league is not already insured, USA Softball
has made both accident and liability insurance easy, aordable and available to you. The
accident insurance will help pay the cost of medical bills, while the liability insurance will
protect you if you are ever sued in your capacity as an USA Softball coach, player or
volunteer. For information on how to insure yourself or your team, please contact your
local USA Softball JO or Adult Commissioner.
SAFETY AWARENESS GUIDE
142
Topics addressed in this Guide include:
• Softball Safety Recommendations
- Equipment
- First Aid
- Youth-Specic Considerations
- Adult-Specic Considerations
- Field Condition Issues
• Lightning Safety Guidelines
• Physical and Sexual Abuse Information and Prevention
• US Center for SafeSport Requirements and Resources
• Mandatory Minor Abuse Prevention Policies
• Medical Condition Issues
• Crisis Management Plan
• CDC Concussion Awareness
• Air Quality Awareness
Never hesitate to contact us if you think we can help with an issue.
- Your friends at USA Softball!
USA Softball
2801 N.E. 50th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73111
405-424-5266
USASoftball.com
SAFETY AWARENESS GUIDE
143
USA SOFTBALL AND THE HISTORY OF ITS RULE
MAKING RESPONSIBILITIES
ASA was founded in 1933. In 2013, ASA Softball celebrated its 80th year as an organization
promoting the sport of softball. In 2017, ASA/USA Softball was rebranded to USA Softball.
USA Softball’s longstanding support and promotion of amateur softball was one of the
primary reasons that the copyright to the Ocial Rules of Softball were assigned by the
International Joint Rules Committee on Softball to ASA Softball on May 31, 1980. Those
Ocial Playing Rules were adopted by ASA Softball’s Council on October 10, 1980, and
became eective January 1, 1981. The Ocial Rules have been revised almost every year
since. Amendments to the Rules are proposed, voted upon and enacted at an annual
legislative session of USA Softball’s Council, a legislative body consisting of over two
hundred USA Softball volunteers and sta from across the United States.
USA Softball’s Ocial Rules include certain equipment standards and mandatory equip-
ment requirements for USA Softball Championship Play. USA Softball’s rule mak- ing
authority and ocial playing rules govern only USA Softball’s championship play. Par-
ticipants playing in non-championship play are not governed by USA Softball’s Of- cial
Playing Rules and, as explained below, are free to modify USA Softball’s Ocial Playing
Rules as appropriate.
The Ocial Playing Rules set forth mandatory equipment requirements, such as batting
helmet requirements in USA Softball’s youth program. This section explains the type of
mandatory equipment and for which events the equipment is required to be used under
USA Softball’s ocial playing rules. This section also sets forth various ‘recommended’
types of protective equipment. Please note that USA Softball’s ocial playing rules gen-
erally describe mandatory equipment and prohibited equipment. USA Softball’s ocial
rules do not contain references to ‘recommended’ protective equipment. Therefore, the
below ‘recommendations’ are not the ocial playing rules of USA Softball or ocial USA
Softball policy. Instead, these recommendations are merely provided in this Guide for
the reader’s consideration. The recommendations are also not exhaustive. Participants
are encouraged to use all available protective equipment. Please note that USA Softball
does have an ocial policy and rule that promotes and gives each player the right to the
use of additional protective equipment beyond that which is required under its ocial
playing rules. Rule 3, Section 5(F) of USA Softball’s Ocial Playing Rules states that
any defensive or oensive player has the right to wear any non-mandated additional
protective equipment he/she desires.
USA Softball’s ocial playing rules are designed to be used at USA Softball champion-
ship events and implemented by USA Softball ocials and volunteers. USA Softball is
SAFETY AWARENESS GUIDE
144
aware that its Ocial Playing Rules, or modications of its Ocial Playing Rules, are used
by leagues and organizations participating in non-championship play. Please be aware
that because USA Softball’s ocial playing rules (including its mandatory equip- ment)
are designed for USA Softball championship play, the Ocial Playing Rules have built-
in assumptions concerning the competition. For instance, there is a heightened risk of
injury where games are played among players with a wide disparity in skill levels (i.e. 12
year old team playing against an 18 year old team or Coed teams with highly skilled and
lesser skilled players). To attempt to address the disparity among participants in USA
Softball champi- onship play, USA Softball has implemented a classication system that
classies teams or players according to their respective age or skill level. For instance,
youth players are classied by USA Softball by age, such as 18-U (18 and under), 16-U
(16 and under), 14-U (14 and under) and 12-U (12 and under) for USA Softball champion-
ship play. Adult players are classied for USA Softball championship play under Class
A, Class B, Class C or some other designation. USA Softball maintains rules concerning
eligibility and movement between classication levels. All USA Softball championship
play is governed by this classication system. USA Softball’s classication system for
USA Softball cham- pionship play minimizes players participating against each other
with a wide disparity in skill levels. In the event a participant elects to play in a higher
classication level, or in the event a youth player elects to play with adult players, there
may be a heightened risk of harm or injury due to a disparity in size, weight, skill level
and/or other factors.
To the extent a local league uses USA Softball’s ocial playing rules for non-championship
play and does not maintain a classication system, that local league may want to imple-
ment more restrictive equipment standards and/or require certain additional protective
equipment than is already contained in USA Softball’s ocial playing rules.
One of the primary purposes of USA Softball is to promote the sport of softball. One of
the purposes of USA Softball’s ocial playing rules, including its equipment standards
and classication system, is to promote softball, promote competitive balance and to
preserve the integrity of the sport. USA Softball recognizes that every year, at varying
levels, all dierent types of softball games are played, including youth, Coed, recre-
ational, league, tournament and national championships. Please recognize that USA
Softball’s ocial playing rules are not designed to t every situation. No set of rules can
eectively address such a wide array of situations. USA Softball recognizes that the
imposition of mandates requiring the use of cutting-edge, expensive or over-extensive
equipment during play will not promote the game of amateur softball but instead hinder
it. An exhaustive list of mandatory equipment in its rules to t all players and all situa-
tions would be counterproductive to the sport. Such rules would also likely hinder the
widespread participation in amateur softball. Therefore, although not mandatory, players
are encouraged to consider and wear additional protective equipment. No protective
SAFETY AWARENESS GUIDE
145
equipment can make the game entirely safe or free from injury, but additional equipment
can lessen the risks of injury.
USE OF USA SOFTBALL’S OFFICIAL RULES OUTSIDE
THEIR INTENDED PURPOSE
USA Softball, as National Governing Body for Softball in the United States understands
that local, recreational, city or county leagues may adopt and use USA Softball’s ocial
playing rules. The use of any or all of USA Softball’s playing rules is strictly a local matter
and the rules may be altered as league ocials deem necessary to conduct their own
non-championship league play. USA Softball’s ocial playing rules, or any modication
thereof, should not be considered a guarantee that participants, spectators or others will
be safe or free from injury or harm. To the extent USA Softball’s ocial playing rules are
modied by local leagues; such modication may increase the potential or likelihood of
injury, death or property loss, including the dangers associated with increased batted
ball speeds. USA Softball expressly disclaims any and all liability associated with the
use of its ocial playing rules or any modication of its ocial playing rules.
BASIC SOFTBALL EQUIPMENT INFORMATION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Proper tting softball equipment is just as important to your team’s success as learning
proper softball fundamentals and skills. To see if your equipment is legal for USA Softball
Championship Play look in the equipment section of the latest USA Softball Participant
Manual/Rule Book or on the USA Softball website at USASoftball.com under “Approved
Equipment.” The following provides a general outline of USA Softball’s ocial playing
rules concerning mandatory equipment to be used in USA Softball championship play. As
explained above, this section also contains some recommendations concerning equipment.
Balls: Softballs generally come in three sizes 11”, 12”, and 16" and are used in both
Fast Pitch and Slow Pitch depending on the age group. To give you a better idea of just
how big that is—a baseball is nine inches. Keep in mind that the word softball doesn’t
mean that the balls are “soft.” In fact, they are similar to a baseball in overall hardness.
So whether you are coaching a group of inexperienced kids or whether you are partici-
pating in a Coed adult game with players possessing a wide disparity of softball skills
you should consider using a softer ball, safety ball or a lower COR/compression softball
available from many of the ball manufacturers. All manu- factures that are licensed to
manufacture balls that meet USA Softball’s certications for championship play can be
found by visiting the certied equipment section of USA Softballsoftball.com. You can
also nd a list of balls that have been previously certied that are no longer approved
for USA Softball Championship play.
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146
Bats: USA Softball publishes a list of approved bats along with a list of Non-approved
bats with 2000 or 2004 certication marks and can found at USASoftball.com. The
Non- approved bats with 2000 or 2004 Certication marks contain bats previously ap-
proved that have been found to no longer meet our equipment testing and certication
standards. Therefore these bats are no longer approved for USA Softball Championship
play. Bats used in USA Softball Championship play must appear on the approved Bat
list, have a 2000, 2004, or 2013 ASA certication mark, or the new USA Softball Ap-
proved Certication marks
and not be on the Non-approved list with2000 or 2004
certication marks list.
We encourage all coaches, parents, players and league directors to check for USA
Softball’s certication logo and to check the non approved list often as it changes on
a reoccurring basis. If skill disparity among the players or local conditions warrant, the
USA Softball has provided bat descriptions allowing league directors and tournament
directors to specify certain specications.
Note: Sections 1 and 3 of Rule 3 of USA Softball’s ocial rules discusses USA Softball’s
certication of balls and bats for use in USA Softball Championship Play. The preamble
to Rule 3 states: Rule 3 governs the equipment to be used in USA Softball Champion-
ship Play. Equipment bearing USA Softball’s approved certication mark(s) should not
be construed as a warranty or guarantee that the equipment is safe or will safeguard
participants or spectators from injury. Instead, USA Softball’s certication marks merely
indicate that the equipment model has been tested and complies with USA Softball’s
rules for Championship Play. The primary purpose of Rule 3 and USA Softball’s equip-
ment standards is to promote competitive balance and to preserve the integrity of the
sport of amateur softball. The use of USA Softball approved equipment in Championship
Play or otherwise should not be considered a guarantee that participants, spectators or
others will be safe or free from injury or harm. There are risks and dangers incidental to
the game of softball, including specically (but not limited to) the danger of being injured
by thrown bats, thrown balls, batted balls or other objects.
Catcher’s Mask: Catcher’s masks protect the catcher’s face. Catcher’s masks are
mandated by USA Softball’s Ocial Playing Rules in all games except for Adult Women’s
slow pitch, Adult Men's slow pitch and Adult Coed. The masks come in dierent weights
depending upon the thickness of the material. One important part of the catcher’s mask
is the throat protector. It can be either a large piece of plastic connected to the mask by
two strips of leather, or a metal extension at the bottom of the mask. The throat protector
is as important to the catcher’s safety as the mask itself, we recommend you make sure
your catcher’s mask includes one. Make sure your catcher’s face mask ts properly.
Adjustable straps on the back of the mask allow the mask to be adjusted for a proper
t. Also, if your catcher is using the adjustable throat protector, make sure that it ts
SAFETY AWARENESS GUIDE
147
properly (it should completely cover the throat). It should dangle just enough to be exible,
but it should not be too loose or too low. Catcher’s Masks are required for all fast pitch
(i.e. youth and adult fast pitch) and for youth slow pitch. Throat protectors are required
for all fast pitch (i.e. youth and adult fast pitch) and are recommended for all catchers.
Catcher Masks and Throat Protectors for Adult Fast Pitch: Catchers must wear
masks with throat protectors. An extended wire protector may be worn in lieu of an
attached throat protector. Helmets are optional by fast pitch catchers, and if worn
any style is approved. In adult fast pitch, a plastic face mask/guard by itself is not an
acceptable substitute for a catcher’s mask.
Catcher Masks and Throat Protectors for Junior Olympic Fast Pitch: Catchers
must wear a mask with throat protector, approved helmet with ear aps. An extended
wire protector may be worn in lieu of an attached throat protector. Any player warming
up a Junior Olympic pitcher must wear a mask with throat protector and approved
helmet with ear aps. FP catchers cannot nearly wear the plastic face mask/guard.
NOTE: (Section A-B-C) The ice hockey goalie style face mask is approved for use by
catchers. If the throat protection built into the mask is inadequate, in the judgement
of the umpire, a throat attachment must be added to the mask before using.
Catcher Masks for Junior Olympic Slow Pitch: Catchers must wear an approved
batter’s helmet with ear aps, the catcher’s helmet and mask, or an approved plastic
face mask/guard with catcher’s helmet. A throat protector for Junior Olympic Slow
Pitch catchers is not mandatory but recommended.
Catcher’s Chest Protector: The chest protector protects the catcher’s chest. It has
adjustable straps on the back. Chest protectors come in dierent sizes, so your catcher
should have one that covers the chest without being too bulky to prevent quick move-
ment. This is required only for fast pitch youth catchers, but is recommended for all
catchers (adult and youth, fast pitch and slow pitch).
Catcher’s Shin Guards: Shin guards protect the catcher’s legs from foul balls and from
runners sliding into home plate. They t over the front portion of the catcher’s legs with
small extensions going over the top of the foot and knee. Shin guards have adjustable
straps in the back to make them t snugly. Make sure your catcher selects a set of shin
guards that are the same length as his or her legs. They come in youth and adult sizes
so be aware of this when buying shin guards for your catcher. Shin Guards are required
for J.O./Youth Fast Pitch catchers but are recommended for all catchers.
Fielder’s Glove: A glove has individual ngers and can be worn by all defensive players.
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Gloves come in adult and youth sizes, and in outeld and ineld lengths. The outelder’s
glove is longer than an inelder’s glove, but either type may be worn by inelders and
outelders. Do not think that the more expensive the glove, the better it is. When choosing
a glove, the player should be able to control it (not too big), and it should be comfortable.
The USA Softball glove rule now allows any player to wear a mitt or glove at any
position. We only regulate the glove’s size and colors. The USA Softball glove rule
is as follows: A Glove/Mitt may be worn by any player. The dimensions of any glove/
mitt used by any elder shall not exceed the specications set forth below (see draw-
ing and specications [in Rule 3, Section 4]). (Fast Pitch) The Pitcher’s glove may be of
one solid color or multicolored as long as the color(s) are not the color of the ball being
used in the game.
Helmets: All batters in fast pitch softball must wear batting helmets. Not just while
they are batting, but also while they are base runners. All Junior Olympic players
acting as coaches in the coach’s box must properly wear double ear ap helmets.
Please note: A NOCSAE-approved face guard is mandatory on all fast pitch youth
batting helmets.
Helmets also come in different sizes, usually Small, Medium and Large, so make
sure you have enough helmets in the different sizes for everyone on your team.
Helmets must be NOCSAE approved in order to be legal and safe. Don’t buy helmets
without the NOCSAE seal. Helmets must also be equipped with a securely fastened
NOCSAE certied mask or guard. The mask must bear the NOCSAE seal on it also.
If the mask and helmet are molded as one piece only one NOCSAE seal is required.
In addition, any defensive or offensive player may wear a helmet at any time. It is
recom- mended that offensive players (not batting) wear a helmet even though it
may not be mandatory under USA Softball’s rules. For instance, base runners often
have their backs to the elders so their heads may be more vulnerable to thrown
balls than defensive players. It is recommended that all coaches and other persons
on the playing eld wear helmets.
Home Plate: There is only one home plate on each softball eld, with the exception of
Senior Slow pitch which has two, and its shape is totally dierent from the other three
bases. It gets its unusual shape because the two foul lines (rst base and third base)
come together at the point of home plate. Home plate is in fair territory, with the point
facing away from the pitcher.
Double First Base: A base is normally 15” x 15” in size. A double rst base is either two
separate bases or one base 15” x 30” in size, half inside and half outside the foul line.
The inside base is white and the outside base is of a contrasting color. A double rst
base is mandatory in all levels of USA Softball championship play.
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Bases: There are three bases on a softball eld (rst, second and third). When running
the bases, there are various risks of injury. These risks include injuries from sliding, be-
ing hit by a thrown ball and/or collision with other players. Certain injuries from sliding
may be heightened or mitigated by the type of bases used. There are a variety of dif-
ferent types of bases (i.e. hard or soft, moveable or permanent). When participating in
softball, make yourself aware of the type of bases used during each game so that you
can employ base running techniques the minimize risk of injury to your hands, wrists,
arms, feet, ankles, legs or other areas.
Summary of USA Softball-Mandated Protective Equipment For USA Softball Cham-
pionship Play:
The below chart, dated as of October 1, 2008, details which USA Softball Championship
Play games require which mandatory protective equipment. The last column indicates that,
although not required in all situations, protective equipment is permitted to be worn by
any player in any game at any time under Rule 3 of USA Softball’s Ocial Playing Rules.
EQUIPMENT:
JO/Youth
Slow Pitch
Program
(Male & Female)
JO/Youth
Fast pitch
Program
(Male & Female)
Adult
Women
Slow Pitch
Adult Men
Slow Pitch
Coed
Adult
Women
Fast Pitch
Adult Men
Fast Pitch
Permitted
to be worn
if participant
so desires
Double First Base
X X X X X X X X
Catcher’s Mask
X X X X X
Catcher’s Throat
Protector
X X X X
Catcher’s Chest
Protector
X X
Catcher’s Shin Guards
X X
Batting Helmet
X X X X X
Chin Strap for Batting
Helmet
X
Face Mask
(usually for pitchers)
X
Other Protective
Equipment
X
The above rules are shown as of the date this chart was prepared. Please consult the
latest version of the rules for any updated requirements.
*In addition, all oensive youth players acting as coaches or otherwise must wear a
helmet when standing anywhere outside the dugouts. Examples include but are not
limited to coaching, bat girl/boy, etc.
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150
SOFTBALL AND YOUTH SAFETY AWARENESS
Safety is and has always been a concern of USA Softball, and the organization has
implemented many safety initiatives over the years. Safety issues are thoughtfully
considered along with other factors such as competitive balance and preserving the
integrity of the sport of softball. USA Softball was the rst association to require all of
its youth batters and base runners to wear helmets; to require catchers to wear a mask
with a throat protector and an approved helmet with ear aps; to allow the use of a
double-base system at rst base; and to recommend the use of safety balls and bats for
players at the 10-under levels. USA Softball created a nationwide coaching education
program to assist volunteer coaches in better educating, training and preparing young
players to participate in the sport.
The USA Softball JO program is dedicated to building healthy, productive, condent
children. Sometimes adults fail to realize just how dicult the skills of softball can be for
youngsters. Therefore, we encourage coaches and parents to allow children to learn at
their own rate, and to praise players as they progress in their development.
Everyone wants to be a winner. USA Softball’s purpose is to create a team of winners
- winners not only on the softball eld, but in life.
Foremost, the USA Softball Junior Olympic Youth program is about children - it’s about
creating a positive environment where they can grow and develop, and learn a sport
they can enjoy for a lifetime. Most importantly, it’s about making sure they come away
from their softball experience feeling condent about themselves and who they are.
SOFTBALL AND ADULT SAFETY
As adults, we play softball for many of the same reasons that children do. We like to
compete, have fun, and continue to share the excitement of playing a sport we love with
friends. However, just as youth players play against others in their own age group to
achieve a relatively fair and safe playing eld, adults have to make certain considerations
regarding fair and safe play. While it is common sense that an “A” player should not
bat against a novice pitcher, some leagues form in ways that could produce just such
a situation. Coed leagues often bring together a wide range of skill levels. And while
it is nice to try to accommodate everyone, it is wise to keep players of widely dierent
ability levels from playing against each other in the same game or league. There is a
greater likelihood of injury in games where players having a wide disparity of skill levels
are playing in the same game.
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151
As a general rule, adults are going to hit the ball faster and harder and therefore there
is often a greater risk of injury. The game of softball is played with bats and balls. Al-
though termed a ‘softball’, a softball is a hard object that can cause serious injury or
even death. As such, at all levels of the game, especially adults, horseplay with bats
and balls should never be tolerated.
Adults should also ensure that they do not participate in softball while under the inuence
of alcohol, drugs or medication, as doing so creates a greater risk of injury to the person
under the inuence and those around him/her. Playing under the inuence of alcohol
or any other substance that causes reaction times to slow down is very dangerous.
Most people are keenly aware of the dangers of driving while intoxicated. Driving while
intoxicated is dangerous, in part, because of slowed reaction times. For these same
reasons, participating in softball while intoxicated is likewise dangerous and should
never be undertaken.
COACHES
While players have a responsibility for their own safety, a coach also must be aware of
safety issues and use common sense and safety practices. This includes a concern for
the mental as well as physical well-being of the participants.
Overlooking a safe environment can seriously aect how your players learn softball
skills and fundamentals. How many of your players pull their heads on ground balls,
catch y balls o to one side, or jump out of the way as soon as the pitcher pitches the
ball? These are the results of an unsafe learning experience, or to put it in coachspeak,
“fear of the ball.”
Keep in mind that what might be safe to you is not necessarily safe to your players. To
a child who is just learning to play softball and who knows that he or she cannot throw
or eld a ball, the last thing they want to do is stand in front of or underneath a hard hit
ball. They fear they cannot catch it, and they know that if they miss they are liable to
get hurt. Although this may not be good thinking for a ballplayer, it is a perfectly logical
train of thought. Would you want to do something that you know will cause you great
pain? How do you “make it all safe?” Instead of using regular softballs, use a softer,
safety ball. You will be pleasantly surprised at the tremendous amount of improvement
you see in your players in a short period of time. Once your players realize that the ball
will not hurt them, they will get down in front of the ground ball and correctly position
themselves underneath the y ball.
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Using a safety ball is not “sissy,” or just for little children. It is an important tool to your
softball success if it helps your players improve and learn in a safe environment.
FIRST AID
During a typical softball season, in spite of the very best injury prevention plan, some
injuries will occur. Most of these will be during practice, and you or another competent
adult must provide care as best you can. You want to know as much as you can about
treating injuries to keep the damage from an injury to a minimum. Consider enrolling in a
rst aid class and taking a CPR course. You should have a rst aid kit at your practices
and games (suggested contents below), and know the telephone numbers of emergency
personnel. Do you have medical release forms? As a coach, you should make every
eort to expand your knowledge of rst aid so that you can minimize the damage from
injuries received in practices and games.
AIDS and Injuries: You should not let a fear of acquired immune deciency syndrome
(AIDS) from stopping you from helping a player. If you are aiding an injured player, you
are at risk if you allow contaminated blood to come in contact with an open wound.
That is why you should always have a pair of rubber gloves with you. The rubber gloves
will protect you from AIDS should one of your players carry this disease. Check with
your league director or a medical professional for more information on how to protect
yourself from AIDS.
Suggested First Aid Kit Supplies
Ice or Impact Ice Bags Splint Material Plastic Bags
Scissors Band Aids Sun Screen
Athletic Tape Gauze Antibiotic Tape
Q-Tips/Cotton Swabs Antibiotic Ointment Sting Kill
Safety Pins Tweezers Bug Spray
Cell Phone 4 Pairs of Rubber Gloves Medical Release Form
Towel
R.I.C.E. Principles: You may have heard of the R.I.C.E. Principles for injuries. Below is
an overview of the R.I.C.E. Principles for treating injuries:
R-est: Activity should be discontinued as soon as the pain or injury is noticed. Continued
exercise may further aggravate the injury. The concept of “no pain, no gain” is replaced
with “train, don’t strain; if stressed, get rest.” The rest should continue until symptoms
of pain and injury subside.
I-ce: An ice pack should be applied immediately to a new injury. Ice decompresses
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swelling and blood ow and reduces pain. Where there is swelling, application should
be continued intermittently for 72 hours. Ice should never be applied directly to the skin
and the maximum time for each pack application is 20 minutes. Using ice at bedtime is
not necessary unless the pain interferes with sleeping.
C-ompression: Initially, a wet wrap can be applied to give compression. Start distal (i.e.
farthest from a point of reference) to the injury and wrap toward the heart. Later, an elas-
tic bandage can be used. It should be wrapped rmly, but not tightly enough to cut o
circulation around the injured area. During the early stages when swelling is severe, the
wrap should be loosened every half hour, then reapplied. Compression reduces swelling
and blood pooling. Compression at bedtime is not necessary unless the pain interferes
with sleeping.
E-levation: Elevate the injured part so that it is higher than the heart at all times initially
(including during sleep) and whenever possible until swelling has subsided. In this way,
gravity prevents pooling of blood and other uids. See a physician immediately follow-
ing any major injury.
Heat Related Injuries: When playing summer outdoor sports such as softball, precau-
tions should be taken to avoid heat injuries. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke are two
summer aictions to be aware of. Be aware that athletes are sensitive to the heat. Every
player will have a dierent tolerance level so one person may be ne and the others may
require attention even in the same conditions.
Heat Exhaustion: Heat related injuries like heat exhaustion and heat stroke are very
serious and can be life-threatening. Softball is played outside during the heat of the
summer and heat related injuries are always possible. Be alert to this.
Signs and Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion:
• Moist and clammy skin
• Pale skin color
• Normal body temperature
• Profuse sweating
• Dizziness, nausea, weakness and fainting
Do:
• Get the athlete out of the heat into a cool, shady area
• Loosen or remove clothing and take o helmet and/or hat
• Lie the athlete down and elevate feet
• Cool down the athlete with wet towels, ice water, air-conditioning
• Transport athlete to emergency room if athlete does not recover after a short rest
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Do Not:
• Give athlete any more uids if they vomit
• Allow athlete to become chilled
• Allow athlete back into the game or practice
• Take this problem lightly; call for help immediately if you are unsure
Heat Stroke: Heat stroke is life-threatening! The athlete’s entire system is shutting
down because of extreme heat, and death is possible if immediate action is not taken.
Signs and Symptoms of Heat Stroke:
• Hot, dry skin and body temperature is very high (104-105F)
• Rapid pulse and breathing
• Behavior may be irrational
• Athlete may lose consciousness
• Eye pupils are constricted (very small)
• Weak, loose muscles
Do:
• Cool athlete immediately and as fast as possible
• Call emergency help immediately
• Remove athlete from heat
• Put athlete in cold water, if possible
Do Not:
• Give the athletes uids
• Leave the athlete
• Allow athlete back in the game or practice
Do not underestimate the dangers associated with heat and/or humidity. These dangers
are recognizable and preventable. Be aware that each of your athletes has dierent heat
tolerance levels, and be sensitive to these dierences.
The Most Important Nutrient - Water: Water loss for an athlete can be critical and, in
severe cases, can lead to death. Maintaining an adequate level of water in the body can
be easy if the athlete understands the importance of water.
The body cools itself much like the cooling system of an automobile. As muscles produce
the energy needed for training and competition, they generate heat. This heat, in turn,
causes body temperature to rise. Blood picks up heat from the muscles and carries
it to the skin’s surface where it is lost as sweat evaporates. Sweat is the body’s main
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method of cooling itself.
As you sweat, you lose water - water which must be replaced if you want to perform at
your best. Losing as little as two or three percent of your weight via sweat can cause a
decrease in concentration, coordination, strength and stamina. More importantly, if lost
water is not replaced, your body begins to conserve water by slowing the sweating and
thus, the cooling process. You must replace lost water.
Do not give your athletes salt tablets. Water will be pulled from the body to dilute the
salt. If the team physician or trainer feels that additional salt is needed, it should be
added to foods at meals or eaten in salty foods such as ham, chips or other snack foods.
ALWAYS BE AWARE OF FIELD CONDITIONS
All participants in softball should be aware of their surroundings at all times. This includes
both on and o the playing eld. Prior to participating, each individual should review the
playing eld and surrounding area to be sure he/she is aware of hazards or dangers so he/
she can avoid them. For instance, each participant should follow these general principles:
1 Make yourself aware of any holes, depressions, raised sprinkler heads and other
hazards.
2 Clear the ineld of stones, pieces of glass, foreign objects and debris.
3 Check the eld for equipment from other sports – football tackling sleds, portable
soccer goals, little league baseball pegs, etc.
4 Position backstop to be sure it is the proper distance from home plate. Ensure
that screening is secure with no sharp protruding edges.
5 Be sure all fences are in good repair and free of protruding hazards or sharp edges.
6 Be sure dugout areas are properly positioned and set back from the eld of play.
7 Be aware of your property. If you park your car near a eld, be aware of the risks of
a foul ball or home run possibly doing damage to your car.
While events such as USA Softball National Championships are mostly played on well-
manicured elds, recreational players often do not have such privileges. Therefore, you
should always be aware that there will likely be various hazards present at local parks or
playing elds. To prevent injury, make yourself aware of these hazards from the outset
so you can avoid them. You should also make other participants aware of any hazards
you observe.
Also, please be aware that non-hazardous eld conditions may vary from eld to eld or
from location to location. For instance, the types of bases used, warning track diameter,
wall distance, wall material, heat, humidity storm activity, weather conditions, type of
grass, sunken or level dugouts, on deck-circle location, obstructions and protrusions
in or around the eld of play (i.e. light poles, standpipes), fence height, etc. cetera. Be
aware of your surroundings at all times by familiarizing yourself with your surroundings
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prior to play.
USA SOFTBALL GUIDELINES FOR LIGHTNING SAFETY
All individuals participating in or observing an outdoor softball event are responsible for
their own safety and should monitor threatening weather conditions. Umpires are respon-
sible for monitoring weather conditions with respect to games and will make the call to
stop play, remove individuals from the eld, and announce a warning to the spectators.
The umpire should keep an eye on weather conditions, including observing weather
conditions. Storm watches or warnings known to the umpire should be heeded.
When the weather becomes dangerous, the umpire will announce that all play activi-
ties are suspended and all individuals, including players and spectators, should seek
appropriate shelter. In instances where there is more than one umpire, any umpire may
suspend a game when weather becomes dangerous. No place is absolutely safe from
lightning threat; however, some places are safer than others. Large, enclosed structures
(substantially constructed buildings) tend to be safer than smaller structures or open
structures. In general, a fully enclosed vehicle with the windows rolled up tends to be
safer than being outside so long as contact with metal surfaces inside and outside the
vehicle is avoided.
The following areas are not appropriate shelter and should be avoided: Any area of higher
elevation; wide-open areas such as sports elds, tall isolated objects such as ag poles,
light poles, or trees; metal fences and metal bleachers, unprotected open buildings like
dugouts, picnic pavilions, rain shelters and bus stops.
When determining whether or not to suspend play, the umpire should use his/her com-
mon sense and good judgment. If a thunderstorm appears imminent before or during an
activity or contest (regardless of whether lightning is seen or thunder heard), postpone
or suspend the activity until the hazard has passed. Signs of imminent thunderstorm
activity are darkening clouds, high winds and thunder or lightning. Even storms that are
many miles away can pose a lightning danger. This may mean the appropriate deci-
sion is to suspend activities even before the rst sight of lightning or sound of thunder.
All individuals should have the right to leave an athletic site or activity in order to seek a
safer structure or location if they feel they are in danger from impending lighting activity.
Lightning Safety is the number one consideration. The activity, the completion of the
game or the outcome of the game are all secondary.
Unless an advanced lightning detection device is in use, if activity has been suspended
due to lightning, the umpire should wait at least 30 minutes after the last lightning ash or
sound of thunder prior to resuming activity. Unless an advanced lightning detection device
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is in use, each time additional lightning is observed or thunder is heard, the minimum
30-minute waiting period should be reset. A clear sky or lack of rainfall are not adequate
indicators for resuming play. Unless an advanced lightning detection device is in use, the
minimum 30-minute return-to-play waiting period should not be shortened. Play should
not be resumed even after the 30 minute waiting period if any signs of thunderstorm
activity remain in the area or if the weather forecast indicates the threat is not over.
NO LIGHTNING SAFETY GUIDELINES CAN GUARANTEE ABSOLUTE SAFETY. THE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE STATES THAT EACH YEAR MORE THAN 400 PEOPLE
ARE STRUCK BY LIGHTNING AND, ON AVERAGE, SEVENTY PEOPLE ARE KILLED
EACH YEAR BY LIGHTNING. IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF EVERY PERSON TO BE
AWARE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS AND TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION TO PREVENT
OR MITIGATE THE RISKS OF WEATHER RELATED INJURIES. PLEASE USE COMMON
SENSE AND GOOD JUDGMENT. PLAN AHEAD AND REMAIN AWARE OF YOUR SUR-
ROUNDINGS.
Lightning Safety At-A-Glance:
• Lightning safety is the number one consideration; the activity can be made up later.
• The umpire(s) should monitor weather conditions and determine whether or not to
suspend play.
• Signs of imminent thunderstorm activity are darkening clouds, high winds and thunder
or lightning. Even storms that are many miles away can pose a lightning danger.
• When determining whether or not to suspend play, the umpire should use his/her
common sense and good judgment.
• If a thunderstorm appears imminent before or during an activity or contest (regardless
of whether lightning is seen or thunder heard), postpone or suspend the activity until
the hazard has passed.
• No place is absolutely safe from lightning threat; however, some places are safer than
others. Large, enclosed structures (substantially constructed buildings) tend to be
safer than smaller structures or open structures.
• Unless an advanced lightning detection device is in use, if activity has been suspended
due to lightning, the umpire should wait at least 30 minutes after the last lightning
ash or sound of thunder prior to resuming activity. Unless an advanced lightning
detection device is in use, each time additional lightning is observed or thunder is
heard, the minimum 30-minute waiting period should be reset. A clear sky or lack of
rainfall are not adequate indicators for resuming play.
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• Unless an advanced lightning detection device is in use, the minimum 30-minute
return-to-play waiting period should not be shortened.
Depending on the particular area in which you are located, there may be other weather-
related risks such as tornado, earthquake, hurricane, ooding or other conditions. For
more information about severe weather threats and tips, see publications available from
the NOAA National Weather Service website (www.nws.noaa.gov/om) or visit the National
Severe Storm Laboratory website (http://www.nssl.noaa.gov).
SEXUAL AND PHYSICAL ABUSE
The sexual and physical abuse of children remains a societal problem that requires at-
tention. While not specic to the sport of amateur softball, the threat of abuse in sports
programs does exist. USA Softball is committed to creating and upholding traditions of
excellence in softball by building and maintaining a supportive and nurturing environ-
ment in which children and youth may grow, develop, and prosper. To ensure such an
environment, USA Softball seeks to attract the most qualied and enthusiastic sta and
volunteers to assist in USA Softball programs. Whether the children involved in USA
Softball programs are our own, or the children of others, each of us has a responsibil-
ity to protect them. It is the policy of USA Softball that there shall be no abuse, either
physical, mental, emotional or sexual, of any participant involved in any of USA Softball’s
programs. USA Softball will not tolerate any abuse.
There is no such thing as a so-called “’consensual’ sexual relationship with a minor.”
Neither applicable law nor USA Softball recognize such relationships as ‘consensual’
relationships. All such relations with a minor constitute sexual abuse under the law and,
therefore, will be treated by USA Softball and law enforcement authorities as sexual
abuse. If you are aware of a ‘consensual’ sexual relationship between a minor and an
adult, you must report it immediately to your local Child Protective Services (CPS) of-
ce. USA Softball takes all allegations of abuse very seriously, and USA Softball refers
all allegations to the local or state law enforcement authorities for investigation in which
USA Softball will fully cooperate.
Reporting: Local law enforcement authorities and other state agencies, including those
responsible for Child Protective Services (CPS), have the primary responsibility in the eld
of child protection. Child Protective Services (CPS) is a program mandated by individual
states for the protection of children who are alleged to be abused or neglected. The
function of this program is to screen and investigate allegations, perform assessments
of the children’s safety and risk of harm, and evaluate the conditions that support or
refute the allegations and need for intervention.
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USA Softball is an amateur softball organization. USA Softball does not possess the
expertise, power, authority or resources to investigate claims of abuse. Child Protec-
tive Services and local law enforcement are best suited and trained to investigate and
pursue claims of abuse.
Those who believe they have identied an instance of child abuse or neglect shall report
it to their local Child Protective Services (CPS) oce, which will investigate the matter.
A list of states with toll-free (800, 866, 877 or 888) phone numbers for reporting child
abuse or neglect is available at www.childwelfare.gov. You may also report abuse and
contact local authorities by calling the 24-hour Childhelp® USA National Child Abuse
Hotline at 1-800-4-A-CHILD (1-800-422-4453). Urgent or life threatening situations shall
be reported immediately by calling “911.”
Additionally, persons known or believed to be a threat to USA Softball participants or
youth should be reported to the U.S. Center for SafeSport and/or USA Softball so USA
Softball can determine whether such persons should continue to be eligible to participate
in USA Softball on a going forward basis. Please refer to the USA Softball Bylaws, avail-
able at USASoftball.com, for the procedure by which such a complaint may be reported.
Filing a complaint pursuant to the USA Softball Bylaws or pursuant to the SafeSport
Code is not a substitute for notifying local authorities of an instance of child abuse or
neglect. Those persons who believe they have identied an instance of child abuse or
neglect must immediately report it to their local Child Protective Service (CPS) oce or
to local law enforcement authorities.
Resources: At http://www.nsopr.gov/, the U.S. Department of Justice maintains the
Dru Sjodin National Sex Oender Public Website in which the public can search various
sex oender registries.
Please note that the regular use of background checks is not a guarantee of a child’s
safety or that children will be free from harm. For instance, a background check will not
detect a rst time oender or a person using a false identity. Background checks may
also not detect persons who have prior convictions in jurisdictions that do not maintain
searchable databases or whose records contain typographical or other errors. As a
result, background checks can not replace the need for all persons to be diligent, to be
attentive, to take all abuse allegations seriously and/or to refer all allegations of abuse
to law enforcement authorities.
The best source of information on the registered sex oenders in your community is
quite often your local law enforcement authorities. Additional information and resources
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are available at https://uscenterforsafesport.org/
Zero Tolerance Policy Against Abuse: We are committed to providing a safe environ-
ment for our members and participants, and to prevent abusive conduct in any form.
Every member of this organization is responsible for protecting our participants and
ensuring their safety and well-being while involved in sponsored activities.
Minor Athlete Abuse Prevention Policies (M.A.A.P.P. policies)
To that end, USA Softball has adopted the following Minor Athlete Abuse Prevention
Policies (M.A.A.P.P. policies), which are mandatory policies that its members are required
to adhere to. They include the following:
1. One-on-One Interactions Policy, including meetings and individual training sessions
(Covered Organizations are required to establish reasonable procedures to limit one
on-one interactions, as set forth in federal law).
2. Massages and rubdowns Policy /athletic training modalities
3. Locker rooms and changing areas Policy
4. Social media and electronic communications Policy
5. Local travel Policy
6. Team travel Policy
USA Softball’s mandatory M.A.A.P.P. policies are available for download or printing at
https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Softball/SafeSport
Additionally, we have established the following guidelines of behavior and procedures for
our sta, volunteers and participants. All members of this organization, as well as parents,
spectators and other invitees are expected to observe and adhere to these guidelines.
1 Abuse of any kind is not permitted within our organization. This means we do not
tolerate physical, sexual, emotional or verbal abuse or misconduct from our players,
coaches, ocials, volunteers, parents or spectators.
2 Physical and sexual abuse, including, but not limited to, striking, hitting, kicking,
biting, indecent or wanton gesturing, lewd remarks, indecent exposure, unwanted
physical contact, any form of sexual contact or inappropriate touching, are strictly
prohibited within our organization.
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3 Emotional abuse or verbal abuse is also prohibited. These include, but are not lim-
ited to such forms of abuse as: yelling, insulting, threatening, mocking, demeaning
behavior, or making abusive statements in regard to a person’s race, gender, religion,
nationality/ethnicity, sex or age.
4 Every member of this organization is responsible for reporting any cases of question-
able conduct or alleged mistreatment toward our members by any coach, ocial,
volunteer, player, parent, sibling or spectator.
5 Buddy System for Players: We recommend that every activity sponsored by our
program put a Buddy System in place. Each youth participant should be assigned a
buddy during sponsored activities. No child should go anywhere – to the bathrooms,
locker rooms, or other location – without his or her buddy.
6 Buddy System for Adults: To further protect our youth participants, as well as our
coaches, ocials and volunteers, two adults should always be present at every
activity. In particular, we recommend that.
• No adult person should allow him/herself to be alone with a child.
• Do not drive alone with a child participant in the car.
• Do not take a child alone to the locker room, bathrooms or any other private room
• Provide one-on-one training or individual coaching only with the assistance of
another adult.
• If you must have a private conversation with a youth participant, do it within view
of others, in the gym or on the eld, not in a private oce.
• Coaches and other adult members of this organization should not socialize indi-
vidually with participants outside of sponsored activities. This would include one-
on- one social networking, emailing and texting. Coaches and other adult members
of the organization should not nurture one-on-one relationships and/or participate
in one-on-one texting, emailing or social networking relationships with individual
participants. This would not include team-wide or group communications.
7 Supervision/Chaperone ratio: We recommend that for any sponsored activity, the
ratio of adults to youth participants be 1:8 – one (or more) adults for every eight
children, with a minimum of two adults for every activity.
8 When traveling overnight with youth participants, children should be paired up with
other children of same gender and similar age group, with chaperones in separate
but nearby rooms.
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9 We encourage parents to become as active as possible in sponsored activities,
games, practices and other events. The more the parents are involved, the less
likely it is for abusive situations to develop.
10 Empower our children to trust their feelings and let them know that their concerns,
fears and hopes are important by listening to them. Open communication between
children and parents, or between children and other adults in the organization may
help early warning signs of abuse to surface.
11 We will respond quickly to any and all allegations of abuse within this organization.
This information will be communicated to the authorities for investigation and will be
reviewed by the organization. The alleged oender will be notied of such allegations
promptly.
12 Any person accused of sexual or physical abuse may be asked to resign voluntarily
or may be suspended on an interim basis until the matter is resolved. In each case,
the person accused will have an opportunity to be heard before a nal decision
concerning eligibility to participate is made by the organization. Regardless of
criminal or civil guilt in the alleged abuse, the continued presence of the person
could be detrimental to the reputation of the organization and could be harmful to
the participants. A person who is accused but later cleared of charges, may apply to
be reinstated within the organization. Reinstatement is not a right, and no guarantee
is made that he or she will be reinstated to his/her former position.
13 We promote good sportsmanship throughout the organization and encourage qualities
of mutual respect, courtesy and tolerance in all participants, coaches, ocials and
volunteers. We advocate building a strong self-image among the youth participants.
Children with a strong self-image may be less likely targets for abuse; similarly, they
may be less likely to abuse or bully others around them.
Traveling teams present an opportunity for abuse or an opportunity for a credible ac-
cusation of abuse to be made. We require local associations, leagues and teams to
adopt and follow the M.A.A.P.P. policies concerning travel. These policies are designed
to assist with the protection of adults and children and to clearly outline the conduct
expected of participants. For further information, please consult the USOC SafeSport
policies and informational materials at https://uscenterforsafesport.org/
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Signs and Symptoms of Possible Child Abuse
Physical Abuse
• Unexplained bruises
• Unexplained cuts or scrapes
• Unexplained stomach injuries
• Fear of adults
• Withdrawn behavior
• Fear of parents
• Fear of going home
Physical Neglect
• Underfed or constant hunger
• Unattended medical needs
• Constantly tired
• Constantly unclean
Sexual Abuse
• Diculty walking or sitting
• Poor peer relationships
• Stomachaches
• Sudden onset of behavior problems
Emotional/psychological Abuse
• Speech problems
• Antisocial behavior
• Habit of sucking, biting or rocking
• Loss of appetite
• Learning diculties
Sex Oender Facts
• Sex oenders come from all walks of life, and from all socio-economic groups.
They can be male or female, rich or poor, employed or unemployed, religious or
non-religious, highly educated or uneducated or from any race.
• Usually non-violent and have few problems with the law (pedophiles are frequently
respected community members).
• The suspect is known to the victim in over 80% of sex crimes. In other words, the
suspect is a parent, relative, caregiver, neighbor, co-worker, or signicant other.
• May seek employment or volunteer with programs involving children of the age of
their preference.
• Strangers can be “good guys” or “bad guys” (this includes females). Persons known
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to you or your children can be “good guys” or “bad guys” (again, this includes
females).
• Sex oenders have great social skills. This is what enables them to gain the con-
dence and trust of not only the children but the parent.
• Sex crimes ourish in secrecy. Sex oenders have secretive lifestyles, and many
of their sexual assaults are so well planned that they appear to occur without fore-
thought. Many sex oenders are otherwise highly functioning people who use their
social skills to commit their crimes.
• Many pedophiles seek out mothers or single parent families for the purpose of vic-
timizing their children. They oer food, money and baby-sitting services – anything
to be helpful and put them in a position to gain condence and trust.
• Most sex offenders “groom” their victims prior to any sexual abuse. They play
games with the children, take them to fun restaurants, to get ice cream, etc. They
do whatever the child wants in order to gain condence and trust.
• The single most eective means of protecting your child is communicating with
your child. They have to feel comfortable discussing sensitive matters with you. If
they don’t feel they can talk with you about their true feelings or that they will be
“put down” for it, then you can’t expect they will tell you when they are put in an
uncomfortable situation by a child molester.
• Teach your child that they should not be asked to touch anyone in the bathing suit
areas of their body, or allow anyone to touch them in those areas. Teach them types
of situations to avoid. It’s not good enough to tell a child to avoid strangers.
• Most child molestations are committed by someone known to or related to the child.
INFORMATION RE: MANDATORY REPORTING OBLIGATIONS FOR SUSPECTED
CHILD ABUSE
RE: PROTECTING YOUNG VICTIMS FROM SEXUAL ABUSE AND SAFE SPORT
AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2017 [FEDERAL LAW SIGNED ON FEB 14, 2018]
On February 14, 2018, the Protecting Young Victims from Sexual Abuse and Safe Sport
Authorization Act of 2017 was signed into law (the “Act”). The Act extended various
mandatory child abuse reporting obligations to persons associated with national gov-
erning bodies (“NGB”s) and amateur sports organizations, as that term is dened in the
Act. 34 U.S.C § 20341.
As a result of the Act, certain persons associated with amateur sports organizations
or NGBs now have mandatory child abuse reporting obligations under federal law. In
summary, if such persons learn “of facts that give reason to suspect that a child has
suered an incident of child abuse” (as ‘child abuse’ is dened in the Act), then that
person must le a report with governmental authorities within 24 hours. A failure to do
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so may result in criminal liability under federal law, including imprisonment for up to one
(1) year and/or a ne.
The website https://www.childwelfare.gov/ contains a web page that explains
“How to Report”. It is found here: https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/responding/
reporting/how/ That webpage maintains a list of agencies authorized to receive reports
in each State. These appear to be the child protective services agencies for each state.
A recent link to the list is as follows: https://www.childwelfare.gov/orga nizations/?CW
IGFunctionsaction=rols:main.dspList&rolType=Custom&RS_ID=%205
All state agencies have a hotline telephone number for reporting. Some permit online
reporting through a website interface.
Again, whether mandatory reporting applies to you or not, please immediately report all
suspicions of child abuse to governmental authorities for investigation and follow up by
those authorities. That should be your rst step. Other steps you may and should take
include reporting your suspicions to the U.S. Center for SafeSport (https://uscenterfor-
safesport.org/) and/or USA Softball for discipline or a determination of future eligibility
to participate in USA Softball programs.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS CONCERNING SAFESPORT AND THE USA
SOFTBALL COMPLAINT AND DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURES.
What types of conduct might subject a USA Softball Member to discipline and
ineligibility?
• Unsportsmanlike conduct.
• Physical violence, such as an attack on an umpire, tournament ocial or participant
immediately preceding, during or immediately following a game or arising out of
USA Softball Activities.
• Commission of fraud, such as playing under an assumed name, falsifying an
adavit or roster or giving false information to tournament ocials.
• Participating when they do not meet the eligibility requirements of USA Softball.
• Knowingly competing with or against individuals or teams which are suspended
from USA Softball play.
• Commission of any act while participating in USA Softball activities such as:
failure to pay indebtedness, destruction of property, violation of state or local laws
or any other acts that are contrary to the objectives and purposes of USA Softball
or arising out of USA Softball Activities.
• Violation of USA Softball substance abuse policies and procedures.
• Forfeiting a game in championship play.
• Bullying, hazing, harassment, emotional misconduct, physical misconduct, and
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sexual misconduct (including child sexual abuse and sexual harassment) as dened
by the U.S. Center for SafeSport’s SafeSport program at https://uscenterforsafesport.org/.
• Interference with any USA Softball Hearing Process as cited in the Bylaws.
• Other misconduct that reasonably calls into question the participants suitability to
participate in the applicable activity. (as of Nov 2017)
What is the U.S. Center for SafeSport?
The U.S. Center for SafeSport is an initiative started by the United States Olympic Com-
mittee whose mission is to make athlete well-being the centerpiece of sports participation.
SafeSport requires that athletes participate in sports free from bullying, hazing, sexual
misconduct or any form of physical or emotional abuse. The Center is headquartered in
Denver, Colorado and administers complaints and imposes discipline on behalf of each
National Governing Body of the United States Olympic Committee.
Who specically is subject to the Jurisdiction of the Center for SafeSport?
Any person who qualies under the denition of a “Participant” is subject to the jurisdic-
tion of the Center for SafeSport.
“Participant” is dened in the SafeSport Code as follows:
Any individual who is seeking to be, currently is, or was at the time of the alleged Safe-
Sport Code violation:
a. A member or license holder of an NGB [national governing body], LAO [Local
Aliated Organization] or USOC [United States Olympic Committee]
b. An employee of an NGB, LAO, or USOC
c. Within the governance or disciplinary jurisdiction of an NGB, LAO or USOC
d. Authorized approved, or appointed by an NGB, LAO, or USOC to ahe regular contact
with Minor Athletes.
(SafeSport Code, e. 4/15/2019, notes omitted). The USOC is now known as the United
States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC). NGB is dened as a National
Governing Body of the USOC, of which USA Softball is a national governing body for
the sport of amateur softball.
LAO is dened in the SafeSport Code as a Local Aliated Organization, which is dened
as a regional, state or local club or organization that is directly aliated with an NGB
or that is aliated with an NGB by its direct aliation with a regional or state aliate of
said NGB. LAO does not include a regional state or local club or organization that is
only a member of a National Member Organization of an NGB.
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What types of disciplinary complaints are administered by the Center for SafeS-
port and what types of disciplinary complaints are administered by USA Softball?
The Center for SafeSport has the exclusive jurisdiction to investigate and resolve allega-
tions that a Participant has engaged in one or more of the following:
1. Sexual Misconduct;
2. Criminal Charges or Dispositions involving Child Abuse or Sexual Misconduct;
3. Misconduct related to reporting, where the underlying allegation involves child abuse
or sexual misconduct;
4. Aiding and Abetting, when it relates to the Center for SafeSport’s process;
5. Misconduct related to the Center for SafeSport’s process; and
6. Other Inappropriate Conduct (as dened in the SafeSport Code, and including )
Unless specically instructed otherwise by the Center for SafeSport, USA Softball
will generally investigate, administer and resolve allegations that a member engaged
in one or more of the following:
1. Non-Sexual Child Abuse;
2. Emotional and physical misconduct
3. Bullying
4. Hazing
5. Non-Sexual Harassment;
6. Criminal Charges or Dispositions not involving Child Abuse or Sexual Misconduct;
7. Violations of the Minor Athlete Abuse Prevention Policies, or other proactive policy
violations.
How does a person le a Disciplinary Complaint with the Center for SafeSport?
Form and Manner of SafeSport Sexual Misconduct Disciplinary Complaints. For Dis-
ciplinary Complaints involving “Sexual Misconduct or “Other Inappropriate Conduct”
against by a “Participant” (as those term is dened in the SafeSport Code), Complaints
shall be made directly to SafeSport pursuant to the SafeSport rules and procedures at
https://uscenterforsafesport.org/. To the extent a Disciplinary Complaint alleges any
form of “Sexual Misconduct” or “Other Inappropriate Conduct”, it will be administered
by the U.S. Center for SafeSport of Denver, Colorado (https://uscenterforsafesport.
org/) and, in lieu of reporting to USA Softball, should be reported directly to the U.S.
Center for SafeSport by calling (720) 524-5640 (M-F 8am-5pm MT) or online at https://
uscenterforsafesport.org/. The U.S. Center For SafeSport administers its investigations,
complaints and discipline pursuant to its own procedures and SafeSport Code, which
can be found at https://uscenterforsafesport.org/
Is Reporting Mandatory? Yes, Adult Participants are REQUIRED to report suspected
sexual misconduct to the U.S. Center for SafeSport and also may be required under
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168
federal law to report such suspicions to law enforcement or child protective services. A
failure to timely report may result in being charged under federal criminal statutes and/
or subject the person to discipline by the U.S. Center for SafeSport.
What procedures govern Complaints and Discipline not administered by the Center
for SafeSport?
All non-SafeSport disciplinary complaints (including non-sexual hazing, harassment
bullying, physical misconduct, emotional misconduct) will be administered by the USA
Softball Local Association Commissioner for the area in which the oending conduct
occurred, in accordance with the procedures and rules outlined in Article 15 of the By-
laws of USA Softball at https://www.teamusa.org/usa-softball/about-usa-sb/governance
USA Softball requires all persons to immediately report any suspicions of child abuse to
local law enforcement, Child Protective Services agencies, and/or the Federal Bureau
of Investigation.
Additional information and resources, including Awareness and Prevention Resources
are available at: https://uscenterforsafesport.org/
Requirements USAS Board
of Directors
and Staff
Adults in
J.O. Youth
Program
Adult
Participants
Background Check Through PYS
x x
Background Check Through NCSI
x
SafeSport Training and Regular
Refresher
x x
Adherence to M.A.A.P.P.
x x
Centralized US Center for Safe
Sport Disciplinary Complaint
Adjudication for Sexual Misconduct
and Other Inappropriate Conduct
x x x
CARDIOPULMONARY RESCUSITATION (CPR)
CPR is a specialized skill to endeavor to revive victims of cardiac arrest (no breathing,
no pulse). CPR training is regularly available by certied instructors trained by the American
Red Cross, American Heart Association and other organizations. Traditionally, CPR
includes clearing the air passage, mouth-to-mouth breathing and chest-compressions.
Recent studies and advisories suggest that untrained bystander-rescuers should be
encouraged to provide compression-only CPR (a/k/a hands-only CPR) if they are unable
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169
or unwilling to provide mouth-to-mouth breathing, although the best method of CPR is
still compressions coordinated with mouth-to-mouth breathing.
Being trained in CPR is an invaluable skill not only in connection with softball but also
in connection with your workplace environment, your family, and your everyday life.
USA Softball has no particular expertise in this area but everyone is encouraged to
become familiar with these issues and/or certied in CPR. For more information:
• Please visit www.americanheart.org/handsonlycpr to learn more about Hands-Only
CPR.
• Please visit: www.americanheart.org/cpr to learn more about conventional CPR or
to nd a CPR class near you.
1
Source: Sayre, M.R., et al. "Hands-Only (Compression-Only) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Call to
Action for Bystander Response to Adults Who Experience Out-of-Hospital Sudden Cardiac Arrest. A Science
Advisory for the Public From the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular, March 31, 2008 ©
2008 American Heart Association, Inc. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/117/16/2162
A GUIDE TO CRISIS MANAGEMENT
FOR USA SOFTBALL
The headlines seem to come with increasing frequency. Child severely injured sliding
into home plate...lightning strikes player in the outeld...ght breaks out after game. As
a youth-serving professional, would you and your sta know what to do if something
terrible were to happen? How would you and your sta react to an unexpected life-
threatening, chaotic and emotionally charged situation?
While it is impossible to anticipate every event, you can develop a framework for respond-
ing to crises that may increase the likelihood of a good outcome.
The purpose of this section is to provide you with the tools and critical thinking skills
which you can use to help you make the best decisions when you are challenged by
circumstances beyond your immediate control.
If you already have a crisis plan in place, use this guide to rene or rearm what you
have developed. If you don’t have a plan, we hope that you will use this outline as a
starting point. In either instance, share your plan and crisis management information
with your coaches. Educate them. Practice.
Just don’t wait for a crisis to happen before you begin guring out what to do.
What is a crisis? When asked to dene “crisis,” most people would respond by describing
a cataclysmic event, like a tornado, hurricane, medical emergency or an emotionally trying
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situation. Because the experience of a crisis is highly individualized, what represents a
crisis for one person may not be experienced as a crisis by someone else.
When a crisis has occurred, we are faced with incomprehensible uncertainty. We don’t
know what lies ahead. The aftermath might include serious injury, loss of life, damage
to property and reputation, or litigation.
No two people will dene “crisis” in the same way. It may help, however, to keep the
following in mind:
• A crisis is an unstable or crucial time or state of aairs, an emotionally signicant
event, a radical change in the status of a person’s life due to bodily injury or death,
or a serious endangerment to property in which a decisive change for better or worse
is impending.
• In crisis situations, it is obvious or highly likely that a third party (such as the police,
medical personnel, or an insurance company) will be involved in some way.
Before the Crisis: Preparation is the key to eective crisis management. The best time
to think about how to handle a potential situation is well before it happens. Setting aside
“Think Time” now to outline a crisis management plan may increase the likelihood of a
positive outcome and minimize “Response Time” after a crisis has occurred. We urge
you to put together a kit that contains these guidelines and other materials you may
need in a crisis.
Call your local emergency management agency (EMA) to identify potential natural and
man-made disasters that may aect your area. Once you have identied potential expo-
sures, arrange a meeting with your EMA for additional suggestions that will help make your
crisis management responses more specic to the disasters that may occur in your area.
Remember, in addition to preserving life and health, your crisis management plan should
also protect your organizational structure and operations, personnel, and services you
provide. Consider storing duplicate business records in a secured, osite location. Re-
view your plan at least once a year with your coaches and volunteers, so it is practiced
and current.
Responding to a Crisis: As you develop your crisis management plan, design your
communications strategy. You may need to communicate while the crisis is happen-
ing. For example, you have just become aware of an allegation of molestation in the
locker room. Developing a code word or signal ahead of time and using it when a crisis
occurs will let your coaches know it’s time to implement the crisis management plan.
Immediately following the event, the steps you take should be responsive in nature.
Planned, practiced actions can help you avoid chaos and lower the risk of additional
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negative consequences.
During the rst few minutes, concentrate on gathering accurate, concise information.
This information will help you respond immediately and eliminate confusion later.
Realize that things are likely to happen rapidly and often simultaneously. Stay focused,
but exible when carrying out the rst steps of your plan. You may need to change the
order of the following actions.
Action Steps
1 Find Out: Find out and record exactly what happened; which individuals were
involved; and their current location, present condition, and immediate needs. Note
any actions that have been taken so far. Ascertain who was in charge or supervis-
ing when the incident occurred, and determine who is in charge now. Assess which
resources you now have available, which outside resources may be called in, and
how such assistance will be delivered. Document the facts as you learn them. Keep
a notebook and pen or pencil in your crisis response kit.
Essential facts checklist
• What happened?
• Who was involved?
• Where are they now?
• What is their present condition?
• What action has been taken so far?
• Who was supervising/coaching?
• Who is in charge?
• What internal resources are available?
• What outside resources are needed?
• How will assistance be delivered?
• When did the incident occur?
As you get the facts about what happened or is still happening, it’s important to
determine if the crisis is life threatening or not. If you are faced with an encroach-
ment of a life-threatening situation, you may need to take immediate action before
you contact emergency services.
2 Call Emergency Services: Equipped with facts, call 911 or the appropriate emer-
gency services. Telephone numbers to emergency services should be prominently
maintained in your coaching manuals, and kept in cell phones so that they can be
accessed quickly and easily. Always carry directions to the ball eld where you are
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playing. In a crisis, it may be dicult to provide precise directions to emergency
personnel. Consider adding a fully-charged cellular telephone, with telephone number
clearly posted on it, to your crisis response kit. This way, if no telephone services
are available, you may still be able to communicate.
Calls made at this time should be kept to an absolute minimum. Limit your calls to
the following:
Emergency Medical Services: DDescribe the situation accurately and quickly. The
facts you have gathered will help you to respond to the dispatcher’s questions and
increase the likelihood of a prompt and proper response. Remember to ask relevant
questions. For example, if children or adults have been injured, nd out what actions
should be taken before the emergency medical personnel arrive.
We recommend having one or more coaches certied in CPR and First Aid on the
premises at all times.
Fire Department: You may need to alert the re department, even if there is no
evidence of re. There may be unknown hazards present—gas leaks, hazardous
chemical spills, for example—that the re department can identify and remedy.
Police Department: If a crime has occurred, notify the police immediately. The police
can also be helpful in securing and controlling access to the area.
Special circumstances may require calls to other authorities or agencies. For instance,
call the Poison Control Center if you suspect that a child or adult has ingested a
harmful substance. If you suspect that a child is missing, immediately call the National
Center for Missing and Exploited Children. The Center can mobilize resources and
coordinate a search with the FBI and local authorities. Keep in mind that the rst
minutes and hours after a child is suspected missing are often the most important
in obtaining a successful recovery.
3 Stabilize the Situation: With help on the way, your attention can be directed to
stabilizing the situation. You can accomplish this by accounting for those involved,
assessing their condition, removing everyone from further harm, and controlling the
activity at the scene.
When you develop your plan, identify individuals who can act as “greeters.” Greeters
help monitor the ow of trac, keep unauthorized individuals out of the crisis area,
and direct press inquiries to a designated spokesperson. The individuals you select
for this role should be diplomatic but authoritative, articulate, and level-headed. Greet-
ers also need to be well versed on your crisis management plan. Provide them with
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brief, bullet points of information about how the media can contact the designated
spokesperson, as well as how, when, and where parents can retrieve their children.
As soon as possible, disperse these greeters to strategic areas (entrances, exits)
with appropriate instructions. When something terrible happens, people who want
to help, onlookers, media and less well-intentioned people often ock to the site.
Account for all individuals involved. In the confusion of the moment, it may be dicult
to remember everyone’s name. A current roster and list of players and volunteers
should be placed in your crisis response kit. Consider making a duplicate of your
sign in sheet, and periodically placing the duplicate in your crisis response kit.
Checklist for Stabilization
• Deal with hazards in the area.
• Disperse greeters.
• Account for individuals; gather in a central location.
• Attend to the needs of the injured.
• Look for additional injuries.
• Attend to the needs of the non-injured.
• Assign a coach or trusted parent volunteer to care for the uninjured children.
• Preserve everything involved in the incident.
Immediately attend to the needs of those people who are obviously injured, and
search for others who may have been injured. Administer care following the
instruc tions you receive from Emergency Services. After injured individuals have
been cared for or placed in the care of a qualied person such as an EMT, turn your
attention to the non-injured individuals who may have witnessed the event.
If possible, gather the non-injured individuals in a centralized location. This area
should be free from hazards and access should be restricted. Use barriers if they
are available, and station a greeter at the entrance and exit to the area.
Assign an adequate number of sta members to care for the uninjured children. It
is important to maintain a balance between the demands of the crisis and the need
for continuity of everyday activities. Children should be closely observed. Some
children may seem to be okay, even though they may be hurt or deeply aected by
the incident. Sometimes the crisis will elicit memories of earlier trauma. Watch for
these “silent suerers,” and make sure that they receive appropriate care and
attention.
In your crisis planning, consider using a, child care center, school, church or
synagogue as a possible evacuation site. Make arrangements to use these facilities
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174
in advance, and store emergency supplies at these locations. If necessary, plan
ahead for the safe transportation of the children in your care to these alternative
emergency facilities.
Finally, preserve the integrity of the scene to the best of your ability. Some items can
provide important forensic evidence for police, medical personnel, insurance
companies and others. Restrict as much of the aected area and objects as
circumstances allow.
4 Establish Crisis Headquarters: Once the immediate pressure of the crisis has
abated and the situation has been stabilized, organize crisis headquarters. Look
for an area that is reasonably quiet and secluded. A calm atmosphere will allow for
clear thinking and an opportunity to make phone calls without distraction. Scout
possible locations in advance, and nd at least one alternative that ts the bill.
Store emergency equipment and supplies in a pre-designated area or backpack so
that they can be easily and rapidly moved into crisis headquarters. When headquar-
ters is functional, take some time to think about a protocol for the phone calls you
will make. A telephone protocol is a statement or script that you and designated
sta can use to impart information about the crisis accurately and consistently. This
procedure can help reduce speculation and contain the “emotional temperature.”
Set up a log for incoming and outgoing telephone calls. It’s extremely important
that you maintain a record of what has been communicated, with whom you spoke
and when the conversation occurred. This log should be maintained until the crisis
is completely resolved.
5 Contact Parents/Guardians of Children Involved: Your rst communication with
the parents and guardians of children involved in the incident can be a very dicult
task. At this point, take some time to think about what you want to communicate.
Put yourself in a parent’s place. How would you want someone to deliver this kind
of news? What would you want to know? How might you react?
For now, focus on informing the parents and guardians of the children who have been
directly involved — injured, harmed or adversely aected — in the crisis. Carefully
compose a script for these conversations that provides the facts of the situation,
and reects your concern for the well-being of parents, guardians, and children.
Oer to make arrangements for parents or guardians to travel to the hospital, your
facility or emergency location. Coordinate their arrival and arrange for suitable ac-
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commodations once they have arrived.
6 Mobilize the Crisis Team: Your professional and business advisors, as well as com-
munity leaders and agencies, may be able to oer you assistance in responding to
the aftermath of a crisis. Activate these resources now.
In assessing the range of care and supervision needed, consider the crisis’ impact
on each of the following groups:
• Individuals directly involved in the incident;
• those closely aected by the incident; and
• your community — other children, parents, guardians, volunteers, and others with
whom you regularly interact.
Once you have an understanding of the kind of care you need, begin to plan the level
of intervention that the situation requires. There are three levels of intervention to
consider: the team’s crisis response team; local community resources; and outside
resources. Identify the areas in which you will need assistance. Seek clergy and
mental health providers who have experience in responding to crises.
Each member of your team should have a clearly dened role. During
implementation, coordinate the ow of information between team members.
Realize that children, other coaches and volunteers may show secondary eects of
involvement in or having witnessed an incident. Keep track of everyone involved in
the event, even if they withdraw from your program. Unexpressed anger, for example,
can lead to an accumulation of resentment. Follow up with those involved and nd
out how they are doing.
7 Call Emergency Resources: Contact the appropriate emergency resources to
help with cleanup, repair, and continued management of the crisis. Your crisis re-
sponse kit should contain a list of these resources, contact names and their oce
and emer- gency phone numbers. For your convenience, we have prepared a list
of emergency resources and have supplied phone numbers for national resources
such as the American Red Cross, the Center for Disease Control, and the Federal
Emergency Management Agency.
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Suggested Emergency Resources:
National: Community: Facility Specic:
American Red Cross
1-800-REDCROSS
Animal Control Agency Electrician
Centers for Disease Control
800-CDC-INFO
Emergency Hotline 770-488-7100
Hospitals, local and regional Equipment Rental Services
Environmental Protection
Agency
National Response Center
1-800-424-8802
Gas and Electric
Company
Fire Equipment Service
Company
Child Protective Services/
Childhelp® USA National Child
Abuse Hotline at 800-4-A-CHILD
(1-800-422-4453)
Health Departments,
local and state
Food Service Vendors
Poison Control Center Hotline
800-222-1222
Telephone Company Plumber
FEMA/Department of
Homeland Security
1-800-621-FEMA (3362)
DHS Citizen Line: 202-282-8000
Water Company Transportation Services
Family or Women’s Shelter Tree Care Specialist
8 Call Support Resources: Establish relationships with advisors and community
resources well in advance of a crisis so that they can be quickly mobilized if a crisis
occurs. Identify people who have had specic experience in crisis response. When
you solicit the assistance of these individuals, ask whether there will be a fee as-
sociated with their participation. Note this in your crisis response les, along with
the day and after-hours telephone numbers for your contacts.
Suggested support resources:
• Insurance agent/company
• Appropriate USA Softball Ocials
• Business partners/Board of Directors
• Attorney/law rm
• Neighboring schools, child care centers, camps
• Clergy
• Mental health professionals
• Physicians
• Professional associations
• Public relations advisors
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9 Contact Other Parents/Guardians: Contact the parents and guardians of those
who were not directly involved in the incident, and tell them what has occurred. You
can do this by telephone or letter, depending on the level of urgency required by the
situation.
Begin your message by acknowledging that an incident has occurred. Assure
parents that their child was not involved in the incident. Provide basic facts about
the incident, but do not discuss details or identify individuals who were involved in
the incident. Inform parents about the level of support that was or will be provided
to their child.
Close by thanking the parents for their patience and understanding, and encourage
them to contact you if they have any questions or concerns.
We suggest having your attorney review the notice prior to its release. Whether you
communicate by phone or mail, keep a log of all telephone calls and correspon-
dence received in response to your message. Maintain the log until the issue has
been fully resolved.
10 Manage the Media: Crises which involve children seem to attract a large amount
of media attention. If your program experiences a ¬crisis, you should expect that
the media will become involved. How you handle the media can have a signicant
impact on your personal, your team and your organization’s reputation.
Fortunately, there are steps you can take that may alleviate “bad press.” Consider notify-
ing media contacts after a crisis has occurred — before they contact you. Review all of
the information that you plan to provide the media with your attorney before releasing it.
Consider asking your attorney to be present when you speak with media representatives.
Make arrangements to meet with the press in one place, at one time. During this meeting,
try to place the incident in a historical perspective. Describe your program, your overall
safety record and business practices. Ask the media for balanced, not sensational, report-
ing of the incident. Provide them with the basic facts of the incident, avoid speculation
and assigning blame. Do not release the names or any other personal information about
the people involved in the event. Also, keep in mind that when meeting with the media,
nothing is “o the record.”
Post Incident Follow-Up
11 Post Incident Actions: In the weeks and months following the incident, carry out
status checks with those persons involved, their families and others aected by the
incident. Similarly, contact members of your crisis response team. Ask them to help
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evaluate your response. Focus on what you could do better, and update your crisis
response plan accordingly. Periodically check your crisis response supplies and kit,
so that they are complete and up-to-date.
Crisis Response Kit
• Notebooks, pencils, pens
• A cell phone/charged/extra battery/with number posted on phone
• Emergency services telephone numbers
• Current roster with medications & special needs
• Child prole kits
• List of coaches and volunteers
• List of emergency contact numbers for children & coaches
• List of emergency resources and telephone numbers
• List of support resources and telephone numbers
• List of media contacts
• Copy of crisis response plan
• Flashlight
• National Oceanograhic & Atmospheric Administration weather radio
(battery-operated)
• Blankets
• First aid kit
• Batteries
• Bottled water—at least a 24-hour supply
• Snacks
• Permission to treat/health forms
• Disposable camera with ash
• Current phone book
• Change for pay phones
• Whistles
12 Organize Files and Prepare Reports: During the course of the crisis, you will have
compiled a great deal of information. Shortly afterward, you should organize the data
you have collected. Make copies of your incident notes, telephone logs, prepared
statements, etc., so that you can use this material in compiling reports you write or
le.
Reports should be prepared and preserved in consultation with your attorney and
insurance agent. These reports should be factual in content and should contain a
description of everything that happened and how you and others responded. Do
not release reports to anyone who is not specically authorized by your attorney or
others representing your interests. If you can, arrange face-to-face meetings with
investigators or conrm their identity with a third party.
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Be sure to le all claims and incident reports with the appropriate authorities in a
timely manner. These include medical, property, liability and workers’ compensation
insurance claims, reports to child welfare authorities, OSHA and other state/local
regulatory agencies. Cooperate fully with any ongoing investigations conducted by
the authorities.
File and reports checklist
• Incident notes
• Telephone logs
• Scripts and statements
• Correspondence
• Insurance claims
- Accident Medical Insurance
- Worker’s Compensation
- Liability
- Property
• Reports
- Child welfare agencies
- OSHA
- Health Department
- State and local agencies
• Press clippings and videos of television coverage
THE IMPORTANCE OF “PLAN B”
You awaken in the morning and discover that a power outage during the night has
reset your alarm clock, causing you to oversleep.
• You’re driving to a meeting and nd yourself hopelessly stuck in trac.
• Your plane arrives in Denver as planned, but your baggage is sent to Atlanta. It’s
midnight and you have a 10 am meeting with an important client.
What do you do? When confronted with obstacles or “what ifs,” we’re often challenged
to come up with “Plan Bs.”
In dealing with crisis, “Plan Bs” take on additional importance. People may not be able
to perform the tasks they’ve been assigned; services expected may not be available;
the situation may have aspects that were unanticipated.
When you review your crisis response plan, take time to develop and document “Plan
Bs.” Help your coaches and parent volunteers understand the multiple tasks or duties
they may be asked to perform.
TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF
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Throughout this process you have been attending to the needs of everyone. Do not
neglect your own care. There are sources of support for you “inside” and “outside” your
facility. Spend time with your sta and children in your care. Reconnect with your core
beliefs (why and how you started coaching).
Take time for physical exercise and relaxation. Give yourself permission to participate
in and enjoy everyday routines, as well as special events. Treat yourself with kindness.
Be aware of, appreciate, and generate humor. Maintain involvement in professional and
community activities.
Remember, none of us is alone. Avoid isolation. Spend time with friends. Don’t hesitate
to develop a relationship with a mental health professional who can help you work
through this dicult experience.
ISSUES CONCERNING SOFTBALL PARTICIPATION
WITH MEDICAL CONDITIONS, INCLUDING PREGNANCY
Participants who have certain medical conditions, including pregnancy, may have
heightened risks or may be susceptible to additional risks of injury from softball activities.
USA Softball has no particular medical expertise and therefore cannot advise participants
as to the risks associated with their participation in softball with a particular medical
condition or while pregnant.
Before deciding to proceed with participation in softball, (if the participant has not already
done so), the participant should consult with a qualied medical professional concern-
ing whether it is safe for him/her (and/or her unborn child) to continue participating in
softball while pregnant or with said medical condition and, if so, the participant should
consult with their doctor concerning how he/she should continue to participate and/or
how long he/she should continue to participate.
Please be aware that there are risks and dangers associated with participation in softball
while having a medical condition or while you are pregnant. Continued participation in
softball during pregnancy poses risks to your health and well being and the health and
well being of your unborn child. This Guide contains a copy of the Warning, Disclosure
and Disclaimer contained in our organization’s governing documentation. As a result of
your medical condition or pregnancy, there may be additional risks and dangers associ-
ated with your participation in softball activities and/or the existing risks and dangers
may be heightened while your medical condition exists. For those who are pregnant,
the existing, heightened and/or additional risks and dangers will apply not only to you
but also to your unborn child.
Depending on the circumstances, you may be required to present a signed authoriza-
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tion from a qualied medical professional before being able to continue to participate.
To the extent you choose to take a temporary leave of absence from participation while
you are pregnant or have a medical condition, upon your return, you will not be penal-
ized in any manner by USA Softball as a result of your temporary leave of absence.
Please consider the above information and consult with your medical professionals
concerning your continued participation in softball activities.
CONCUSSIONS AWARENESS
CDC Concussions Awareness — The Facts:
• A concussion is a brain injury.
• All concussions are serious.
• Most concussions occur without loss of consciousness.
• Concussions can occur in any sport or recreation activity.
• Recognition and proper response to concussions when they rst occur can help
prevent further injury or even death.
A bump, blow, or jolt to the head can cause a concussion, a type of traumatic brain
injury (TBI). Concussions can also occur from a blow to the body that causes the head
to move rapidly back and forth. Even a “ding,” “getting your bell rung,” or what seems
to be a mild bump or blow to the head can be serious.
Recognizing A Possible Concussion: To help recognize a concussion, you should watch
for and ask others to report the following two things among your athletes:
• A forceful bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body that results in rapid movement
of the head.
and
• Any change in the athlete’s behavior, thinking, or physical functioning.
Athletes who experience one or more of the signs and symptoms listed below after a
bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body should be kept out of play the day of the injury
and until a health care professional, experienced in evaluating for concussion, says they
are symptom-free and it’s OK to return to play.
Signs Observed By Coaching Sta
• Appears dazed or stunned
• Is confused about assignment or position
• Forgets an instruction
• Is unsure of game, score, or opponent
• Moves clumsily
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• Answers questions slowly
• Loses consciousness (even briey)
• Shows mood, behavior, or personality changes
• Can’t recall events prior to hit or fall
• Can’t recall events after hit or fall
Symptoms Reported By Athlete
• Headache or “pressure” in head
• Nausea or vomiting
• Balance problems or dizziness
• Double or blurry vision
• Sensitivity to light
• Sensitivity to noise
• Feeling sluggish, hazy, foggy, or groggy
• Concentration or memory problems
• Confusion
• Just not “feeling right” or is “feeling down”
Danger Signs: In rare cases, a dangerous blood clot may form on the brain in a person
with a concussion and crowd the brain against the skull. An athlete should receive im-
mediate medical attention if after a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body s/he exhibits
any of the following danger signs:
• One pupil larger than the other
• Is drowsy or cannot be awakened
• A headache that not only does not diminish, but gets worse
• Weakness, numbness, or decreased coordination
• Repeated vomiting or nausea
• Slurred speech
• Convulsions or seizures
• Cannot recognize people or places
• Becomes increasingly confused, restless, or agitated
• Has unusual behavior
• Loses consciousness (even a brief loss of consciousness should be taken seriously)
When A Concussion Is Suspected: If you suspect that an athlete has a concussion,
implement your four-step action plan:
1 Remove the athlete from play. Look for signs and symptoms of a concussion if your
athlete has experienced a bump or blow to the head or body. When in doubt, sit
them out.
2 Ensure that the athlete is evaluated by a health care professional experienced in
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evaluating for concussion. Do not try to judge the severity of the injury yourself.
Health care professionals have a number of methods that they can use to assess
the severity of concussions. As a coach, recording the following information can
help health care professionals in assessing the athlete after the injury:
• Cause of the injury and force of the hit or blow to the head or body
• Any loss of consciousness (passed out/knocked out) and if so, for how long
• Any memory loss immediately following the injury
• Any seizures immediately following the injury
• Number of previous concussions (if any)
3 Inform the athlete’s parents or guardians about the possible concussion and give
them CDC’s fact sheet on concussion. This fact sheet can help parents monitor the
athlete for sign or symptoms that appear or get worse once the athlete is at home
or returns to school.
4 Keep the athlete out of play the day of the injury and until a health care professional,
experienced in evaluating for concussion, says s/he is symptom-free and it’s OK
to return to play. A repeat concussion that occurs before the brain recovers from the
rst—usually within a short period of time (hours, days, or weeks)—can slow recovery
or increase the likelihood of having long-term problems. In rare cases, repeat
concussions can result in edema (brain swelling), permanent brain damage, and
even death.
Get more information and educational resources on concussion, at:
https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/basics/index.html
Please also familiarize yourself with and comply with any State or Local laws that govern
concussion awareness, concussion education and training, concussion protocols and/
or other legal requirements which may apply in your jurisdiction.
The above information was provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Also,
please note that concussion awareness disclosures, protocols and requirements may be
mandated by state or local law. Consult applicable laws for legal requirements. Also, take
a free online training course on Concussion in Sports at www.nfhslearn.com.
AIR QUALITY AWARENESS
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SAFETY AWARENESS GUIDE
All persons, especially children, are at risk for health eects from exposure to wildre
smoke or poor air quality conditions. When participating in outdoor events, please be
aware of air quality conditions that may adversely aect participants and take necessary
precautions to minimize such risks.
A Wildre Smoke Fact Sheet is available from the U.S. E.P.A. at:
https://www3.epa.gov/airnow/smoke_res/protecting-children-from-wildre-smoke-
and-ash.pdf
Current Air Quality information (Current AQI) is available online from the website www.
airnow.gov or your State’s air quality agency website.
