Motorcycle Rider
Handbook
Transport for NSW
nsw.gov.au
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 1
This Motorcycle Rider Handbook covers the main road rules and
requirements for riding on NSW roads.
It is written using plain, easy to understand language and should not be
taken as a precise interpretation of the law. See the current and complete set
of Road Rules at legislation.nsw.gov.au
This handbook is reviewed and updated periodically. Check our website for
the latest information.
In this handbook, the words ‘must’ or ‘must not’ are used for rules that you
have to follow. The words ‘should’ or ‘should not’ are used when explaining
safe and low-risk riding.
We have other useful resources for motorcycle riders including:
• Road User Handbook – the main road rules and requirements for using
NSW roads, available on our website, from a service centre or by calling
13 22 13
• Ride to Live website – motorcycle tips, trips and an interactive hazard
test at ridetolive.nsw.gov.au
Motorcycle Rider Handbook2
The Motorcycle Rider Handbook covers the main rules you need to know
to ride legally and safely on NSW roads. It’s essential reading for anyone
wanting to ride. It will prepare you for the challenges of riding and reduce
your risk on the road.
Motorcycling can be fun, cost-effective and help to reduce your carbon
footprint. But riders are at a greater risk of being killed or injured in a crash.
Riders do not have the same protection as car drivers, so motorcycle riding
can also be hazardous.
Read this handbook and the Road User Handbook as they will help you gain
the knowledge you need to get a learner rider licence.
This handbook can also be used by other riders and road users to check the
rules, understand their legal responsibilities and learn safe, low risk riding
behaviour.
We have a responsibility to share our roads, use them safely. Enjoy your
riding, but above all, ride to survive.
Introduction
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 3
Introduction 2
How to use this handbook 6
Licensing 8
Obligations of licence holders 8
Bribing people is against the law 8
Having the correct licence 9
Riding without a licence 9
Motorcycle Graduated Licensing Scheme 10
Licence types 12
Learner rider licence 12
Provisional P1 rider licence 14
Provisional P2 rider licence 16
How to get a rider licence 18
Rider training courses 20
Rider management 22
Concentration 22
Protective clothing 24
Safe riding 30
Observation 32
Scanning 30
Speed management 32
Maintain space to the front 32
Maintain space when stopped 33
Maintain space behind you 34
Reduce speed 34
Road positioning 35
Space, surface and sight 35
Contents
Motorcycle Rider Handbook4
Contents
Examples of buffering 38
Vehicles following 40
Vision 40
Blind crests 41
Multi-laned roads 42
Overtaking 44
Turns at intersections 46
Positioning for curves and bends 47
The danger of exiting wide 48
Planning a series of curves 50
Riding in groups 51
Making decisions 52
Gap selection 52
Hazard perception 53
Responding to hazards 53
Examples of situations that require a response 54
Basic riding techniques 55
Riding posture 55
Braking technique 55
The five key points of riding posture apply to all
types of motorcycles 56
Steering technique 58
Leaning with the motorcycle in a curve 59
Road rules for motorcycle riders 61
Motorcycle specific road rules and signs 61
Riding on a motorcycle 61
Helmets 61
Keeping left 62
Hand signals 62
Lending or borrowing a motorcycle 63
Motorcycle warning signs 63
Riding at night 63
Carrying passengers and loads 64
Motorcycle passengers 64
Sidecar passengers 64
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 5
Contents
Loading 65
Towing and being towed 65
Parking 66
Motorcycle parking 66
Restrictions on where to ride 66
Road and road related areas 66
Riding on footpaths 67
Transit lanes 67
Bus lanes 67
Bus only lanes 67
T-way lanes 67
Bicycle lanes 67
Motorcycle safety and compliance 70
Number plates 70
Suitable for safe road use 71
Penalties 74
Traffic offences 74
Demerit points for traffic offences 74
Speeding offences 74
Over the speed limit by 30km/h and 45km/h 74
Other serious riding offences 75
Negligent or dangerous riding causing injury or death 75
Street or drag racing 76
Drink riding 76
Riding without a licence 76
Fine defaults 77
Glossary 79
Index 83
Motorcycle Rider Handbook6
This handbook is divided into sections, so it is easier to find what you need
to know about licensing and safe riding skills. At the end of each section is a
summary of the information to help remember important key points.
You will need to refer to this handbook, along with the Road User Handbook,
if you want to do the tests required for a rider licence.
Section 2: Licences
Is about getting a licence and covers:
• the motorcycle licensing system
• steps to get a full licence
• Rider Knowledge Test
• the eyesight test and proof of identity
• obligations of licence holders.
Section 3: Rider Management
Increase your safety when riding by:
• recognising and managing fatigue
• avoiding alcohol and other drugs
• wearing protective clothing.
Section 4: Safe Riding
Provides safe riding behaviours for riders including:
• observation, speed management and road positioning
• crash avoidance space.
Section 5: Road rules for motorcycle riders
The rules every rider must know about:
• motorcycle specific road rules and signs
• carrying passengers and loads
• parking
• restrictions on where to ride.
How to use
this handbook
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 7
How to use this handbook
Section 6: Motorcycle safety and compliance
All motorcycles using NSW roads must be roadworthy and registered. This
section covers:
• motorcycle registration
• number plates
• tyres (pressure, tread and wear)
• how to ensure a motorcycle is safe for road use.
Section 7: Penalties
An overview of traffic offences and penalties including:
• exceeding the speed limit, demerit points, fines and licence suspension
• serious, negligent and dangerous riding offences
• burnouts, street and drag racing
• drink and unlicensed riding
• non-payment of traffic fines.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook8
In NSW getting your rider licence is a journey. You starting off as a learner
and then gradually progressing to a full licence over 2 or 4 years. This builds
your experience so you become a safe and skilled rider.
The purpose of this book, our rider training and licence tests is to give you the
skills you need to ride safely.
Obligations of licence holders
Holding a rider licence gives you freedom but also brings responsibility. It’s a
commitment between you and the NSW community to keep the roads safe
for everyone.
When you get your licence, do not abuse or misuse it. If you do, you risk
heavy penalties and may lose your licence.
Bribery is against the law
It is illegal to offer, request or accept gifts, rewards, money or other favours
to get a licence without passing the required tests.
Penalties are severe and include fines and imprisonment. All cases of
corruption will be reported and investigated, and strong action will be
taken against all those involved.
If you know or believe that someone has got or is about to get a NSW
licence by offering or responding to a request for a bribe – or if you
suspect or know of any other corruption involving a NSW Government
employee call:
• Transport for NSW on 1800 302 750 (free call)
• The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) on
(02) 8281 5999.
This includes Transport for NSW accredited Registered Training
Organisations (RTO) and their assessors.
Licensing
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 9
Licensing
Having the correct licence
It is very important to have the correct licence when you ride. You must
have:
• a current rider licence. It must not be expired, cancelled or suspended
• the correct licence class for the type of motorcycle you are riding
• a NSW licence if you are a resident of NSW for more than three months
• an interstate rider licence if you are a visitor from interstate
• a current rider licence from another country if you are a visitor from
overseas. If your licence is not in English you must also carry an
International Driving Permit or an English translation of your
overseas licence.
You must not ride if your licence is disqualified by a court in NSW, another
State or Territory or overseas. If rider privileges for an overseas or interstate
rider are suspended in NSW, they must not ride.
Riding without a licence
You must always carry your licence when riding. Penalties apply for
riding without a licence. See the Penalties section in this book for more
information.
Police can ask to see a licence at any time.
If you’re using a digital licence, make sure your phone is charged and the
screen is not cracked.
You can get a fine for riding without your licence or refusing to show it
when asked.
There is a penalty for allowing an unlicensed or inappropriately licensed
rider to ride your motorcycle. Before you allow someone to ride your
motorcycle check they have the correct licence and the licence is valid.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook10
Licensing
Motorcycle graduated licensing scheme
To get a full (unrestricted) rider (R) licence, a new rider must complete the
motorcycle Graduated Licensing Scheme (GLS). This includes licensing,
training and testing. The training covers the key skills needed for riding on
the road. The training steps are the pre-learner and pre-provisional course
and then the test.
How the scheme works
New riders need to pass three licensing steps to get a full rider licence:
1. Learner rider licence (Ls)
2. Provisional P1 rider licence (red Ps)
3. Provisional P2 rider licence (green Ps) unless exempt.
This gives new riders at least 36 months of experience before graduating to
a full rider licence.
Riders aged 25 and over with a full car licence are exempt from the P2 step.
Zero tolerance of speeding
Any provisional P1 rider caught speeding will have their licence suspended
for a minimum of three months.
When learning to ride a motorcycle it’s a good idea to start on very quiet
streets that you know well. Start off riding only in daylight. Only ride at
night once you gain experience.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 11
Licensing
Steps to getting your rider licence
*
Riders aged 25 and over with a full car licence are exempt from the P2 step.
**
10 years applies to full Class C and R licence holders aged 21 to 44 years.
1. Pre-learner training
• 7 hours over 2 sessions
Pre-learner training
7 hours over 2 sessions
Rider Knowledge Test
Learner rider licence
Minimum 3 months
Valid for 12 months
Pre-provisional training
6-hour course
Motorcycle riding test
Provisional (P1) rider licence
Minimum 12 months
Valid for 18 months
Provisional (P2) rider licence
Minimum 24 months
Valid for 30 months
Full licence
Issue for 1, 3, 5 or 10 years*
*
10 years applies to full Class C and R licence holders aged 21 to 44 years.
2. Rider Knowledge Test
RKT
3. Learner rider licence
• Minimum 3 months
• Valid for 12 months
90
4. Pre-provisional training
• 6-hour course in one day
and
• Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (MOST)
Pre-learner training
7 hours over 2 sessions
Rider Knowledge Test
Learner rider licence
Minimum 3 months
Valid for 12 months
Pre-provisional training
6-hour course
Motorcycle riding test
Provisional (P1) rider licence
Minimum 12 months
Valid for 18 months
Provisional (P2) rider licence
Minimum 24 months
Valid for 30 months
Full licence
Issue for 1, 3, 5 or 10 years*
*
10 years applies to full Class C and R licence holders aged 21 to 44 years.
5. Provisional P1 rider licence
• Minimum 12 months
• Valid for 18 months
6. Provisional P2 rider licence
• Minimum 24 months
• Valid for 30 months unless exempt*
7. Full Licence
• Issued for 12 months, 36 months, 5 or 10 years**
FULL
LICENCE
Motorcycle Rider Handbook12
Licence types
Learner rider licence
To get a Class R (rider) learner licence you need to:
• be at least 16 years and nine months
• successfully complete a pre-learner rider training course
• pass a Rider Knowledge Test (RKT).
The pre-learner rider training course can be completed at the age of 16
years and six months. A learner rider licence expires after 12 months and
for the licence to be re-issued, the training course and RKT must be passed
again. On completion of a rider training course a certificate of competence
is issued. The certificate is valid for three months only and cannot be used
as licence to ride. If the certificate expires before a learner licence is issued,
the course must be completed again. Then a learner rider licence can be
issued. The expiry of a learner licence cannot be extended.
You do not need a current car driver licence to get a learner rider licence.
Suspension or cancellation of learner rider licence
A P1 licence will be suspended for a minimum of 3 months for offences with
4 or more demerit points. Learner riders can have their licence disqualified
by a court for committing an offence. Learners can also be suspended (or in
extreme cases cancelled) for offences including:
• riding a motorcycle not approved for use by novice riders
• not wearing an approved motorcycle helmet
• carrying pillion passengers.
Licensing
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 13
Licensing
Licence restrictions for learners
Automatic transmission You must ride an automatic motorcycle if
motorcycles you if you completed the pre-learner
training on one.
Blood alcohol Your blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
concentration (BAC) must be zero. This means you must not have
any alcohol in your system when you ride.
Display of L plates You must clearly display the plate on the
back of the motorcycle. The whole letter L
must be visible.
Demerit Points Your licence will be suspended if you incur
4 or more points.
Helmet You must wear a motorcycle helmet
complying with:
• AS 1698
• AS/NZS 1698
• UNECES 22.05
Mobile Phones You must not use any function of mobile
phone when riding, even when you’re
stationary, stopped at lights or stuck in
trac.
Motorcycles You must only ride motorcycles on the
Approved Motorcycle for Novice Riders list
on our website. These have:
• an engine capacity not more than 660ml
• a power to weight ratio not more than
150kw per tonne
• a power up to 25kw for electric
motorcycles.
Passengers You must not carry any pillion passengers.
Speed limit You must not ride faster than 90km/h and
must observe the speed limit where it is
below 90km/h.
Lane filtering You must not lane filter.
Towing You must not tow a trailer or any
other vehicle.
Location restrictions You must not ride in Parramatta Park,
Centennial Park or Moore Park when
in Sydney.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook14
Provisional P1 rider licence
To get a provisional P1 rider licence you must;
• be at least 17 years of age
• have held your learner licence for at least 3 months
• pass pre-provisional rider training and skills test.
A certificate of competency is issued when you pass the pre-provisional
training and skills test. The certificate expires after 3 months. You must get
your P1 rider licence before your certificate expires. If you do not, you will
have to complete the training and testing again. The training and testing
must be completed before your learner licence expires.
If you pass the training but fail the skills test, you must redo the skills test
and pass to get a certificate of competency. If you do not pass the test
within 3 months, you need to do the pre-provisional training again.
A P1 rider must be held for at least 12 months before you can apply for a
P2 licence.
Suspension or cancellation of P1 provisional licence
A P1 licence will be suspended for a minimum of 3 months for offences up to
4 or more demerit points. The period of suspension does not count towards
the 12 months needed before you can apply for a P2 licence. P1 riders can
have their licence disqualified by a court for committing an offence. In
extreme cases a P1 licence can be cancelled.
The period a P1 rider is held before a disqualification or cancellation cannot
be counted towards applying for a P2 licence.
Book your pre-provisional course with your preferred rider training
provider. A list of training providers is on our website or call 13 22 13.
Licensing
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 15
Licensing
Licence restrictions for P1 licences
Automatic transmission You must ride an automatic motorcycle
motorcycles if you completed the pre-learner training
on one.
Blood alcohol Your blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
concentration (BAC) must be zero. This means you must not have
any alcohol in your system when you ride.
Display of P plates You must clearly display the plate on the
back of the motorcycle. The whole letter P
must be visible.
Demerit Points Your licence will be suspended if you incur
4 or more points.
Helmet You must wear a motorcycle helmet
complying with:
• AS 1698
• AS/NZS 1698
• UNECES 22.05
Mobile Phones You must not use any function of mobile
phone when riding, even when you’re
stationary, stopped at lights or stuck in
trac.
Motorcycles You must only ride motorcycles on the
Approved Motorcycle for Novice Riders list
on our website. These have:
• an engine capacity not more than 660ml
• a power to weight ratio not more than
150kw per tonne
• a power up to 25kw for electric
motorcycles.
Passengers You must not carry any pillion passengers.
Speed limit You must not ride faster than 90km/h and
must observe the speed limit where it is
below 90km/h.
Lane filtering You must not lane filter.
Towing You must not tow a trailer or any
other vehicle.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook16
Provisional P2 rider licence
To get a provisional P2 rider licence you must be at least 18 years of age.
When you have held your P1 rider licence for at least 12 months, you can
apply for a P2 rider at service.nsw.gov.au
The P2 rider licence is issued for 30 months, you may apply for a full
(unrestricted) licence at service.nsw.gov.au after 24 months.
Suspension or cancellation of provisional P2 licence
A P2 licence will be suspended for a minimum of 3 months for offences
up to 7 or more demerit points. The period of suspension does not count
towards the minimum 24 months needed to apply for a full licence. P2 riders
can have their licence disqualified by a court for committing an offence. In
extreme cases a P2 licence can be cancelled.
The period a P2 rider is held before a disqualification or cancellation cannot
be counted towards a full licence application.
Licensing
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 17
Licensing
Licence restrictions for P2 licences
Blood alcohol Your blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
concentration (BAC) must be zero. This means you must not have
any alcohol in your system when you ride.
Demerit points Your licence will be suspended if you incur
7 or more points.
Display of P plates You must clearly display the plate on the
back of the motorcycle. The whole letter P
must be visible.
Helmet You must wear a motorcycle helmet
complying with:
• AS 1698
• AS/NZS 1698
• UNECES 22.05
Mobile Phones You must not use any function of mobile
phone when riding, even when you’re
stationary, stopped at lights or stuck in
trac.
Motorcycles You must only ride motorcycles on the
Approved Motorcycle for Novice Riders list
on our website. These have:
• an engine capacity not more than 660ml
• a power to weight ratio not more than
150kw per tonne
• a power up to 25kw for electric
motorcycles.
Speed limit You must not ride faster than 100km/h and
must observe the speed limit where it is
below 100km/h.
Lane filtering You must not lane filter.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook18
How to get a rider licence
Learner rider licence
To apply for a learner rider licence (in a declared area) you must pass:
• pre-learner rider training
• Rider Knowledge Test.
If you live in an undeclared area you only need to pass a Rider Knowledge
Test. But all rider licence applicants are encouraged to do rider training for
the development of safe riding skills.
After completing the rider training you will be issued with a pre-learner
certificate of competence (green in colour) valid for 3 months.
Book and pay for your knowledge test:
• online at service.nsw.gov.au
• by calling 13 22 13
• at a service centre.
When you go to do the Rider Knowledge Test you will need:
• proof of identity documents
• certificate of competency (if from a declared area)
• a completed licence application form
• to pass an eyesight test
• to pay the licence fee (unless exempt).
You will be issued a learner rider licence for 12 months after passing the
Rider Knowledge Test.
Provisional P1 rider licence
To apply for a P1 rider licence in a declared area, you must pass the
pre-provisional rider training course. Make sure you book at least 6 weeks
before your learner licence expires.
The pre-provisional training course is 7 hours (one day) and includes the
Motorcycle Operator Skills Test (MOST). After passing the training and
test you will be issued with a pre-learner certificate of competence (red in
colour) valid for 3 months.
Book rider training and testing with your preferred rider training provider.
A list of training providers is on our website or call 13 22 13.
Licensing
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 19
Licensing
To apply for a P1 rider licence in an undeclared area, you must pass a riding
test. Make sure you book and pay in advance at a service centre before
your learner licence expires. Alternatively you are encouraged to book the
pre-provisional rider course.
When you go to a service centre take your:
• certificate of competency (if from a declared area)
• learner rider licence
• completed licence application form
• licence fee (unless exempt).
If you don’t get a P1 rider licence before your certificate of competence
(valid for 3 months) expires, you need to book and pay to do the
pre-provisional training and MOST again.
Your provisional P1 rider is valid for 18 months and you may progress to a P2
after a minimum of 12 months.
Provisional P2 rider licence
To apply for a P2 rider licence in any area, you must have held a P1 rider for
a minimum of 12 months (not including any periods of licence suspension
or cancellation).
You can apply for a P2 rider licence at service.nsw.gov.au
Your provisional P2 rider is valid for 30 months and you may progress to a
full rider licence after a minimum of 24 months.
Full (unrestricted) rider licence
To apply for a full rider licence, you must have held a P2 rider for a
minimum of 24 months (not including any periods of licence suspension
or cancellation).
You can apply for a full rider licence at service.nsw.gov.au
Riders aged 25 and over
Riders aged 25 and over with a full car licence may be exempt from holding
a P2 licence.
To be exempt from holding a P2 rider licence you must:
• be aged 25 or older at the time of applying for a full licence
• hold a current Australian unrestricted driver licence
• have completed a minimum of 12 months on a P1 licence
• meet all other licensing requirements.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook20
Rider training courses
Pre-learner courses
The pre-learner course is held over two days (three and a half hours each day).
Motorcycles, helmets, gloves and tuition are provided at the training centre.
No motorcycle riding experience is necessary for the pre-learner course.
Learning to ride a motorcycle requires a high level of balance, coordination
and concentration. Some people may need extra training to develop these
skills.
The course has pass/fail criteria and you must achieve all the competencies
to pass. For your safety and the safety of others, the instructor may stop you
from riding during the course. If this happens, the instructor will advise you of
the best way to proceed with your training.
Pre-provisional course
The pre-provisional course is about 7 hours of training including the
Motorcycle Operator Skills Test. A motorcycle and protective clothing are
not provided for this course. You must bring your own.
Clothing for rider training
• sturdy long sleeve jacket
• sturdy long trousers
• sturdy enclosed footwear (preferably with ankle protection and a low
heel)
• wet weather gear (training goes ahead regardless of weather).
You will be turned away if you do not come properly equipped with
appropriate protective clothing.
Licensing
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 21
Licensing
Summary
If you do not pass the pre-provisional course and skills test before your
learner licence expires, you will need to re-do the pre-learner training again.
Learner licence extensions are not available.
What you should know about licensing
This section has explained the importance of licensing in NSW. After reading
this section you should know:
• the obligations of licence holders
• the conditions that must be met before you can obtain a rider licence
• the special rules that apply to learner riders
• the conditions under which provisional rider licences are issued
• the training courses you need to complete before being issued with a
learner or provisional rider licence
• the rules for riding manual and automatic motorcycles.
Anyone providing rider training to learner or provisional riders must hold
a current Class R, NSW driving instructor licence. This licence should be
shown before you start the training. Heavy penalties apply for providing
unlicensed instruction.
Find a list of Transport for NSW approved Rider training centres:
• on our website
• by calling 13 22 13
• from a service centre.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook22
Riding a motorcycle can be great fun and is enjoyed by people of all ages.
Riding on the road however, means accepting responsibility for your own
wellbeing and showing due care and consideration for all other road users.
Compared to driving other road vehicles, riding a motorcycle can place you
at a higher risk from others. If you are involved in a crash the chances of
being injured are very high.
Concentration
Riding on the road requires your full concentration. Your survival depends
on this ability.
Many factors will affect your ability to concentrate such as:
• fatigue
• alcohol
• drugs.
It’s in your own interest not to ride if you know you can’t concentrate fully.
Fatigue
Many people think ‘fatigue’ involves going to sleep, but for motorcyclists the
real problem is a lapse in concentration.
Rider fatigue indicators include:
• running a bit wide on a corner
• a couple of rough gear changes
• not seeing a sign
• day dreaming
• dry mouth
• stiff joints (neck, knees and wrists).
If you have any signs of fatigue stop immediately and rest.
Rider management
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 23
Rider management
Managing fatigue
Riding a motorcycle is much more tiring than driving a car. Even if you are
not tired, stop about every one and a half hours or 150 kilometres.
Here are some tips to help riders manage fatigue:
• drink plenty of water to keep hydrated
• avoid too much coffee or sweet soft drinks
• stay away from alcohol at all costs
• eat small amounts frequently, simple foods like fruit, nuts, a muesli bar or
a little chocolate
• avoid fatty foods and large meals before or during a ride
• in winter, don’t make yourself too snug and warm. It’s good to be a
little cool.
Alcohol and other drugs
There have been many tests on the way alcohol and various other drugs
affect reflexes, coordination, depth perception and risk taking behaviour.
The results are always the same, increased risk due to reduced capability.
Keep in mind that it is not just your own mistakes that become dangerous.
When you’ve been drinking, you may not be able to react properly to others’
mistakes either.
Alcohol influences you at much lower levels than the legal blood alcohol
limit. Two drinks can take you to 0.05. In the years of 2018, 19 and 20,
14 per cent of motorcyclists killed in a crash on NSW roads had an illegal
level of alcohol in their blood.
Other drugs
Many drugs affect your ability to ride a motorcycle safely and well. These
include prescription drugs (drugs that you cannot buy unless your doctor
gives you a script) as well as illegal drugs, and some drugs such as cold or
allergy tablets. Such drugs can leave you weak, dizzy, drowsy or slow to
react in an emergency.
If you have used illegal drugs you must not ride or attempt to ride. Make
sure you know the effects of any other drug before you attempt to ride.
Check with your doctor or pharmacist and read the label to make sure the
medication will not affect your riding. If any drug has an effect on your
riding, you must not ride.
All learner and provisional licence holders are restricted to a zero alcohol limit.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook24
Rider management
Protective clothing
As a motorcycle rider you are particularly vulnerable to injury in a crash.
Wearing the right protective clothing can:
• significantly reduce injury in a crash
• protect you from the weather
• improve your comfort when riding.
Helmet
A motorcycle riders most important piece of personal equipment is a
motorcycle helmet. The law requires all motorcycle riders and their pillion or
sidecar passengers to wear an approved motorcycle helmet.
The two key types of motorcycle helmets are a full face helmet and open
face helmet.
Full face helmets offer more protection as they have a chin panel and face
shield (visor) for better eye, wind, sun and injury protection.
Helmet check list
• by law helmets must comply with the Australian standard 1698, Australian/
New Zealand AS/NZ 1698 or the United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe standard 22.05 and have a mark certifying compliance with
the standard
• it must fit comfortably but not too tight (avoid loosely fitting helmets)
• it must have the chin strap fastened and properly tightened.
Helmets should be:
• replaced after a crash or a significant impact
• replaced if they become loose fitting, or the straps become worn
• cleaned only with mild soapy water. Some chemicals and cleaners may
weaken the shell.
Light coloured helmets (eg. white, yellow) are generally cooler in summer
than dark helmets and may also help to increase your chance of being seen.
Never buy a second-hand helmet.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 25
Rider management
Protective clothing
Gloves: Gauntlet style
with a strengthened
palm area and knuckle
protection. Zip or
Velcro fastening around
wrist.
Helmet: Must be an
approved AS 1698,
AS/NZS 1698 or
UNECES 22.05.
Back protector:
To protect the spine in
the case of a crash.
Visor: Clear and
shatterproof without
scratches. Australian
Standard AS 1609.
Jacket and pants: Made
of highly abrasion and
tear resistant material
completely covering
your arms, legs and
body. When secured
at the wrists, waist and
ankles this prevents the
garment riding up and
exposing skin.
Footwear: Boots
overlapping the pants
provides extra shin,
ankle and instep
protection. Zipper or
Velcro fasteners assist
in preventing the foot
from sliding and a
protective foot cover
for gear changing
provides wear and tear
protection.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook26
Eye protection
Your eyes need protection from the wind, dust, rain, insects and stones
thrown up by other vehicles. Only a visor attached to the helmet or goggles
provide the eye protection necessary for riding.
Some motorcycles have screens or fairings to provide weather protection.
These do not provide adequate protection for the eyes and you should still
use a visor or goggles to protect your eyes.
Visor and goggles should:
• be clean and not scratched
• be shatterproof (standard for helmet visors is Australian Standards
AS 1609)
• have clear lenses for use at night.
Gloves
Gloves specifically designed for motorcycle riding will improve rider comfort
and protection.
Motorcycle gloves generally have:
• a strengthened palm area shaped for riding
• knuckle protection
• a fastener around the wrist to prevent sliding off (eg zipper and Velcro)
• an overlap with the jacket (gauntlet style).
Jackets and pants
Purpose-made motorcycle clothing provides better weather and crash
protection than ordinary clothing. In proper motorcycle gear you will almost
certainly feel more comfortable.
Jacket and pants should:
• be highly abrasion and tear resistant
• be tailored for a riding position
• completely cover your arms, legs and body
• secure around wrist, waist and ankles to prevent sliding up and
exposing skin
• have impact and abrasion protection for your back, shoulders, elbows,
hips and knees.
Rider management
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 27
Rider management
Footwear
Like gloves, footwear designed for motorcycle riding will provide great
comfort and protection.
Motorcycle footwear generally has:
• strengthening in the instep between the ball of the foot and the heel
• ankle protection
• shin protection
• a fastener around the leg to prevent sliding off (eg zipper and Velcro)
• an overlap with the pants (boot style)
• gear change cover to prevent wear.
Further protection
Other rider specific protective clothing includes:
• back protectors to protect your spine in a crash
• kidney belts to support your lower back and reduce fatigue.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook28
Summary
What you should know about rider management
This section has explained the importance of rider management when riding
on the road. After reading this section you should know:
• some factors which affect your ability to concentrate
• how to recognise and manage fatigue
• the effect that alcohol and drugs have on your ability to ride safely
• why protective clothing is important for a rider.
Rider management
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 29
Rider management
Notes
Motorcycle Rider Handbook30
Riding is never risk free, but you should aim to ride ‘low risk’. A low risk
rider has good observation, speed management, road positioning, decision
making and hazard perception skills.
Observation
The road environment is constantly changing and this requires high levels
of observation and concentration. The key to good observation is scanning.
Scanning
Scanning, is keeping your eyes moving, checking in one area for a couple of
seconds, then moving your eyes to another area.
When scanning look:
• in the distance
• at the road surface
• to your left and right
• regularly at your mirrors and instruments.
Mirrors
You should check your mirrors every few seconds so you always know what
is behind you. There are also particular times when it is very important for
you to use your mirrors:
• Check your mirrors before making any change to your speed or road
position.
• When preparing to turn or change lanes, watch carefully for any cars
behind you, especially if you plan to turn where others may not expect it,
such as at lane ways, driveways and side streets.
• When you are stopped behind another vehicle, leave plenty of space in
front of you to move. Watch vehicles approaching from behind. Remain
in first gear, with a brake applied and be able to move off to avoid being
hit from behind.
Before moving off from traffic lights check all directions to make sure the
traffic has stopped.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 31
Safe riding
Blind spot area
Check blind spots before changing your road position.
Head checks
Motorcycles have ‘blind spots’ just as cars do. A blind spot is the area next
to you that you are unable to see in your mirrors. When you are about to
change your position on the road (eg make a turn, exit a roundabout, move
off or change lanes), make sure you turn your head and look over your
shoulder to see if it is clear. This is called a ‘head check’ and is the only sure
way to see objects that are in your blind spot.
Head position for turns
Looking through a corner will
help with your coordination
and balance when cornering.
Use your peripheral vision to
scan the road surface while
keeping your head pointed in
the direction you want to go.
Always do a head check of the blind spot before turning right into a street
or driveway. This is to make sure any vehicle following you didn’t see your
indicator and attempts to overtake you.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook32
Safe riding
Speed management
Low risk riders manage their speed and road position to maintain a crash
avoidance space completely around their motorcycle.
To determine the crash avoidance space to the front of your motorcycle you
need to take into account two key factors – reaction time and response time.
Reaction time is the time the rider needs to:
• see the information
• perceive what it means
• decide on a response
• instigate that response.
A rider who is fit, concentrating, alert and not affected by alcohol, drugs,
fatigue or a distraction, will require about one and a half seconds to react to
a sudden and unexpected change in traffic conditions.
Response time is the time required to take action. Generally a minimum of
one and a half seconds is needed to respond. In many situations braking
may be the only possible response. Swerving is rarely appropriate and is
likely to result in a more severe crash, for example a head on collision.
In good driving conditions, most people need a 3-second crash avoidance
space (often called the 3-second gap) to react and respond to a situation
safely and avoid a crash.
You should increase your crash avoidance space to 4 or more seconds when
driving in poor conditions, such as on unsealed (dirt or gravel), icy or wet
roads, or at night.
Maintain space to the front
To calculate a 3-second crash avoidance space when following another
vehicle, use this basic technique: as the rear of the vehicle in front of you
passes a stationary object at the side of the road, such as a power pole, tree
or sign, start a 3-second count ‘one thousand and one, one thousand and
two, one thousand and three’.
Be aware that in most situations cars can stop in a shorter distance than
motorcycles, due to the greater grip provided by four tyres.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 33
Safe riding
Stay at least 3 seconds behind the vehicle ahead.
If your motorcycle passes the point you picked before you finish the count,
you are following too closely. Your crash avoidance space is not large
enough. Slow down and repeat the count again until the 3-second crash
avoidance space is achieved.
More than 3 seconds
Increase following distance in poor conditions.
In poor conditions such as rain, night and gravel roads, it may be necessary
to increase your crash avoidance space to 4 or more seconds.
To reduce the risk of riding into the back of another vehicle, the 3-second
crash avoidance space is essential, as the vehicle in front has the ability to
stop very quickly, especially if it collides with another vehicle or a stationary
object.
Maintain space when stopped
When you stop behind another vehicle leave at least one car length between
your front wheel and the back of the vehicle in front. This will provide some
space in case they roll back or if you need to ride around them.
One to two car lengths
Leave one to two car lengths in front when stopped.
3 seconds
Motorcycle Rider Handbook34
Maintain space behind you
It is difficult to maintain a crash avoidance space behind you, as another
driver or rider controls the space.
If a vehicle behind is travelling too closely, slow down slightly to increase the
space you have in front of you. This will enable you to brake more gradually
if you spot a hazard in front, which will enable the following vehicle more
time to stop as well.
Reduce speed
Slow down if you do not have a clear view of the road ahead. Situations
where your vision may be reduced include:
• blind corners
• blocked intersections
• crests
• poor weather conditions.
Slow down if you cannot see 5 seconds ahead.
5 second vision
Slow down if you cannot see 5 seconds ahead.
To calculate 5-second vision in a curve, pick a fixed point in the oncoming
lane that has just come into view and start a count ‘one thousand and one,
one thousand and two... one thousand and five’. If you reach the point
before 5 seconds you are riding too fast for the available vision.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 35
Safe riding
Road positioning
Traffic and road situations are constantly changing and so does the safest
position on the road. Low risk riders aim to be in the right place all the time.
Space, surface and sight
Three important things to consider when choosing your position on the
road. These are: space, surface and sight.
Space
As a motorcycle rider you have very little to protect you in a crash other
than your riding gear. The more space from other vehicles and pedestrians
the better. Creating space from hazards is referred to as buffering. Moving
away from hazards can also increase the likelihood of being seen.
Surface
As the operator of a two-wheel vehicle motorcycle riders need to be very
aware of the road surface. Paint, oil, water, sand, gravel, pot holes and metal
plates are all examples of different road surfaces that a rider needs to manage.
For a motorcycle rider a relatively small change in road position can result in
a significant change in the quality of road surface.
Although it is best to avoid riding on a poor surface, sometimes this is not
possible, for example when buffering an oncoming vehicle the best road
position may be the left side of the lane. The left side of the road may be
bumpy and broken up, however it may be preferable to ride on this surface
to get a safe buffer from the oncoming hazard. The solution is easy, if you
need to ride on a poor surface to buffer a hazard, just slow down.
Buer
Buer
Move away from hazards, like oncoming cars. If you need to ride on a poor surface in order
to maintain a buffer, slow down.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook36
Maintain a buffer from hazards and slow down if vision is limited.
Sight
A good road position can allow you to see further and get more information
about what is happening up ahead. Generally the right side of the lane
provides good vision up the road, to the sides and also behind you.
However the right side of the lane is a dangerous position to be in if there
is oncoming traffic. Try to choose a road position that provides good vision
without compromising your buffer from hazards. This is particularly true
when following large vehicles or when taking left bends.
By actively managing space, surface and sight a rider can significantly
reduce the risk of crashing.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 37
Safe riding
Create space (buffer) oncoming vehicles.
Buer
Maintain a buffer from hazards and a good following distance when vision is limited.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook38
Examples of buffering
Slow down and buffer when a vehicle could
turn across your path or enter the lane you
are in.
You may need to buffer hazards even when
they are on the other side of the road.
Buffer both vehicles and slow down.
Buer
Buer
Buer
Buer
Slow down and buffer when a vehicle could
turn across your path.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 39
Safe riding
In busy traffic you may be in the left side of
the lane for most of the time only moving
right to buffer vehicles in side streets.
On country roads staying on the right side
of your lane can provide space from wildlife
and improve vision. However, remember
to buffer oncoming vehicles and be in the
correct position for crests and curves.
Buffer Buffer
Buffer
Buer
Buer Buer
Buffer all hazards including pedestrians.
A motorcycle rider can
legally use any part
of their lane.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook40
Vehicles following
Maintain a buffer from vehicles as they pass
you.
If vehicles are following close behind
it is sometimes better to select the
middle of the lane.
Vision
The further back you follow other vehicles
the better you can see around them.
Buffering can improve your vision and make
it easier for others to see you.
Buer
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 41
Safe riding
Blind crests
Approaching blind crests create a buffer
from possible oncoming traffic.
Approaching blind crests look for clues as to where the road goes. Slow down and select a
road position to suit.
If there is a possibility of multiple hazards,
slow down and buffer both sides.
Approaching blind crests look for clues as to where the road goes. Slow down and select a
road position to suit.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook42
Multi-laned roads
Create a buffer from turning vehicles in case
not all the vehicles are turning.
On multi-laned roads, reduce the risk of a
head on crash by choosing a lane away from
the oncoming traffic.
Slow down and buffer slow moving or
stopped traffic, they may be blocking
the view of a turning vehicle.
Buffer both parked and oncoming vehicles.
Buer Buer
Buer
Buer
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 43
Safe riding
When using bus or transit lanes keep a buffer from other vehicles in case they change lanes
to make a turn.
Buer
Do not ride beside other vehicles or in their blind spots.
Blind
spot
area
Blind
spot
area
Motorcycle Rider Handbook44
Overtaking
When overtaking create a buffer from the
vehicle you are passing.
Before overtaking a slow moving vehicle
check for side streets and driveway that they
may be turning into.
Buer
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 45
Safe riding
Before overtaking check for side streets
and concealed driveways, particularly in
country areas.
Before turning into a street or driveway
have a head check for vehicles that may
be overtaking you.
Head
check
Motorcycle Rider Handbook46
Turns at intersections
When turning left from a single lane, start
the turn as near as practicable to the far left
side of the road. Buffering hazards as you
exit the turn.
Buer
Maintain a buffer from oncoming traffic while
you are waiting to turn right.
Buer
When turning right from a single lane,
start the turn as near as practicable to the
far right of the lane or middle of the road,
buffering hazards as you exit the turn.
Buer
When turning left or right
you must give way to any
pedestrians crossing the
road into which you are
turning.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 47
Safe riding
Positioning for curves and bends
Starting curves wide will improve your vision. Planning to finish them in tight
will help you get your speed right and leave you room for slight errors. Most
importantly, keep away from the area where oncoming vehicles are likely to
cross the centre of the road (the head on zone). Taking curves and bends
this way will slow you down a little on the approach but will allow you to
accelerate out much earlier, when you have a clear view.
On blind left curves slow down and begin to
move left as vision becomes limited.
On right curves slow down and keep to the
left until you see the road is clear of oncoming
traffic.
Buer
Buer
Many crashes happen
because riders run
wide on the exit of
a turn.
Plan to start curves
wide for vision.
Plan to finish in tight.
Keep away from the
head-on zone.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook48
The danger of exiting wide
Many riders try to straighten turns resulting in the motorcycle exiting the
curve out wide.
This is a particularly dangerous practice as it allows no room for error. If the
curve ‘tightens up’ or changes direction the rider will need additional effort
to complete the turn. Furthermore, on right curves the risk of a head-on
collision is greatly increased.
Exiting wide can result in a crash.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 49
Safe riding
Turning in too early can result in a head-on collision or a crash on the exit of the curve.
When a rider finishes a curve wide there is no room for error.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook50
Planning to finish in tight will position you for the next curve.
Planning a series of curves
Starting curves wide and planning to finish them in tight allows you to link a
series of curves together.
By exiting each curve in tight you will be perfectly positioned for the entry
into the next curve.
Safe riding
If you see an oncoming vehicle remember it is very important to create
a buffer.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 51
Safe riding
Riding in groups
Riding ‘single file’ allows every rider to buffer
hazards and if a 3-second following distance
is maintained vision is less affected.
Riding ‘staggered file’ can be dangerous.
Riders are unable to buffer hazards and
vision is reduced by the other motorcycles
in the group.
Buer
Buer
Buer
3 seconds
3 seconds
Motorcycle Rider Handbook52
Making decisions
Selecting a safe gap when turning, overtaking or changing lanes is a critical
skill to safe riding. Gap selection is also very important at intersections
where the chance of colliding with another vehicle is very high if the gap
you select is too small.
Gap selection
A safe gap is one that enables you to turn, overtake, change lanes or
cross an intersection without affecting the crash avoidance space of
other road users.
3 seconds
Choose a gap so other vehicles are not forced to change
speed or road position.
Be clear of the intersection
for 3 seconds before other
vehicles arrive.
A safe gap ensures that other vehicles do not need to change their speed
or position. When turning across traffic make sure your vehicle is clear
of the intersection by at least 3 seconds before the approaching vehicles
arrive. When joining a traffic stream select a gap that allows you to reach
the traffic speed before the approaching vehicles are within 3 seconds of
your motorcycle.
Overtaking other vehicles is very hazardous. You not only need to be able to
judge the gap between your motorcycle and an oncoming vehicle, you also
need to have enough space between your motorcycle and the vehicle you
are overtaking.
When overtaking maintain a buffer zone between your motorcycle and the
vehicle you are overtaking.
On country roads and highways there are often overtaking lanes at regular
intervals that allow you to safely overtake.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 53
Safe riding
Hazard perception
When riding a motorcycle good hazard perception is important and
responding to hazards correctly is essential.
Responding to hazard
A hazard is something which has the potential to accelerate or steer into
your crash avoidance space.
The 3-second gap can also be used for situations where there is potential
for something to accelerate or steer into the space. For example, a vehicle
in an adjacent street could fail to give way and accelerate out. Or a vehicle
approaching could turn without warning into an intersection and steer
across your path.
Experienced motorcyclists who ride low risk, can mentally judge the
3-second gap in front of their motorcycle. If there is potential for a hazard to
enter this crash avoidance space, your response should be to protect it by:
• slowing down (‘Setting up’ or covering the brakes)
• moving away, creating a ‘buffer’ from the hazard by changing your
position on the road or changing lanes.
Your ability to respond means that you are better able to deal with any
dangerous situation that might occur.
Respond before reaching the hazard. Respond when something can enter your
crash avoidance space.
Crash
avoidance
space
Motorcycle Rider Handbook54
Examples of situations that require a response
A vehicle waiting to turn in front of
your path.
A vehicle waiting to pull out from the
left side.
Stopped traffic obscuring vision at an
intersection.
A vehicle waiting to pull out from the
right side.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 55
Safe riding
Basic riding techniques
The key to good riding technique is smoothness, and the key to smoothness
is good preparation and practice.
Riding posture
When you first get a motorcycle take the time to adjust the controls to suit your
height and build. Correct riding posture reduces fatigue and improves control.
Five key points of posture
To control a motorcycle well, your body must be in the correct position:
• sit well forward
• keep your head up and point your chin in your direction of travel
• relax your arms and place minimal weight on your wrists
•
keep your back relaxed and support your weight with your stomach muscles
• grip the motorcycle firmly with your legs and knees.
Braking technique
Correct braking is done in two stages:
1. put light pressure on the brake pedal and pause (set up the brakes)
2. progressively apply the necessary braking pressure (squeeze).
Two-stage braking makes braking more effective, reduces the chance of
skidding and gives you better control.
Harsh or excessive braking pressure may cause skidding and a loss of
control, particularly on wet or gravel roads.
If the front wheel starts to skid, quickly release the front brake, and
reapply gently. If the rear wheel skids, gently release the rear brake and
slowly reapply.
In curves, point your chin through the turn and scan the road with your eyes.
Applying the front brake in a curve can make the motorcycle run wide.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook56
Thevekeypointsofridingpostureapplytoall
types of motorcycles
Keep your back
relaxed and support
your weight with your
stomach muscles.
Sit well forward
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 57
Safe riding
Keep your head up and
point your chin in your
direction of travel.
Grip the
motorcycle
firmly with
your legs and
knees.
Relax your
arms and place
minimal weight
on your wrists.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook58
Steering technique
A motorcycle can be steered using a number of different inputs. Handle
bar pressure, body weight and changes in speed all have an effect on a
motorcycle’s direction of travel. Good riders use a combination of these
inputs to achieve smooth and precise turns.
Handle bar pressure
A motorcycle can be steered by direct steering or counter steering. With
direct steering the motorcycle goes in the direction to which the handle
bars are turned. With counter steering the motorcycle goes in the opposite
direction to which the handle bars are turned, for example a slight forward
pressure on the left handle bar will make the motorcycle turn left. Direct
steering is only used for very low speed turns, such as U-turns and turns at
intersections. Counter steering has more effect as speed increases.
Body weight
How a rider uses their body weight will have a significant effect on a turning
motorcycle. Leaning with the motorcycle in a curve allows the motorcycle
to be more upright thereby giving the tyres better grip and the motorcycle
greater ground clearance. With low speed turns leaning out from the turn
can help balance the motorcycle.
Effect of speed
The faster a motorcycle is travelling the harder it is to turn. Reducing speed
before turning is essential. Wait until the motorcycle begins to straighten
before accelerating. Accelerating will stand a motorcycle up and too much
will make the motorcycle run wide.
During very low speed turns, for example U-turns, a gentle use of the
throttle, clutch and rear brake can be used to control speed.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 59
Safe riding
Leaning with the motorcycle in a curve
Head and eyes
level with chin
pointed in the
direction of the
turn.
Arms relaxed with
slight pressure on
the inside handle
bar.
Body weight on
the inside of the
turn.
Knees firmly
gripping the
motorcycle.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook60
Summary
What you should know about safe riding
This section has explained how to reduce the likelihood of being involved
in a crash by applying the principles of low risk riding. After reading this
section you should know:
• how to calculate a 3-second crash avoidance space
• the two stages of effective braking
• the most appropriate road position to adopt based on space surface
and sight
• how to steer a motorcycle
• the most effective riding posture
• how to plan a series of curves.
Safe riding
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 61
Motorcycle riders must follow the same road rules as other road users. So,
make sure you keep up to date with the main road rules and requirements,
found in the Road User Handbook.
The rules covered in this section only apply to motorcycle riders.
Motorcycle specic road rules and signs
Riding on a motorcycle
Motorcycle riders must:
• sit astride the rider’s seat facing forwards
• wear an approved motorcycle helmet, properly fitted and fastened
securely to their head
• keep at least one hand on the handlebars
• keep both feet on the foot pegs (designed for use by the rider), when the
motorcycle is moving, unless it is travelling at less than 10km/h and the
rider is:
(a) manoeuvring to park the motorcycle
(b) decelerating to come to a stop
(c) accelerating from a rest.
Riders can have one foot off a foot peg to stretch and relieve leg cramps.
Helmets
Riders must wear a motorcycle helmet complying with either the:
• Australian Standard 1698 (AS 1698)
• Australian/New Zealand Standard 1698 (AS/NZS 1698)
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Standard 22.05
(UNS 22.05).
Road rules for
motorcycle riders
Motorcycle Rider Handbook62
Road rules for motorcycle riders
Keeping left
Vehicles must travel as near as practicable to the left side of the road.
This rule does not apply to the rider of a motorcycle. Lane positioning is
important to a rider’s safety. They can use any part of a lane to position
safely and avoid hazards.
Laneltering (unrestricted riders only)
Unrestricted riders can lane filter between vehicles in traffic stopped side by
side at intersections, only when it is safe to do so and;
• where there are marked lanes with traffic travelling in the same direction
• the speed travelled by the motorcycle is 30km/h or less
• there is a safe distance between vehicles to avoid a crash.
Lane filtering is not allowed through moving traffic. Riders must not
overtake on the left side of vehicles stopped at the far left side of the road.
Hand signals
Motorcycle riders can use hand signals for stopping, slowing or turning.
Hand signals can improve rider safety in situations where very bright light
conditions made it difficult for the motorcycle’s brake and indicator lights
to be seen.
To give a hand signal for stopping or slowing, the rider must extend either
arm at a right angle with a flat palm. Turning is signalled by a straight arm
with flat palm pointing in the direction of the turn.
You are turning left. You are stopping or slowing down.
Riders must not lane filter in a ‘school zone’ or ‘bus only’ lane. Learner and
provisional riders are not permitted to lane filter at any time.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 63
Road rules for motorcycle riders
Lending or borrowing a motorcycle
Many fatal rider crashes occur on borrowed motorcycles. It is an offence to
let a person ride your motorcycle if they are not licensed for the motorcycle
type. Even if a person has a licence and you know them well, it is still easy to
make mistakes on an unfamiliar motorcycle. The best solution is not to lend
or borrow motorcycles.
Motorcycle warning signs
This warning sign shows a motorcycle rider needs to use caution for the
road ahead.
Riding at night
Riding at night, particularly on country roads can be more dangerous for
motorcyclists. The risk of hitting an animal, misjudging a curve, or not seeing
a problem on the road surface is also increased at night. If you ride at night,
slow down to a speed to reduce these risks and ride within the range of the
motorcycle’s headlight.
Motorcycles with an engine capacity not exceeding 100ml are limited to a
maximum of 40km/h. For motorcycles with an engine capacity exceeding
100ml but not exceeding 200ml, a maximum speed of 50km/h applies.
However, if your motorcycle’s headlight has an effective range of at least
50m the restrictions above do not apply.
You must not ride a motorcycle at night if the lights are not working.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook64
Carrying passengers and loads
Motorcycle passengers
Any passenger carried on a motorcycle (not in a sidecar) must:
• sit astride the motorcycle pillion seat facing forward
• keep both feet on the footrests designed for use by the pillion passenger
• wear a correctly fitted and securely fastened approved motorcycle helmet
• be eight years of age or older
• not interfere with the riders control of the motorcycle.
A motorcycle rider must not ride with more than one passenger (excluding
sidecar passengers) on the motorcycle.
Sidecar passengers
Passengers carried in a sidecar must:
• wear a correctly fitted and securely fastened approved motorcycle helmet
• remain safely seated.
The motorcycle rider must not ride with more passengers than the sidecar
is designed to carry.
Children under eight are allowed to travel in a sidecar.
Before you carry passengers you must have held a motorcycle rider licence
for at least 12 months (not including a learner rider licence). Learner and
Provisional P1 riders cannot carry passengers.
Road rules for motorcycle riders
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 65
Road rules for motorcycle riders
Loading
Any load carried on a motorcycle must not project:
• more than 150mm beyond the outer extremity of the front wheel
• more than 300mm beyond the outer extremity of the rear wheel
• beyond the extreme outer portion of the motorcycle on either side.
Any load carried on a motorcycle and sidecar combination must not project:
• more than 600mm beyond the outer extremity of the front wheel
• more than 900mm beyond the outer extremity of the rear wheel
• beyond the extreme outer portion of the combination on either side.
All loads must:
• be properly secured
• not cause the motorcycle or combination to become unstable
• not project from the motorcycle or combination in a way that is likely to
injure or obstruct other vehicles or pedestrians, or cause damage to a
vehicle or anything else (including the road surface).
Towing and being towed
If a motorcycle is being towed by another vehicle, with a towline (chain,
rope, fabric, strap or wire), the distance between the two vehicles must not
exceed 2.5 metres.
If the towline is longer than 2 metres, a white or brightly coloured flag,
piece of cloth or other similar material must be attached to the line as a
warning.
Animals and vehicles
A motorcycle rider or passenger must not tether or lead an animal
while the motorcycle is moving. Animals should be seated or housed in
appropriate areas.
A rider must not ride with an animal on the fuel tank unless the rider is
travelling less than 500 metres for farming activity.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook66
Parking
Motorcycle parking
Parking rules and restrictions apply to all vehicles including motorcycles.
However, a motorcycle may park at an angle.
Some areas are designated motorcycle parking only.
Restrictions on where to ride
Road and road related areas
To ride a motorcycle on a road or road related area the rider must hold
a current rider licence and the motorcycle must have current registration.
Road and road related areas mean any area that is publicly accessible to
vehicles. This includes:
• roads
• the shoulder of the road
• car parks
• fire trails
• state forests
• recreation areas.
A motorcycle is generally more stable when parked facing up a slope.
Road rules for motorcycle riders
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 67
Road rules for motorcycle riders
Riding on footpaths
A motorcycle must not be ridden on a footpath. Exemptions apply for
postal delivery officers provided their motorcycle does not exceed 110ml
and is ridden at a speed not exceeding 10km/h.
Transit lanes
Motorcycle riders are allowed to use
these lanes.
Bus lanes
Motorcycle riders are allowed to use these lanes.
Bus only lanes
When the words BUSES ONLY appear on a BUS LANE sign,
or lane markings indicate a BUS ONLY lane, only buses are
allowed to drive in these lanes. Motorcycle riders are NOT
allowed to use these lanes.
T-way lanes
These are special lanes which can only be used by
authorised buses and service vehicles. Motorcycle riders are
NOT allowed to use these lanes.
Bicycle lanes
Motorcycle riders are not allowed to use a bicycle lane, except for 50 metres
when entering or leaving a driveway or intersection.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook68
Summary
What you should know about road rules for
motorcycle riders
This section has explained the special rules which apply to motorcyclists.
After reading this section you should know:
• the rules regarding how to ride on a motorcycle
• the rules relating to passengers and loads
• where you can ride
• special signs for motorcyclists
• where you can park a motorcycle.
Road rules for motorcycle riders
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 69
Road rules for motorcycle riders
Notes
Motorcycle Rider Handbook70
Before you ride a motorcycle, do some basic checks to ensure your safety
while riding. In most cases you will need an annual safety inspection to
register the motorcycle.
Your motorcycle must be registered.
It is an offence to allow another person to ride an unregistered motorcycle
on a road or road-related area. An unregistered motorcycle is not covered
by compulsory third party insurance. This means you could be liable for
compensation to any person injured in a crash. The penalties are severe for
riding an unregistered or uninsured motorcycle.
Number plates
NSW number plates on the motorcycle you ride or own must:
• be issued by Service NSW
• match what is printed on the Certificate of Registration
• be clean and not damaged
• be readable from a distance (at least 20m), from above and from the
side (within a 45-degree arc from the centre of the motorcycle),
see diagrams
• not be obscured, for example, hidden by L plates or P plates
• ensure if a plate cover is used, they are clear, clean, untinted,
non-reflective and flat
• be returned to Service NSW if the registration is cancelled
• be placed on the back and have a light for clear visibility at night.
Make sure your motorcycle is suitable for safe road use for your
pre-provisional training course. At the start of the course your motorcycle
will be inspected.
Lights, tyres, mirrors, chain guard etc will all be checked. If your motorcycle
is not suitable for safe road use you will not be able to undertake the course.
You will need to rebook and pay the training fees again.
Motorcycle safety
and compliance
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 71
Motorcycle safety and compliance
It is an offence to:
• alter number plates in any way
• attach a number plate to any vehicle other than the one registered with
Transport for NSW
• use a number plate cover that is not flat, clear and untinted
• have an obscured number plate.
Number plate
Visible to 20m
45
Number plate
Visible to 20m
45
45
Suitable for safe road use
Before you ride you need to make sure that your motorcycle is suitable for
safe road use. A motorcycle that is safe to ride and meets the standards
required by law.
Some of the most important rules about motorcycles are described here.
If you want to check the rules applying to your motorcycle, visit our website
or call us on 13 22 13.
Tyres
Your motorcycle’s tyres must be in good condition and have a tread at least
1.5 mm deep across the tread surface. Motorcycles must not have regrooved
tyres, unless the tyre was manufactured to be regrooved.
Keep the tyres inflated to the pressure recommended by the manufacturer
or they may overheat and fail. The sidewalls of the tyres should not have any
cracks or bumps. If your tyres wear unevenly there may be a problem with
the steering or suspension.
Don’t obscure any part of your number plate as heavy penalties apply.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook72
Motorcycle safety and compliance
Mirrors and indicators
A rear vision mirror must be fitted to each side of motorcycles made after
1st January 1983. All other motorcycles must have a right side mirror. Mirrors
must not project more than 150mm beyond the extreme width of the
motorcycle.
Flashing turn indicators must be fitted front and rear. Motorcycles
manufactured before 1 January 1979 do not require indicators.
Checking your motorcycle
Check your:
• lights – headlights, brake lights, indicators
• brakes
• steering
• horn
• tyres
• chain guard.
Adjust the controls of the motorcycle so they are right for you. You should
be able to reach all the controls easily without being cramped.
Make sure that your lights all work and can be clearly seen. Make sure that
your lights and mirrors are clean. Adjust the mirrors so that you have a good
view to the rear and sides.
You must not ride any motorcycle at night if the lights are not working.
Tyre pressures are critical to a motorcycle’s handling. Under-inflated tyres
significantly increase the risk of crashing.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 73
Motorcycle safety and compliance
Summary
What you should know about motorcycles being suitable
for safe road use
This section has provided guidelines to ensure your motorcycle is suitable
for safe road use and the requirements for registration. After reading this
section you should know:
• the registration requirements of your motorcycle
• how to check your motorcycle and ensure it’s suitable for safe road use
• about defect notices on unroadworthy motorcycles
• the requirements for number plates.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook74
Under NSW laws, if you do not comply with the road rules you can
be penalised.
Trafcoffences
Penalties for traffic offences include fines, disqualification from holding or
applying for a licence, licence cancellation, refusal or suspension, passenger
restrictions and in extreme cases, imprisonment.
Demeritpointsfortrafcoffences
If you break the road rules, you can be fined and for certain traffic offences,
you will have demerit points recorded against your licence. There is a limit
to the number of points you can build up before your licence is suspended.
Some riding offences attract double demerit points during holiday periods.
These offences are speeding and not wearing a motorcycle helmet.
Increased penalties apply for offences commited in a school zone.
For more information about demerit points, visit our website or call us
on 13 22 13.
Speeding offences
Penalties for exceeding the speed limit include demerit points, fines, licence
suspension or disqualification. Penalties increase depending on how many
kilometres over the speed limit you are going. The minimum penalty for
speeding is one demerit point. Any provisional rider caught speeding will
incur at least four demerit points and will have their licence suspended for
at least three months.
Over the speed limit by 30km/h and 45km/h
If you go over the speed limit by:
• more than 30km/h but less than 45km/h you will get a minimum of five
demerit points, a large fine and your licence will be suspended for at least
three months
• more than 45km/h you will get a minimum of six demerit points, a
larger fine and your licence will be suspended for at least six months.
The six months suspension can be applied by police at the roadside.
Penalties
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 75
Penalties
If your licence is suspended for speeding, a letter will be sent to you to
advise when the suspension starts. This will happen even if your demerit
points are under the relevant limit.
Your licence will be suspended for a longer period should the demerit points
for a speeding offence bring your total points to or over your relevant limit.
Other serious riding offences
If you are convicted of more serious riding offences you may be disqualified
from riding by a court. Some offences carry minimum disqualification
periods. When these do not apply the court decides how long you should
be disqualified; it can be up to five years or longer. You may even be sent to
prison. These offences include:
• riding or attempting to ride under the influence of alcohol or any
other drugs
• riding or attempting to ride when your alcohol level is over the legal limit
for your licence
• refusing to take a breath test
• not stopping after a crash in which someone was injured or killed
• riding at a dangerous speed
• riding in a dangerous manner.
Negligent or dangerous riding causing injury
or death
The law provides for serious charges to be laid against people riding
a motorcycle in a negligent or dangerous manner which causes injury
or death.
As the rider of a motorcycle involved in a crash where somebody is injured
because of your negligent riding, you could be imprisoned, face a heavy fine
and a period of disqualification. If somebody is killed in such a crash you
could be imprisoned and face a higher fine.
If you are riding a motorcycle at a speed or in a manner dangerous to the
public, and you are involved in a crash which results in injury or death, the
penalties can be very severe.
Should somebody be injured as a result of your dangerous riding, you could
be imprisoned for up to seven years. If somebody is killed in such a crash,
you could be imprisoned for up to 10 years.
The maximum penalties for these offences can increase up to an additional
4 years if ‘aggravating circumstances’ are proven to exist.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook76
Penalties
These circumstances are:
• riding more than 45km/h over the maximum speed limit that applies on
that section of road
• having a blood alcohol level of 0.15 or more
• riding a motorcycle to escape Police.
Street or drag racing
The penalties for hoon driving or riding are very severe. If the police
suspect you have been involved in street or drag racing, or performing a
burnout in circumstances of aggravation, they may take possession of your
motorcycle on-the-spot. If convicted in a court, you will get a large fine and
your motorcycle can be impounded for up to three months. You will also
have to pay for storage fees when you get your motorcycle back. A second
conviction for this offence can mean your motorcycle may be forfeited,
taken away and sold. Under the demerit points scheme, three demerit points
apply to burnout offences.
Drink riding
The drink riding penalties are increased according to the level of alcohol
detected in the blood.
Penalties are severe and may include:
• large fines that increase if a second offence is committed
• immediate licence suspension
• prison terms that increase when a second offence is committed
• a period of disqualification from riding, up to lifetime disqualification.
Riding without a licence
Heavy penalties apply for riding without a licence. You can receive an
on-the-spot fine or be required to attend court for riding:
• if you are not the holder of a rider licence
• with a licence that has expired
• if you have received permanent residence in NSW and are still using your
interstate or overseas licence more than three months later.
Firmer penalties apply if you are convicted of driving or riding while you
are disqualified from holding a driver licence, or when your licence has been
cancelled, refused or suspended. These types of offences are heard in front
of a magistrate at a local court. Penalties include a large fine.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 77
Penalties
You may be imprisoned and/or disqualified from driving and riding. Heavier
penalties apply for second or subsequent offences. For more information on
penalties, visit our website or call 13 22 13.
Fine defaults
When the outstanding amount is not paid to Revenue NSW, Transport
for NSW will be advised to suspend your licence or vehicle/motorcycle
registration. Certain business may also be restricted or refused until your
fine is paid.
When you pay Revenue NSW, you will receive a letter to advise if any
suspensions are lifted.
Alternatively, some fines can be paid at a service centre to lift the licence
suspension on the spot.
If a payment is not received by Revenue NSW after 6 months from a licence
suspension your licence can be cancelled. This means when all outstanding
fines are paid, you will need to go to a service centre and apply for a new
licence.
For more information about fines see revenue.nsw.gov.au or call:
• 1300 138 118 for penalty notices
• 1300 655 805 for overdue fines
• 1300 130 112 to pay by credit card.
Penalties also apply for allowing an unlicensed person to ride your motorcycle.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook78
Summary
What you should know about penalties
This section has provided an outline of the penalties for traffic offences.
After reading this section you should know:
• how the demerit point scheme works
• the implications of serious, negligent and dangerous riding offences
• how the street and drag racing penalties can result in the loss of
a motorcycle
• what happens if a traffic fine is not settled
• the implications of drink riding and unlicensed riding.
Penalties
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 79
Accelerate – increasing speed.
Adjacent direction – coming from the left or right, across your path.
Approaching – getting closer to, from any direction.
BAC – blood alcohol concentration given as grams of alcohol per 100
millilitres of blood.
Blind spot (see also head check) – area beside and behind that is not seen
in mirrors.
Buffer/Buffering – positioning the motorcycle to create maximum space
around you, away from hazards.
Certificate of competency – certificate issued on successful completion of
a pre-learner or pre-provisional rider training course.
Colliding – crashing into.
Crash avoidance space – the space a rider needs in order to prevent a
potential crash.
Combination (motorcycle and sidecar) – a motorcycle with a sidecar
attached (also known as an outfit).
Compulsory – necessary, required, must do.
Contact patch (tyre) – the part of the tyre that is in contact with the road.
Covering the brakes – where the rider’s fingers are over the front brake
lever and their toes over the rear brake pedal without activating the
brakes. See also setting up the brakes.
Counter steering – The action of applying slight pressure on the handlebar
in the opposite direction of the turn to cause the motorcycle to lean into
the turn.
Declared area (training) – a geographical area where completing a rider
training scheme is required to obtain a licence.
Direct steering – the action of turning the handlebars in the direction you
want the motorcycle to turn.
Dual purpose motorcycle – motorcycle made to ride on sealed or unsealed
roads (see trail motorcycles).
Fairing – bodywork designed to deflect wind.
Fatigue – the experience of feeling sleepy, tired or exhausted. Fatigue
affects your body and your ability to ride safely.
Glossary
Motorcycle Rider Handbook80
Glossary
Footpeg – pegs attached to the motorcycle to support your feet.
Friction point – where the clutch begins to transmit drive to the rear wheel.
Full face helmet – a helmet fitted with a visor that has inbuilt chin
protection and so covers all of the rider’s face.
Goggles – eye protection that covers and forms a seal around the eyes.
Hazard – any object or feature, fixed or moving, that contains an element
of actual or potential danger.
Head check – looking over the shoulder to the left or right to make sure
that nothing is in the blind spot. Also known as a shoulder check.
Intersection – where two or more roads meet or join.
Knowledge test – a computer based test of the road rules.
Lane – an area of road marked by continuous or broken lines, designed for
use by a signal line of traffic.
Lean angle – how far the motorcycle leans in a corner or turn.
Lean in – the physical movement of the riders upper body into the turn and
slightly forward so that the motorcycle lean angle is reduced.
Lean out – the physical movement of the riders upper body away from the
turn to allow the motorcycle lean angle to increase and tighten a turning
circle.
Lean with – where the rider leans at approximately the same angle as the
motorcycle.
Learner Approved Motorcycle (LAM) – learner and provisional riders
must only ride a learner approved motorcycle (LAM). A list is published
on our website. LAMs have an engine capacity of not more than 660ml,
a power to weight ratio not more than 150kw per tonne and for electric
motorcycles power of up to 25kw.
MOST – Motorcycle Operator Skill Test – the practical riding test.
Motorcycle pre-learner training course – a training course undertaken in
order to obtain a learner rider licence.
Motorcycle pre-provisional training course – a training course undertaken
in order to obtain a provisional rider licence.
Multi-laned road – a road with more than one lane in the same direction.
Must – a mandatory requirement.
Oncoming – a vehicle approaching, and travelling in the opposite direction.
Overtaking – to pass a vehicle travelling in the same direction as you.
Pannier – luggage boxes fitted to the sides of the motorcycles.
Pillion – motorcycle passenger.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 81
Glossary
Pot holes – holes in the road surface.
Power to weight ratio – engine power – in kilowatts to weight of motorcycle
– in tonnes including the rider.
Pressure (tyre) – the measure of how hard a tyre is inflated.
Proof of identity – documents to prove who you are.
Protective clothing – clothing designed to reduce rider injury and fatigue.
Rack – carrying tray/frame.
Rev – to increase engine speed.
Revs – engine speed measured in RPM (Revolutions Per Minute).
Road – an area that is opened to or used by the public and is developed
for, or has as one of its main uses the driving or riding of motor vehicles.
Road related area – includes an area that divides a road, a footpath, nature
strip, cycleway and parking areas,
Road motorcycle – motorcycle made primarily to ride on sealed roads.
Scanning – moving the eyes to different areas to build up a picture of
events.
Screen – windscreen.
Setting up the brakes – the action of taking the freeplay out of the front
and rear brake levers (see two stage braking).
Should – a recommendation, advice.
Sidecar – a wheeled attachment fitted to the left side of a motorcycle (see
combination).
Size (engine) – usually measured in millilitres or cubic centimetres.
Skid – when a tyre loses grip on the road surface.
Special purpose motorcycle – motorcycle designed for racing and other
specific purposes, often unregisterable.
Speed limit – the legal maximum speed for any particular stretch of road,
licence or vehicle.
Speeding – excessive or inappropriate speed, including not adjusting your
speed to suit the conditions or speed limit.
Speed limit – the legal speed for any particular stretch of road, licence or
vehicle.
Squeeze (brakes) – progressively applying more pressure to the brake
levers (see two-stage braking).
Stationary – not moving.
Suspension – front forks, rear shock absorbers, springs.
Motorcycle Rider Handbook82
Swerving – quickly turning in one direction.
Tailgater – someone who follows other vehicles too closely to be safe.
3-second gap – 3-second gap – is the crash avoidance space needed for a
rider/driver to react and respond to a situation safely and avoid a crash.
Throttle – a control used to vary the motorcycle’s engine speed.
Traction – grip between a tyre and the ground.
Trail motorcycles – motorcycles built primarily for riding on unsealed roads.
Tread – the pattern of rubber on the surface of a tyre that grips the road.
Two-stage braking – a braking technique consisting of setting up and
squeezing the brake levers.
Un-declared area – a geographical area where rider training is not required
to obtain a rider licence.
U-turn – a complete change of direction, approximately a 180 degree turn.
Visor – clear, plastic shield on the front of a helmet designed to protect
your face.
Wheel track – the mark on the road made by other vehicles’ tyres.
Glossary
Motorcycle Rider Handbook 83
A
Alcohol and other drugs 13, 15,
17, 22, 23, 32, 75, 76, 79
B
Blind corners 34, 47
Blind crests 41
Blind spot 31, 43, 79, 80
Braking 32, 53, 55, 79, 81
Buering 35-47, 79
Bus lanes 43, 62, 67
C
Carrying passengers 12, 13, 15, 64,
74, 81
Carrying your licence 9, 10
Certificate of competency 14, 18,
19, 79
Clothing 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 81
Counter steering 58
Crash avoidance space 33-39, 79
Curves and bends 47-50,
58-60
E
Exiting 48-50
Eye protection 26, 80
F
Fatigue 27, 32, 55, 79
Fines 74-77
Footwear 27
G
Gap selection 52
Gloves 25, 26
H
Hand signals 62
Hazards 53, 54
Helmet 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 24-26,
64, 74
I
In a curve 34, 47, 55, 58, 59
J
Jackets 20, 25, 26
L
Lane filtering 13, 15, 17, 62
Learner licence 8, 10-13, 18-23,
62, 64
Load projections 65
Index
Motorcycle Rider Handbook84
M
Mirrors 30, 72
N
Number plates 70, 71
O
Observation 30
Oences 12, 14, 16, 63, 70, 71,
74-77
Overtaking 44, 45
P
Parking 66
Penalties 8, 9, 21, 70, 71, 74-77
Posture 55, 56, 57
Protective clothing 24, 25, 26, 27
Provisional licence 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19
R
Registration 66, 70, 71, 77
Restrictions 13, 15, 17, 63, 66, 74
Rider Knowledge Test 6, 12, 18, 80
Rider groups 51
Riders aged 25 and over 19
Road positioning 35-49
Road surface 30-33, 35, 55, 63, 65
S
Scanning 30, 31, 81
Speed management 32
Steering 58
T
Training 8, 10-15, 18-21, 70
Turning 30, 45, 46, 49, 52, 58, 62
Tyres 71, 72
Index
ISSN 0728 4985
Pub. 09.192
Catalogue number 48024416
12/22
nsw.gov.au
13 22 13
Disclaimer
While all care is taken in producing this work, no responsibility is taken or warranty
made with respect to the accuracy of any information, data or representation.
This work is not intended to substitute a reader’s reference to relevant laws and
Transport for NSW expressly disclaims all liability in respect of the consequences
of reliance on the contents of this work.
© Transport for New South Wales (2022)
Users are welcome to copy, reproduce and distribute extracts from this work for
non-commercial purposes only, provided Transport for NSW is acknowledged as
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