General Occupational Health Standards, Chapter 296-62 WAC

Chapter 296-62 WAC

General Occupational Health Standards

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Chapter 296-62 WAC

Safety Standards for General Occupational

Health Standards

(Form Number F414-042-000)

This book contains rules for Safety Standards for general occupational health standards, as adopted

under the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1973 (Chapter 49.17 RCW).

The rules in this book are effective July 2023. A brief promulgation history, set within brackets

at the end of this chapter, gives statutory authority, administrative order of promulgation, and

date of adoption of filing.

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Tumwater, WA 98501-5414

(Located off I-5 Exit 101 south of Tumwater)

• Mailing address:

DOSH Standards and Information

PO Box 44620, Olympia, WA 98504-4620

Information telephone number is 1-800-423-7233

• For all L&I Contact information, visit https://www.lni.wa.gov/agency/contact/

• Also available on the DOSH web site:

• DOSH Core Rules

• Other General Safety and Health Rules

• Industry and Task-specific Rules

• Proposed Rules and Hearings

• Newly adopted Rules and New Rule Information

• DOSH Directives (DD’s)

• See http://www.lni.wa.gov/Safety-Health/

Chapter 296-62 WAC Table of Contents

General Occupational Health Standards

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Table of Contents

296-62 WAC

General Occupational Safety and Health

Part Title

Part A General WAC 296-62-005 through 296-62-050

Part B-1 Trade Secrets

Part C-1 Retain Department of Transportation Labeling WAC 296-62-055

through 296-62-05520

Part D Controls and Definitions WAC 96-62-060

Part F Carcinogens WAC 296-62-073 through 296-62-07316

Part G Carcinogens (Specific) WAC 296-62-07329 through 296-62-07477

Part I Airborne Contaminants WAC 296-62-07517 through 296-62-

07660

Part I-1 Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthrophyllite, and Actinolite WAC 296-62-

077 through 296-62-07755

Part I-2 Hexavalent Chromium WAC 296-62-08003 through 296-62-

08029

Part J-1 Physical Agents WAC 296-62-090 through 296-62-09560

Part L Atmospheres and Ventilation WAC 296-62-11015 through 296-

62-13635

Part N Cotton Dust WAC 296-62-14533 through 14543

Part O Coke Ovens WAC 296-62 through 296-62-20029

Part R Hazardous Drugs WAC 296-62-500 through 296-62-50055

Public Health Emergency Reporting WAC 296-600 through 296-

62-609

Statutory Authorities Pages i through xiv

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part A

General Occupational Health Standards General

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Part A, Page i

PART A

GENERAL

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-005 Occupational health and environmental

control—Foreword ................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-010 Purpose and scope. ...................................... 1

WAC 296-62-020 Definitions applicable to all sections of this

chapter. ................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-040 Unconstitutionality clause. .......................... 3

WAC 296-62-050 Application for waiver or variances. ........... 3

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part A

General Occupational Health Standards General

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Part A, Page 1

WAC 296-62-005 Occupational health and environmental

control--Foreword.

(1) Foreword.

(a) Modern industry is changing at an ever-increasing pace. New inventions, discoveries

and developments cause changes in every facet of the industrial process. In keeping

with this changing technology is the necessity to provide an adequate guide for the

protection of working men and women. This chapter is for the guidance of both labor

and management and to call particular attention to the way in which modernization

and updating of the standards can be accomplished.

(b) This chapter is intended to cover as fully as is practical the environment in which

work is performed. In addition to the suggestions made herein, the services of

modern occupational medicine must also be considered. Occupational medicine with

its specialized techniques for examination, diagnosis, and treatment adds another

protection for the worker as he encounters newly-developed materials and methods.

labor and management, and all the health sciences, is essential, this chapter is

promulgated for the health of all the workmen coming under the jurisdiction of the

department of labor and industries.

(d) This chapter is promulgated in accordance with the applicable requirements as

outlined in the Washington State Administrative Procedure Act (chapter 34.04 RCW)

and other applicable statutes.

WAC 296-62-010 Purpose and scope.

The rules in this chapter are designed to protect the health of employees and help to create a

healthy workplace by establishing requirements to control health hazards. Requirements for

chemical hazard communication programs, workplace lighting levels and exposure records are in

chapter 296-800 WAC, the safety and health core rules.

WAC 296-62-020 Definitions applicable to all sections of this

chapter.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, words used in this chapter shall have the meaning given

in this section.

Adequate or effective. Compliance with terms and intent of these standards.

Appendix. References or recommendations to be used as guides in applying the provisions of

this chapter.

Approved. Approved by the director of the department of labor and industries or his authorized

representative, or by an organization that is specifically named in a rule, such as Underwriters’

Laboratories (UL), Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), or the National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part A

General Occupational Health Standards General

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Part A, Page 2

Authorized person. A person approved or assigned by the employer to perform a specific type

of duty or duties or to be at a specific location or locations at the job site.

Coal tar pitch volatiles. As used in WAC 296-62-07515, Table I, include the fused polycyclic

hydrocarbons which volatilize from the distillation residues of coal, petroleum, (excluding

asphalt), wood, and other organic matter. Asphalt (CAS 8052-42-4, and CAS 64742-93-4) is not

covered under the “coal tar pitch volatiles” standard.

Competent person. One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the

surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees,

and who has authorization to take prompt corrective action to eliminate them.

Department. The department of labor and industries.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries, or their designated

representative.

Employer. Any person, firm, corporation, partnership, business trust, legal representative, or

other business entity which engages in any business, industry, profession, or activity in this state

and employs one or more employees or who contracts with one or more persons, the essence of

which is the personal labor of such person or persons and includes the state, counties, cities, and

all municipal corporations, public corporations, political subdivisions of the state, and charitable

organizations: Provided, That any persons, partnership, or business entity not having employees,

and who is covered by the industrial insurance act shall be considered both an employer and an

employee.

Hazard. That condition, potential or inherent, which can cause injury, death, or occupational

disease.

Occupational disease. Such disease or infection as arises naturally and proximately out of

employment.

Qualified. One who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing,

or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated ability

to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

Shall or must. Mandatory.

Should or may. Recommended.

Suitable. That which fits, or has the qualities or qualifications to meet a given purpose,

occasion, condition, function, or circumstance.

Worker, personnel, person, employee, and other terms of like meaning. Unless the context

of the provision containing such term indicates otherwise, mean an employee of an employer

who is employed in the business of their employer whether by way of manual labor or otherwise

and every person in this state who is engaged in the employment of or who is working under an

independent contract the essence of which is their personal labor for an employer whether by

manual labor or otherwise.

Work place. Any plant, yard, premises, room, or other place where an employee or employees

are employed for the performance of labor or service over which the employer has the right of

access or control. This includes, but is not limited to, all work places covered by industrial

insurance under Title 51 RCW, as now or hereafter amended.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part A

General Occupational Health Standards General

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Part A, Page 3

Abbreviations used in this chapter:

ANSI. American National Standards Institute.

ASHRE. American Society of Heating and Refrigeration Engineers.

BTU. British thermal unit.

BTUH. British thermal unit per hour.

CFM. Cubic feet per minute.

CFR. Code of Federal Register.

CGA. Compressed Gas Association.

ID. Inside diameter.

MCA. Manufacturing Chemist Association or Chemical Manufacturer Association

(CMA).

NEMA. National Electrical Manufacturing Association.

NFPA. National Fire Protection Association.

OD. Outside diameter.

WAC. Washington Administrative Code.

WISHA. Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act (chapter 80, Laws of 1973).

WAC 296-62-040 Unconstitutionality clause.

In the event that any section, paragraph, sentence, clause, phrase or work of this chapter is

declared unconstitutional or invalid for any reason the remainder of said standard or this chapter

must not be affected thereby.

WAC 296-62-050 Application for waiver or variances.

See WAC 296-900-11005, Applying for a variance.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part B-1

General Occupational Health Standards Trade Secrets

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Part B, Page i

PART B-1

TRADE SECRETS

Note: Chapter 296-62 WAC, General occupational health standards, Part B-

1, Trade secrets, (WAC 296-62-05301 through 296-62-05325 has

been repealed. Please refer to WAC 296-901-14018 Trade secrets.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part C-1

General Occupational Health Standards Retain Department of Transportation Labeling

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Part C-1, Page i

PART C-1

RETAIN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

LABELING

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-055 Retain labeling required by the department

of Transportation. ....................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-05510 Scope. ........................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-05520 Retain readily visible DOT labeling. ............................................... 1

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part C-1

General Occupational Health Standards Retain Department of Transportation Labeling

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Part C-1, Page 1

WAC 296-62-055 Retain labeling required by the department

of transportation.

Your responsibility: To make sure DOT-required labeling on packages and containers in your

workplace is retained to alert employees of potentially hazardous contents.

Note: Terms used in this rule are defined by the USDOT in Title 49 of the

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 171. To access the CFR visit

http://www.dot.gov

WAC 296-62-05510 Scope.

This chapter applies to packages, freight containers, rail freight cars, motor vehicles, and

transport vehicles required to be marked, or labeled by the U.S. Department of Transportation in

Title 49 of the CFR, Parts 171-180.

WAC 296-62-05520 Retain readily visible DOT labeling.

You must retain readily visible DOT labeling as specified in Table 1.

If you receive

Retain DOT markings, placards and labels UNTIL:

• Packages of

hazardous materials

• Hazardous materials are sufficiently removed

– Packaging must be

■ cleaned of residue

■ purged of vapors

• Freight containers

• Rail freight cars

• Motor vehicles

• Transport vehicles

• Hazardous materials are sufficiently removed

• Nonbulk packages

that will not be

reshipped

• You replace the DOT labeling with labeling that

complies with WAC 296-901-140 Hazard

communication

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part D

General Occupational Health Standards Controls and Definitions

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Part D, Page i

PART D

CONTROLS AND DEFINITIONS

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-060 Control requirements in addition to those

specified. ................................................... 1

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part D

General Occupational Health Standards Controls and Definitions

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Part D, Page 1

WAC 296-62-060 Control requirements in addition to those

specified.

Note: The requirements in this section apply only to agriculture. The

requirements for general industry relating to control requirements have

been moved to chapter 296-800 WAC, Safety and health core rules.

(1) In those cases where no acceptable standards have been derived for the control of

hazardous conditions, every reasonable precaution must be taken to safeguard the health of

the worker whether provided herein or not.

(2) Preservation of records.

(a) Scope and application. This section applies to each employer who makes, maintains

or has access to employee exposure records or employee medical records.

(b) Definitions.

Employee exposure record. A record of monitoring or measuring which

contains qualitative or quantitative information indicative of employee exposure

to toxic materials or harmful physical agents. This includes both individual

exposure records and general research or statistical studies based on information

collected from exposure records.

Employee medical record. A record which contains information concerning

the health status of an employee or employees exposed or potentially exposed to

toxic materials or harmful physical agents. These records may include, but are

not limited to:

(A) The results of medical examinations and tests;

(B) Any opinions or recommendations of a physician or other health

professional concerning the health of an employee or employees; and

Employee medical records include both individual medical records and

general research or statistical studies based on information collected from

medical records.

employee exposure records or employee medical records must preserve these records.

(d) Availability of records. The employer must make available, upon request, to the

director, department of labor and industries, or his designee, all employee exposure

records and employee medical records for examination and copying.

(e) Effective date. This standard shall become effective thirty days after filing with the

code reviser.

(3) Monitoring of employees. The department must use industrial hygiene sampling methods

and techniques including but not limited to personal monitoring devices and equipment

approved by the director or his designee for the purpose of establishing compliance with

chapter 296-62 WAC.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part D

General Occupational Health Standards Controls and Definitions

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Part D, Page 2

(a) The employer must permit the director or his designee to monitor and evaluate any

workplace or employee in accordance with all provisions of this subsection.

(b) The employer must not prevent or discourage an employee from cooperating with the

department by restricting or inhibiting their participation in the use of personal

monitoring devices and equipment in accordance with all provisions of this

subsection.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page i

PART F

CARCINOGENS

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-073 Carcinogens-Scope and application. .......... 1

WAC 296-62-07302 Communication of hazards. ........................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-07304 Definitions. .................................................................................... 2

WAC 296-62-07306 Requirements for areas containing carcinogens listed in WAC 296-

62-07302. ........................................................................................................ 3

WAC 296-62-07308 General regulated area requirements. ........................................... 6

WAC 296-62-07310 Signs, information and training. ..................................................... 8

WAC 296-62-07312 Reports. ......................................................................................... 9

WAC 296-62-07314 Medical surveillance. ................................................................... 10

WAC 296-62-07316 Premixed solutions. ..................................................................... 11

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 1

WAC 296-62-073 Carcinogens-Scope and application.

(1) All sections of this chapter which include WAC 296-62-073 in the section number apply to

the manufacturing, processing, repackaging, releasing, handling or storing of carcinogens.

(2) This section shall not apply to solid or liquid mixtures containing less than 0.1 percent by

weight or volume of the carcinogens listed in WAC 296-62-07302.

WAC 296-62-07302 Communication of hazards.

(1) Hazard communication.

(a) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, and employers must comply with all

requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC 296-901-140 for

each carcinogen listed in subsection (2) of this section.

(b) In classifying the hazards of carcinogens listed in subsection (2) of this section, at

least the hazards listed in subsection (2) of this section are to be addressed.

hazard communication program established to comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-

140. Employers must ensure that each employee has access to labels on containers of

the carcinogens listed in subsection (2) of this section and to safety data sheets, and is

trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS and subsection (2) of this

section.

(2) List of carcinogens:

(a) 4-Nitrobiphenyl: Cancer (CAS 92-93-3).

(b) Alpha-Naphthylamine: Cancer; skin irritation; and acute toxicity effects (CAS 134-

32-7).

effects; and flammability (CAS 107-30-2).

(d) 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts): Cancer and skin sensitization (CAS 91-94-1).

(e) Bis-Chloromethyl ether: Cancer; skin, eye, and respiratory tract effects; acute

toxicity effects; and flammability (CAS 542-88-1).

(f) Beta-Naphthylamine: Cancer and acute toxicity effects (CAS 91-59-8).

(g) Benzidine: Cancer and acute toxicity effects (CAS 92-87-5).

(h) 4-Aminodiphenyl: Cancer (CAS 92-67-1).

(i) Ethyleneimine: Cancer; mutagenicity; skin and eye effects; liver effects; kidney

effects; acute toxicity effects; and flammability (CAS 151-56-4).

(j) Beta-Propiolactone: Cancer; skin irritation; eye effects; and acute toxicity effects

(CAS 57-57-8).

(k) 2-Acetylaminofluorene: Cancer (CAS 53-96-3).

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 2

(l) 4-Dimethylaminoazo-benzene: Cancer, skin effects; and respiratory tract irritation

(CAS 60-11-7).

(m) N-Nitrosodimethylamine: Cancer; liver effects; and acute toxicity effects (CAS 62-

75-9).

WAC 296-62-07304 Definitions.

The definitions set forth in this section apply throughout WAC 296-62-073 through 296-62-

07316.

Absolute filter. Is one capable of retaining 99.97 percent of a mono disperse aerosol of 0.3

micron size particles.

Authorized employee. An employee whose duties require him to be in the regulated area and

who has been specifically assigned to those duties by the employer.

Clean change room. A room where employees put on clean clothing and/or protective

equipment in an environment free of carcinogens listed in WAC 296-62-07302. The clean

change room shall be contiguous to and have an entry from a shower room, when the shower

room facilities are otherwise required in this section.

Closed system. An operation involving carcinogens listed in WAC 296-62-07302 where

containment prevents the release of carcinogens.

Decontamination. The inactivation of a carcinogen listed in WAC 296-62-07302 or its safe

disposal.

Disposal. The safe removal of a carcinogen listed in WAC 296-62-07302 from the work

environment.

Emergency. An unforeseen circumstance or set of circumstances resulting in the release of a

carcinogen which may result in exposure to or contact with any carcinogen listed in WAC 296-

62-07302.

External environment. Any environment external to regulated and nonregulated areas.

Isolated system. A fully enclosed structure other than the vessel of containment of a listed

carcinogen which is impervious to the passage of listed carcinogens and which would prevent the

entry of carcinogens into regulated areas, nonregulated areas, or the external environment,

should leakage or spillage from the vessel of containment occur.

Laboratory-type hood. A device enclosed on three sides and the top and bottom, designed and

maintained so as to draw air inward at an average linear face velocity of 150 feet per minute with

a minimum of 125 feet per minute, designed, constructed and maintained such that an operation

involving a listed carcinogen within the hood does not require the insertion of any portion of any

employees' body other than his hands and arms.

Nonregulated area. Any area under the control of the employer where entry and exit is neither

restricted nor controlled.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 3

Open-vessel system. An operation involving listed carcinogens in an open vessel, which is not

in an isolated system, a laboratory-type hood, nor in any other system affording equivalent

protection against the entry of carcinogens into regulated areas, nonregulated areas, or the

external environment.

Protective clothing. Clothing designed to protect an employee against contact with or exposure

to listed carcinogens.

Regulated area. An area where entry and exit is restricted and controlled.

WAC 296-62-07306 Requirements for areas containing carcinogens listed in WAC

296-62-07302.

(1) A regulated area must be established by an employer where listed carcinogens are

manufactured, processed, used, repackaged, released, handled or stored.

(2) All such areas must be controlled in accordance with the requirements for the following

category or categories describing the operation involved:

(a) Isolated systems. Employees working with carcinogens within an isolated system

such as a “glove box.” must wash their hands and arms upon completion of the

assigned task and before engaging in other activities not associated with the isolated

system.

(b) Closed system operation. Within regulated areas where carcinogens are stored in

sealed containers, or contained in a closed system including piping systems with any

sample ports or openings closed while carcinogens are contained within:

Access must be restricted to authorized employees only;

Employees must wash hands, forearms, face and neck upon each exit from the

regulated areas, close to the point of exit and before engaging in other activities.

296-62-07304 are prohibited.

(d) Transfer from a closed system. Charging or discharging point operations, or

otherwise opening a closed system. In operations involving “laboratory-type hoods,”

or in locations where a carcinogen is contained in an otherwise “closed system,” but

is transferred, charged, or discharged into other normally closed containers, the

provisions of this section shall apply.

Access must be restricted to authorized employees only;

Each operation must be provided with continuous local exhaust ventilation so

that air movement is always from ordinary work areas to the operation. Exhaust

air must not be discharged to regulated areas, nonregulated areas or the external

environment unless decontaminated. Clean makeup air must be introduced in

sufficient volume to maintain the correct operation of the local exhaust system.

Employees must be provided with, and required to wear, clean, full body

protective clothing (smocks, coveralls, or long-sleeved shirt and pants), shoe

covers and gloves prior to entering the regulated area.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 4

Each employee engaged in handling operations involving the following

carcinogens must be provided with and required to wear and use a NIOSH-

certified self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is

operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode, or any supplied

air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or

other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained

positive-pressure breathing apparatus as required in chapter 296-842 WAC. A

respirator affording higher levels of protection than this respirator may be

substituted.

(A) Methyl Chloromethyl Ether;

(B) bis-Chloromethyl Ether;

(D) beta-Propiolactone;

(E) 4-Amino Diphenyl.

Each employee engaged in handling operations involving the following

carcinogens must be provided with, and required to wear and use, NIOSH-

certified air-purifying, half-mask respirator with particulate filters as required in

chapter 296-842 WAC. A respirator affording higher levels of protection than

this respirator may be substituted.

(A) 4-Nitrobiphenyl;

(B) alpha-Naphthylamine;

(D) 3,3'Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts);

(E) beta-Naphthylamine;

(F) Benzidine;

(G) 2-acetylamino fluroene;

(H) 4-imethylaminoazobenzene;

(I) n-nitrosodimethylamine.

must be provided with, and required to wear and use, a half-face, filter-type respirator

certified for solid or liquid particulates with minimum efficiency rating of 95% as

required in chapter 296-842 WAC. A respirator affording higher levels of protection

than this respirator may be substituted.

Prior to each exit from a regulated area, employees must remove and leave

protective clothing and equipment at the point of exit and at the last exit of the

day, to place used clothing and equipment in impervious containers at the point

of exit for purposes of decontamination or disposal. The contents of such

impervious containers must be identified, as required under WAC 296-62-

07302.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 5

Employees must wash hands, forearms, face and neck on each exit from the

regulated area, close to the point of exit, and before engaging in other activities.

Employees must shower after the last exit of the day.

Drinking fountains are prohibited in the regulated area.

(e) Maintenance and decontamination activities. In cleanup of leaks or spills,

maintenance or repair operations on contaminated systems or equipment, or any

operations involving work in an area where direct contact with carcinogens could

result, each authorized employee entering the area must:

Be provided with and required to wear, clean, impervious garments, including

gloves, boots and continuous-air supplied hood in accordance with WAC 296-

800-160, and respiratory protective equipment required by this chapter 296-842

WAC;

Be decontaminated before removing the protective garments and hood;

Shower upon removing the protective garments and hood.

(f) Laboratory activities. The requirements of this subdivision shall apply to research

and quality control activities involving the use of carcinogens listed in WAC 296-62-

07302.

Mechanical pipetting aids must be used for all pipetting procedures.

Experiments, procedures and equipment which could produce aerosols must be

confined to laboratory-type hoods or glove boxes.

Surfaces on which carcinogens are handled must be protected from

contamination.

Contaminated wastes and animal carcasses must be collected in impervious

containers which are closed and decontaminated prior to removal from the work

area. Such wastes and carcasses must be incinerated in such a manner that no

carcinogenic products are released.

All other forms of listed carcinogens must be inactivated prior to disposal.

Laboratory vacuum systems must be protected with high efficiency scrubbers or

with disposable absolute filters.

Employees engaged in animal support activities must be:

(A) Provided with, and required to wear, a complete protective clothing

change, clean each day, including coveralls or pants and shirt, foot covers,

head covers, gloves, and appropriate respiratory protective equipment or

devices; and

(B) Prior to each exit from a regulated area, employees must remove and

leave protective clothing and equipment at the point of exit and at the last

exit of the day, to place used clothing and equipment in impervious

containers at the point of exit for purposes of decontamination or disposal.

The contents of such impervious containers must be identified as required

under WAC 296-62-07310 (2) and (3).

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 6

regulated area close to the point of exit, and before engaging in other

activities; and

(D) Required to shower after the last exit of the day.

Employees, other than those engaged only in animal support activities, each day

must be:

(A) Provided with and required to wear a clean change of appropriate

laboratory clothing, such as a solid front gown, surgical scrub suit, or fully

buttoned laboratory coat.

(B) Prior to each exit from a regulated area, employees must remove and

leave protective clothing and equipment at the point of exit and at the last

exit of the day, to place used clothing and equipment in impervious

containers at the point of exit for purposes of decontamination or disposal.

The contents of such impervious containers shall be identified as required

under WAC 296-62-07310 (2) and (3).

regulated area close to the point of exit, and before engaging in other

activities.

Air pressure in laboratory areas and animal rooms where carcinogens are

handled and bioassay studies are performed must be negative in relation to the

pressure in surrounding areas. Exhaust air must not be discharged to regulated

areas, nonregulated areas or the external environment unless decontaminated.

There must not be any connection between regulated areas and any other areas

through the ventilation system.

A current inventory of the carcinogens must be maintained.

Ventilated apparatus such as laboratory-type hoods, must be tested at least

semiannually or immediately after ventilation modification or maintenance

operations, by personnel fully qualified to certify correct containment and

operation.

WAC 296-62-07308 General regulated area requirements.

(1) Respirator program. The employer must implement a respiratory protection program as

required in chapter 296-62 WAC, Part E (except WAC 296-62-07130(1) and (5) and 296-

62-07131), which covers each employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

(2) Emergencies. In an emergency, immediate measures including, but not limited to, the

requirements of (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this subsection must be implemented.

(a) The potentially affected area must be evacuated as soon as the emergency has been

determined.

(b) Hazardous conditions created by the emergency must be eliminated and the

potentially affected area must be decontaminated prior to the resumption of normal

operations.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 7

hours for employees present in the potentially affected area at the time of the

emergency. A report of the medical surveillance and any treatment must be included

in the incident report, in accordance with WAC 296-62-07312(2).

(d) Where an employee has a known contact with a listed carcinogen, such employee

must shower as soon as possible, unless contraindicated by physical injuries.

(e) An incident report on the emergency must be reported as provided in WAC 296-62-

07312(2).

(3) Hygiene facilities and practices.

(a) Storage or consumption of food, storage or use of containers of beverages, storage or

application of cosmetics, smoking, storage of smoking materials, tobacco products or

other products for chewing, or the chewing of such products, are prohibited in

regulated areas.

(b) Where employees are required by this section to wash, washing facilities must be

provided in accordance with WAC 296-800-230.

provided.

One shower must be provided for each ten employees of each sex, or numerical

fraction thereof, who are required to shower during the same shift.

Body soap or other appropriate cleansing agents convenient to the showers must

be provided as specified in WAC 296-800-230, of the safety and health core

rules.

Showers must be provided with hot and cold water feeding a common discharge

line.

Employees who use showers must be provided with individual clean towels.

(d) Where employees wear protective clothing and equipment, clean change rooms must

be provided and must be equipped with storage facilities for street clothes and

separate storage facilities for the protective clothing for the number of such

employees required to change clothes.

(e) Where toilets are in regulated areas, such toilets must be in a separate room.

(4) Contamination control.

(a) Regulated areas, except for outdoor systems, must be maintained under pressure

negative with respect to nonregulated areas. Local exhaust ventilation may be used to

satisfy this requirement. Clean makeup air in equal volume must replace air

removed.

(b) Any equipment, material, or other item taken into or removed from a regulated area

must be done so in a manner that does not cause contamination in nonregulated areas

or the external environment.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 8

carcinogens from the surfaces of materials, equipment and the decontamination

facility.

(d) Dry sweeping and dry mopping are prohibited.

WAC 296-62-07310 Signs, information and training.

(1) Signs.

(a) The employer must post signs at entrances to regulated areas. The signs must bear

the legend:

DANGER

(CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION)

MAY CAUSE CANCER

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

(b) The employer must post signs at entrances to regulated areas containing operations

covered in WAC 296-62-07306 (2)(e). The signs must bear the legend:

DANGER

(CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION)

MAY CAUSE CANCER

WEAR AIR-SUPPLIED HOODS, IMPERVIOUS SUITS, AND PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT IN THIS AREA

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

regulated areas, informing employees of the procedures that must be followed in

entering and leaving a regulated area.

(2) Prohibited statements. No statements shall appear on or near any required sign, label, or

instruction that contradicts or detracts from the effect of any required warning, information

or instruction.

(3) Training and indoctrination.

(a) Each employee prior to being authorized to enter a regulated area, must receive a

training and indoctrination program including, but not necessarily limited to:

The nature of the carcinogenic hazards of listed carcinogens, including local

and systemic toxicity;

The specific nature of the operation involving carcinogens which could result in

exposure;

The purpose for and application of the medical surveillance program, including,

as appropriate, methods of self-examination;

The purpose for and application of decontamination practices and purposes;

The purpose for and significance of emergency practices and procedures;

The employee's specific role in emergency procedures;

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 9

Specific information to aid the employee in recognition and evaluation of

conditions and situations which may result in the release of listed carcinogens;

The purpose for and application of specific first-aid procedures and practices;

A review of this section at the employee's first training and indoctrination

program and annually thereafter.

(b) Specific emergency procedures must be prescribed, and posted, and employees, must

be familiarized with their terms, and rehearsed in their application.

WAC 296-62-07312 Reports.

(1) Operations. Not later than October 30, 1974, the information required in (a), (b), (c) and

(d) of this subsection must be reported in writing to the Department of Labor and

Industries, WISHA Services Division, Policy and Technical Services, P.O. Box 44610,

Olympia, WA 98504-4610. Any change in the information must also be reported in

writing within 15 calendar days of the change.

(a) A brief description and in plant location of the area(s) regulated and the address of

each regulated area;

(b) The name(s) and other identifying information as to the presence of listed

carcinogens in each regulated area;

maintenance activities; and

(d) The manner in which a carcinogen is present in each regulated area; e.g., whether it is

manufactured, processed, used, repackaged, released, stored, or otherwise handled.

(2) Incidents. Incidents which result in the release of a listed carcinogen into any area where

employees may be potentially exposed must be reported in accordance with this subsection.

(a) The occurrence of the incident, including any facts obtainable at that time, as well as

a report on any medical treatment of affected employees, must be reported within 24

hours to the Department of Labor and Industries, WISHA Services Division, Policy

and Technical Services, P.O. Box 44610, Olympia, WA 98504-4610.

(b) A written report must be filed with the Department of Labor and Industries, WISHA

Services Division, Policy and Technical Services, P.O. Box 44610, Olympia, WA

98504-4610, within 15 calendar days after the incident occurs, and must include:

A specification of the amount of material released, the amount of time involved,

and an explanation of the procedure used in determining this figure;

A description of the area involved, and the extent of known and possible

employee exposure and area contamination;

A report of any medical treatment of affected employees, and any medical

surveillance program implemented; and

An analysis of the circumstances of the incident, and measures taken or to be

taken, with specific completion dates, to avoid further similar releases.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part F

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 10

Carcinogen Standard Report

Company:____________________

Plant Address:________________

Date:________________________

Prepared by:_______________________

Title:______________________________

Command and

Other

Identifying

Information

Description of

Inplant

Location of

Regulated Area*

Number of

Employees

In each

Regulated area*

Normally

Maintenance

Manner** In

Which

Compound is

Present in

Each Regulated

Area*

* See WAC 296-62-07304 for definition of “regulated area.”

** Indicated whether manufactured, processed, used, repackaged, released, stored, or if

otherwise handled (describe).

WAC 296-62-07314 Medical surveillance.

(1) At no cost to the employee, a program of medical surveillance must be established and

implemented for employees considered for assignment to enter regulated areas, and for

authorized employees.

(2) Examinations.

(a) Before an employee is assigned to enter a regulated area, a preassignment physical

examination by a physician must be provided and must include a personal history of

the employee and/or their family and occupational background, including genetic and

environmental factors.

Taking of employees’ medical history and background history must be

considered to be a routine part of standard medical practice.

This provision does not require “genetic testing” of any employee.

This provision does not require the exclusion of otherwise qualified employees

from jobs on the basis of genetic factors.

(b) Authorized employees must be provided periodic physical examination, not less often

than annually, following the preassignment examination.

whether there exist conditions of increased risk, including reduced immunological

competence, pregnancy, cigarette smoking, and those undergoing treatment with

steroids or cytotoxic agents.

(3) Records.

(a) Employers of employees examined pursuant to this subdivision must maintain

complete and accurate records of all such medical examinations. Records must be

maintained for the duration of the employee's employment. The employer must

ensure that medical records are maintained and made available in accordance with

chapter 296-802 WAC, Employee medical and exposure records.

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General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens

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Part F, Page 11

(b) Records required by this section must be provided upon request to employees,

designated representatives, and the director in accordance with chapter 296-802

WAC.

employee as required by this section must obtain from the physician a statement of the

employee's suitability for employment in the specific exposure.

WAC 296-62-07316 Premixed solutions.

Where 4,4'-Methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) is present only in a single solution at a temperature

not exceeding 220°F. the establishment of a regulated area is not required; however:

(1) Only authorized employees shall be permitted to handle such materials.

(2) Each day employees must be provided with and required to wear a clean change of

protective clothing (smocks, coveralls, or long-sleeved shirts and pants), gloves and other

protective garments and equipment necessary to prevent contact with the solution in the

process used.

(3) Employees must remove and leave protective clothing and equipment when leaving the

work area at the end of the work day, or at any time solution is spilled on such clothing or

equipment. Used clothing and equipment must be placed in impervious containers for

purposes of decontamination or disposal. The contents of such impervious containers must

be identified, as required under WAC 296-62-07310 (2) and (3).

(4) Employees must wash hands and face after removing such clothing and equipment and

before engaging in other activities.

(5) Employees assigned to work covered by this section must be deemed to be working in

regulated areas for the purposes of WAC 296-62-07308 (1), (2)(a) and (b), and (3)(c) and

(d), WAC 296-62-07310, 296-62-07312 and 296-62-07314.

(6) Work areas where solution may be spilled must be:

(a) Covered daily or after any spill with a clean covering; or

(b) Clean thoroughly, daily and after any spill.

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General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page i

Part G

Carcinogens (Specific)

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-07329 Vinyl chloride. ................................................................................ 1

WAC 296-62-07336 Acrylonitrile. ................................................................................... 8

WAC 296-62-07337 Appendix A--Substance safety data sheet for acrylonitrile. .......... 21

WAC 296-62-07338 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for acrylonitrile. ...... 25

WAC 296-62-07339 Appendix C--Medical surveillance guidelines for acrylonitrile. ..... 30

WAC 296-62-07340 Appendix D--Sampling and analytical methods for acrylonitrile. .. 32

WAC 296-62-07342 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane. ..................................................... 43

WAC 296-62-07343 Appendix A--Substance safety data sheet for DBCP. .................. 54

WAC 296-62-07344 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for DBCP. .............. 57

WAC 296-62-07346 Appendix C--Medical surveillance guidelines for DBCP. ............. 61

WAC 296-62-07355 Ethylene oxide. Scope and application. ...................................... 64

WAC 296-62-07357 Definitions. ................................................................................... 64

WAC 296-62-07359 Permissible exposure limits (PEL). .............................................. 65

WAC 296-62-07361 Exposure monitoring. ................................................................... 65

WAC 296-62-07363 Regulated areas. ......................................................................... 67

WAC 296-62-07365 Methods of compliance. ............................................................... 67

WAC 296-62-07367 Respiratory protection and personal protective equipment. ......... 68

WAC 296-62-07369 Emergency situations. ................................................................. 69

WAC 296-62-07371 Medical surveillance. ................................................................... 70

WAC 296-62-07373 Communication of EtO hazards. .................................................. 72

WAC 296-62-07375 Recordkeeping............................................................................. 73

WAC 296-62-07377 Observation of monitoring. ........................................................... 75

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WAC Page

WAC 296-62-07381 Appendices. ................................................................................. 75

WAC 296-62-07383 Appendix A--Substance safety data sheet for ethylene oxide

(nonmandatory). ............................................................................................................ 75

WAC 296-62-07385 Appendix B--Substance technical guide for ethylene

oxide (nonmandatory). .................................................................................................. 82

WAC 296-62-07387 Appendix C--Medical surveillance guidelines for ethylene oxide

(nonmandatory). ...................................................................................................... 85

WAC 296-62-07389 Appendix D--Sampling and analytical methods for ethylene oxide

(nonmandatory). ............................................................................................................ 88

WAC 296-62-074 Cadmium .................................................... 103

WAC 296-62-07401 Scope. ....................................................................................... 103

WAC 296-62-07403 Definitions. ................................................................................. 103

WAC 296-62-07405 Permissible exposure limit (PEL). .............................................. 104

WAC 296-62-07407 Exposure monitoring. ................................................................. 104

WAC 296-62-07409 Regulated areas. ....................................................................... 105

WAC 296-62-07411 Methods of compliance. ............................................................. 106

WAC 296-62-07413 Respirator protection. ................................................................ 108

WAC 296-62-07415 Emergency situations. ............................................................... 109

WAC 296-62-07417 Protective work clothing and equipment. ................................... 109

WAC 296-62-07419 Hygiene areas and practices. .................................................... 111

WAC 296-62-07421 Housekeeping. ........................................................................... 111

WAC 296-62-07423 Medical surveillance. ................................................................. 112

WAC 296-62-07425 Communication of cadmium hazards. ........................................ 123

WAC 296-62-07427 Recordkeeping........................................................................... 125

WAC 296-62-07429 Observation of monitoring. ......................................................... 126

WAC 296-62-07433 Appendices. ............................................................................... 127

WAC 296-62-07441 Appendix A--substance safety data sheet--Cadmium. ............... 127

WAC 296-62-07443 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for cadmium. ....... 141

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General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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WAC Page

WAC 296-62-07447 Appendix D--Occupational health history interview with reference

to cadmium exposure directions. ................................................................................. 146

WAC 296-62-07449 Appendix E--Cadmium in workplace atmospheres. ................... 150

WAC 296-62-07451 A short description of Appendix F to 29 CFR 1910.1027--

Nonmandatory protocol for biological monitoring. ....................................................... 175

WAC 296-62-07460 1,3-Butadiene. ........................................................................... 176

Appendix A. Substance Safety Data Sheet For 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory) ...... 191

Appendix B. Substance Technical Guidelines for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory) ... 195

Appendix C. Medical Screening and Surveillance for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory) . 9

Appendix D: Sampling and Analytical Method for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory) ... 202

APPENDIX E: Reserved. ........................................................................................... 210

APPENDIX F, MEDICAL QUESTIONNAIRES, (Non-mandatory) ............................... 210

1,3-Butadiene (BD) Health Update Questionnaire ...................................................... 214

WAC 296-62-07470 Methylene chloride. .................................................................... 217

WAC 296-62-07473 Appendix A. Substance Safety Data Sheet and Technical

Guidelines for Methylene Chloride .............................................................................. 235

WAC 296-62-07475 Appendix B. Medical Surveillance for Methylene Chloride ........ 241

WAC 296-62-07477 Appendix C. Questions and answers--methylene chloride in

furniture stripping......................................................................................................... 250

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 1

WAC 296-62-07329 Vinyl chloride.

(1) Scope and application.

(a) This section includes requirements for the control of employee exposure to vinyl

chloride (chloroethene), Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No. 75014.

(b) This section applies to the manufacture, reaction, packaging, repackaging, storage,

handling or use of vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride, but does not apply to the

handling or use of fabricated products made of polyvinyl chloride.

except to the extent that the department of transportation may regulate the hazards

covered by this section.

(2) Definitions.

(a) Action level. A concentration of vinyl chloride of 0.5 ppm averaged over an 8-hour

work day.

(b) Authorized person. Any person specifically authorized by the employer whose

duties require them to enter a regulated area or any person entering such an area as a

designated representative of employees for the purpose of exercising an opportunity

to observe monitoring and measuring procedures.

representative.

(d) Emergency. Any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, or

operation of a relief device which is likely to, or does, result in massive release of

vinyl chloride.

(e) Fabricated product. A product made wholly or partly from polyvinyl chloride, and

which does not require further processing at temperatures, and for times, sufficient to

cause mass melting of the polyvinyl chloride resulting in the release of vinyl chloride.

(f) Hazardous operation. Any operation, procedure, or activity where a release of

either vinyl chloride liquid or gas might be expected as a consequence of the

operation or because of an accident in the operation, which would result in an

employee exposure in excess of the permissible exposure limit.

(g) Polyvinyl chloride. Polyvinyl chloride homopolymer or copolymer before such is

converted to a fabricated product.

(h) Vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride monomer.

(3) Permissible exposure limit.

(a) No employee may be exposed to vinyl chloride at concentrations greater than 1 ppm

averaged over any 8-hour period, and

(b) No employee may be exposed to vinyl chloride at concentrations greater than 5 ppm

averaged over any period not exceeding 15 minutes.

chloride.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 2

(4) Monitoring.

(a) A program of initial monitoring and measurement must be undertaken in each

establishment to determine if there is any employee exposed, without regard to the

use of respirators, in excess of the action level.

(b) Where a determination conducted under subdivision (a) of this subsection shows any

employee exposures without regard to the use of respirators, in excess of the action

level, a program for determining exposures for each such employee must be

established. Such a program:

Must be repeated at least monthly where any employee is exposed, without

regard to the use of respirators, in excess of the permissible exposure limit.

Must be repeated not less than quarterly where any employee is exposed,

without regard to the use of respirators, in excess of the action level.

May be discontinued for any employee only when at least two consecutive

monitoring determinations, made not less than 5 working days apart, show

exposures for that employee at or below the action level.

an increase in the release of vinyl chloride, or the employer has any other reason to

suspect that any employee may be exposed in excess of the action level, a

determination of employee exposure under subdivision (a) of this subsection must be

performed.

(d) The method of monitoring and measurement must have an accuracy (with a

confidence level of 95 percent) of not less than plus or minus 50 percent from 0.25

through 0.5 ppm, plus or minus 35 percent from over 0.5 ppm through 1.0 ppm, plus

or minus 25 percent over 1.0 ppm, (methods meeting these accuracy requirements are

available from the director).

(e) Employees or their designated representatives must be afforded reasonable

opportunity to observe the monitoring and measuring required by this subsection.

(5) Regulated area.

(a) A regulated area must be established where:

Vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride is manufactured, reacted, repackaged,

stored, handled or used; and

Vinyl chloride concentrations are in excess of the permissible exposure limit.

(b) Access to regulated areas must be limited to authorized persons.

(6) Methods of compliance. Employee exposures to vinyl chloride must be controlled to at or

below the permissible exposure limit provided in subsection (3) of this section by

engineering, work-practice, and personal protective controls as follows:

(a) Feasible engineering and work-practice controls must immediately be used to reduce

exposures to at or below the permissible exposure limit.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 3

(b) Wherever feasible engineering and work-practice controls which can be instituted

immediately are not sufficient to reduce exposures to at or below the permissible

exposure limit, they must nonetheless be used to reduce exposures to the lowest

practicable level, and must be supplemented by respiratory protection in accordance

with subsection (7) of this section. A program must be established and implemented

to reduce exposures to at or below the permissible exposure limit, or to the greatest

extent feasible, solely by means of engineering and work-practice controls, as soon as

feasible.

examination and copying to the director. Such plans must be updated at least every

six months.

(7) Respiratory protection.

(a) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer

must provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with the

requirements of this section.

(b) Respirator program. The employer must develop, implement, and maintain a

respiratory protection program as required in chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators,

which covers each employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

EXCEPTION: The requirements in WAC 296-842 13005 that address change out of

vapor or gas respirator cartridges or canisters.

Select and provide to employees appropriate respirators as specified in this

section and WAC 296-842-13005 in the respirator rule.

Provide organic vapor cartridges that have a service life of at least one hour

when employees use air-purifying respirators in vinyl chloride concentrations

up to 10 parts per million (ppm).

Make sure the following respirators, when selected, are equipped with a canister

with a service life of at least 4 hours when used in vinyl chloride concentrations

up to 25 ppm:

(A) Helmet, hood, or full-facepiece PAPRs or

(B) Gas masks with a front-or back-mounted canister.

(d) Where air-purifying respirators are used:

Air-purifying canisters or cartridges must be replaced prior to the expiration of

their service life or the end of the shift in which they are first used, whichever

occurs first, and

A continuous monitoring and alarm system must be provided when

concentrations of vinyl chloride could reasonably exceed the allowable

concentrations for the devices in use. Such system must be used to alert

employees when vinyl chloride concentrations exceed the allowable

concentrations for the devices in use, and

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 4

Respirators specified for higher concentrations may be used for lower

concentration.

(8) Hazardous operations.

(a) Employees engaged in hazardous operations, including entry of vessels to clean

polyvinyl chloride residue from vessel walls, must be provided and required to wear

and use:

Respiratory protection in accordance with subsections (3) and (7) of this

section; and

Protective garments to prevent skin contact with liquid vinyl chloride or with

polyvinyl chloride residue from vessel walls. The protective garments must be

selected for the operation and its possible exposure conditions.

(b) Protective garments must be provided clean and dry for each use.

developed for each facility storing, handling, or otherwise using vinyl chloride as a

liquid or compressed gas. Appropriate portions of the plan must be implemented in

the event of an emergency. The plan must specifically provide that:

Employees engaged in hazardous operations or correcting situations of existing

hazardous releases must be equipped as required in (a) and (b) of this

subsection;

Other employees not so equipped must evacuate the area and not return until

conditions are controlled by the methods required in subsection (6) of this

section and the emergency is abated.

(9) Training. Each employee engaged in vinyl chloride or polyvinyl chloride operations must

be provided training in a program relating to the hazards of vinyl chloride and precautions

for its safe use.

(a) The program must include:

The nature of the health hazard from chronic exposure to vinyl chloride

including specifically the carcinogenic hazard;

The specific nature of operations which could result in exposure to vinyl

chloride in excess of the permissible limit and necessary protective steps;

The purpose for, proper use, and limitations of respiratory protective devices;

The fire hazard and acute toxicity of vinyl chloride, and the necessary

protective steps;

The purpose for and a description of the monitoring program;

The purpose for and a description of, the medical surveillance program;

Emergency procedures:

(A) Specific information to aid the employee in recognition of conditions

which may result in the release of vinyl chloride; and

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 5

(B) A review of this standard at the employee's first training and

indoctrination program, and annually thereafter.

(b) All materials relating to the program must be provided upon request to the director.

(10) Medical surveillance. A program of medical surveillance must be instituted for each

employee exposed, without regard to the use of respirators, to vinyl chloride in excess of

the action level. The program must provide each such employee with an opportunity for

examinations and tests in accordance with this subsection. All medical examinations and

procedures must be performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician and must

be provided without cost to the employee.

(a) At the time of initial assignment, or upon institution of medical surveillance;

A general physical examination must be performed with specific attention to

detecting enlargement of liver, spleen or kidneys, or dysfunction in these

organs, and for abnormalities in skin, connective tissues and the pulmonary

system (see Appendix A).

A medical history must be taken, including the following topics:

(A) Alcohol intake,

(B) Past history of hepatitis,

drugs and chemicals,

(D) Past history of blood transfusions, and

(E) Past history of hospitalizations.

A serum specimen must be obtained and determinations made of:

(A) Total bilirubin,

(B) Alkaline phosphatase,

(D) Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and

(E) Gamma glustamyl transpeptidase.

(b) Examinations provided in accordance with this subdivision must be performed at

least:

Every 6 months for each employee who has been employed in vinyl chloride or

polyvinyl chloride manufacturing for 10 years or longer; and

Annually for all other employees.

surveillance.

(d) A statement of each employee's suitability for continued exposure to vinyl chloride

including use of protective equipment and respirators, must be obtained from the

examining physician promptly after any examination. A copy of the physician's

statement must be provided each employee.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 6

(e) If any employee's health would be materially impaired by continued exposure, such

employee must be withdrawn from possible contact with vinyl chloride.

(f) Laboratory analyses for all biological specimens included in medical examinations

must be performed in laboratories licensed under 42 CFR Part 74.

(g) If the examining physician determines that alternative medical examinations to those

required by (a) of this subsection will provide at least equal assurance of detecting

medical conditions pertinent to the exposure to vinyl chloride, the employer may

accept such alternative examinations as meeting the requirements of (a) of this

subsection, if the employer obtains a statement from the examining physician setting

forth the alternative examinations and the rationale for substitution. This statement

must be available upon request for examination and copying to authorized

representatives of the director.

(11) Communication of hazards.

(a) Hazard communication-General.

(b) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers must comply with all

requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC 296-901-140 for

vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.

addressed: Cancer; central nervous system effects; liver effects; blood effects; and

flammability.

(d) Employers must include vinyl chloride in the hazard communication program

established to comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers must ensure

that each employee has access to labels on containers of vinyl chloride and to safety

data sheets, and is trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS and subsection

(9) of this section.

(12) Signs.

(a) The employers must post entrances to regulated areas with legible signs bearing the

legend:

DANGER

VINYL CHLORIDE

MAY CAUSE CANCER

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

(b) The employer must post signs at areas containing hazardous operations or where

emergencies currently exist. The signs must be legible and bear the legend:

DANGER

VINYL CHLORIDE

MAY CAUSE CANCER

WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING IN THIS

AREA

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

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Part G, Page 7

(13) Labels.

(a) In addition to the other requirements in this section, the employer must ensure that

labels for containers of polyvinyl chloride resin waste from reactors or other waste

contaminated with vinyl chloride are legible and include the following information:

CONTAMINATED WITH VINYL CHLORIDE

MAY CAUSE CANCER

(b) No statement shall appear on or near any required sign, label, or instruction which

contradicts or detracts from the effect of any required warning, information, or

instruction.

(14) Records.

(a) All records maintained in accordance with this section must include the name and

social security number of each employee where relevant.

(b) Records of required monitoring and measuring and medical records must be provided

upon request to employees, designated representatives, and the director in accordance

with chapter 296-802 WAC. These records must be provided upon request to the

director. Authorized personnel rosters must also be provided upon request to the

director.

Monitoring and measuring records must:

(A) State the date of such monitoring and measuring and the concentrations

determined and identify the instruments and methods used;

(B) Include any additional information necessary to determine individual

employee exposures where such exposures are determined by means other

than individual monitoring of employees; and

Medical records must be maintained for the duration of the employment of each

employee plus 20 years, or 30 years, whichever is longer.

802 WAC.

(d) Employees or their designated representatives must be provided access to examine

and copy records of required monitoring and measuring.

(e) Former employees must be provided access to examine and copy required monitoring

and measuring records reflecting their own exposures.

(f) Upon written request of any employee, a copy of the medical record of that employee

must be furnished to any physician designated by the employee.

(15) Reports.

(a) Not later than 1 month after the establishment of a regulated area, the following

information must be reported to the director. Any changes to such information must

be reported within 15 days.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 8

The address and location of each establishment which has one or more

regulated areas; and

The number of employees in each regulated area during normal operations,

including maintenance.

(b) Emergencies and the facts obtainable at that time, must be reported within 24 hours to

the director. Upon request of the director, the employer must submit additional

information in writing relevant to the nature and extent of employee exposures and

measures taken to prevent future emergencies of similar nature.

that any employee has been exposed, without regard to the use of respirators, in

excess of the permissible exposure limit, each such employee must be notified in

writing of the results of the exposure measurement and the steps being taken to

reduce the exposure to within the permissible exposure limit.

(16) Appendix A supplementary medical information.

When required tests under subsection (10)(a) of this section show abnormalities, the tests should

be repeated as soon as practicable, preferably within 3 to 4 weeks. If tests remain abnormal,

consideration should be given to withdrawal of the employee from contact with vinyl chloride,

while a more comprehensive examination is made.

Additional tests which may be useful:

(a) For kidney dysfunction: Urine examination for albumin, red blood cells, and

exfoliative abnormal cells.

(b) Pulmonary system: Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at 1 second, and

chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior, 14 x 17 inches).

isoenzyme, protein determination, and protein electrophoresis.

(d) For a more comprehensive examination on repeated abnormal serum tests: Hepatitis

B antigen, and liver scanning.

WAC 296-62-07336 Acrylonitrile.

(1) Scope and application.

(a) This section applies to all occupational exposure to acrylonitrile (AN), Chemical

Abstracts Service Registry No. 000107131, except as provided in (b) and (c) of this

subsection.

(b) This section does not apply to exposures which result solely from the processing, use,

and handling of the following materials:

ABS resins, SAN resins, nitrile barrier resins, solid nitrile elastomers, and

acrylic and modacrylic fibers, when these listed materials are in the form of

finished polymers, and products fabricated from such finished polymers;

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Materials made from and/or containing AN for which objective data is

reasonably relied upon to demonstrate that the material is not capable of

releasing AN in airborne concentrations in excess of 1 ppm as an eight-hour

time-weighted average, under the expected conditions of processing, use, and

handling which will cause the greatest possible release; and

Solid materials made from and/or containing AN which will not be heated

above 170°F during handling, use, or processing.

objective data supporting that exemption, and of the basis of the employer's reliance

on the data as provided in subsection (17) of this section.

(2) Definitions, as applicable to this section:

(a) Acrylonitrile or AN. Acrylonitrile monomer, chemical formula CH2 = CHCN.

(b) Action level. A concentration of AN of 1 ppm as an eight-hour time-weighted

average.

duties require the person to enter a regulated area, or any person entering such an area

as a designated representative of employees for the purpose of exercising the

opportunity to observe monitoring procedures under subsection (18) of this section.

(d) Decontamination. Treatment of materials and surfaces by water washdown,

ventilation, or other means, to ensure that the materials will not expose employees to

airborne concentrations of AN above 1 ppm as an eight-hour time-weighted average.

(e) Director. The director of labor and industries, or their authorized representative.

(f) Emergency. Any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture

of containers, or failure of control equipment, which is likely to, or does, result in

unexpected exposure to AN in excess of the ceiling limit.

(g) Liquid AN. AN monomer in liquid form, and liquid or semiliquid polymer

intermediates, including slurries, suspensions, emulsions, and solutions, produced

during the polymerization of AN.

(h) Polyacrylonitrile or PAN. Polyacrylonitrile homopolymers or copolymers, except

for materials as exempted under subsection (1)(b) of this section.

(3) Permissible exposure limits.

(a) Inhalation.

Time-weighted average limit (TWA). The employer must ensure that no

employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of acrylonitrile in excess of

two parts acrylonitrile per million parts of air (2 ppm), as an eight-hour time-

weighted average.

Ceiling limit. The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an

airborne concentration of acrylonitrile in excess of 10 ppm as averaged over any

fifteen-minute period during the working day.

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(b) Dermal and eye exposure. The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to

skin contact or eye contact with liquid AN or PAN.

(4) Notification of use and emergencies.

(a) Use. Within ten days of the effective date of this standard, or within fifteen days

following the introduction of AN into the workplace, every employer must report,

unless he has done so pursuant to the emergency temporary standard, the following

information to the director for each such workplace:

The address and location of each workplace in which AN is present;

A brief description of each process of operation which may result in employee

exposure to AN;

The number of employees engaged in each process or operation who may be

exposed to AN and an estimate of the frequency and degree of exposure that

occurs; and

A brief description of the employer's safety and health program as it relates to

limitation of employee exposure to AN. Whenever there has been a significant

change in the information required by this subsection, the employer must

promptly amend such information previously provided to the director.

(b) Emergencies and remedial action. Emergencies, and the facts obtainable at that time,

must be reported within 24 hours of the initial occurrence to the director. Upon

request of the director, the employer must submit additional information in writing

relevant to the nature and extent of employee exposures and measures taken to

prevent future emergencies of a similar nature.

(5) Exposure monitoring.

(a) General.

Determinations of airborne exposure levels must be made from air samples that

are representative of each employee's exposure to AN over an eight-hour

period.

For the purposes of this section, employee exposure is that which would occur

if the employee were not using a respirator.

(b) Initial monitoring. Each employer who has a place of employment in which AN is

present must monitor each such workplace and work operation to accurately

determine the airborne concentrations of AN to which employees may be exposed.

Such monitoring may be done on a representative basis, provided that the employer

can demonstrate that the determinations are representative of employee exposures.

If the monitoring required by this section reveals employee exposure to be

below the action level, the employer may discontinue monitoring for that

employee. The employer must continue these quarterly measurements until at

least two consecutive measurements taken at least seven days apart, are below

the action level, and thereafter the employer may discontinue monitoring for

that employee.

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If the monitoring required by this section reveals employee exposure to be at or

above the action level but below the permissible exposure limits, the employer

must repeat such monitoring for each such employee at least quarterly.

If the monitoring required by this section reveals employee exposure to be in

excess of the permissible exposure limits, the employer must repeat these

determinations for each such employee at least monthly. The employer must

continue these monthly measurements until at least two consecutive

measurements, taken at least seven days apart, are below the permissible

exposure limits, and thereafter the employer must monitor at least quarterly.

(d) Additional monitoring. Whenever there has been a production, process, control or

personnel change which may result in new or additional exposure to AN, or whenever

the employer has any other reason to suspect a change which may result in new or

additional exposures to AN, additional monitoring which complies with this

subsection must be conducted.

(e) Employee notification.

Within five working days after the receipt of monitoring results, the employer

must notify each employee in writing of the results which represent that

employee's exposure.

Whenever the results indicate that the representative employee exposure

exceeds the permissible exposure limits, the employer must include in the

written notice a statement that the permissible exposure limits were exceeded

and a description of the corrective action being taken to reduce exposure to or

below the permissible exposure limits.

(f) Accuracy of measurement. The method of measurement of employee exposures must

be accurate, to a confidence level of 95 percent, to within plus or minus 25 percent

for concentrations of AN at or above the permissible exposure limits, and plus or

minus 35 percent for concentrations of AN between the action level and the

permissible exposure limits.

(g) Weekly survey of operations involving liquid AN. In addition to monitoring of

employee exposures to AN as otherwise required by this subsection, the employer

must survey areas of operations involving liquid AN at least weekly to detect points

where AN liquid or vapor are being released into the workplace. The survey must

employ an infra-red gas analyzer calibrated for AN, a multipoint gas chromatographic

monitor, or comparable system for detection of AN. A listing of levels detected and

areas of AN release, as determined from the survey, must be posted prominently in

the workplace, and must remain posted until the next survey is completed.

(6) Regulated areas.

(a) The employer must establish regulated areas where AN concentrations are in excess

of the permissible exposure limits.

(b) Regulated areas must be demarcated and segregated from the rest of the workplace, in

any manner that minimizes the number of persons who will be exposed to AN.

otherwise authorized by the act or regulations issued pursuant thereto.

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(d) The employer must ensure that in the regulated area, food or beverages are not

present or consumed, smoking products are not present or used, and cosmetics are not

applied, (except that these activities may be conducted in the lunchrooms, change

rooms and showers required under subsection (13)(a) through (c) of this section.

(7) Methods of compliance.

(a) Engineering and work-practice controls.

The employer must institute engineering or work-practice controls to reduce

and maintain employee exposures to AN, to or below the permissible exposure

limits, except to the extent that the employer establishes that such controls are

not feasible.

Wherever the engineering and work-practice controls which can be instituted

are not sufficient to reduce employee exposures to or below the permissible

exposure limits, the employer must nonetheless use them to reduce exposures to

the lowest levels achievable by these controls and must supplement them by the

use of respiratory protection which complies with the requirements of

subsection (8) of this section.

(b) Compliance program.

The employer must establish and implement a written program to reduce

employee exposures to or below the permissible exposure limits solely by

means of engineering and work-practice controls, as required by subsection

(7)(a) of this section.

Written plans for these compliance programs must include at least the

following:

(A) A description of each operation or process resulting in employee exposure

to AN above the permissible exposure limits;

(B) Engineering plans and other studies used to determine the controls for

each process;

limits;

(D) A detailed schedule for the implementation of engineering or work-

practice controls; and

(E) Other relevant information.

The employer must complete the steps set forth in the compliance program by

the dates in the schedule.

Written plans for such a program must be submitted upon request to the

director, and must be available at the worksite for examination and copying by

the director, or any affected employee or representative.

The plans required by this subsection must be revised and updated at least every

six months to reflect the current status of the program.

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(8) Respiratory protection.

(a) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer

must provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with the

requirements of this subsection. Respirators must be used during:

Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-

practice controls;

Work operations, such as maintenance and repair activities or reactor cleaning,

for which the employer establishes that engineering and work-practice controls

are not feasible;

Work operations for which feasible engineering and work-practice controls are

not yet sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible

exposure limits;

Emergencies.

(b) Respirator program. Employers must develop, implement and maintain a respiratory

protection program in accordance with chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which

covers each employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

Select and provide to employees appropriate respirators by following the

requirements in this section and WAC 296-842-13005 in the respirator rule.

Provide to employees, for escape, any organic vapor, air-purifying respirator or

any self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) that meets the selection

requirements of WAC 296-842-13005 in the respirator rule.

(9) Emergency situations.

(a) Written plans.

A written plan for emergency situations must be developed for each workplace

where AN is present. Appropriate portions of the plan must be implemented in

the event of an emergency.

The plan must specifically provide that employees engaged in correcting

emergency conditions must be equipped as required in subsection (8) of this

section until the emergency is abated.

(b) Alerting employees.

Where there is the possibility of employee exposure to AN in excess of the

ceiling limit due to the occurrence of an emergency, a general alarm must be

installed and maintained to promptly alert employees of such occurrences.

Employees not engaged in correcting the emergency must be evacuated from

the area and must not be permitted to return until the emergency is abated.

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(10) Protective clothing and equipment.

(a) Provision and use. Where eye or skin contact with liquid AN or PAN may occur, the

employer must provide at no cost to the employee, and ensure that employees wear,

appropriate protective clothing or other equipment in accordance with WAC 296-

800-160 to protect any area of the body which may come in contact with liquid AN or

PAN.

(b) Cleaning and replacement.

The employer must clean, launder, maintain, or replace protective clothing and

equipment required by this subsection, as needed to maintain their

effectiveness. In addition, the employer must provide clean protective clothing

and equipment at least weekly to each affected employee.

The employer must ensure that impermeable protective clothing which contacts

or is likely to have contacted liquid AN must be decontaminated before being

removed by the employee.

The employer must ensure that AN- or PAN-contaminated protective clothing

and equipment is placed and stored in closable containers which prevent

dispersion of the AN or PAN outside the container.

The employer must ensure that an employee whose nonimpermeable clothing

becomes wetted with liquid AN must immediately remove that clothing and

proceed to shower. The clothing must be decontaminated before it is removed

from the regulated area.

The employer must ensure that no employee removes AN- or PAN-

contaminated protective equipment or clothing from the change room, except

for those employees authorized to do so for the purpose of laundering,

maintenance, or disposal.

The employer must inform any person who launders or cleans AN-or PAN-

contaminated protective clothing or equipment of the potentially harmful effects

of exposure to AN.

The employer must ensure that containers of contaminated protective clothing

and equipment which are to be removed from the workplace for any reason are

labeled in accordance with subsection (16)(c)(ii) of this section, and that such

labels remain affixed when such containers leave the employer's workplace.

(11) Housekeeping.

(a) All surfaces must be maintained free of accumulations of liquid AN and of PAN.

(b) For operations involving liquid AN, the employer must institute a program for

detecting leaks and spills of liquid AN, including regular visual inspections.

contacted by the liquid AN are decontaminated. Employees not engaged in

decontamination activities must leave the area of the spill, and shall not be permitted

in the area until decontamination is completed.

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(d) Liquids. Where AN is present in a liquid form, or as a resultant vapor, all containers

or vessels containing AN must be enclosed to the maximum extent feasible and

tightly covered when not in use, with adequate provision made to avoid any resulting

potential explosion hazard.

(e) Surfaces.

Dry sweeping and the use of compressed air for the cleaning of floors and other

surfaces where AN and PAN are found is prohibited.

Where vacuuming methods are selected, either portable units or a permanent

system may be used.

(A) If a portable unit is selected, the exhaust must be attached to the general

workplace exhaust ventilation system or collected within the vacuum unit,

equipped with high efficiency filters or other appropriate means of

contaminant removal, so that AN is not reintroduced into the workplace

air; and

(B) Portable vacuum units used to collect AN may not be used for other

cleaning purposes and must be labeled as prescribed by subsection

(16)(c)(ii) of this section.

Cleaning of floors and other contaminated surfaces may not be performed by

washing down with a hose, unless a fine spray has first been laid down.

(12) Waste disposal. AN and PAN waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers or equipment, must be

disposed of in sealed bags or other closed containers which prevent dispersion of AN

outside the container, and labeled as prescribed in subsection (16)(c)(ii) of this section.

(13) Hygiene facilities and practices. Where employees are exposed to airborne

concentrations of AN above the permissible exposure limits, or where employees are

required to wear protective clothing or equipment pursuant to subsection (11) of this

section, or where otherwise found to be appropriate, the facilities required by WAC 296-

800-230 must be provided by the employer for the use of those employees, and the

employer must ensure that the employees use the facilities provided. In addition, the

following facilities or requirements are mandated.

(a) Change rooms. The employer must provide clean change rooms in accordance with

WAC 296-800-230.

(b) Showers.

The employer must provide shower facilities in accordance with WAC 296-

800-230.

In addition, the employer must also ensure that employees exposed to liquid AN

and PAN shower at the end of the work shift.

The employer must ensure that, in the event of skin or eye exposure to liquid

AN, the affected employee must shower immediately to minimize the danger of

skin absorption.

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Whenever food or beverages are consumed in the workplace, the employer must

provide lunchroom facilities which have a temperature controlled, positive

pressure, filtered air supply, and which are readily accessible to employees

exposed to AN above the permissible exposure limits.

In addition, the employer must also ensure that employees exposed to AN

above the permissible exposure limits wash their hands and face prior to eating.

(14) Medical surveillance.

(a) General.

The employer must institute a program of medical surveillance for each

employee who is or will be exposed to AN above the action level. The

employer must provide each such employee with an opportunity for medical

examinations and tests in accordance with this subsection.

The employer must ensure that all medical examinations and procedures are

performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, and must be

provided without cost to the employee.

(b) Initial examinations. At the time of initial assignment, or upon institution of the

medical surveillance program, the employer must provide each affected employee an

opportunity for a medical examination, including at least the following elements:

A work history and medical history with special attention to skin, respiratory,

and gastrointestinal systems, and those non-specific symptoms, such as

headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, or other central nervous

system dysfunctions that may be associated with acute or chronic exposure to

AN.

A physical examination giving particular attention to central nervous system,

gastrointestinal system, respiratory system, skin and thyroid.

A “14 x 17” posteroanterior chest x-ray.

Further tests of the intestinal tract, including fecal occult blood screening, and

proctosigmoidoscopy, for all workers 40 years of age or older, and for any other

affected employees for whom, in the opinion of the physician, such testing is

appropriate.

The employer must provide examinations specified in this subsection at least

annually for all employees specified in subsection (14)(a) of this section.

If an employee has not had the examinations prescribed in subsection (14)(b) of

this section within six months of termination of employment, the employer

must make such examination available to the employee upon such termination.

(d) Additional examinations. If the employee for any reason develops signs or symptoms

commonly associated with exposure to AN, the employer must provide appropriate

examination and emergency medical treatment.

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(e) Information provided to the physician. The employer must provide the following

information to the examining physician:

A copy of this standard and its appendices;

A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's

exposure;

The employee's representative exposure level;

The employee's anticipated or estimated exposure level (for preplacement

examinations or in cases of exposure due to an emergency);

A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used; and

Information from previous medical examinations of the affected employee,

which is not otherwise available to the examining physician.

(f) Physician's written opinion.

The employer must obtain a written opinion from the examining physician

which must include:

(A) The results of the medical examination and test performed;

(B) The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected

medical condition which would place the employee at an increased risk of

material impairment of the employee's health from exposure to AN;

upon the use of protective clothing and equipment such as respirators; and

(D) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the

results of the medical examination and any medical conditions which

require further examination or treatment.

The employer must instruct the physician not to reveal in the written opinion

specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure to AN.

The employer must provide a copy of the written opinion to the affected

employee.

(15) Employee information and training.

(a) Training program.

The employer must train each employee exposed to AN above the action level,

each employee whose exposures are maintained below the action level by

engineering and work practice controls, and each employee subject to potential

skin or eye contact with liquid AN in accordance with the requirements of this

section. The employer must institute a training program and ensure employee

participation in the training program.

The training program must be provided at the time of initial assignment, or

upon institution of the training program, and at least annually thereafter, and the

employer must ensure that each employee is informed of the following:

(A) The information contained in Appendices A, B and C;

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(B) The quantity, location, manner of use, release or storage of AN and the

specific nature of operations which could result in exposure to AN, as

well as any necessary protective steps;

clothing;

(D) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program

required by subsection (14) of this section;

(E) The emergency procedures developed, as required by subsection (9) of

this section; and

(F) The engineering and work-practice controls, their function and the

employee's relationship thereto; and

(G) A review of this standard.

(b) Access to training materials.

The employer must make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily

available to all affected employees.

The employer must provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee

information and training program to the director.

(16) Communication of hazards.

(a) Hazard communication-General.

Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers must comply

with all requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC

296-901-140 AN and AN-based materials not exempted under subsection (1)(b)

of this section.

In classifying the hazards of AN and AN-based materials at least the following

hazards are to be addressed: Cancer; central nervous system effects; liver

effects; skin sensitization; skin, respiratory, and eye irritation; acute toxicity

effects; and flammability.

Employers must include AN and AN-based materials in the hazard

communication program established to comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-

140. Employers must ensure that each employee has access to labels on

containers of AN and AN-based materials and to safety data sheets, and is

trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS and subsection (15) of this

section.

The employer may use labels or signs required by other statutes, regulations, or

ordinances in addition to, or in combination with, signs and labels required by

this subsection.

The employer must ensure that no statement appears on or near any sign or

label, required by this subsection, that contradicts or detracts from the required

sign or label.

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(b) Signs.

The employer must post signs to clearly indicate all workplaces where AN

concentrations exceed the permissible exposure limits. The signs must bear the

following legend:

DANGER

ACRYLONITRILE (AN)

MAY CAUSE CANCER

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION MAY BE REQUIRED IN THIS AREA

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

The employer must ensure that signs required by (b) of this subsection are

illuminated and cleaned as necessary so that the legend is readily visible.

The employer must ensure that precautionary labels are in compliance with

(a)(i) of this subsection and are affixed to all containers of liquid AN and AN-

based materials not exempted under subsection (1)(b) of this section. The

employer must ensure that the labels remain affixed when the materials are

sold, distributed or otherwise leave the employer's workplace.

The employer must ensure that the precautionary labels required by (c) of this

subsection are readily visible and legible.

(17) Recordkeeping.

(a) Objective data for exempted operations.

Where the processing, use, and handling of products fabricated from PAN are

exempted pursuant to subsection (1)(b) of this section, the employer must

establish and maintain an accurate record of objective data reasonably relied

upon in support of the exemption.

This record must include the following information:

(A) The relevant condition in subsection (1)(b) upon which exemption is

based;

(B) The source of the objective data;

the release of AN;

(D) A description of the operation exempted and how the data supports the

exemption; and

(E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, and processing covered by

the exemption.

The employer must maintain this record for the duration of the employer's

reliance upon such objective data.

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(b) Exposure monitoring.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record of all monitoring

required by subsection (5) of this section.

This record must include:

(A) The dates, number, duration, and results of each of the samples taken,

including a description of the sampling procedure used to determine

representative employee exposure;

(B) A description of the sampling and analytical methods used and the data

relied upon to establish that the methods used meet the accuracy and

precision requirements of subsection (5)(f) of this section;

(D) Name, social security number and job classification of the employee

monitored and of all other employees whose exposure the measurement is

intended to represent.

The employer must maintain this record for at least forty years or the duration

of employment plus twenty years, whichever is longer.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each

employee subject to medical surveillance as required by subsection (14) of this

section.

This record must include:

(A) A copy of the physicians' written opinions;

(B) Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to AN;

subsection (14)(f) of this section; and

(D) A copy of the employee's medical and work history.

The employer must ensure that this record be maintained for at least forty years

or for the duration of employment plus twenty years, whichever is longer.

(d) Availability.

The employer must ensure that all records required to be maintained by this

section be made available upon request to the director for examination and

copying.

Records required by (a) through (c) of this subsection must be provided upon

request to employees, designated representatives, and the assistant director in

accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC. Records required by (a) of this

subsection must be provided in the same manner as exposure monitoring

records.

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The employer must ensure that employee medical records required to be

maintained by this section, be made available, upon request, for examination

and copying, to the affected employee or former employee, or to a physician

designated by the affected employee, former employee, or designated

representative.

(e) Transfer of records.

Whenever the employer ceases to do business, the successor employer must

receive and retain all records required to be maintained by this section.

The employer must also comply with any additional requirements involving

transfer of records set forth in WAC 296-802-60005.

(18) Observation of monitoring.

(a) Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees, or their

designated representatives, an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee

exposure to AN conducted pursuant to subsection (5) of this section.

(b) Observation procedures.

Whenever observation of the monitoring of employee exposure to AN requires

entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or equipment is required,

the employer must provide the observer with personal protective clothing or

equipment required to be worn by employees working in the area, ensure the

use of such clothing and equipment, and require the observer to comply with all

other applicable safety and health procedures.

Without interfering with the monitoring, observers shall be entitled:

(A) To receive an explanation of the measurement procedures;

(B) To observe all steps related to the measurement of airborne concentrations

of AN performed at the place of exposure; and

(19) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices is not intended, by itself, to

create any additional obligation not otherwise imposed, or to detract from any obligation.

WAC 296-62-07337 Appendix A--Substance safety data sheet for acrylonitrile.

(1) Substance identification.

(a) Substance: Acrylonitrile (CH2 CHCN).

(b) Synonyms: Propenenitrile; vinyl cyanide; cyanoethylene; AN; VCN; acylon;

carbacryl; fumigrian; ventox.

resins, rubbers, plastics, polyols, and other polymers having acrylonitrile as a raw or

intermediate material.

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(d) AN is used in the manufacture of acrylic and modiacrylic fibers, acrylic plastics and

resins, specialty polymers, nitrile rubbers, and other organic chemicals. It has also

been used as a fumigant.

(e) Appearance and odor: Colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pungent odor which can

only be detected at concentrations above the permissible exposure level, in a range of

13-19 parts AN per million parts of air (13-19 ppm).

(f) Permissible exposure: Exposure may not exceed either:

Two parts AN per million parts of air (2 ppm) averaged over the eight-hour

workday; or

Ten parts AN per million parts of air (10 ppm) averaged over any fifteen-

minute period in the workday.

In addition, skin and eye contact with liquid AN is prohibited.

(2) Health hazard data.

(a) Acrylonitrile can affect your body if you inhale the vapor (breathing), if it comes in

contact with your eyes or skin, or if you swallow it. It may enter your body through

your skin.

(b) Effects of overexposure:

Short-term exposure: Acrylonitrile can cause eye irritation, nausea, vomiting,

headache, sneezing, weakness, and light-headedness. At high concentrations,

the effects of exposure may go on to loss of consciousness and death.

When acrylonitrile is held in contact with the skin after being absorbed into

shoe leather or clothing, it may produce blisters following several hours of no

apparent effect. Unless the shoes or clothing are removed immediately and the

area washed, blistering will occur. Usually there is no pain or inflammation

associated with blister formation.

Long-term exposure: Acrylonitrile has been shown to cause cancer in

laboratory animals and has been associated with higher incidences of cancer in

humans. Repeated or prolonged exposure of the skin to acrylonitrile may

produce irritation and dermatitis.

Reporting signs and symptoms: You should inform your employer if you

develop any signs or symptoms and suspect they are caused by exposure to

acrylonitrile.

(3) Emergency first aid procedures.

(a) Eye exposure: If acrylonitrile gets into your eyes, wash your eyes immediately with

large amounts of water, lifting the lower and upper lids occasionally. Get medical

attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this

chemical.

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(b) Skin exposure: If acrylonitrile gets on your skin, immediately wash the contaminated

skin with water. If acrylonitrile soaks through your clothing, especially your shoes,

remove the clothing immediately and wash the skin with water. If symptoms occur

after washing, get medical attention immediately. Thoroughly wash the clothing

before reusing. Contaminated leather shoes or other leather articles should be

discarded.

move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform

artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical

attention as soon as possible.

(d) Swallowing: When acrylonitrile has been swallowed, give the person large quantities

of water immediately. After the water has been swallowed, try to get the person to

vomit by having him touch the back of his throat with his finger. Do not make an

unconscious person vomit. Get medical attention immediately.

(e) Rescue: Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure. If the exposed

person has been overcome, notify someone else and put into effect the established

emergency procedures. Do not become a casualty yourself. Understand your

emergency rescue procedures and know the location of the emergency equipment

before the need arises.

(f) Special first aid procedures: First aid kits containing an adequate supply (at least two

dozen) of amyl nitrite pearls, each containing 0.3 ml, should be maintained at each

site where acrylonitrile is used. When a person is suspected of receiving an

overexposure to acrylonitrile, immediately remove that person from the contaminated

area using established rescue procedures. Contaminated clothing must be removed

and the acrylonitrile washed from the skin immediately. Artificial respiration should

be started at once if breathing has stopped. If the person is unconscious, amyl nitrite

may be used as an antidote by a properly trained individual in accordance with

established emergency procedures. Medical aid should be obtained immediately.

(4) Respirators and protective clothing.

(a) Respirators: You may be required to wear a respirator for nonroutine activities, in

emergencies, while your employer is in the process of reducing acrylonitrile

exposures through engineering controls, and in areas where engineering controls are

not feasible. If respirators are worn, they must have a label issued by the National

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health under the provisions of 42 CFR part 84

stating that the respirators have been certified for use with organic vapors. For

effective protection, respirators must fit your face and head snugly. Respirators

should not be loosened or removed in work situations where their use is required.

(b) Supplied-air suits: In some work situations, the wearing of supplied-air suits may be

necessary. Your employer must instruct you in their proper use and operation.

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You must wear impervious clothing, gloves, face shield, or other appropriate

protective clothing to prevent skin contact with liquid acrylonitrile. Where

protective clothing is required, your employer is required to provide clean

garments to you as necessary to assume that the clothing protects you

adequately.

Replace or repair impervious clothing that has developed leaks.

Acrylonitrile should never be allowed to remain on the skin. Clothing and

shoes which are not impervious to acrylonitrile should not be allowed to

become contaminated with acrylonitrile, and if they do the clothing and shoes

should be promptly removed and decontaminated. The clothing should be

laundered or discarded after the AN is removed. Once acrylonitrile penetrates

shoes or other leather articles, they should not be worn again.

(d) Eye protection: You must wear splashproof safety goggles in areas where liquid

acrylonitrile may contact your eyes. In addition, contact lenses should not be worn in

areas where eye contact with acrylonitrile can occur.

(5) Precautions for safe use, handling, and storage.

(a) Acrylonitrile is a flammable liquid, and its vapors can easily form explosive mixtures

in air.

(b) Acrylonitrile must be stored in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated

area, away from heat, sparks, flames, strong oxidizers (especially bromine), strong

bases, copper, copper alloys, ammonia, and amines.

acrylonitrile is handled, used, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire

or explosion hazard.

(d) You should use nonsparking tools when opening or closing metal containers of

acrylonitrile, and containers must be bonded and grounded when pouring or

transferring liquid acrylonitrile.

(e) You must immediately remove any nonimpervious clothing that becomes wetted with

acrylonitrile, and this clothing must not be reworn until the acrylonitrile is removed

from the clothing.

(f) Impervious clothing wet with liquid acrylonitrile can be easily ignited. This clothing

must be washed down with water before you remove it.

(g) If your skin becomes wet with liquid acrylonitrile, you must promptly and thoroughly

wash or shower with soap or mild detergent to remove any acrylonitrile from your

skin.

(h) You must not keep food, beverages, or smoking materials, nor are you permitted to

eat or smoke in regulated areas where acrylonitrile concentrations are above the

permissible exposure limits.

(i) If you contact liquid acrylonitrile, you must wash your hands thoroughly with soap or

mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

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(j) Fire extinguishers and quick drenching facilities must be readily available, and you

should know where they are and how to operate them.

(k) Ask your supervisor where acrylonitrile is used in your work area and for any

additional plant safety and health rules.

(6) Access to information.

(a) Each year, your employer is required to inform you of the information contained in

this Substance Safety Data Sheet for acrylonitrile. In addition, your employer must

instruct you in the proper work-practices for using acrylonitrile, emergency

procedures, and the correct use of protective equipment.

(b) Your employer is required to determine whether you are being exposed to

acrylonitrile. You or your representative has the right to observe employee

measurements and to record the results obtained. Your employer is required to

inform you of your exposure. If your employer determines that you are being

overexposed, they are required to inform you of the actions which are being taken to

reduce your exposure to within permissible exposure limits.

examinations. These records must be kept by the employer for at least forty years or

for the period of your employment plus twenty years, whichever is longer.

(d) Your employer is required to release your exposure and medical records to you or

your representative upon your request.

WAC 296-62-07338 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for acrylonitrile.

(1) Physical and chemical data.

(a) Substance identification:

Synonyms: AN; VCN; vinyl cyanide; propenenitrile; cyanoethylene; Acrylon;

Carbacryl; Fumigrain; Ventox.

Formula: CH2 = CHCN.

Molecular weight: 53.1.

(b) Physical data:

Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 77.3°C (171°F);

Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.81 (at 20°C or 68°F);

Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of acrylonitrile): 1.83;

Melting point: -83°C (-117°F);

Vapor pressure (@20°F): 83 mm Hg;

Solubility in water, percent by weight @20°C (68°F): 7.35;

Evaporation rate (Butyl Acetate = 1): 4.54; and

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Appearance and odor: Colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pungent odor at

concentrations above the permissible exposure level. Any detectable odor of

acrylonitrile may indicate overexposure.

(2) Fire, explosion, and reactivity hazard data.

(a) Fire:

Flash point: -1°C (30°F) (closed cup).

Autoignition temperature: 481°C (898°F).

Flammable limits air, percent by volume: Lower: 3, Upper: 17.

Extinguishing media: Alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical.

Special fire-fighting procedures: Do not use a solid stream of water, since the

stream will scatter and spread the fire. Use water to cool containers exposed to

a fire.

Unusual fire and explosion hazards: Acrylonitrile is a flammable liquid. Its

vapors can easily form explosive mixtures with air. All ignition sources must

be controlled where acrylonitrile is handled, used, or stored in a manner that

could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Acrylonitrile vapors are

heavier than air and may travel along the ground and be ignited by open flames

or sparks at locations remote from the site at which acrylonitrile is being

handled.

For purposes of compliance with the requirements of WAC 296-800-300,

acrylonitrile is classified as a Class IB flammable liquid. For example, 7,500

ppm, approximately one-fourth of the lower flammable limit, would be

considered to pose a potential fire and explosion hazard.

For purposes of compliance with WAC 296-800-280, acrylonitrile is classified

as a Class B fire hazard.

For purpose of compliance with WAC 296-800-280, locations classified as

hazardous due to the presence of acrylonitrile must be Class I, Group D.

(b) Reactivity:

Conditions contributing to instability: Acrylonitrile will polymerize when hot,

and the additional heat liberated by the polymerization may cause containers to

explode. Pure AN may self-polymerize, with a rapid build-up of pressure,

resulting in an explosion hazard. Inhibitors are added to the commercial

product to prevent self-polymerization.

Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizers (especially bromine) and

strong bases may cause fires and explosions. Contact with copper, copper

alloys, ammonia, and amines may start serious decomposition.

Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as hydrogen

cyanide, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire

involving acrylonitrile and certain polymers made from acrylonitrile.

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Special precautions: Liquid acrylonitrile will attack some forms of plastics,

rubbers, and coatings.

(3) Spill, leak, and disposal procedures.

(a) If acrylonitrile is spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken:

Remove all ignition sources.

The area should be evacuated at once and re-entered only after the area has been

thoroughly ventilated and washed down with water.

If liquid acrylonitrile or polymer intermediate, collect for reclamation or absorb

in paper, vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material, or wash down with

water into process sewer system.

(b) Persons not wearing protective equipment should be restricted from areas of spills or

leaks until clean-up has been completed.

hazardous to employees or to the general population. Spills of acrylonitrile and

flushing of such spills must be channeled for appropriate treatment or collection for

disposal. They must not be channeled directly into the sanitary sewer system. In

selecting the method of waste disposal, applicable local, state, and federal regulations

should be consulted.

(4) Monitoring and measurement procedures.

(a) Exposure above the permissible exposure limit:

Eight-hour exposure evaluation: Measurements taken for the purpose of

determining employee exposure under this section are best taken so that the

average eight-hour exposure may be determined from a single eight-hour

sample or two four-hour samples.

Air samples should be taken in the employee's breathing zone (air that would

most nearly represent that inhaled by the employee).

Ceiling evaluation: Measurements taken for the purpose of determining

employee exposure under this section must be taken during periods of

maximum expected airborne concentrations of acrylonitrile in the employee's

breathing zone. A minimum of three measurements should be taken on one

work shift. The average of all measurements taken is an estimate of the

employee's ceiling exposure.

Monitoring techniques: The sampling and analysis under this section may be

performed by collecting the acrylonitrile vapor on charcoal adsorption tubes or

other composition adsorption tubes, with subsequent chemical analysis.

Sampling and analysis may also be performed by instruments such as real-time

continuous monitoring systems, portable direct-reading instruments, or passive

dosimeters. Analysis of resultant samples should be by gas chromatograph.

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Appendix D lists methods of sampling and analysis which have been tested by

NIOSH and OSHA for use with acrylonitrile. NIOSH and OSHA have

validated modifications of NIOSH Method S-156 (see Appendix D) under

laboratory conditions for concentrations below 1 ppm. The employer has the

obligation of selecting a monitoring method which meets the accuracy and

precision requirements of the standard under their unique field conditions. The

standard requires that methods of monitoring must be accurate, to a 95-percent

confidence level, to ±35-percent for concentrations of AN at or above 2 ppm,

and to ±50-percent for concentrations below 2 ppm. In addition to the methods

described in Appendix D, there are numerous other methods available for

monitoring for AN in the workplace. Details on these other methods have been

submitted by various companies to the rulemaking record, and are available at

the OSHA Docket Office.

(b) Since many of the duties relating to employee exposure are dependent on the results

of monitoring and measuring procedures, employers must ensure that the evaluation

of employee exposures is performed by a competent industrial hygienist or other

technically qualified person.

(5) Protective clothing.

(a) Employees must be provided with and required to wear appropriate protective

clothing to prevent any possibility of skin contact with liquid AN. Because

acrylonitrile is absorbed through the skin, it is important to prevent skin contact with

liquid AN. Protective clothing must include impermeable coveralls or similar full-

body work clothing, gloves, head-coverings, as appropriate to protect areas of the

body which may come in contact with liquid AN.

(b) Employers should ascertain that the protective garments are impermeable to

acrylonitrile. Nonimpermeable clothing and shoes should not be allowed to become

contaminated with liquid AN. If permeable clothing does become contaminated, it

should be promptly removed, placed in a regulated area for removal of the AN, and

not worn again until the AN is removed. If leather footwear or other leather garments

become wet from acrylonitrile, they should be replaced and not worn again, due to

the ability of leather to absorb acrylonitrile and hold it against the skin. Since there is

no pain associated with the blistering which may result from skin contact with liquid

AN, it is essential that the employee be informed of this hazard so that he or she can

be protected.

defective must be repaired or replaced. Clean protective clothing must be provided to

the employee as necessary to ensure its protectiveness. Whenever impervious

clothing becomes wet with liquid AN, it must be washed down with water before

being removed by the employee. Employees are also required to wear splash-proof

safety goggles where there is any possibility of acrylonitrile contacting the eyes.

(6) Housekeeping and hygiene facilities. For purposes of complying with WAC, 296-800-

220 and 296-800-230, the following items should be emphasized:

(a) The workplace should be kept clean, orderly, and in a sanitary condition. The

employer is required to institute a leak and spill detection program for operations

involving liquid AN in order to detect sources of fugitive AN emissions.

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(b) Dry sweeping and the use of compressed air is unsafe for the cleaning of floors and

other surfaces where liquid AN may be found.

maintained in a sanitary condition. Suitable cleansing agents are also to be provided

to ensure the effective removal of acrylonitrile from the skin.

(d) Change or dressing rooms with individual clothes storage facilities must be provided

to prevent the contamination of street clothes with acrylonitrile. Because of the

hazardous nature of acrylonitrile, contaminated protective clothing should be placed

in a regulated area designated by the employer for removal of the AN before the

clothing is laundered or disposed of.

(7) Miscellaneous precautions.

(a) Store acrylonitrile in tightly-closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area and take

necessary precautions to avoid any explosion hazard.

(b) High exposures to acrylonitrile can occur when transferring the liquid from one

container to another.

These containers must be effectively grounded and bonded prior to pouring.

(d) Never store uninhibited acrylonitrile.

(e) Acrylonitrile vapors are not inhibited.

They may form polymers and clog vents of storage tanks.

(f) Use of supplied-air suits or other impervious coverings may be necessary to prevent

skin contact with and provide respiratory protection from acrylonitrile where the

concentration of acrylonitrile is unknown or is above the ceiling limit. Supplied-air

suits should be selected, used, and maintained under the immediate supervision of

persons knowledgeable in the limitations and potential life-endangering

characteristics of supplied-air suits.

(g) Employers must advise employees of all areas and operations where exposure to

acrylonitrile could occur.

(8) Common operations. Common operations in which exposure to acrylonitrile is likely to

occur include the following: Manufacture of the acrylonitrile monomer; synthesis of

acrylic fibers, ABS, SAN, and nitrile barrier plastics and resins, nitrile rubber, surface

coatings, specialty chemicals; use as a chemical intermediate; use as a fumigant; and in the

cyanoethylation of cotton.

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WAC 296-62-07339 Appendix C--Medical surveillance guidelines for acrylonitrile.

(1) Route of entry.

(a) Inhalation;

(b) Skin absorption;

(2) Toxicology.

(a) Acrylonitrile vapor is an asphyxiant due to inhibitory action on metabolic enzyme

systems. Animals exposed to 75 or 100 ppm for seven hours have shown signs of

anoxia; in some animals which died at the higher level, cyanomethemoglobin was

found in the blood. Two human fatalities from accidental poisoning have been

reported; one was caused by inhalation of an unknown concentration of the vapor,

and the other was thought to be caused by skin absorption or inhalation. Most cases

of intoxication from industrial exposure have been mild, with rapid onset of eye

irritation, headache, sneezing, and nausea. Weakness, lightheadedness, and vomiting

may also occur. Exposure to high concentrations may produce profound weakness,

asphyxia, and death. The vapor is a severe eye irritant. Prolonged skin contact with

the liquid may result in absorption with systemic effects, and in the formation of large

blisters after a latent period of several hours. Although there is usually little or no

pain or inflammation, the affected skin resembles a second-degree thermal burn.

Solutions spilled on exposed skin, or on areas covered only by a light layer of

clothing, evaporate rapidly, leaving no irritation, or, at the most, mild transient

redness. Repeated spills on exposed skin may result in dermatitis due to solvent

effects.

(b) Results after one year of a planned two-year animal study on the effects of exposure

to acrylonitrile have indicated that rats ingesting as little as 35 ppm in their drinking

water develop tumors of the central nervous system. The interim results of this study

have been supported by a similar study being conducted by the same laboratory,

involving exposure of rats by inhalation of acrylonitrile vapor, which has shown

similar types of tumors in animals exposed to 80 ppm.

DuPont on a cohort of workers in their Camden, S.C. acrylic fiber plant indicate a

statistically significant increase in the incidence of colon and lung cancers among

employees exposed to acrylonitrile.

(3) Signs and symptoms of acute overexposure. Asphyxia and death can occur from

exposure to high concentrations of acrylonitrile. Symptoms of overexposure include eye

irritation, headache, sneezing, nausea and vomiting, weakness, and light-headedness.

Prolonged skin contact can cause blisters on the skin with appearance of a second-degree

burn, but with little or no pain. Repeated skin contact may produce scaling dermatitis.

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(4) Treatment of acute overexposure. Remove employee from exposure. Immediately flush

eyes with water and wash skin with soap or mild detergent and water. If AN has been

swallowed, and person is conscious, induce vomiting. Give artificial respiration if

indicated. More severe cases, such as those associated with loss of consciousness, may be

treated by the intravenous administration of sodium nitrite, followed by sodium thiosulfate,

although this is not as effective for acrylonitrile poisoning as for inorganic cyanide

poisoning.

(5) Surveillance and preventive considerations.

(a) As noted above, exposure to acrylonitrile has been linked to increased incidence of

cancers of the colon and lung in employees of the DuPont acrylic fiber plant in

Camden, S.C. In addition, the animal testing of acrylonitrile has resulted in the

development of cancers of the central nervous system in rats exposed by either

inhalation or ingestion. The physician should be aware of the findings of these

studies in evaluating the health of employees exposed to acrylonitrile.

(b) Most reported acute effects of occupational exposure to acrylonitrile are due to its

ability to cause tissue anoxia and asphyxia. The effects are similar to those caused by

hydrogen cyanide. Liquid acrylonitrile can be absorbed through the skin upon

prolonged contact. The liquid readily penetrates leather, and will produce burns of

the feet if footwear contaminated with acrylonitrile is not removed.

which exposure to acrylonitrile may occur. Those employees with skin diseases may

not tolerate the wearing of whatever protective clothing may be necessary to protect

them from exposure. In addition, those with chronic respiratory disease may not

tolerate the wearing of negative-pressure respirators.

(d) Surveillance and screening. Medical histories and laboratory examinations are

required for each employee subject to exposure to acrylonitrile above the action level.

The employer must screen employees for history of certain medical conditions which

might place the employee at increased risk from exposure.

Central nervous system dysfunction. Acute effects of exposure to acrylonitrile

generally involve the central nervous system. Symptoms of acrylonitrile

exposure include headache, nausea, dizziness, and general weakness. The

animal studies cited above suggest possible carcinogenic effects of acrylonitrile

on the central nervous system, since rats exposed by either inhalation or

ingestion have developed similar CNS tumors.

Respiratory disease. The DuPont data indicate an increased risk of lung cancer

among employees exposed to acrylonitrile.

Gastrointestinal disease. The DuPont data indicate an increased risk of cancer

of the colon among employees exposed to acrylonitrile. In addition, the animal

studies show possible tumor production in the stomachs of the rats in the

ingestion study.

Skin disease. Acrylonitrile can cause skin burns when prolonged skin contact

with the liquid occurs. In addition, repeated skin contact with the liquid can

cause dermatitis.

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(e) General. The purpose of the medical procedures outlined in the standard is to

establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Persons unusually susceptible to the

effects of anoxia or those with anemia would be expected to be at increased risk. In

addition to emphasis on the CNS, respiratory and gastro-intestinal systems, the

cardiovascular system, liver, and kidney function should also be stressed.

WAC 296-62-07340 Appendix D--Sampling and analytical methods for

acrylonitrile.

(1) There are many methods available for monitoring employee exposures to acrylonitrile.

Most of these involve the use of charcoal tubes and sampling pumps, with analysis by gas

chromatograph. The essential differences between the charcoal tube methods include,

among others, the use of different desorbing solvents, the use of different lots of charcoal,

and the use of different equipment for analysis of the samples.

(2) Besides charcoal, considerable work has been performed on methods using porous polymer

sampling tubes and passive dosimeters. In addition, there are several portable gas

analyzers and monitoring units available on the open market.

(3) This appendix contains details for the methods which have been tested at OSHA Analytical

Laboratory in Salt Lake City, and NIOSH in Cincinnati. Each is a variation on NIOSH

Method S-156, which is also included for reference. This does not indicate that these

methods are the only ones which will be satisfactory. There also may be workplace

situations in which these methods are not adequate, due to such factors as high humidity.

Copies of the other methods available to OSHA are available in the rulemaking record, and

may be obtained from the OSHA docket office. These include, the Union Carbide,

Monsanto, Dow Chemical and Dow Badische methods, as well as NIOSH Method P &

CAM 127.

(4) Employers who note problems with sample breakthrough should try larger charcoal tubes.

Tubes of larger capacity are available, and are often used for sampling vinyl chloride. In

addition, lower flow rates and shorter sampling times should be beneficial in minimizing

breakthrough problems.

(5) Whatever method the employer chooses, they must be ensured of the method's accuracy

and precision under the unique conditions present in their workplace.

(6) NIOSH Method S-156 (unmodified).

Analyte: Acrylonitrile.

Matrix: Air.

Procedure: Absorption on charcoal, desorption with methanol, GC.

(a) Principle of the method. Reference (k)(i) of this subsection.

A known volume of air is drawn through a charcoal tube to trap the organic

vapors present.

The charcoal in the tube is transferred to a small, stoppered sample container,

and the analyte is desorbed with methanol.

An aliquot of the desorbed sample is injected into a gas chromatograph.

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The area of the resulting peak is determined and compared with areas obtained

for standards.

(b) Range and sensitivity.

This method was validated over the range of 17.5-70.0 mg/cu m at an

atmospheric temperature and pressure of 22°C and 760 mm Hg, using a twenty-

liter sample. Under the conditions of sample size (20 liters) the probable useful

range of this method is 4.5-135 mg/cu m. The method is capable of measuring

much smaller amounts if the desorption efficiency is adequate. Desorption

efficiency must be determined over the range used.

The upper limit of the range of the method is dependent on the adsorptive

capacity of the charcoal tube. This capacity varies with the concentrations of

acrylonitrile and other substances in the air. The first section of the charcoal

tube was found to hold at least 3.97 mg of acrylonitrile when a test atmosphere

containing 92.0 mg/cu m of acrylonitrile in air was sampled 0.18 liter per

minute for 240 minutes; at that time the concentration of acrylonitrile in the

effluent was less than 5 percent of that in the influent. (The charcoal tube

consists of two sections of activated charcoal separated by a section of urethane

foam.) See (f)(ii) of this subsection. If a particular atmosphere is suspected of

containing a large amount of contaminant, a smaller sampling volume should be

taken.)

When the amount of water in the air is so great that condensation actually

occurs in the tube, organic vapors will not be trapped efficiently. Preliminary

experiments using toluene indicate that high humidity severely decreases the

breakthrough volume.

When interfering compounds are known or suspected to be present in the air,

such information, including their suspected identities, should be transmitted

with the sample.

It must be emphasized that any compound which has the same retention time as

the analyte at the operating conditions described in this method is an

interference. Retention time data on a single column cannot be considered

proof of chemical identity.

If the possibility of interference exists, separation conditions (column packing,

temperature, etc.) must be changed to circumvent the problem.

(d) Precision and accuracy.

The coefficient of variation (CVt) for the total analytical and sampling method

in the range of 17.5-70.0 mg/cu m was 0.073. This value corresponds to a 3.3

mg/cu m standard deviation at the (previous) OSHA standard level (20 ppm).

Statistical information and details of the validation and experimental test

procedures can be found in (k)(ii) of this subsection.

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On the average the concentrations obtained at the 20 ppm level using the overall

sampling and analytical method were 6.0 percent lower than the “true”

concentrations for a limited number of laboratory experiments. Any difference

between the “found” and “true” concentrations may not represent a bias in the

sampling and analytical method, but rather a random variation from the

experimentally determined “true” concentration. Therefore, no recovery

correction should be applied to the final result in (j)(v) of this subsection.

(e) Advantages and disadvantages of the method.

The sampling device is small, portable, and involves no liquids. Interferences

are minimal, and most of those which do occur can be eliminated by altering

chromatographic conditions. The tubes are analyzed by means of a quick,

instrumental method.

The method can also be used for the simultaneous analysis of two or more

substances suspected to be present in the same sample by simply changing gas

chromatographic conditions.

One disadvantage of the method is that the amount of sample which can be

taken is limited by the number of milligrams that the tube will hold before

overloading. When the sample value obtained for the backup section of the

charcoal tube exceeds 25 percent of that found on the front section, the

possibility of sample loss exists.

Furthermore, the precision of the method is limited by the reproducibility of the

pressure drop across the tubes. This drop will affect the flow rate and cause the

volume to be imprecise, because the pump is usually calibrated for one tube

only.

(f) Apparatus.

A calibrated personal sampling pump whose flow can be determined within ±5

percent at the recommended flow rate. Reference (k)(iii) of this subsection.

Charcoal tubes: Glass tubes with both ends flame sealed, 7 cm long with a 6

mm O.D. and a 4 mm I.D., containing 2 sections of 20/40 mesh activated

charcoal separated by a 2 mm portion of urethane foam. The activated charcoal

is prepared from coconut shells and is fired at 600°C prior to packing. The

adsorbing section contains 100 mg of charcoal, the backup section 50 mg. A 3

mm portion of urethane foam is placed between the outlet end of the tube and

the backup section. A plug of silicated glass wool is placed in front of the

adsorbing section. The pressure drop across the tube must be less than 1 inch of

mercury at a flow rate of 1 liter per minute.

Gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector.

Column (4 ft x 1/4 in stainless steel) packed with 50/80 mesh Poropak, type Q.

An electronic integrator or some other suitable method for measuring peak

areas.

Two-milliliter sample containers with glass stoppers or Teflon-lined caps. If an

automatic sample injector is used, the associated vials may be used.

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Microliter syringes: Ten-microliter and other convenient sizes for making

standards.

Pipets: 1.0 ml delivery pipets.

Volumetric flask: 10 ml or convenient sizes for making standard solutions.

(g) Reagents.

Chromatographic quality methanol.

Acrylonitrile, reagent grade.

Hexane, reagent grade.

Purified nitrogen.

Prepurified hydrogen.

Filtered compressed air.

(h) Procedure.

Cleaning of equipment. All glassware used for the laboratory analysis should

be detergent washed and thoroughly rinsed with tap water and distilled water.

Calibration of personal pumps. Each personal pump must be calibrated with a

representative charcoal tube in the line. This will minimize errors associated

with uncertainties in the sample volume collected.

Collection and shipping of samples.

(A) Immediately before sampling, break the ends of the tube to provide an

opening at least one-half the internal diameter of the tube (2mm).

(B) The smaller section of charcoal is used as a backup and should be

positioned nearest the sampling pump.

to minimize channeling through the charcoal.

(D) Air being sampled should not be passed through any hose or tubing before

entering the charcoal tube.

(E) A maximum sample size of 20 liters is recommended. Sample at a flow

of 0.20 liter per minute or less. The flow rate should be known with an

accuracy of at least ±5 percent.

(F) The temperature and pressure of the atmosphere being sampled should be

recorded. If pressure reading is not available, record the elevation.

(G) The charcoal tubes should be capped with the supplied plastic caps

immediately after sampling. Under no circumstances should rubber caps

be used.

(H) With each batch of ten samples submit one tube from the same lot of tubes

which was used for sample collection and which is subjected to exactly

the same handling as the samples except that no air is drawn through it.

Label this as a blank.

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(I) Capped tubes should be packed tightly and padded before they are

shipped to minimize tube breakage during shipping.

(J) A sample of the bulk material should be submitted to the laboratory in a

glass container with a Teflon-lined cap. This sample should not be

transported in the same container as the charcoal tubes.

Analysis of samples.

(A) Preparation of samples. In preparation for analysis, each charcoal tube is

scored with a file in front of the first section of charcoal and broken open.

The glass wool is removed and discarded. The charcoal in the first

(larger) section is transferred to a 2 ml stoppered sample container. The

separating section of foam is removed and discarded; the second section is

transferred to another stoppered container. These two sections are

analyzed separately.

(B) Desorption of samples. Prior to analysis, 1.0 ml of methanol is pipetted

into each sample container. Desorption should be done for 30 minutes.

Tests indicate that this is adequate if the sample is agitated occasionally

during this period. If an automatic sample injector is used, the sample

vials should be capped as soon as the solvent is added to minimize

volatilization.

chromatograph are:

(I) 50 ml/min (60 psig) nitrogen carrier gas flow.

(II) 65 ml/min (24 psig) hydrogen gas flow to detector.

(III) 500 ml/min (50 psig) air flow to detector.

(IV) 235°C injector temperature.

(V) 255°C manifold temperature (detector).

(VI) 155°C column temperature.

(D) Injection. The first step in the analysis is the injection of the sample into

the gas chromatograph. To eliminate difficulties arising from blowback

or distillation within the syringe needle, one should employ the solvent

flush injection technique. The 10-microliter syringe is first flushed with

solvent several times to wet the barrel and plunger. Three microliters of

solvent are drawn into the syringe to increase the accuracy and

reproducibility of the injected sample volume.

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The needle is removed from the solvent, and the plunger is pulled back

about 0.2 microliter to separate the solvent flush from the sample with a

pocket of air to be used as a marker. The needle is then immersed in the

sample, and a five microliter aliquot is withdrawn, taking into

consideration the volume of the needle, since the sample in the needle will

be completely injected. After the needle is removed from the sample and

prior to injection, the plunger is pulled back 1.2 microliters to minimize

evaporation of the sample from the tip of the needle. Observe that the

sample occupies 4.9-5.0 microliters in the barrel of the syringe. Duplicate

injections of each sample and standard should be made. No more than a 3

percent difference in area is to be expected. An automatic sample injector

can be used if it is shown to give reproducibility at least as good as the

solvent flush method.

(E) Measurement of area. The area of the sample peak is measured by an

electronic integrator or some other suitable form of area measurement,

and preliminary results are read from a standard curve prepared as

discussed below.

Determination of desorption efficiency.

(A) Importance of determination. The desorption efficiency of a particular

compound can vary from one laboratory to another and also from one

batch of charcoal to another. Thus, it is necessary to determine at least

once the percentage of the specific compound that is removed in the

desorption process, provided the same batch of charcoal is used.

(B) Procedure for determining desorption efficiency.

(I) Activated charcoal equivalent to the amount in the first section of

the sampling tube (100 mg) is measured into a 2.5 in., 4 mm I.D.

glass tube, flame sealed at one end. This charcoal must be from the

same batch as that used in obtaining the samples and can be obtained

from unused charcoal tubes. The open end is capped with Parafilm.

A known amount of hexane solution of acrylonitrile containing

0.239 g/ml is injected directly into the activated charcoal with a

microliter syringe, and tube is capped with more Parafilm. When

using an automatic sample injector, the sample injector vials, capped

with Teflon-faced septa, may be used in place of the glass tube.

(II) The amount injected is equivalent to that present in a twenty-liter air

sample at the selected level.

(III) Six tubes at each of three levels (0.5X, 1X, and 2X of the standard)

are prepared in this manner and allowed to stand for at least

overnight to ensure complete adsorption of the analyte onto the

charcoal. These tubes are referred to as the sample. A parallel

blank tube should be treated in the same manner except that no

sample is added to it. The sample and blank tubes are desorbed and

analyzed in exactly the same manner as the sampling tube described

in (h)(iv) of this subsection.

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(IV) Two or three standards are prepared by injecting the same volume of

compound into 1.0 ml of methanol with the same syringe used in the

preparation of the samples. These are analyzed with the samples.

(V) The desorption efficiency (D.E.) equals the average weight in mg

recovered from the tube divided by the weight in mg added to the

tube, or

Average weight recovered (mg)

D.E. = ---------------------------------------

weight added (mg)

(VI) The desorption efficiency is dependent on the amount of analyte

collected on the charcoal. Plot the desorption efficiency versus

weight of analyte found. This curve is used in (j)(iv) of this

subsection to correct for adsorption losses.

(i) Calibration and standards. It is convenient to express concentration of standards in

terms of mg/1.0 ml methanol, because samples are desorbed in this amount of

methanol. The density of the analyte is used to convert mg into microliters for easy

measurement with a microliter syringe. A series of standards, varying in

concentration over the range of interest, is prepared and analyzed under the same GC

conditions and during the same time period as the unknown samples. Curves are

established by plotting concentration in mg/1.0 ml versus peak area.

Note: Since no internal standard is used in the method, standard solutions must

be analyzed at the same time that the sample analysis is done. This will

minimize the effect of known day-to-day variations and variations

during the same day of the FID response.

(j) Calculations.

Read the weight, in mg, corresponding to each peak area from the standard

curve. No volume corrections are needed, because the standard curve is based

on mg/1.0 ml methanol and the volume of sample injected is identical to the

volume of the standards injected.

Corrections for the bank must be made for each sample.

mg = mg sample-mg blank

Where:

mg sample = mg found in front section of sample tube.

mg sample = mg found in front section of blank tube.

Note: A similar procedure is followed for the backup sections.

Add the weights found in the front and backup sections to get the total weight in

the sample.

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Read the desorption efficiency from the curve (reference (h)(v)(B) of this

subsection) for the amount found in the front section. Divide the total weight

by this desorption efficiency to obtain the corrected mg/sample.

Total

weight

Corrected mg/sample = --------------

D.E.

The concentration of the analyte in the air sampled can be expressed in mg/cu

1,000 (liter/cu m)

mg/cu m = Corrected mg (see (j)(iv)) x -----------------------

-------------------

air volume sampled (liter)

Another method of expressing concentration is ppm.

ppm = mg/cu m x 24.45/M.W. x 760/P x T + 273/298

Where:

P = Pressure (mm Hg) of air sampled.

T = Temperature (°C) of air sampled.

24.45 = Molar volume (liter/mole) at 25°C and 760 mm Hg.

M.W. = Molecular weight (g/mole) of analyte.

760 = Standard pressure (mm Hg).

298 = Standard temperature (°K).

(k) References.

White, L. D. et al., “A Convenient Optimized Method for the Analysis of

Selected Solvent Vapors in the Industrial Atmosphere,” Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.

J., 31:225 (1970).

Documentation of NIOSH Validation Tests, NIOSH Contract No. CDC-99-74-

45.

Final Report, NIOSH Contract HSM-99-71-31, “Personal Sampler Pump for

Charcoal Tubes,” September 15, 1972.

(7) NIOSH Modification of NIOSH Method S-156. The NIOSH recommended method for

low levels for acrylonitrile is a modification of method S-156. It differs in the following

respects:

(a) Samples are desorbed using 1 ml of 1 percent acetone in CS2 rather than methanol.

(b) The analytical column and conditions are:

Column: 20 percent SP-1000 on 80/100 Supelcoport 10 feet x 1/8 inch S.S.

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Conditions:

Injector temperature: 200°C.

Detector temperature: 100°C.

Column temperature: 85°C.

Helium flow: 25 ml/min.

Air flow: 450 ml/min.

Hydrogen flow: 55 ml/min.

(d) A sampling rate of 100 ml/min is recommended.

(8) OSHA Laboratory Modification of NIOSH Method S-156.

(a) Analyte: Acrylonitrile.

(b) Matrix: Air.

(d) Principle of the method (subsection (1)(a) of this section).

A known volume of air is drawn through a charcoal tube to trap the organic

vapors present.

The charcoal in the tube is transferred to a small, stoppered sample vial, and the

analyte is desorbed with methanol.

An aliquot of the desorbed sample is injected into a gas chromatograph.

The area of the resulting peak is determined and compared with areas obtained

for standards.

(e) Advantages and disadvantages of the method.

The sampling device is small, portable, and involves no liquids. Interferences

are minimal, and most of those which do occur can be eliminated by altering

chromatographic conditions. The tubes are analyzed by means of a quick,

instrumental method.

This method may not be adequate for the simultaneous analysis of two or more

substances.

The amount of sample which can be taken is limited by the number of

milligrams that the tube will hold before overloading. When the sample value

obtained for the backup section of the charcoal tube exceeds 25 percent of that

found on the front section, the possibility of sample loss exists.

The precision of the method is limited by the reproducibility of the pressure

drop across the tubes. This drop will affect the flow rate and cause the volume

to be imprecise, because the pump is usually calibrated for one tube only.

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(f) Apparatus.

A calibrated personal sampling pump whose flow can be determined within ±5

percent at the recommended flow rate.

Charcoal tubes: Glass tube with both ends flame sealed, 7 cm long with a 6 mm

O.D. and a 4 mm I.D., containing 2 sections of 20/40 mesh activated charcoal

separated by a 2 mm portion of urethane foam. The activated charcoal is

prepared from coconut shells and is fired at 600°C prior to packing. The

absorbing section contains 100 mg of charcoal, the back-up section 50 mg. A 3

mm portion of urethane foam is placed between the outlet end of the tube and

the back-up section. A plug of silicated glass wool is placed in front of the

adsorbing section. The pressure drop across the tube must be less than one inch

of mercury at a flow rate of 1 liter per minute.

Gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen phosphorus detector.

Column (10 ft. x 1/8 in stainless steel) packed with 100/120 Supelcoport coated

with 10 percent SP 1000.

An electronic integrator or some other suitable method for measuring peak area.

Two-milliliter sample vials with Teflon-lined caps.

Microliter syringes: 10 microliter, and other convenient sizes for making

standards.

Pipets: 1.0 ml delivery pipets.

Volumetric flasks: Convenient sizes for making standard solutions.

(g) Reagents.

Chromatographic quality methanol.

Acrylonitrile, reagent grade.

Filtered compressed air.

Purified hydrogen.

Purified helium.

(h) Procedure.

Cleaning of equipment. All glassware used for the laboratory analysis should

be properly cleaned and free of organics which could interfere in the analysis.

Calibration of personal pumps. Each pump must be calibrated with a

representative charcoal tube in the line.

Collection and shipping of samples.

(A) Immediately before sampling, break the ends of the tube to provide an

opening at least one-half the internal diameter of the tube (2 mm).

(B) The smaller section of the charcoal is used as the backup and should be

placed nearest the sampling pump.

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minimize channeling through the charcoal.

(D) Air being sampled should not be passed through any hose or tubing before

entering the charcoal tube.

(E) A sample size of 20 liters is recommended. Sample at a flow rate of

approximately 0.2 liters per minute. The flow rate should be known with

an accuracy of at least ±5 percent.

(F) The temperature and pressure of the atmosphere being sampled should be

recorded.

(G) The charcoal tubes should be capped with the supplied plastic caps

immediately after sampling. Rubber caps should not be used.

(H) Submit at least one blank tube (a charcoal tube subjected to the same

handling procedures, without having any air drawn through it) with each

set of samples.

(I) Take necessary shipping and packing precautions to minimize breakage of

samples.

Analysis of samples.

(A) Preparation of samples. In preparation for analysis, each charcoal tube is

scored with a file in front of the first section of charcoal and broken open.

The glass wool is removed and discarded. The charcoal in the first

(larger) section is transferred to a 2 ml vial. The separating section of

foam is removed and discarded; the section is transferred to another

capped vial. These two sections are analyzed separately.

(B) Desorption of samples. Prior to analysis, 1.0 ml of methanol is pipetted

into each sample container. Desorption should be done for 30 minutes in

an ultrasonic bath. The sample vials are recapped as soon as the solvent is

added.

chromatograph are:

(I) 30 ml/min (60 psig) helium carrier gas flow.

(II) 3.0 ml/min (30 psig) hydrogen gas flow to detector.

(III) 50 ml/min (60 psig) air flow to detector.

(IV) 200°C injector temperature.

(V) 200°C dejector temperature.

(VI) 100°C column temperature.

(D) Injection. Solvent flush technique or equivalent.

(E) Measurement of area. The area of the sample peak is measured by an

electronic integator or some other suitable form of area measurement, and

preliminary results are read from a standard curve prepared as discussed

below.

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Determination of desorption efficiency.

(A) Importance of determination. The desorption efficiency of a particular

compound can vary from one laboratory to another and also from one

batch of charcoal to another. Thus, it is necessary to determine, at least

once, the percentage of the specific compound that is removed in the

desorption process, provided the same batch of charcoal is used.

(B) Procedure for determining desorption efficiency. The reference portion of

the charcoal tube is removed. To the remaining portion, amounts

representing 0.5X, 1X, and 2X (X represents TLV) based on a 20 l air

sample are injected onto several tubes at each level. Dilutions of

acrylonitrile with methanol are made to allow injection of measurable

quantities. These tubes are then allowed to equilibrate at least overnight.

Following equilibration they are analyzed following the same procedure

as the samples. A curve of the desorption efficiency (amt recovered/amt

added) is plotted versus amount of analyte found. This curve is used to

correct for adsorption losses.

(i) Calibration and standards. A series of standards, varying in concentration over the

range of interest, is prepared and analyzed under the same GC conditions and during

the same time period as the unknown samples. Curves are prepared by plotting

concentration versus peak area.

Note: Since no internal standard is used in the method, standard solutions must

be analyzed at the same time that the sample analysis is done. This will

minimize the effect of known day-to-day variations and variations

during the same day of the NPD response. Multiple injections are

necessary.

(j) Calculations. Read the weight, corresponding to each peak area from the standard

curve, correct for the blank, correct for the desorption efficiency, and make necessary

air volume corrections.

(k) Reference. NIOSH Method S-156.

WAC 296-62-07342 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane.

(1) Scope and application.

(a) This section applies to occupational exposure to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane

(DBCP).

(b) This section does not apply to:

Exposure to DBCP which results solely from the application and use of DBCP

as a pesticide; or

The storage, transportation, distribution or sale of DBCP in intact containers

sealed in such a manner as to prevent exposure to DBCP vapors or liquids,

except for the requirements of subsections (11), (16) and (17) of this section.

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(2) Definitions applicable to this section:

(a) Authorized person. Any person specifically authorized by the employer and whose

duties require the person to be present in areas where DBCP is present; and any

person entering this area as a designated representative of employees exercising an

opportunity to observe employee exposure monitoring.

(b) DBCP. 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number

96-12-8, and includes all forms of DBCP.

(d) Emergency. Any occurrence such as, but not limited to equipment failure, rupture of

containers, or failure of control equipment which may, or does, result in unexpected

release of DBCP.

(3) Permissible exposure limits.

(a) Inhalation.

Time-weighted average limit (TWA). The employer must ensure that no

employee is exposed to an airborne concentration in excess of 1 part DBCP per

billion part of air (ppb) as an eight-hour time-weighted average.

Ceiling limit. The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an

airborne concentration in excess of 5 parts DBCP per billion parts of air (ppb)

as averaged over any 15 minutes during the working day.

(b) Dermal and eye exposure. The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to

eye or skin contact with DBCP.

(4) Notification of use. Within ten days of the effective date of this section or within ten days

following the introduction of DBCP into the workplace, every employer who has a

workplace where DBCP is present must report the following information to the director for

each such workplace:

(a) The address and location of each workplace in which DBCP is present;

(b) A brief description of each process or operation which may result in employee

exposure to DBCP;

to DBCP and an estimate of the frequency and degree of exposure that occurs;

(d) A brief description of the employer's safety and health program as it relates to

limitation of employee exposure to DBCP.

(5) Regulated areas. The employer must establish, within each place of employment,

regulated areas wherever DBCP concentrations are in excess of the permissible exposure

limit.

(a) The employer must limit access to regulated areas to authorized persons.

(b) All employees entering or working in a regulated area must wear respiratory

protection in accordance with Table I.

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(6) Exposure monitoring.

(a) General. Determinations of airborne exposure levels must be made from air samples

that are representative of each employee's exposure to DBCP over an eight-hour

period. (For the purposes of this section, employee exposure is that exposure which

would occur if the employee were not using a respirator.)

(b) Initial. Each employer who has a place of employment in which DBCP is present

must monitor each workplace and work operation to accurately determine the

airborne concentrations of DBCP to which employees may be exposed.

If the monitoring required by this section reveals employee exposures to be

below the permissible exposure limits, the employer must repeat these

determinations at least quarterly.

If the monitoring required by this section reveals employee exposure to be in

excess of the permissible exposure limits, the employer must repeat these

determinations for each such employee at least monthly. The employer must

continue these monthly determinations until at least two consecutive

measurements, taken at least seven days apart, are below the permissible

exposure limit, thereafter the employer must monitor at least quarterly.

(d) Additional. Whenever there has been a production process, control or personnel

change which may result in any new or additional exposure to DBCP, or whenever

the employer has any other reason to suspect a change which may result in new or

additional exposure to DBCP, additional monitoring which complies with this

subsection must be conducted.

(e) Employee notification.

Within five working days after the receipt of monitoring results, the employer

must notify each employee in writing of results which represent the employee's

exposure.

Whenever the results indicate that employee exposure exceeds the permissible

exposure limit, the employer must include in the written notice a statement that

the permissible exposure limit was exceeded and a description of the corrective

action being taken to reduce exposure to or below the permissible exposure

limits.

(f) Accuracy of measurement. The method of measurement must be accurate, to a

confidence level of 95 percent, to within plus or minus 25 percent for concentrations

of DBCP at or above the permissible exposure limits.

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(7) Methods of compliance.

(a) Priority of compliance methods. The employer must institute engineering and work-

practice controls to reduce and maintain employee exposures to DBCP at or below

the permissible exposure limit, except to the extent that the employer establishes that

such controls are not feasible. Where feasible engineering and work-practice controls

are not sufficient to reduce employee exposures to within the permissible exposure

limit, the employer must nonetheless use them to reduce exposures to the lowest level

achievable by these controls, and must supplement them by use of respiratory

protection.

(b) Compliance program.

The employer must establish and implement a written program to reduce

employee exposure to DBCP to or below the permissible exposure limit solely

by means of engineering and work-practice controls as required by this section.

The written program must include a detailed schedule for development and

implementation of the engineering and work-practice controls. These plans

must be revised at least every six months to reflect the current status of the

program.

Written plans for these compliance programs must be submitted upon request to

the director, and must be available at the worksite for examination and copying

by the director, and any affected employee or designated representative of

employees.

The employer must institute and maintain at least the controls described in his

most recent written compliance program.

(8) Respiratory protection.

(a) General. For employees who are required to use respirators under this section, the

employer must provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with

the requirements of this subsection. Respirators must be used during:

Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-

practice controls;

Maintenance and repair activities for which engineering and work-practice

controls are not feasible;

Work operations for which feasible engineering and work-practice controls are

not yet sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible

exposure limit;

Emergencies.

(b) The employer must establish, implement, and maintain a respiratory protection

program as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each

employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

Select and provide to employees appropriate respirators according to this

chapter and WAC 296-842-13005 in the respirator rule.

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Provide employees with one of the following respirator options to use for entry

into, or escape from, unknown DBCP concentrations:

(A) A combination respirator that includes a full-facepiece air-line respirator

operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode or

continuous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus

(SCBA) operated in a pressure-demand or positive-pressure mode; or

(B) A full-facepiece SCBA operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-

pressure mode.

(9) Reserved.

(10) Emergency situations.

(a) Written plans.

A written plan for emergency situations must be developed for each workplace

in which DBCP is present.

Appropriate portions of the plan must be implemented in the event of an

emergency.

(b) Employees engaged in correcting conditions must be equipped as required in

subsection (11) of this section until the emergency is abated.

and restricted from the area and normal operations in the affected area must not be

resumed until the emergency is abated.

(d) Alerting employees. Where there is a possibility of employee exposure to DBCP due

to the occurrence of an emergency, a general alarm must be installed and maintained

to promptly alert employees of such occurrences.

(e) Medical surveillance. For any employee exposed to DBCP in an emergency

situation, the employer must provide medical surveillance in accordance with

subsection (14) of this section.

(f) Exposure monitoring.

Following an emergency, the employer must conduct monitoring which

complies with subsection (6) of this section.

In workplaces not normally subject to periodic monitoring, the employer may

terminate monitoring when two consecutive measurements indicate exposures

below the permissible exposure limit.

(11) Protective clothing and equipment.

(a) Provision and use. Where eye or skin contact with liquid or solid DBCP may occur,

employers must provide at no cost to the employee, and ensure that employees wear

impermeable protective clothing and equipment in accordance with WAC 296-800-

160 to protect the area of the body which may come in contact with DBCP.

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(b) Cleaning and replacement.

The employer must clean, launder, maintain, or replace protective clothing and

equipment required by this subsection to maintain their effectiveness. In

addition, the employer must provide clean protective clothing and equipment at

least daily to each affected employee.

Removal and storage.

(A) The employer must ensure that employees remove DBCP contaminated

work clothing only in change rooms provided in accordance with

subsection (13) of this section.

(B) The employer must ensure that employees promptly remove any

protective clothing and equipment which becomes contaminated with

DBCP-containing liquids and solids. This clothing must not be reworn

until the DBCP has been removed from the clothing or equipment.

protective devices and work clothing out of the change room, except those

employees authorized to do so for the purpose of laundering, maintenance,

or disposal.

The employer must ensure that DBCP-contaminated protective work clothing

and equipment is placed and stored in closed containers which prevent

dispersion of DBCP outside the container.

The employer must inform any person who launders or cleans DBCP-

contaminated protective clothing or equipment of the potentially harmful effects

of exposure to DBCP.

Containers of DBCP-contaminated protective devices or work clothing which

are to be taken out of change rooms or the workplace for cleaning, maintenance

or disposal must bear labels with the following information:

CONTAMINATED WITH 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), MAY

CAUSE CANCER.

The employer must prohibit the removal of DBCP from protective clothing and

equipment by blowing or shaking.

(12) Housekeeping.

(a) Surfaces.

All surfaces must be maintained free of accumulations of DBCP.

Dry sweeping and the use of air for the cleaning of floors and other surfaces

where DBCP dust or liquids are found is prohibited.

Where vacuuming methods are selected, either portable units or a permanent

system may be used.

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(A) If a portable unit is selected, the exhaust must be attached to the general

workplace exhaust ventilation system or collected within the vacuum unit,

equipped with high efficiency filters or other appropriate means of

contaminant removal, so that DBCP is not reintroduced into the

workplace air; and

(B) Portable vacuum units used to collect DBCP may not be used for other

cleaning purposes and must be labeled as prescribed by subsection

(11)(b)(v) of this section.

Cleaning of floors and other contaminated surfaces may not be performed by

washing down with a hose, unless a fine spray has first been laid down.

(b) Liquids. Where DBCP is present in a liquid form, or as a resultant vapor, all

containers or vessels containing DBCP must be enclosed to the maximum extent

feasible and tightly covered when not in use.

disposed in sealed bags or other closed containers which prevent dispersion of DBCP

outside the container.

(13) Hygiene facilities and practices.

(a) Change rooms. The employer must provide clean change rooms equipped with

storage facilities for street clothes and separate storage facilities for protective

clothing and equipment whenever employees are required to wear protective clothing

and equipment in accordance with subsections (8), (9), and (11) of this section.

(b) Showers.

The employer must ensure that employees working in the regulated area shower

at the end of the work shift.

The employer must ensure that employees whose skin becomes contaminated

with DBCP-containing liquids or solids immediately wash or shower to remove

any DBCP from the skin.

The employer must provide shower facilities in accordance with WAC 296-

800-230.

temperature controlled, positive pressure, filtered air supply, and which are readily

accessible to employees working in regulated areas.

(d) Lavatories.

The employer must ensure that employees working in the regulated area remove

protective clothing and wash their hands and face prior to eating.

The employer must provide a sufficient number of lavatory facilities which

comply with WAC 296-800-230.

(e) Prohibition of activities in regulated areas. The employer must ensure that, in

regulated areas, food or beverages are not present or consumed, smoking products

and implements are not present or used, and cosmetics are not present or applied.

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(14) Medical surveillance.

(a) General. The employer must institute a program of medical surveillance for each

employee who is or will be exposed, without regard to the use of respirators, to

DBCP. The employer must provide each such employee with an opportunity for

medical examinations and tests in accordance with this subsection. All medical

examinations and procedures shall be performed by or under the supervision of a

licensed physician, and must be provided without cost to the employee.

(b) Frequency and content. At the time of initial assignment, annually thereafter, and

whenever exposure to DBCP occurs, the employer must provide a medical

examination for employees who work in regulated areas, which includes at least the

following:

A complete medical and occupational history with emphasis on reproductive

history.

A complete physical examination with emphasis on the genito-urinary tract,

testicle size, and body habitus including the following tests:

(A) Sperm count;

(B) Complete urinalysis (U/A);

(D) Thyroid profile.

A serum specimen must be obtained and the following determinations made by

radioimmunoassay techniques utilizing National Institutes of Health (NIH)

specific antigen or one of equivalent sensitivity:

(A) Serum multiphasic analysis (SMA 12);

(B) Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH);

(D) Serum estrogen (females).

Any other tests deemed appropriate by the examining physician.

commonly associated with exposure to DBCP, the employer must provide the

employee with a medical examination which must include those elements considered

appropriate by the examining physician.

(d) Information provided to the physician. The employer must provide the following

information to the examining physician:

A copy of this standard and its appendices;

A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's

exposure;

The level of DBCP to which the employee is exposed; and

A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used.

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(e) Physician's written opinion.

For each examination under this section, the employer must obtain and provide

the employee with a written opinion from the examining physician which must

include:

(A) The results of the medical tests performed;

(B) The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected

medical condition which would place the employee at an increased risk of

material impairment of health from exposure to DBCP;

upon the use of protective clothing and equipment such as respirators; and

(D) A statement that the employee was informed by the physician of the

results of the medical examination, and any medical conditions which

require further examination or treatment.

The employer must instruct the physician not to reveal in the written opinion

specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure to DBCP.

The employer must provide a copy of the written opinion to the affected

employee.

(f) Emergency situations. If the employee is exposed to DBCP in an emergency

situation, the employer must provide the employee with a sperm count test as soon as

practicable, or, if the employee is unable to produce a semen specimen, the hormone

tests contained in (b) of this subsection. The employer must provide these same tests

three months later.

(15) Employee information and training.

(a) Training program.

Within thirty days of the effective date of this standard, the employer must

institute a training program for all employees who may be exposed to DBCP

and must ensure their participation in such training program.

The employer must ensure that each employee is informed of the following:

(A) The information contained in Appendices A, B and C;

(B) The quantity, location, manner of use, release or storage of DBCP and the

specific nature of operations which could result in exposure to DBCP as

well as any necessary protective steps;

covering respiratory protection as required in chapter 296-842 WAC;

(D) The purpose and description of the medical surveillance program required

by subsection (14) of this section; and

(E) A review of this standard.

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(b) Access to training materials.

The employer must make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily

available to all affected employees.

The employer must provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee

information and training program to the director.

(16) Communication of hazards.

(a) Hazard communication-General.

Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers must comply

with all requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC

296-901-140 for DBCP.

In classifying the hazards of DBCP at least the following hazards are to be

addressed: Cancer; reproductive effects; liver effects; kidney effects; central

nervous system effects; skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation; and acute

toxicity effects.

Employers must include DBCP in the hazard communication program

established to comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers must

ensure that each employee has access to labels on containers of DBCP and to

safety data sheets, and is trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS

and subsection (15) of this section.

The employer may use labels or signs required by other statutes, regulations, or

ordinances in addition to or in combination with, signs and labels required by

this subsection.

The employer must ensure that no statement appears on or near any sign or

label required by this subsection which contradicts or detracts from the required

sign or label.

(b) Signs.

The employer must post signs to clearly indicate all regulated areas. These signs

must bear the legend:

DANGER

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

MAY CAUSE CANCER

WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IN THIS AREA

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

Where DBCP or products containing DBCP are sold, distributed or otherwise

leave the employer’s workplace bearing appropriate labels required by EPA

under the regulations in 40 C.F.R. Part 162, the labels required by (c) of this

subsection need not be affixed.

The employer must ensure that the precautionary labels required by (c) of this

subsection are readily visible and legible.

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(17) Recordkeeping.

(a) Exposure monitoring.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record of all monitoring

required by subsection (6) of this section.

This record must include:

(A) The dates, number, duration and results of each of the samples taken,

including a description of the sampling procedure used to determine

representative employee exposure;

(B) A description of the sampling and analytical methods used;

(D) Name, Social Security number, and job classification of the employee

monitored and of all other employees whose exposure the measurement is

intended to represent.

The employer must maintain this record for at least forty years or the duration

of employment plus twenty years, whichever is longer.

(b) Medical surveillance.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each

employee subject to medical surveillance required by subsection (14) of this

section.

This record must include:

(A) The name and Social Security number of the employee;

(B) A copy of the physician's written opinion;

(D) A copy of the information provided the physician as required by

subsection (14)(c) of this section; and

(E) A copy of the employee's medical and work history.

The employer must maintain this record for at least forty years or the duration

of employment plus twenty years, whichever is longer.

The employer must ensure that all records required to be maintained by this

section be made available upon request to the director for examination and

copying.

Employee exposure monitoring records and employee medical records required

by this subsection must be provided upon request to employees' designated

representatives and the assistant director in accordance with chapter 296-802

WAC.

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(d) Transfer of records.

If the employer ceases to do business, the successor employer must receive and

retain all records required to be maintained by this section for the prescribed

period.

The employer must also comply with any additional requirements involving

transfer of records set forth in WAC 296-802-60005.

(18) Observation of monitoring.

(a) Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees, or their

designated representatives, an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee

exposure to DBCP conducted under subsection (6) of this section.

(b) Observation procedures.

Whenever observation of the measuring or monitoring of employee exposure to

DBCP requires entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or

equipment is required, the employer must provide the observer with personal

protective clothing or equipment required to be worn by employees working in

the area, ensure the use of such clothing and equipment, and require the

observer to comply with all other applicable safety and health procedures.

Without interfering with the monitoring or measurement, observers shall be

entitled to:

(A) Receive an explanation of the measurement procedures;

(B) Observe all steps related to the measurement of airborne concentrations of

DBCP performed at the place of exposure; and

(19) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices is not intended, by itself, to

create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing

obligation.

WAC 296-62-07343 Appendix A--Substance safety data sheet for DBCP.

(1) Substance identification.

(a) Synonyms and trades names: DBCP; Dibromochloropropane; Fumazone (Dow

Chemical Company TM); Nemafume; Nemagon (Shell Chemical Co. TM); Nemaset;

BBC 12; and OS 1879.

(b) Permissible exposure:

Airborne. 1 part DBCP vapor per billion parts of air (1 ppb); time-weighted

average (TWA) for an eight-hour workday.

Dermal. Eye contact and skin contact with DBCP are prohibited.

a pungent odor. It may also appear in granular form, or blended in varying

concentrations with other liquids.

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(d) Uses: DBCP is used to control nematodes, very small worm-like plant parasites, on

crops including cotton, soybeans, fruits, nuts, vegetables and ornamentals.

(2) Health hazard data.

(a) Routes of entry: Employees may be exposed:

Through inhalation (breathing);

Through ingestion (swallowing);

Skin contact; and

Eye contact.

(b) Effects of exposure:

Acute exposure. DBCP may cause drowsiness, irritation of the eyes, nose,

throat and skin, nausea and vomiting. In addition, overexposure may cause

damage to the lungs, liver or kidneys.

Chronic exposure. Prolonged or repeated exposure to DBCP has been shown to

cause sterility in humans. It also has been shown to produce cancer and sterility

in laboratory animals and has been determined to constitute an increased risk of

cancer in people.

Reporting signs and symptoms. If you develop any of the above signs or

symptoms that you think are caused by exposure to DBCP, you should inform

your employer.

(3) Emergency first-aid procedures.

(a) Eye exposure. If DBCP liquid or dust containing DBCP gets into your eyes, wash

your eyes immediately with large amounts of water, lifting the lower and upper lids

occasionally. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn

when working with DBCP.

(b) Skin exposure. If DBCP liquids or dusts containing DBCP get on your skin,

immediately wash using soap or mild detergent and water. If DBCP liquids or dusts

containing DBCP penetrate through your clothing, remove the clothing immediately

and wash. If irritation is present after washing get medical attention.

exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial

respiration. Do not use mouth-to-mouth. Keep the affected person warm and at rest.

Get medical attention as soon as possible.

(d) Swallowing. When DBCP has been swallowed and the person is conscious, give the

person large amounts of water immediately. After the water has been swallowed, try

to get the person to vomit by having them touch the back of their throat with their

finger. Do not make an unconscious person vomit. Get medical attention

immediately.

(e) Rescue. Notify someone. Put into effect the established emergency rescue

procedures. Know the locations of the emergency rescue equipment before the need

arises.

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(4) Respirators and protective clothing.

(a) Respirators. You may be required to wear a respirator in emergencies and while your

employer is in the process of reducing DBCP exposures through engineering controls.

If respirators are worn, they must have a label issued by the National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) under the provisions of 42 CFR part 84

stating that the respirators have been certified for use with organic vapors. For

effective protection, a respirator must fit your face and head snugly. The respirator

should not be loosened or removed in work situations where its use is required.

Respirators must not be loosened or removed in work situations where their use is

required.

(b) Protective clothing. When working with DBCP you must wear for your protection

impermeable work clothing provided by your employer. (Standard rubber and

neoprene protective clothing do not offer adequate protection). DBCP must never be

allowed to remain on the skin. Clothing and shoes must not be allowed to become

contaminated with DBCP, and if they do, they must be promptly removed and not

worn again until completely free of DBCP. Turn in impermeable clothing that has

developed leaks for repair or replacement.

possibility of DBCP liquid or dust contacting your eyes.

(5) Precautions for safe use, handling, and storage.

(a) DBCP must be stored in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area.

(b) If your work clothing may have become contaminated with DBCP, or liquids or dusts

containing DBCP, you must change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the

work premises.

DBCP. This clothing must not be reworn until the DBCP is removed from the

clothing.

(d) If your skin becomes contaminated with DBCP, you must immediately and

thoroughly wash or shower with soap or mild detergent and water to remove any

DBCP from your skin.

(e) You must not keep food, beverages, cosmetics, or smoking materials, nor eat or

smoke, in regulated areas.

(f) If you work in a regulated area, you must wash your hands thoroughly with soap or

mild detergent and water, before eating, smoking or using toilet facilities.

(g) If you work in a regulated area, you must remove any protective equipment or

clothing before leaving the regulated area.

(h) Ask your supervisor where DBCP is used in your work area and for any additional

safety and health rules.

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(6) Access to information.

(a) Each year, your employer is required to inform you of the information contained in

this substance safety data sheet for DBCP. In addition, your employer must instruct

you in the safe use of DBCP, emergency procedures, and the correct use of protective

equipment.

(b) Your employer is required to determine whether you are being exposed to DBCP.

You or your representative have the right to observe employee exposure

measurements and to record the result obtained. Your employer is required to inform

you of your exposure. If your employer determines that you are being overexposed,

they are required to inform you of the actions which are being taken to reduce your

exposure.

examinations. Your employer is required to keep exposure and medical data for at

least forty years or the duration of your employment plus twenty years, whichever is

longer.

(d) Your employer is required to release exposure and medical records to you, your

physician, or other individual designated by you upon your written request.

WAC 296-62-07344 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for DBCP.

(1) Physical and chemical data.

(a) Substance identification.

Synonyms: 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane; DBCP, Fumazone; Nemafume;

Nemagon; Nemaset; BBC 12; OS 1879. DBCP is also included in agricultural

pesticides and fumigants which include the phrase “Nema____, in their name.

Formula: C

Molecular weight: 236.

(b) Physical data:

Boiling point (760 mm HG): 195C (383F)

Specific gravity (water = 1): 2.093.

Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of DBCP): Data not available.

Melting point: 6C (43F).

Vapor pressure at 20C (68F): 0.8 mm HG

Solubility in water: 1000 ppm.

Evaporation rate (Butyl Acetate = 1): Very much less than 1.

concentrations. Any detectable odor of DBCP indicates overexposure.

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(2) Fire explosion and reactivity hazard data.

(a) Fire.

Flash point: 170F (77C)

Autoignition temperature: Data not available.

Flammable limits in air, percent by volume: Data not available.

Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

Special fire-fighting procedures: Do not use a solid stream of water since a

stream will scatter and spread the fire. Use water spray to cool containers

exposed to a fire.

Unusual fire and explosion hazards: None known.

For purposes of complying with the requirements of WAC 296-24-330, liquid

DBCP is classified as a Class III A combustible liquid.

For the purpose of complying with chapter 296-24 WAC Part L, the

classification of hazardous locations as described in article 500 of the National

Electrical Code for DBCP shall be Class I, Group D.

For the purpose of compliance with WAC 296-24-592, DBCP is classified as a

Class B fire hazard.

For the purpose of compliance with WAC 296-24-230, locations classified as

hazardous locations due to the presence of DBCP shall be Class I, Group D.

Sources of ignition are prohibited where DBCP presents a fire or explosion

hazard.

(b) Reactivity.

Conditions contributing to instability: None known.

Incompatibilities: Reacts with chemically active metals, such as aluminum,

magnesium and tin alloys.

Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as HBr, HC1

and carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving DBCP.

Special precautions: DBCP will attack some rubber materials and coatings.

(3) Spill, leak and disposal procedures.

(a) If DBCP is spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken:

The area should be evacuated at once and re-entered only after thorough

ventilation.

Ventilate area of spill or leak.

If in liquid form, collect for reclamation or absorb in paper, vermiculite, dry

sand, earth or similar material.

If in solid form, collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner

for reclamation or for disposal.

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(b) Persons not wearing protective equipment must be restricted from areas of spills or

leaks until cleanup has been completed.

For small quantities of liquid DBCP, absorb on paper towels, remove to a safe

place (such as a fume hood) and burn the paper. Large quantities can be

reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped

with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. If liquid DBCP is absorbed in

vermiculite, dry sand, earth or similar material and placed in sealed containers it

may be disposed of in a state-approved sanitary landfill.

If in solid form, for small quantities, place on paper towels, remove to a safe

place (such as a fume hood) and burn. Large quantities may be reclaimed.

However, if this is not practical, dissolve in a flammable solvent (such as

alcohol) and atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an

appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. DBCP in solid form may also be

disposed in a state-approved sanitary landfill.

(4) Monitoring and measurement procedures.

(a) Exposure above the permissible exposure limit.

Eight hour exposure evaluation: Measurements taken for the purpose of

determining employee exposure under this section are best taken so that the

average eight-hour exposure may be determined from a single eight-hour

sample or two four-hour samples. Air samples should be taken in the

employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by

the employee).

Monitoring techniques: The sampling and analysis under this section may be

performed by collecting the DBCP vapor on petroleum based charcoal

absorption tubes with subsequent chemical analyses. The method of

measurement chosen should determine the concentration of airborne DBCP at

the permissible exposure limit to an accuracy of plus or minus twenty-five

percent. If charcoal tubes are used, a total volume of ten liters should be

collected at a flow rate of 50 cc per minute for each tube. Analyze the resultant

samples as you would samples of halogenated solvent.

(b) Since many of the duties relating to employee protection are dependent on the results

of monitoring and measuring procedures, employers should assure that the evaluation

of employee exposures is performed by a competent industrial hygienist or other

technically qualified person.

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(5) Protective clothing. Employees should be required to wear appropriate protective clothing

to prevent any possibility of skin contact with DBCP. Because DBCP is absorbed through

the skin, it is important to prevent skin contact with both liquid and solid forms of DBCP.

Protective clothing should include impermeable coveralls or similar full body work

clothing, gloves, headcoverings, and workshoes or shoe coverings. Standard rubber and

neoprene gloves do not offer adequate protection and should not be relied upon to keep

DBCP off the skin. DBCP should never be allowed to remain on the skin. Clothing and

shoes should not be allowed to become contaminated with the material; and if they do, they

should be promptly removed and not worn again until completely free of the material. Any

protective clothing which has developed leaks or is otherwise found to be defective should

be repaired or replaced. Employees should also be required to wear splashproof safety

goggles where there is any possibility of DBCP contacting the eyes.

(6) Housekeeping and hygiene facilities.

(a) The workplace must be kept clean, orderly and in a sanitary condition.

(b) Dry sweeping and the use of compressed air is unsafe for the cleaning of floors and

other surfaces where DBCP dust or liquids are found. To minimize the

contamination of air with dust, vacuuming with either portable or permanent systems

must be used. If a portable unit is selected, the exhaust must be attached to the

general workplace exhaust ventilation system, or collected within the vacuum unit

equipped with high efficiency filters or other appropriate means of contamination

removal and not used for other purposes. Units used to collect DBCP must be

labeled.

maintained in a sanitary condition. Suitable cleansing agents should also be provided

to assure the effective removal of DBCP from the skin.

(d) Change or dressing rooms with individual clothes storage facilities must be provided

to prevent the contamination of street clothes with DBCP. Because of the hazardous

nature of DBCP, contaminated protective clothing must be stored in closed containers

for cleaning or disposal.

(7) Miscellaneous precautions.

(a) Store DBCP in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area.

(b) Use of supplied-air suits or other impervious clothing (such as acid suits) may be

necessary to prevent skin contact with DBCP. Supplied-air suits should be selected,

used, and maintained under the supervision of persons knowledgeable in the

limitations and potential life-endangering characteristics of supplied-air suits.

(d) Advise employees of all areas and operations where exposure to DBCP could occur.

(8) Common operations. Common operations in which exposure to DBCP is likely to occur

are: During its production; and during its formulation into pesticides and fumigants.

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WAC 296-62-07346 Appendix C--Medical surveillance guidelines for DBCP.

(1) Route of entry.

(a) Inhalation;

(b) Skin absorption.

(2) Toxicology. Recent data collected on workers involved in the manufacture and

formulation of DBCP has shown that DBCP can cause sterility at very low levels of

exposure. This finding is supported by studies showing that DBCP causes sterility in

animals. Chronic exposure to DBCP resulted in pronounced necrotic action on the

parenchymatous organs (i.e., liver, kidney, spleen) and on the testicles of rats at

concentrations as low as 5 ppm. Rats that were chronically exposed to DBCP also showed

changes in the composition of the blood, showing low RBC, hemoglobin, and WBC, and

high reticulocyte levels as well as functional hepatic disturbance, manifesting itself in a

long prothrombin time. Reznik et al., noted a single dose of 100 mg produced profound

depression of the nervous system of rats. Their condition gradually improved.

Acute exposure also resulted in the destruction of the sex gland activity of male rats as well

as causing changes in the estrous cycle in female rats. Animal studies have also associated

DBCP with an increased incidence of carcinoma. Olson, et al., orally administered DBCP

to rats and mice five times per week at experimentally predetermined maximally tolerated

doses and at half those doses. As early as ten weeks after initiation of treatment, DBCP

induced a high incidence of squamous cell carcinomas of the stomach with metastases in

both species. DBCP also induced mammary adenocarcinomas in the female rats at both

dose levels.

(3) Signs and symptoms.

(a) Inhalation: Nausea, eye irritation, conjunctivitis, respiratory irritation, pulmonary

congestion or edema, CNS depression with apathy, sluggishness, and ataxia.

(b) Dermal: Erythema or inflammation and dermatitis on repeated exposure.

(4) Special tests.

(a) Semen analysis: The following information excerpted from the document

“Evaluation of Testicular Function,” submitted by the Corporate Medical Department

of the Shell Oil Company (exhibit 39-3), may be useful to physicians conducting the

medical surveillance program. In performing semen analyses certain minimal but

specific criteria should be met:

It is recommended that a minimum of three valid semen analyses be obtained in

order to make a determination of an individual's average sperm count.

A period of sexual abstinence is necessary prior to the collection of each

masturbatory sample. It is recommended that intercourse or masturbation be

performed 48 hours before the actual specimen collection. A period of 48 hours

of abstinence would follow; then the masturbatory sample would be collected.

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Each semen specimen should be collected in a clean, wide mouthed, glass jar

(not necessarily pre-sterilized) in a manner designated by the examining

physician. Any part of the seminal fluid exam should be initialed only after

liquifaction is complete, i.e., 30 to 45 minutes after collection.

Semen volume should be measured to the nearest 1/10 of a cubic centimeter.

Sperm density should be determined using routine techniques involving the use

of a white cell pipette and a hemocytometer chamber. The immobilizing fluid

most effective and most easily obtained for this process is distilled water.

Thin, dry smears of the semen should be made for a morphologic classification

of the sperm forms and should be stained with either hematoxalin or the more

difficult, yet more precise, Papanicolaou technique. Also of importance to

record is obvious sperm agglutination, pyospermia, delayed liquifaction (greater

than 30 minutes), and hyperviscosity. In addition, pH, using nitrazine paper,

should be determined.

A total morphology evaluation should include percentages of the following:

(A) Normal (oval) forms,

(B) Tapered forms,

(D) Duplicated (either heads or tails) forms, and

(E) Immature forms.

Each sample should be evaluated for sperm viability (percent viable sperm

moving at the time of examination) as well as sperm motility (subjective

characterization of “purposeful forward sperm progression” of the majority of

those viable sperm analyzed) within two hours after collection, ideally by the

same or equally qualified examiner.

(b) Serum determinations: The following serum determinations should be performed by

radiommuno-assay techniques using National Institutes of Health (NIH) specific

antigen or antigen preparations of equivalent sensitivity:

Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),

Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), and

Serum total estrogen (females only).

(5) Treatment. Remove from exposure immediately, give oxygen or artificial resuscitation if

indicated. Contaminated clothing and shoes should be removed immediately. Flush eyes

and wash contaminated skin. If swallowed and the person is conscious, induce vomiting.

Recovery from mild exposures is usually rapid and complete.

(6) Surveillance and preventive considerations.

(a) Other considerations. DBCP can cause both acute and chronic effects. It is important

that the physician become familiar with the operating conditions in which exposure to

DBCP occurs. Those with respiratory disorders may not tolerate the wearing of

negative pressure respirators.

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(b) Surveillance and screening. Medical histories and laboratory examinations are

required for each employee subject to exposure to DBCP. The employer should

screen employees for history of certain medical conditions (listed below) which might

place the employee at increased risk from exposure:

Liver disease. The primary site of biotransformation and detoxification of

DBCP is the liver. Liver dysfunctions likely to inhibit the conjugation reactions

will tend to promote the toxic actions of DBCP. These precautions should be

considered before exposing persons with impaired liver function to DBCP.

Renal disease. Because DBCP has been associated with injury to the kidney it

is important that special consideration be given to those with possible

impairment of renal function.

Skin disease. DBCP can penetrate the skin and can cause erythema on

prolonged exposure. Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more

susceptible to the effects of DBCP.

Blood dyscrasias. DBCP has been shown to decrease the content of

erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and leukocytes in the blood, as well as increase the

prothrombin time. Persons with existing blood disorders may be more

susceptible to the effects of DBCP.

Reproductive disorders. Animal studies have associated DBCP with various

effects on the reproductive organs. Among these effects are atrophy of the

testicles and changes in the estrous cycle. Persons with pre-existing

reproductive disorders may be at increased risk to these effects of DBCP.

(7) References.

(a) Reznik, Ya. B. and Sprinchan, G. K.: Experimental Data on the Gonadotoxic effect

of Nemagon, Gig. Sanit., (6), 1975, pp. 101-102, (translated from Russian).

(b) Faydysh, E. V., Rakhmatullaev, N. N. and Varshavskii, V. A.: The Cytotoxic Action

of Nemagon in a Subacute Experiment, Med. Zh. Uzbekistana, (No. 1), 1970, pp. 64-

65, (translated from Russian).

Relation to Water Pollution Control, Hyg. Sanit., 36(3), 1971, pp. 344-348,

(translated from Russian).

(d) Olson, W. A. et al.: Induction of Stomach Cancer in Rats and Mice by Halogenated

Aliphatic Fumigants, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, (51), 1973, pp. 1993-

1995.

(e) Torkelson, T. R. et al.: Toxicologic Investigations of 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane,

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 3, 1961 pp. 545-559.

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WAC 296-62-07355 Ethylene oxide. Scope and application.

Note: The requirements in WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07386 apply

only to agriculture. The requirements for all other industries relating to

ethylene oxide have been moved to chapter 296-855 WAC, Ethylene

oxide.

(1) WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389 applies to all occupational exposures to

ethylene oxide (EtO), Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No. 75-21-8, except as

provided in subsection (2) of this section.

(2) WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389 does not apply to the processing, use, or

handling of products containing EtO where objective data are reasonably relied upon that

demonstrate that the product is not capable of releasing EtO in airborne concentrations at or

above the action level, and may not reasonably be foreseen to release EtO in excess of the

excursion limit, under the expected conditions of processing, use, or handling that will

cause the greatest possible release.

(3) Where products containing EtO are exempted under subsection (2) of this section, the

employer must maintain records of the objective data supporting that exemption and the

basis for the employer's reliance on the data, as provided in WAC 296-62-07375(1).

WAC 296-62-07357 Definitions.

For the purpose of WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389, the following definitions shall

apply:

Action level. A concentration of airborne EtO of 0.5 ppm calculated as an eight-hour time-

weighted average.

Authorized person. Any person specifically authorized by the employer whose duties require

the person to enter a regulated area, or any person entering such an area as a designated

representative of employees for the purpose of exercising the right to observe monitoring and

measuring procedures under WAC 296-62-07377, or any other person authorized by chapter

49.17 RCW or regulations issued under chapter 49.17 RCW.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries, or designee.

Emergency. Any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of

containers, or failure of control equipment that is likely to or does result in an unexpected

significant release of EtO.

Employee exposure. Exposure to airborne EtO which would occur if the employee were not

using respiratory protective equipment.

Ethylene oxide or EtO. The three-membered ring organic compound with chemical formula

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WAC 296-62-07359 Permissible exposure limits (PEL).

(1) Eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA). The employer must ensure that no employee

is exposed to an airborne concentration of EtO in excess of one part EtO per million parts

of air (1 ppm) as an eight-hour time-weighted average. (Eight-hour TWA.)

(2) Excursion limit. The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne

concentration of EtO in excess of five parts of EtO per million parts of air (5 ppm) as

averaged over a sampling period of fifteen minutes.

WAC 296-62-07361 Exposure monitoring.

(1) General.

(a) Determinations of employee exposure must be made from breathing zone air samples

that are representative of the eight-hour TWA and fifteen-minute short-term

exposures of each employee.

(b) Representative eight-hour TWA employee exposure must be determined on the basis

of one or more samples representing full-shift exposure for each shift for each job

classification in each work area. Representative fifteen-minute short-term employee

exposures must be determined on the basis of one or more samples representing

fifteen-minute exposures associated with operations that are most likely to produce

exposures above the excursion limit for each shift for each job classification in each

work area.

operations in different work shifts, the employer need only determine representative

employee exposure for that operation during one shift.

(2) Initial monitoring.

(a) Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by WAC 296-62-

07355 through 296-62-07389, except as provided in WAC 296-62-07355(2) or (b) of

this subsection, must perform initial monitoring to determine accurately the airborne

concentrations of EtO to which employees may be exposed.

(b) Where the employer has monitored after June 15, 1983, and the monitoring satisfies

all other requirements of WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389, the employer

may rely on such earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of (a) of this

subsection.

monitoring satisfies all other requirements of this section, the employer may rely on

such earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of (a) of this subsection.

(3) Monitoring frequency (periodic monitoring).

(a) If the monitoring required by subsection (2) of this section reveals employee

exposure at or above the action level but at or below the eight-hour TWA, the

employer must repeat such monitoring for each such employee at least every six

months.

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(b) If the monitoring required by subsection (2)(a) of this section reveals employee

exposure above the eight-hour TWA, the employer must repeat such monitoring for

each such employee at least every three months.

any employee for whom two consecutive measurements taken at least seven days

apart indicate that the employee's exposure has decreased to or below the eight-hour

TWA.

(d) If the monitoring required by subsection (2)(a) of this section reveals employee

exposure above the fifteen-minute excursion limit, the employer shall repeat such

monitoring for each such employee at least every three months, and more often as

necessary to evaluate the employee's short-term exposures.

(4) Termination of monitoring.

(a) If the initial monitoring required by subsection (2)(a) of this section reveals employee

exposure to be below the action level, the employer may discontinue TWA

monitoring for those employees whose exposures are represented by the initial

monitoring.

(b) If the periodic monitoring required by subsection (3) of this section reveals that

employee exposures, as indicated by at least two consecutive measurements taken at

least seven days apart, are below the action level, the employer may discontinue

TWA monitoring for those employees whose exposures are represented by such

monitoring.

employee exposure to be at or below the excursion limit, the employer may

discontinue excursion limit monitoring for those employees whose exposures are

represented by the initial monitoring.

(d) If the periodic monitoring required by subsection (3) of this section reveals that

employee exposures, as indicated by at least two consecutive measurements taken at

least seven days apart, are at or below the excursion limit, the employer may

discontinue excursion limit monitoring for those employees whose exposures are

represented by such monitoring.

(5) Additional monitoring. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (4) of this section,

the employer must institute the exposure monitoring required under subsections (2)(a) and

(3) of this section whenever there has been a change in the production, process, control

equipment, personnel or work-practices that may result in new or additional exposures to

EtO or when the employer has any reason to suspect that a change may result in new or

additional exposures.

(6) Accuracy of monitoring.

(a) Monitoring must be accurate, to a confidence level of ninety-five percent, to within

plus or minus twenty-five percent for airborne concentrations of EtO at the 1 ppm

TWA and to within plus or minus thirty-five percent for airborne concentrations of

EtO at the action level of 0.5 ppm.

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(b) Monitoring must be accurate, to a confidence level of ninety-five percent, to within

plus or minus thirty-five percent for airborne concentrations of EtO at the excursion

limit.

(7) Employee notification of monitoring results.

(a) The employer must, within fifteen working days after the receipt of the results of any

monitoring performed under WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389, notify the

affected employee of these results in writing either individually or by posting of

results in an appropriate location that is accessible to affected employees.

(b) The written notification required by (a) of this subsection must contain the corrective

action being taken by the employer to reduce employee exposure to or below the

TWA and/or excursion limit, wherever monitoring results indicated that the TWA

and/or excursion limit has been exceeded.

WAC 296-62-07363 Regulated areas.

(1) The employer must establish a regulated area wherever occupational exposures to airborne

concentrations of EtO may exceed the TWA or wherever the EtO concentration exceeds or

can reasonably be expected to exceed the excursion limit.

(2) Access to regulated areas must be limited to authorized persons.

(3) Regulated areas must be demarcated in any manner that minimizes the number of

employees within the regulated area.

WAC 296-62-07365 Methods of compliance.

(1) Engineering controls and work-practices.

(a) The employer must institute engineering controls and work-practices to reduce and

maintain employee exposure to or below the TWA and to or below the excursion

limit, except to the extent that such controls are not feasible.

(b) Wherever the feasible engineering controls and work-practices that can be instituted

are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the TWA and to or below

the excursion limit, the employer must use them to reduce employee exposure to the

lowest levels achievable by these controls and must supplement them by the use of

respiratory protection that complies with the requirements of WAC 296-62-07367.

of quality assurance sampling from sterilized materials removal of biological

indicators from sterilized materials: Loading and unloading of tank cars; changing of

ethylene oxide tanks on sterilizers; and vessel cleaning. For these operations,

engineering controls are required only where the director demonstrates that such

controls are feasible.

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(2) Compliance program.

(a) Where the TWA or excursion limit is exceeded, the employer must establish and

implement a written program to reduce employee exposure to or below the TWA and

to or below the excursion limit by means of engineering and work-practice controls,

as required by subsection (1) of this section, and by the use of respiratory protection

where required or permitted under WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389.

(b) The compliance program must include a schedule for periodic leak detection surveys

and a written plan for emergency situations, as specified in WAC 296-62-07369

(1)(a).

furnished upon request for examination and copying to the director, affected

employees and designated employee representatives. Such plans must be reviewed at

least every twelve months, and must be updated as necessary to reflect significant

changes in the status of the employer's compliance program.

(d) The employer must not implement a schedule of employee rotation as a means of

compliance with the TWA or excursion limit.

WAC 296-62-07367 Respiratory protection and personal protective equipment.

(1) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer must

provide respirators that comply with the requirements of WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-

62-07389. Respirators must be used during:

(a) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-practice

controls;

(b) Work operations, such as maintenance and repair activities, vessel cleaning, or other

activities, for which engineering and work-practice controls are not feasible;

yet sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the TWA or excursion limit;

(d) Emergencies.

(2) Respirator program. The employer must establish, implement, and maintain a respiratory

protection program as required in chapter 296-842 WAC, except WAC 296-842-13005 and

296-842-14005.

(3) Respirator selection. The employer must select the appropriate respirator from Table 1 of

this section.

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Table 1 Minimum Requirements for Respiratory Protection for

Airborne EtO

Condition of use or

concentration of airborne

EtO (ppm)

Minimum required respirator

Equal to or less than 50

(a) Full facepiece respirator with EtO

approved canister, front-or back-mounted.

Equal to or less than 2,000

(a) Positive-pressure supplied-air respirator,

equipped with full facepiece, hood or helmet, or

(b) Continuous-flow supplied-air respirator

(positive pressure) equipped with hood, helmet

or suit.

Concentration above 2,000

or unknown concentration

(such as in emergencies)

(a) Positive-pressure self-contained

breathing apparatus (SCBA), equipped with full

facepiece, or

(b) Positive-pressure full facepiece supplied-

air respirator equipped with an auxiliary positive-

pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

Firefighting

(a) Positive-pressure self-contained

breathing apparatus equipped with full facepiece.

Escape

(a) Any respirator described above.

Note: Respirators approved for use in higher concentrations are permitted to

be used in lower concentrations.

(4) Protective clothing and equipment. Where employees could have eye or skin contact

with EtO or EtO solutions, the employer must select and provide, at no cost to the

employee, appropriate protective clothing or other equipment in accordance with WAC

296-800-160, and to protect any area of the body that may come in contact with liquid EtO

or EtO in solution, and must ensure that the employee wears the protective clothing and

equipment provided.

WAC 296-62-07369 Emergency situations.

(1) Written plan.

(a) A written plan for emergency situations must be developed for each workplace where

there is a possibility of an emergency. Appropriate portions of the plan must be

implemented in the event of an emergency.

(b) The plan must specifically provide that employees engaged in correcting emergency

conditions must be equipped with respiratory protection as required by WAC 296-62-

07367 until the emergency is abated.

emergency plans and fire prevention plans.”

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(2) Alerting employees. Where there is a possibility of employee exposure to EtO due to an

emergency, means must be developed to alert potentially affected employees of such

occurrences promptly. Affected employees must be immediately evacuated from the area

in the event that an emergency occurs.

WAC 296-62-07371 Medical surveillance.

(1) General.

(a) Employees covered.

The employer must institute a medical surveillance program for all employees

who are or may be exposed to EtO at or above the action level, without regard

to the use of respirators, for at least thirty days a year.

The employer must make available medical examinations and consultations to

all employees who have been exposed to EtO in an emergency situation.

(b) Examination by a physician. The employer must ensure that all medical

examinations and procedures are performed by or under the supervision of a licensed

physician, and are provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay, and at

a reasonable time and place.

(2) Medical examinations and consultations.

(a) Frequency. The employer must make available medical examinations and

consultations to each employee covered under subsection (1)(a) of this section on the

following schedules:

Prior to assignment of the employee to an area where exposure may be at or

above the action level for at least thirty days a year.

At least annually each employee exposed at or above the action level for at least

thirty days in the past year.

At termination of employment or reassignment to an area where exposure to

EtO is not at or above the action level for at least thirty days a year.

As medically appropriate for any employee exposed during an emergency.

As soon as possible, upon notification by an employee either (A) that the

employee has developed signs or symptoms indicating possible overexposure to

EtO, or (B) that the employee desires medical advice concerning the effects of

current or past exposure to EtO on the employee's ability to produce a healthy

child.

If the examining physician determines that any of the examinations should be

provided more frequently than specified, the employer must provide such

examinations to affected employees at the frequencies recommended by the

physician.

(b) Content

Medical examinations made available pursuant to (a)(i) through (iv) of this

subsection must include:

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(A) A medical and work history with special emphasis directed to symptoms

related to the pulmonary, hematologic, neurologic, and reproductive

systems and to the eyes and skin.

(B) A physical examination with particular emphasis given to the pulmonary,

hematologic, neurologic, and reproductive systems and to the eyes and

skin.

differential cell count), red cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin.

(D) Any laboratory or other test which the examining physician deems

necessary by sound medical practice.

The content of medical examinations or consultation made available pursuant to

(a)(i)(v) of this subsection shall be determined by the examining physician, and

shall include pregnancy testing or laboratory evaluation of fertility, if requested

by the employee and deemed appropriate by the physician.

(3) Information provided to the physician. The employer must provide the following

information to the examining physician:

(a) A copy of WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389.

(b) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's

exposure.

(d) A description of any personal protective and respiratory equipment used or to be

used.

(e) Information from previous medical examinations of the affected employee that is not

otherwise available to the examining physician.

(4) Physician's written opinion.

(a) The employer must obtain a written opinion from the examining physician. This

written opinion must contain the results of the medical examination and must include:

The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical

conditions that would place the employee at an increased risk of material health

impairment from exposure to EtO;

Any recommended limitations on the employee or upon the use of personal

protective equipment such as clothing or respirators; and

A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results

of the medical examination and of any medical conditions resulting from EtO

exposure that require further explanation or treatment.

(b) The employer must instruct the physician not to reveal in the written opinion given to

the employer specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure to

EtO.

employee within fifteen days from its receipt.

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WAC 296-62-07373 Communication of EtO hazards.

(1) Hazard communication-General.

(a) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers must comply with all

requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC 296-901-140 for

EtO.

(b) In classifying the hazards of EtO at least the following hazards are to be addressed:

Cancer; reproductive effects; mutagenicity; central nervous system; skin

sensitization; skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation; acute toxicity effects; and

flammability.

comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers must ensure that each

employee has access to labels on containers of EtO and to safety data sheets, and is

trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS and WAC 296-855-20090.

(2) Signs and labels.

(a) Signs.

The employer must post and maintain legible signs demarcating regulated areas and

entrances or accessways to regulated areas that bear the following legend:

DANGER

ETHYLENE OXIDE

MAY CAUSE CANCER

MAY DAMAGE FERTILITY OR THE UNBORN CHILD

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

MAY BE REQUIRED IN THIS AREA

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

(b) Labels

The employer must ensure that labels are affixed to all containers of EtO whose

contents are capable of causing employee exposure at or above the action level or

whose contents may reasonably be foreseen to cause employee exposure above the

excursion limit, and that the labels remain affixed when the containers of EtO leave

the workplace. For the purpose of this subsection, reaction vessels, storage tanks, and

pipes or piping systems are not considered to be containers.

including an explanation of the labeling system and how employees can obtain and

use the appropriate hazard information.

(3) Safety data sheets. Employers who are manufacturers or importers of EtO must comply

with the requirements regarding development of safety data sheets as specified in WAC

296-901-14014 of the Hazard Communication Standard.

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(4) Information and training.

(a) The employer must provide employees who are potentially exposed to EtO at or

above the action level or above the excursion limit with information and training on

EtO at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter.

(b) Employees must be informed of the following:

The requirements of WAC 296-62-07353 through 296-62-07389 with an

explanation of its contents, including Appendices A and B;

Any operations in their work area where EtO is present;

The location and availability of the written EtO final rule; and

The medical surveillance program required by WAC 296-62-07371 with an

explanation of the information in Appendix C.

Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of

EtO in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer,

continuous monitoring devices, etc.);

The physical and health hazards of EtO;

The measures employees can take to protect themselves from hazards

associated with EtO exposure, including specific procedures the employer has

implemented to protect employees from exposure to EtO, such as work-

practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used;

and

The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer,

including an explanation of the labeling system and how employees can obtain

and use the appropriate hazard information.

WAC 296-62-07375 Recordkeeping.

(1) Objective data for exempted operations.

(a) Where the processing, use, or handling of products made from or containing EtO are

exempted from other requirements of WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389

under WAC 296-62-07355, or where objective data have been relied on in lieu of

initial monitoring under WAC 296-62-07361 (2)(b), the employer must establish and

maintain an accurate record of objective data reasonably relied upon in support of the

exemption.

(b) This record must include at least the following information:

The product qualifying for exemption;

The source of the objective data;

The testing protocol, results of testing, and/or analysis of the material for the

release of EtO;

A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the

exemption; and

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Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee

exposures covered by the exemption.

upon such objective data.

(2) Exposure measurements.

(a) The employer must keep an accurate record of all measurements taken to monitor

employee exposure to EtO as prescribed in WAC 296-62-07361.

(b) This record must include at least the following information:

The date of measurement;

The operation involving exposure to EtO which is being monitored;

Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy;

Number, duration, and results of samples taken;

Type of protective devices worn, if any; and

Name, Social Security number and exposure of the employees whose exposures

are represented.

chapter 296-802 WAC.

(3) Medical surveillance.

(a) The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

subject to medical surveillance by WAC 296-62-07371 (1)(a), in accordance with

chapter 296-802 WAC.

(b) The record must include at least the following information:

The name and Social Security number of the employee;

Physicians' written opinions;

Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to EtO; and

A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by WAC 296-

62-07371(3).

employment plus thirty years, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(4) Availability.

(a) The employer, upon written request, must make all records required to be maintained

by WAC 296-62-07355 through 296-62-07389 available to the director for

examination and copying.

(b) The employer, upon request, must make any exemption and exposure records

required by WAC 296-62-07377 (1) and (2) available for examination and copying to

affected employees, former employees, designated representatives and the director, in

accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

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subsection (3) of this section available for examination and copying to the subject

employee, anyone having the specific written consent of the subject employee, and

the director, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(5) Transfer of records.

(a) The employer must comply with the requirements concerning transfer of records set

forth in chapter 296-802 WAC.

(b) Whenever the employer ceases to do business and there is no successor employer to

receive and retain the records for the prescribed period, the employer must notify the

director at least ninety days prior to disposal and transmit them to the director.

WAC 296-62-07377 Observation of monitoring.

(1) Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees or their

designated representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee exposure

to EtO conducted in accordance with WAC 296-62-07361.

(2) Observation procedures. When observation of the monitoring of employee exposure to

EtO requires entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or equipment is

required, the observer must be provided with and be required to use such clothing and

equipment and must comply with all other applicable safety and health procedures.

WAC 296-62-07381 Appendices.

The information contained in the appendices is not intended by itself to create any additional

obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligation.

WAC 296-62-07383 Appendix A--Substance safety data sheet for ethylene oxide

(nonmandatory).

(1) Substance identification.

(a) Substance: Ethylene oxide (C

O).

(b) Synonyms: Dihydrooxirene, dimethylene oxide, EO, 1,2-epoxyethane, EtO, EtO,

oxacyclopropane, oxane, oxidoethane, alpha/beta-oxidoethane, oxiran, oxirane.

(d) EtO is used in the manufacture of ethylene glycol, surfactants, ethanolamines, glycol

ethers, and other organic chemicals. EtO is also used as a sterilant and fumigant.

(e) Appearance and odor: Colorless liquid below 10.7°C (51.3°F) or colorless gas with

ether-like odor detected at approximately 700 parts EtO per million parts of air (700

ppm).

(f) Permissible exposure: Exposure may not exceed 1 part EtO per million parts of air

averaged over the 8-hour work day.

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(2) Health hazard data.

(a) Ethylene oxide can cause bodily harm if you inhale the vapor, if it comes into contact

with your eyes or skin, or if you swallow it.

(b) Effects of overexposure:

Ethylene oxide in liquid form can cause eye irritation and injury to the cornea,

frostbite, and severe irritation and blistering of the skin upon prolonged or

confined contact. Ingestion of EtO can cause gastric irritation and liver injury.

Acute effects from inhalation of EtO vapors include respiratory irritation and

lung injury, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, and

cyanosis (blue or purple coloring of skin). Exposure has also been associated

with the occurrence of cancer, reproductive effects, mutagenic changes,

neurotoxicity, and sensitization.

EtO has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals and has been

associated with higher incidences of cancer in humans. Adverse reproductive

effects and chromosome damage may also occur from EtO exposure.

any signs or symptoms and suspect that they are caused by exposure to EtO.

(3) Emergency first aid procedures.

(a) Eye exposure: If EtO gets into your eyes, wash your eyes immediately with large

amounts of water, lifting the lower and upper eyelids. Get medical attention

immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

(b) Skin exposure: If EtO gets on your skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin

with water. If EtO soaks through your clothing, especially your shoes, remove the

clothing immediately and wash the skin with water using an emergency deluge

shower. Get medical attention immediately. Thoroughly wash contaminated clothing

before reusing. Contaminated leather shoes or other leather articles should not be

reused and should be discarded.

to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention immediately.

(d) Swallowing: When EtO has been swallowed, give the person large quantities of

water immediately. After the water has been swallowed, try to get the person to

vomit by having him or her touch the back of the throat with their finger. Do not

make an unconscious person vomit. Get medical attention immediately.

(e) Rescue: Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure. If the exposed

person has been overcome, attempt rescue only after notifying at least one other

person of the emergency and putting into effect established emergency procedures.

Do not become a casualty yourself. Understand your emergency rescue procedures

and know the location of the emergency equipment before the need arises.

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(4) Respirators and protective clothing.

(a) Respirators:

You may be required to wear a respirator for nonroutine activities, in

emergencies, while your employer is in the process of reducing EtO exposure

through engineering controls, and in areas where engineering controls are not

feasible. Only air supplied positive-pressure, full-facepiece respirators are

approved for protection against EtO. If air-purifying respirators are worn in the

future, they must have a label issued by the National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH) under the provisions of 42 CFR part 84 stating that

the respirators have been certified for use with ethylene oxide. For effective

protection, respirators must fit your face and head snugly. Respirators must not

be loosened or removed in work situations where their use is required.

EtO does not have a detectable odor except at levels well above the permissible

exposure limits. If you can smell EtO while wearing a respirator, proceed

immediately to fresh air. If you experience difficulty breathing while wearing a

respirator, tell your employer.

(b) Protective clothing:

You may be required to wear impermeable clothing, gloves, a face shield, or

other appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin contact with liquid EtO or

EtO-containing solutions. Where protective clothing is required, your employer

must provide clean garments to you as necessary to assure that the clothing

protects you adequately.

Replace or repair protective clothing that has become torn or otherwise

damaged.

EtO must never be allowed to remain on the skin. Clothing and shoes which are

not impermeable to EtO should not be allowed to become contaminated with

EtO, and if they do, the clothing should be promptly removed and

decontaminated. Contaminated leather shoes should be discarded. Once EtO

penetrates shoes or other leather articles, they should not be worn again.

or EtO-containing solutions may contact your eyes. In addition, contact lenses should

not be worn in areas where eye contact with EtO can occur.

(5) Precautions for safe use, handling, and storage.

(a) EtO is a flammable liquid, and its vapors can easily form explosive mixtures in air.

(b) EtO must be stored in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area, away

from heat, sparks, flames, strong oxidizers, alkalines, and acids, strong bases,

acetylide forming metals such as copper, silver, mercury and their alloys.

devices are prohibited wherever EtO is handled, used, or stored in a manner that

could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

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(d) You should use nonsparking tools when opening or closing metal containers of EtO,

and containers must be bonded and grounded in the rare instances in which liquid

EtO is poured or transferred.

(e) Impermeable clothing wet with liquid EtO or EtO-containing solutions may be easily

ignited. If you are wearing impermeable clothing and are splashed with liquid EtO or

EtO-containing solution, you should immediately remove the clothing while under an

emergency deluge shower.

(f) If your skin comes into contact with liquid EtO or EtO-containing solutions, you

should immediately remove the EtO using an emergency deluge shower.

(g) You should not keep food, beverages, or smoking materials in regulated areas where

employee exposures are above the permissible exposure limits.

(h) Fire extinguishers and emergency deluge showers for quick drenching should be

readily available, and you should know where they are and how to operate them.

(i) Ask your supervisor where EtO is used in your work area and for any additional plant

safety and health rules.

(6) Access to information.

(a) Each year, your employer is required to inform you of the information contained in

this standard and appendices for EtO. In addition, your employer must instruct you in

the proper work-practices for using EtO emergency procedures, and the correct use of

protective equipment.

(b) Your employer is required to determine whether you are being exposed to EtO. You

or your representative has the right to observe employee measurements and to record

the results obtained. Your employer is required to inform you of your exposure. If

your employer determines that you are being overexposed, he or she is required to

inform you of the actions which are being taken to reduce your exposure to within

permissible exposure limits.

examinations. These exposure records must be kept by the employer for at least

thirty years. Medical records must be kept for the period of your employment plus

thirty years.

(d) Your employer is required to release your exposure and medical records to your

physician or designated representative upon your written request.

(7) Sterilant use of EtO in hospitals and health care facilities.

(a) This section of Appendix A, for informational purposes, sets forth EPA's

recommendations for modifications in workplace design and practice in hospitals and

health care facilities for which the Environmental Protection Agency has registered

EtO for uses as a sterilant or fumigant under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and

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Rodenticide Act, 7 U.S.C. 136 et seq. These new recommendations, published in the

Federal Register by EPA at 49 FR 15268, as modified in today's Register, are

intended to help reduce the exposure of hospital and health care workers to EtO to 1

ppm. EPA's recommended workplace design and workplace practice are as follows:

Workplace design.

(A) Installation of gas line hand valves. Hand valves must be installed on the

gas supply line at the connection to the supply cylinders to minimize

leakage during cylinder change.

Installation of capture boxes. Sterilizer operations result in a gas/water

discharge at the completion of the process. This discharge is routinely

piped to a floor drain which is generally located in an equipment or an

adjacent room. When the floor drain is not in the same room as the

sterilizer and workers are not normally present, all that is necessary is that

the room be well ventilated. The installation of a “capture box” will be

required for those work place layouts where the floor drain is located in

the same room as the sterilizer or in a room where workers are normally

present. A “capture box” is a piece of equipment that totally encloses the

floor drain where the discharge from the sterilizer is pumped. The

“capture box” is to be vented directly to a nonrecirculating or dedicated

ventilation system. Sufficient air intake should be allowed at the bottom

of the box to handle the volume of air that is ventilated from the top of the

box. The “capture box” can be made of metal, plastic, wood or other

equivalent material. The box is intended to reduce levels of EtO

discharged into the work room atmosphere. The use of a “capture box” is

not required if: (I) The vacuum pump discharge floor drain is located in a

well-ventilated equipment or other room where workers are not normally

present or (II) the water sealed vacuum pump discharges directly to a

closed sealed sewer line (check local plumbing codes).

(B) If it is impractical to install a vented “capture box” and a well-ventilated

equipment or other room is not feasible, a box that can be sealed over the

floor drain may be used if: (I) The floor drain is located in a room where

workers are not normally present and EtO cannot leak into an occupied

area, and (II) the sterilizer in use is less than 12 cubic feet in capacity

(check local plumbing codes).

Ventilation of aeration units.

(A) Existing aeration units. Existing units must be vented to a

nonrecirculating or dedicated system or vented to an equipment or other

room where workers are not normally present and which is well

ventilated. Aerator units must be positioned as close as possible to the

sterilizer to minimize the exposure from the off-gassing of sterilized

items.

(B) Installation of new aerator units (where none exist). New aerator units

must be vented as described above for existing aerators. Aerators must be

in place by July 1, 1986.

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Ventilation during cylinder change. Workers may be exposed to short but

relatively high levels of EtO during the change of gas cylinders. To reduce

exposure from this route, users must select one of three alternatives designed to

draw off gas that may be released when the line from the sterilizer to the

cylinder is disconnected:

(A) Location of cylinders in a well-ventilated equipment room or other room

where workers are not normally present.

(B) Installation of a flexible hose (at least four inches in diameter) to a

nonrecirculating or dedicated ventilation system and located in the area of

cylinder change in such a way that the hose can be positioned at the point

where the sterilizer gas line is disconnected from the cylinder.

and positioned no more than one foot above the point where the change of

cylinders takes place.

Ventilation of sterilizer door area. One of the major sources of exposure to EtO

occurs when the sterilizer door is opened following the completion of the

sterilization process. In order to reduce this avenue of exposure, a hood or

metal canopy closed on each end must be installed over the sterilizer door. The

hood or metal canopy must be connected to a nonrecirculating or dedicated

ventilation system or one that exhausts gases to a well-ventilated equipment or

other room where workers are not normally present. A hood or canopy over the

sterilizer door is required for use even with those sterilizers that have a purge

cycle and must be in place by July 1, 1986.

Ventilation of sterilizer relief valve. Sterilizers are typically equipped with a

safety relief device to release gas in case of increased pressure in the sterilizer.

Generally, such relief devices are used on pressure vessels. Although these

pressure relief devices are rarely opened for hospital and health care sterilizers,

it is suggested that they be designed to exhaust vapor from the sterilizer by one

of the following methods:

(A) Through a pipe connected to the outlet of the relief valve ventilated

directly outdoors at a point high enough to be away from passersby, and

not near any windows that open, or near any air conditioning or

ventilation air intakes.

(B) Through a connection to an existing or new nonrecirculating or dedicated

ventilation system.

workers are not normally present.

Ventilation systems. Each hospital and health care facility affected by this

notice that uses EtO for the sterilization of equipment and supplies must have a

ventilation system which enables compliance with the requirements of (a)(i)(B)

through (v) of this subsection in the manner described in these sections and

within the timeframes allowed. Thus, each affected hospital and health care

facility must have or install a nonrecirculating or dedicated ventilation

equipment or other room where workers are not normally present in which to

vent EtO.

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Installation of alarm systems. An audible and visual indicator alarm system

must be installed to alert personnel of ventilation system failures, i.e., when the

ventilation fan motor is not working.

(b) Workplace practices

All the workplace practices discussed in this unit must be permanently posted

near the door of each sterilizer prior to use by any operator.

Changing of supply line filters.

Filters in the sterilizer liquid line must be changed when necessary, by the

following procedure:

(A) Close the cylinder valve and the hose valve.

(B) Disconnect the cylinder hose (piping) from the cylinder.

or near the in-use supply cylinders.

(D) Vacate the area until the line is empty.

(E) Change the filter.

(F) Reconnect the lines and reverse the valve position.

(G) Check hoses, filters, and valves for leaks with a fluorocarbon leak detector

(for those sterilizers using the eighty-eight percent chlorofluorocarbon,

twelve percent ethylene oxide mixture (12/88)).

Restricted access area.

(A) Areas involving use of EtO must be designated as restricted access areas.

They must be identified with signs or floor marks near the sterilizer door,

aerator, vacuum pump floor drain discharge, and in-use cylinder storage.

(B) All personnel must be excluded from the restricted area when certain

operations are in progress, such as discharging a vacuum pump, emptying

a sterilizer liquid line, or venting a nonpurge sterilizer with the door ajar

or other operations where EtO might be released directly into the face of

workers.

Door opening procedures.

(A) Sterilizers with purge cycles. A load treated in a sterilizer equipped with a

purge cycle should be removed immediately upon completion of the cycle

(provided no time is lost opening the door after cycle is completed). If

this is not done, the purge cycle should be repeated before opening door.

(B) Sterilizers without purge cycles. For a load treated in a sterilizer not

equipped with a purge cycle, the sterilizer door must be ajar six inches for

fifteen minutes, and then fully opened for at least another fifteen minutes

before removing the treated load. The length of time of the second period

should be established by peak monitoring for one hour after the two

fifteen-minute periods suggested.

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time should be added to the second waiting period (door wide open).

However, in no case may the second period be shortened to less than

fifteen minutes.

Chamber unloading procedures.

(A) Procedures for unloading the chamber must include the use of baskets or

rolling carts, or baskets and rolling tables to transfer treated loads quickly,

thus avoiding excessive contact with treated articles, and reducing the

duration of exposures.

(B) If rolling carts are used, they should be pulled not pushed by the sterilizer

operators to avoid offgassing exposure.

Maintenance. A written log should be instituted and maintained documenting

the date of each leak detection and any maintenance procedures undertaken.

This is a suggested use practice and is not required.

Leak detection. Sterilizer door gaskets, cylinder and vacuum piping, hoses,

filters, and valves must be checked for leaks under full pressure with a

Fluorocarbon leak detector (for 12/88 systems only) every two weeks by

maintenance personnel. Also, the cylinder piping connections must be checked

after changing cylinders. Particular attention in leak detection should be given

to the automatic solenoid valves that control the flow of EtO to the sterilizer.

Specifically, a check should be made at the EtO gasline entrance port to the

sterilizer, while the sterilizer door is open and the solenoid valves are in a

closed position.

Maintenance procedures. Sterilizer/aerator door gaskets, valves, and fittings

must be replaced when necessary as determined by maintenance personnel in

their biweekly checks; in addition, visual inspection of the door gaskets for

cracks, debris, and other foreign substances should be conducted daily by the

operator.

WAC 296-62-07385 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for ethylene

oxide (nonmandatory).

(1) Physical and chemical data:

(a) Substance identification:

Synonyms: Dihydrooxirene, dimethylene oxide, EO, 1,2-epoxyethane, EtO,

EtO, oxacyclopropane, oxane, oxidoethane, alpha/beta-oxidoethane, oxiran,

oxirane.

Formula: (C

O).

Molecular weight: 44.06.

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(b) Physical data:

Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 10.70°C (51.3°F);

Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.87 (at 20°C or 68°F);

Vapor density (air = 1): 1.49;

Vapor pressure (at 20°C): 1,095 mm Hg;

Solubility in water: Complete;

Appearance and odor: Colorless liquid; gas at temperature above 10.7°F or

51.3°C with ether-like odor above 700 ppm.

(2) Fire, explosion, and reactivity hazard data:

(a) Fire:

Flash point; Less than 0°F (open cup);

Stability: Decomposes violently at temperatures above 800°F;

Flammable limits in air, percent by volume: Lower: 3, Upper: 100;

Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide for small fires, polymer or alcohol foams

for large fires;

Special firefighting procedures: Dilution of ethylene oxide with 23 volumes of

water renders it nonflammable;

Unusual fire and explosion hazards: Vapors of EtO will burn without the

presence of air or other oxidizers. EtO vapors are heavier than air and may

travel along the ground and be ignited by open flames or sparks at locations

remote from the site at which EtO is being used.

For purposes of compliance with the requirements of WAC 296-24-330, EtO is

classified as a flammable gas. For example, 7,500 ppm, approximately one-

fourth of the lower flammable limit, would be considered to pose a potential fire

and explosion hazard.

For purposes of compliance with WAC 296-24-585, EtO is classified as a Class

B fire hazard.

For purpose of compliance with chapter 296-24 WAC Part L, and WAC 296-

800-280, locations classified as hazardous due to the presence of EtO shall be

Class I.

(b) Reactivity:

Conditions contributing to instability: EtO will polymerize violently if

contaminated with aqueous alkalies, amines, mineral acids, metal chlorides, or

metal oxides. Violent decomposition will also occur at temperatures above

800°F;

Incompatibilities: Alkalines and acids;

Hazardous decomposition products: Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

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(3) Spill, leak, and disposal procedures:

(a) If EtO is spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken:

Remove all ignition sources.

The area should be evacuated at once and re-entered only after the area has been

thoroughly ventilated and washed down with water.

(b) Persons not wearing appropriate protective equipment should be restricted from areas

of spills or leaks until cleanup has been completed.

hazardous to employees or to the general population. In selecting the method of

waste disposal, applicable local, state, and federal regulations should be consulted.

(4) Monitoring and measurement procedures:

(a) Exposure above the permissible exposure limit:

Eight-hour exposure evaluation: Measurements taken for the purpose of

determining employee exposure under this section are best taken with

consecutive samples covering the full shift. Air samples should be taken in the

employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by

the employee.)

Monitoring techniques: The sampling and analysis under this section may be

performed by collection of the EtO vapor on charcoal adsorption tubes or other

composition adsorption tubes, with subsequent chemical analysis. Sampling

and analysis may also be performed by instruments such as real time continuous

monitoring systems, portable direct reading instruments, or passive dosimeters

as long as measurements taken using these methods accurately evaluate the

concentration of EtO in employees' breathing zones.

Appendix D describes the validated method of sampling and analysis which has

been tested by OSHA for use with EtO. Other available methods are also

described in Appendix D. The employer has the obligation of selecting a

monitoring method which meets the accuracy and precision requirements of the

standard under their unique field conditions. The standard requires that the

method of monitoring should be accurate, to a 95 percent confidence level, to

plus or minus 25 percent for concentrations of EtO at 1 ppm, and to plus or

minus 35 percent for concentrations at 0.5 ppm. In addition to the method

described in Appendix D, there are numerous other methods available for

monitoring for EtO in the workplace. Details on these other methods have been

submitted by various companies to the rulemaking record, and are available at

the OSHA Docket Office.

(b) Since many of the duties relating to employee exposure are dependent on the results

of measurement procedures, employers should assure that the evaluation of employee

exposures is performed by a technically qualified person.

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(5) Protective clothing and equipment:

(a) Employees should be provided with and be required to wear appropriate protective

clothing wherever there is significant potential for skin contact with liquid EtO or

EtO-containing solutions. Protective clothing shall include impermeable coveralls or

similar full-body work clothing, gloves, and head coverings, as appropriate to protect

areas of the body which may come in contact with liquid EtO or EtO-containing

solutions.

(b) Employers should ascertain that the protective garments are impermeable to EtO.

Permeable clothing, including items made of rubber, and leather shoes should not be

allowed to become contaminated with liquid EtO. If permeable clothing does become

contaminated, it should be immediately removed, while the employer is under an

emergency deluge shower. If leather footwear or other leather garments become wet

from EtO they should be discarded and not be worn again, because leather absorbs

EtO and holds it against the skin.

should be repaired or replaced. Clean protective clothing should be provided to the

employee as necessary to assure employee protection. Whenever impermeable

clothing becomes wet with liquid EtO, it should be washed down with water before

being removed by the employee. Employees are also required to wear splashproof

safety goggles where there is any possibility of EtO contacting the eyes.

(6) Miscellaneous precautions:

(a) Store EtO in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area and take all

necessary precautions to avoid any explosion hazard.

(b) Nonsparking tools must be used to open and close metal containers. These containers

must be effectively grounded and bonded.

(d) Employers should advise employees of all areas and operations where exposure to

EtO occurs.

(7) Common operations:

Common operations in which exposure to EtO is likely to occur include the following: (a)

Manufacture of EtO, (b) surfactants, (c) ethanolamines, (d) glycol ethers, (e) specialty

chemicals, and (f) use as a sterilant in the hospital, health product and spice industries.

WAC 296-62-07387 Appendix C--Medical surveillance guidelines for ethylene

oxide (nonmandatory).

(1) Route of entry: Inhalation.

(2) Toxicology:

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(a) Clinical evidence of adverse effects associated with the exposure to EtO is present in

the form of increased incidence of cancer in laboratory animals (leukemia, stomach,

brain), mutation in offspring in animals, and resorptions and spontaneous abortions in

animals and human populations respectively. Findings in humans and experimental

animals exposed to airborne concentrations of EtO also indicate damage to the

genetic material (DNA). These include hemoglobin alkylation, unscheduled DNA

synthesis, sister chromatid exchange chromosomal aberration, and functional sperm

abnormalities.

(b) Ethylene oxide in liquid form can cause eye irritation and injury to the cornea,

frostbite, severe irritation, and blistering of the skin upon prolonged or confined

contact. Ingestion of EtO can cause gastric irritation and liver injury. Other effects

from inhalation of EtO vapors include respiratory irritation and lung injury, headache,

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea and cyanosis.

(3) Signs and symptoms of acute overexposure:

(a) The early effects of acute overexposure to EtO are nausea and vomiting, headache,

and irritation of the eyes and respiratory passages. The patient may notice a “peculiar

taste” in the mouth. Delayed effects can include pulmonary edema, drowsiness,

weakness, and incoordination. Studies suggest that blood cell changes, an increase in

chromosomal aberrations, and spontaneous abortion may also be casually related to

acute overexposure to EtO.

(b) Skin contact with liquid or gaseous EtO causes characteristic burns and possible even

an allergic-type sensitization. The edema and erythema occurring from skin contact

with EtO progress to vesiculation with a tendency to coalesce into blebs with

desquamation. Healing occurs within three weeks, but there may be a residual brown

pigmentation. A 40-80% solution is extremely dangerous, causing extensive

blistering after only brief contact. Pure liquid EtO causes frostbite because of rapid

evaporation. In contrast, the eye is relatively insensitive to EtO, but there may be

some irritation of the cornea.

EtO in liquid phase. The liquid readily penetrates rubber and leather, and will

produce blistering if clothing or footwear contaminated with EtO are not removed.

(4) Surveillance and preventive considerations:

(a) As noted above, exposure to EtO has been linked to an increased risk of cancer and

reproductive effects including decreased male fertility, fetotoxicity, and spontaneous

abortion. EtO workers are more likely to have chromosomal damage than similar

groups not exposed to EtO. At the present, limited studies of chronic effects in

humans resulting from exposure to EtO suggest a causal association with leukemia.

Animal studies indicate leukemia and cancers at other sites (brain, stomach) as well.

The physician should be aware of the findings of these studies in evaluating the

health of employees exposed to EtO.

(b) Adequate screening tests to determine an employee's potential for developing serious

chronic diseases, such as cancer, from exposure to EtO do not presently exist.

Laboratory tests may, however, give evidence to suggest that an employee is

potentially overexposed to EtO.

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It is important for the physician to become familiar with the operating conditions in

which exposure to EtO is likely to occur. The physician also must become familiar

with the signs and symptoms that indicate a worker is receiving otherwise

unrecognized and unacceptable exposure to EtO. These elements are especially

important in evaluating the medical and work histories and in conducting the physical

exam. When an unacceptable exposure in an active employee is identified by the

physician, measures taken by the employer to lower exposure should also lower the

risk of serious long-term consequences.

employees who are or will be exposed to EtO at or above the action level (0.5 ppm)

for at least 30 days per year, without regard to respirator use. All examinations and

procedures must be performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician at a

reasonable time and place for the employee and at no cost to the employee.

(d) Although broad latitude in prescribing specific tests to be included in the medical

surveillance program is extended to the examining physician, WISHA requires

inclusion of the following elements in the routine examination:

Medical and work histories with special emphasis directed to symptoms related

to the pulmonary, hematologic, neurologic, and reproductive systems and to the

eyes and skin.

Physical examination with particular emphasis given to the pulmonary,

hematologic, neurologic, and reproductive systems and to the eyes and skin.

Complete blood count to include at least a white cell count (including

differential cell count), red cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin.

Any laboratory or other test which the examining physician deems necessary by

sound medical practice.

(e) If requested by the employee, the medical examinations shall include pregnancy

testing or laboratory evaluation of fertility as deemed appropriate by the physician.

(f) In certain cases, to provide sound medical advice to the employer and the employee,

the physician must evaluate situations not directly related to EtO. For example,

employees with skin diseases may be unable to tolerate wearing protective clothing.

In addition those with chronic respiratory diseases may not tolerate the wearing of

negative pressure (air purifying) respirators. Additional tests and procedures that will

help the physician determine which employees are medically unable to wear such

respirators should include: An evaluation of cardiovascular function, a baseline chest

x-ray to be repeated at five year intervals, and a pulmonary function test to be

repeated every three years. The pulmonary function test should include measurement

of the employee's forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one

second (FEV

), as well as calculation of the ratios of FEV

to FVC, and measured

FVC and measured FEV

to expected values corrected for variation due to age, sex,

race, and height.

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(g) The employer is required to make the prescribed tests available at least annually to

employees who are or will be exposed at or above the action level, for 30 or more

days per year; more often than specified if recommended by the examining physician;

and upon the employee's termination of employment or reassignment to another work

area. While little is known about the long-term consequences of high short-term

exposures, it appears prudent to monitor such affected employees closely in light of

existing health data. The employer shall provide physician recommended

examinations to any employee exposed to EtO in emergency conditions. Likewise,

the employer shall make available medical consultations including physician

recommended exams to employees who believe they are suffering signs or symptoms

of exposure to EtO.

(h) The employer is required to provide the physician with the following information: A

copy of this standard and its appendices; a description of the affected employee's

duties as they relate to the employee exposure level; and information from the

employee's previous medical examinations which is not readily available to the

examining physician. Making this information available to the physician will aid in

the evaluation of the employee's health in relation to assigned duties and fitness to

wear personal protective equipment, when required.

(i) The employer is required to obtain a written opinion from the examining physician

containing the results of the medical examinations; the physician's opinion as to

whether the employee has any detected medical conditions which would place the

employee at increased risk of material impairment of their health from exposure to

EtO; any recommended restrictions upon the employee's exposure to EtO, or upon the

use of protective clothing or equipment such as respirators; and a statement that the

employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the medical

examination and of any medical conditions which require further explanation or

treatment. This written opinion must not reveal specific findings or diagnoses

unrelated to occupational exposure to EtO, and a copy of the opinion must be

provided to the affected employee.

(j) The purpose in requiring the examining physician to supply the employer with a

written opinion is to provide the employer with a medical basis to aid in the

determination of initial placement of employees and to assess the employee's ability

to use protective clothing and equipment.

WAC 296-62-07389 Appendix D--Sampling and analytical methods for ethylene

oxide (nonmandatory).

(1) A number of methods are available for monitoring employee exposures to EtO. Most of

these involve the use of charcoal tubes and sampling pumps, followed by analysis of the

samples by gas chromatograph. The essential differences between the charcoal tube

methods include, among others, the use of different desorbing solvents, the use of different

lots of charcoal, and the use of different equipment for analysis of the samples. Besides

charcoal, methods using passive dosimeters, gas sampling bags, impingers, and detector

tubes have been utilized for determination of EtO exposure.

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In addition, there are several commercially available portable gas analyzers and monitoring

units. This appendix contains details for the method which has been tested at the OSHA

Analytical Laboratory in Salt Lake City. Inclusion of this method in the appendix does not

mean that this method is the only one which will be satisfactory. Copies of descriptions of

other methods available are available in the rulemaking record, and may be obtained from

the OSHA Docket Office. These include the Union Carbide, Dow Chemical, 3M, and

DuPont methods, as well as NIOSH Method S-286. These methods are briefly described at

the end of this appendix.

(2) Employers who note problems with sample breakthrough using the OSHA or other

charcoal methods should try larger charcoal tubes. Tubes of larger capacity are available.

In addition, lower flow rates and shorter sampling times should be beneficial in minimizing

breakthrough problems. Whatever method the employer chooses, he/she must assure

himself/herself of the method's accuracy and precision under the unique conditions present

in his workplace.

(3) Ethylene oxide:

(a) Method No.: 30.

(b) Matrix: Air.

Target concentration: 1.0 ppm (1.8 mg/m

)

Procedure: Samples are collected on two charcoal tubes in series and desorbed

with 1% CS2 in benzene. The samples are derivatized with HBr and treated

with sodium carbonate. Analysis is done by gas chromatography with an

electron capture detector.

Recommended air volume and sampling rate: 1 liter and 0.05 Lpm.

Detection limit of the overall procedure: 13.3 ppb (0.024 mg/m

) (based on 1.0

liter air sample).

Reliable quantitation limit: 52.2 ppb (0.094 mg/m

) (based on 1.0 liter air

sample).

Standard error of estimate: 6.59% (see backup section 4.6).

Special requirements: Samples must be analyzed within 15 days of sampling

date.

Status of method: The sampling and analytical method has been subject to the

established evaluation procedures of the Organic Method Evaluations Branch.

(d) Chemist: Wayne D. Potter

(e) Organic Solvents Branch, OSHA Analytical Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah

(f) General discussion:

Background.

(A) History of procedure.

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(I) Ethylene oxide samples analyzed at the OSHA laboratory have

normally been collected on activated charcoal and desorbed with

carbon disulfide. The analysis is performed with a gas

chromatograph equipped with a FID (flame ionization detector) as

described in NIOSH Method S286 (Ref. (3)(j)(i)). This method is

based on a PEL of 50 ppm and has a detection limit of about 1 ppm.

(II) Recent studies have prompted the need for a method to analyze and

detect ethylene oxide at very low concentrations.

(III) Several attempts were made to form an ultraviolet (UV) sensitive

derivative with ethylene oxide for analysis with HPLC. Among

those tested that gave no detectable product were: p-anisidine,

methylimidazole, aniline, and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid. Each was

tested with catalysts such as triethylamine, aluminum chloride,

methylene chloride and sulfuric acid but no detectable derivative

was produced.

(IV) The next derivatization attempt was to react ethylene oxide with

HBr to form 2-bromoethanol. This reaction was successful. An

ECD (electron capture detector) gave a very good response for 2-

bromoethanol due to the presence of bromine. The use of carbon

disulfide as the desorbing solvent gave too large a response and

masked the 2-bromoethanol. Several other solvents were tested for

both their response on the ECD and their ability to desorb ethylene

oxide from the charcoal. Among those tested were toluene, xylene,

ethyl benzene, hexane, cyclohexane and benzene. Benzene was the

only solvent tested that gave a suitable response on the ECD and a

high desorption. It was found that the desorption efficiency was

improved by using 1% CS2 with the benzene. The carbon disulfide

did not significantly improve the recovery with the other solvents.

SKC Lot 120 was used in all tests done with activated charcoal.

(B) Physical properties (Ref. (3)(j)(ii) - (iv)):

(I) Synonyms: Oxirane; dimethylene oxide; 1,2-epoxy-ethane; oxane;

O; EtO;

(II) Molecular weight: 44.06;

(III) Boiling point: 10.7°C (51.3°);

(IV) Melting point:--111°C;

(V) Description: Colorless, flammable gas;

(VI) Vapor pressure: 1095 mm. at 20°C;

(VII) Odor: Ether-like odor;

(VIII) Lower explosive limits: 3.0% (by volume);

(IX) Flash point (TOC): Below 0°F;

(X) Molecular structure: CH2--CH2;

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Limit defining parameters:

(A) Detection limit of the analytical procedure. The detection limit of the

analytical procedure is 12.0 picograms of ethylene oxide per injection.

This is the amount of analyte which will give a peak whose height is five

times the height of the baseline noise. (See backup data section (3)(i)(i).)

(B) Detection limit of the overall procedure.

(I) The detection limit of the overall procedure is 24.0 ng of ethylene

oxide per sample.

(II) This is the amount of analyte spiked on the sampling device which

allows recovery of an amount of analyte equivalent to the detection

limit of the analytical procedure. (See backup data section

(3)(i)(ii).)

(I) The reliable quantitation limit is 94.0 nanograms of ethylene oxide

per sample. This is the smallest amount of analyte which can be

quantitated within the requirements of 75% recovery and 95%

confidence limits. (See backup data section (3)(i)(ii).)

(II) It must be recognized that the reliable quantitation limit and

detection limits reported in the method are based upon optimization

of the instrument for the smallest possible amount of analyte. When

the target concentration of an analyte is exceptionally higher than

these limits, they may not be attainable at the routine operating

parameters. In this case, the limits reported on analysis reports will

be based on the operating parameters used during the analysis of the

samples.

(D) Sensitivity.

(I) The sensitivity of the analytical procedure over a concentration

range representing 0.5 to 2 times the target concentration based on

the recommended air volume is 34105 area units per µg/mL. The

sensitivity is determined by the slope of the calibration curve (see

backup data section (3)(i)(iii)).

(II) The sensitivity will vary somewhat with the particular instrument

used in the analysis.

(E) Recovery. The recovery of analyte from the collection medium must be

75% or greater. The average recovery from spiked samples over the range

of 0.5 to 2 times the target concentration is 88.0% (see backup section

(3)(i)(iv)). At lower concentrations the recovery appears to be nonlinear.

(F) Precision (analytical method only). The pooled coefficient of variation

obtained from replicate determination of analytical standards at 0.5X, 1X

and 2X the target concentration is 0.036 (see backup data section

(3)(i)(v)).

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(G) Precision (overall procedure).

(I) The overall procedure must provide results at the target

concentration that are 25% or better at the 95% confidence level.

The precision at the 95% confidence level for the 15 day storage test

is plus or minus 12.9% (see backup data section(3)(i)(vi)).

(II) This includes an additional plus or minus 5% for sampling error.

Advantages.

(A) The sampling procedure is convenient.

(B) The analytical procedure is very sensitive and reproducible.

(D) Samples are stable for at least 15 days at room temperature.

(E) Interferences are reduced by the longer GC retention time of the new

derivative.

Disadvantages.

(A) Two tubes in series must be used because of possible breakthrough and

migration.

(B) The precision of the sampling rate may be limited by the reproducibility

of the pressure drop across the tubes. The pumps are usually calibrated

for one tube only.

analysis because of the potential carcinogenic effects of benzene.

(D) After repeated injections there can be a buildup of residue formed on the

electron capture detector which decreases sensitivity.

(E) Recovery from the charcoal tubes appears to be nonlinear at low

concentrations.

(g) Sampling procedure.

Apparatus.

(A) A calibrated personal sampling pump whose flow can be determined

within plus or minus 5% of the recommended flow.

(B) SKC Lot 120 Charcoal tubes: Glass tube with both ends flame sealed, 7

cm long with a 6 mm O.D. and a 4-mm I.D., containing 2 sections of

coconut shell charcoal separated by a 2-mm portion of urethane foam.

The adsorbing section contains 100 mg of charcoal, the backup section 50

mg. A 3-mm portion of urethane foam is placed between the outlet end of

the tube and the backup section. A plug of silylated glass wool is placed

in front of the adsorbing section.

Reagents. None required.

Sampling technique.

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(A) Immediately before sampling, break the ends of the charcoal tubes. All

tubes must be from the same lot.

(B) Connect two tubes in series to the sampling pump with a short section of

flexible tubing. A minimum amount of tubing is used to connect the two

sampling tubes together. The tube closer to the pump is used as a backup.

This tube should be identified as the backup tube.

minimize channeling.

(D) Air being sampled should not pass through any hose or tubing before

entering the charcoal tubes.

(E) Seal the charcoal tubes with plastic caps immediately after sampling.

Also, seal each sample with OSHA seals lengthwise.

(F) With each batch of samples, submit at least one blank tube from the same

lot used for samples. This tube should be subjected to exactly the same

handling as the samples (break, seal, transport) except that no air is drawn

through it.

(G) Transport the samples (and corresponding paperwork) to the lab for

analysis.

(H) If bulk samples are submitted for analysis, they should be transported in

glass containers with Teflon-lined caps. These samples must be mailed

separately from the container used for the charcoal tubes.

Breakthrough.

The breakthrough (5% breakthrough) volume for a 3.0 mg/m

ethylene oxide

sample stream at approximately 85% relative humidity, 22°C and 633 mm is

2.6 liters sampled at 0.05 liters per minute. This is equivalent to 7.8 µg of

ethylene oxide. Upon saturation of the tube it appeared that the water may be

displacing ethylene oxide during sampling.

Desorption efficiency.

(A) The desorption efficiency, from liquid injection onto charcoal tubes,

averaged 88.0% from 0.5 to 2.0 x the target concentration for a 1.0 liter air

sample. At lower ranges it appears that the desorption efficiency is

nonlinear (see backup data section (3)(i)(ii)).

(B) The desorption efficiency may vary from one laboratory to another and

also from one lot of charcoal to another. Thus, it is necessary to

determine the desorption efficiency for a particular lot of charcoal.

Recommended air volume and sampling rate.

(A) The recommended air volume is 1.0 liter.

(B) The recommended maximum sampling rate is 0.05 Lpm.

Interferences.

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(A) Ethylene glycol and Freon 12 at target concentration levels did not

interfere with the collection of ethylene oxide.

(B) Suspected interferences should be listed on the sample data sheets.

Safety precautions.

(A) Attach the sampling equipment to the employee so that it does not

interfere with work performance.

(B) Wear safety glasses when breaking the ends of the sampling tubes.

exposed while sampling.

(h) Analytical method.

Apparatus.

(A) Gas chromatograph equipped with a linearized electron capture detector.

(B) GC column capable of separating the derivative of ethylene oxide (2-

bromoethanol) from any interferences and the 1% CS2 in benzene solvent.

The column used for validation studies was: 10 ft. x 1/8 inch stainless

steel 20% SP-2100, .1% Carbowax 1500 on 100/120 Supelcoport.

areas.

(D) Two milliliter vials with Teflon-lined caps.

(E) Gas tight syringe--500 µL or other convenient sizes for preparing

standards.

(F) Microliter syringes--10 µL or other convenient sizes for diluting standards

and 1 µL for sample injections.

(G) Pipets for dispensing the 1% CS2 in benzene solvent. The Glenco 1 mL

dispenser is adequate and convenient.

(H) Volumetric flasks--5 mL and other convenient sizes for preparing

standards.

(I) Disposable Pasteur pipets.

Reagents.

(A) Benzene, reagent grade.

(B) Carbon disulfide, reagent grade.

(D) Hydrobromic acid, 48% reagent grade.

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(E) Sodium carbonate, anhydrous, reagent grade.

(F) Desorbing reagent, 99% Benzene/1% CS2.

Sample preparation.

(A) The front and back sections of each sample are transferred to separate 2-

mL vials.

(B) Each sample is desorbed with 1.0 mL of desorbing reagent.

occasional shaking.

(D) Desorbing reagent is drawn off the charcoal with a disposable pipet and

put into clean 2-mL vials.

(E) One drop of HBr is added to each vial. Vials are resealed and HBr is

mixed well with the desorbing reagent.

(F) About 0.15 gram of sodium carbonate is carefully added to each vial.

Vials are again resealed and mixed well.

Standard preparation.

(A) Standards are prepared by injecting the pure ethylene oxide gas into the

desorbing reagent.

(B) A range of standards are prepared to make a calibration curve. A

concentration of 1.0 µL of ethylene oxide gas per 1 mL desorbing reagent

is equivalent to 1.0 ppm air concentration (all gas volumes at 25°C and

760 mm) for the recommended 1 liter air sample. This amount is

uncorrected for desorption efficiency (see backup data section (3)(i)(ii),

for desorption efficiency corrections).

(D) About 0.15 grams of sodium carbonate is carefully added for each drop of

HBr (a small reaction will occur).

Analysis.

(A) GC conditions.

Nitrogen flow rate--10mL/min.

Injector temperature--250°C

Detector temperature--300°C

Column temperature--100°C

Injection size--0.8 µL

Elution time--3.9 minutes

(B) Peak areas are measured by an integrator or other suitable means.

with concentration vs. area units.

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Interferences.

(A) Any compound having the same retention time of 2-bromoethanol is a

potential interference. Possible interferences should be listed on the

sample data sheets.

(B) GC parameters may be changed to circumvent interferences.

(D) These contaminants, however, posed no problem of interference.

(E) Retention time date on a single column is not considered proof of

chemical identity. Samples over the 1.0 ppm target level should be

confirmed by GC/Mass Spec or other suitable means.

Calculations.

(A) The concentration in µg/mL for a sample is determined by comparing the

area of a particular sample to the calibration curve, which has been

prepared from analytical standards.

(B) The amount of analyte in each sample is corrected for desorption

efficiency by use of a desorption curve.

sample are added together.

(D) The concentration for a sample is calculated by the following equation:

A x B

EtO, mg/m

= ----------------

where:

A = µg/mL

B = desorption volume in milliliters

C = air volume in liters.

(E) To convert mg/m

to parts per million (ppm) the following relationship is

used:

mg/m

x 24.45

EtO, ppm = ----------------------------------

44.05

where:

mg/m

= results from 3.7.4

24.45 = molar volume at 25°C and 760mm Hg

44.05 = molecular weight of EtO.

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Safety precaution.

(A) Ethylene oxide and benzene are potential carcinogens and care must be

exercised when working with these compounds.

(B) All work done with the solvents (preparation of standards, desorption of

samples, etc.) should be done in a hood.

(D) Wear safety glasses at all times.

(E) Avoid skin contact with HBr because it is highly toxic and a strong irritant

to eyes and skin.

(i) Backup data.

Detection limit data.

The detection limit was determined by injecting 0.8 µL of a 0.015 µg/mL

standard of ethylene oxide into 1% CS2 in benzene. The detection limit of the

analytical procedure is taken to be 1.20 x 10-5 µg per injection. This is

equivalent to 8.3 ppb (0.015 mg/m

) for the recommended air volume.

Desorption efficiency. Ethylene oxide was spiked into charcoal tubes and the

following recovery data was obtained:

Amount

Spiked (µg)

Amount

Recovered

(µg)

Percent

Recovery

4.5

3.0

2.25

1.5

1.6

.75

.375

.1875

.094

4.32

2.61

2.025

1.365

1.38

.6525

.315

.312

.151

.070

96.0

87.0

90.0

91.0

92.0

87.0

84.0

83.2

80.5

74.5

Note: At lower amounts the recovery appears to be nonlinear.

Sensitivity data. The following data was used to determine the calibration

curve:

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Injection

0.5 x .75

µg/mL

1 x 1.5

µg/mL

2 x 3.0

µg/mL

30904

30987

32555

32242

31672

59567

62914

58578

57173

59558

111778

106016

106122

109716

108408

Slope = 34.105.

Recovery. The recovery was determined by spiking ethylene oxide onto lot 120

charcoal tubes and desorbing with 1% CS2 in Benzene. Recoveries were done

at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 X the target concentration (1 ppm) for the recommended air

volume.

Percent Recovery

Sample

0.5x

1.0x

2.0x

88.7

83.8

84.2

88.0

86.5

95.0

91.0

86.0

90.5

91.7

87.3

86.0

83.0

85.0

87.0

Weighted average = 88.2

Precision of the analytical procedure. The following data was used to

determine the precision of the analytical method:

Concentration

0.5 x .75

µg/ml

1 x 1.5

µg/mL

2 x 3.0

µg/mL

Injection

.7421

1.4899

3.1184

.7441

1.5826

3.0447

.7831

1.4628

2.9149

.7753

1.4244

2.9185

Average

Standard

Deviation

.7612

.0211

.0277

1.4899

.0674

.0452

2.9991

.0998

.0333

3(.0277)

+ 3 (.0452)

+ 3 (.0333)

CV = ----------------------------------------------

3 + 3 + 3

CV + 0.036

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Storage data. Samples were generated at 1.5 mg/m

ethylene oxide at 85%

relative humidity, 22°C and 633 mm. All samples were taken for 20 minutes at

0.05 Lpm. Six samples were analyzed as soon as possible and fifteen samples

were stored at refrigerated temperature (5°C) and fifteen samples were stored at

ambient temperature (23°C). These stored samples were analyzed over a period

of nineteen days.

Day Analyzed

Refrigerated

Ambient

87.0

93.0

94.0

92.0

91.0

93.0

88.0

91.0

89.0

92.0

---

92.0

---

92.0

---

86.0

91.7

---

95.5

---

95.7

---

90.0

---

82.0

78.0

---

81.4

---

82.4

---

78.5

---

72.1

66.0

---

68.0

---

64.0

---

77.0

Breakthrough data.

(A) Breakthrough studies were done at 2 ppm (3.6 mg/m

) at approximately

85% relative humidity at 22°C (ambient temperature). Two charcoal

tubes were used in series. The backup tube was changed every 10 minutes

and analyzed for breakthrough. The flow rate was 0.050 Lpm.

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Tube No.

Time

(minutes)

Percent

Breakthrough

100

110

120

(*)

1.23

3.46

18.71

39.2

53.3

72.0

96.0

113.0

133.9

*None.

(B) The 5% breakthrough volume was reached when 2.6 liters of test

atmosphere were drawn through the charcoal tubes.

(j) References.

“NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods,” 2nd ed. NIOSH: Cincinnati, 1977;

Method S 286.

“IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to

Man.” International Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, 1976; Vol. II, p.

157.

Sax., N.I. “Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,” 4th ed.; Van Nostrand

Reinhold Company, New York, 1975; p. 741.

“The Condensed Chemical Dictionary,” 9th ed.; Hawley, G.G., ed.; Van

Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1977; p. 361.

(4) Summary of other sampling procedures. OSHA believes that several other types of

monitoring equipment and techniques exist for monitoring time-weighted averages.

Considerable research and method development is currently being performed, which will

lead to improvements and a wider variety of monitoring techniques. A combination of

monitoring procedures can be used. There probably is no one best method for monitoring

personal exposure to ethylene oxide in all cases. There are advantages, disadvantages, and

limitations to each method. The method of choice will depend on the need and

requirements. Some commonly used methods include the use of charcoal tubes, passive

dosimeters, Tedler gas sampling bags, detector tubes, photoionization detection units,

infrared detection units and gas chromatographs. A number of these methods are described

below.

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(a) Charcoal tube sampling procedures.

Qazi-Ketcham method (Ex-11-133)--This method consists of collecting EtO on

Columbia JXC activated carbon, desorbing the EtO with carbon disulfide and

analyzing by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Union

Carbide has recently updated and revalidated this monitoring procedure. This

method is capable of determining both eight-hour time-weighted average

exposures and short-term exposures. The method was validated to 0.5 ppm.

Like other charcoal collecting procedures, the method requires considerable

analytical expertise.

ASTM-proposed method--The Ethylene Oxide Industry Council (EOIC) has

contracted with Clayton Environmental Consultants, Inc. to conduct a

collaborative study for the proposed method. The ASTM-Proposed method is

similar to the method published by Qazi and Ketcham in the November 1977

American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, and to the method of Pilney

and Coyne, presented at the 1979 American Industrial Hygiene Conference.

After the air to be sampled is drawn through an activated charcoal tube, the

ethylene oxide is desorbed from the tube using carbon disulfide and is

quantitated by gas chromatography utilizing a flame ionization detector. The

ASTM-proposed method specifies a large two-section charcoal tube, shipment

in dry ice, storage at less than -5°C, and analysis within three weeks to prevent

migration and sample loss. Two types of charcoal tubes are being tested--

Pittsburgh Coconut-Based (PCB) and Columbia JXC charcoal. This

collaborative study will give an indication of the inter- and intralaboratory

precision and accuracy of the ASTM/proposed method. Several laboratories

have considerable expertise using the Qazi-Ketcham and Dow methods.

(b) Passive monitors--Ethylene oxide diffuses into the monitor and is collected in the

sampling media. The DuPont Pro-Tek badge collects EtO in an absorbing solution,

which is analyzed colorimetrically to determine the amount of EtO present. The 3M

350 badge collects the EtO on chemically treated charcoal. Other passive monitors

are currently being developed and tested. Both 3M and DuPont have submitted data

indicating their dosimeters meet the precision and accuracy requirements of the

proposed ethylene oxide standard. Both presented laboratory validation data to 0.2

ppm (Exs. 11-65, 4-20, 108, 109, 130).

into a Tedlar gas sampling bag. The ethylene oxide concentration is often determined

on-site using a portable gas chromatograph or portable infrared spectometer.

(d) Detector tubes--A known volume of air is drawn through a detector tube using a

small hand pump. The concentration of EtO is related to the length of stain

developed in the tube. Detector tubes are economical, easy to use, and give an

immediate readout. Unfortunately, partly because they are nonspecific, their

accuracy is often questionable. Since the sample is taken over a short period of time,

they may be useful for determining the source of leaks.

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(e) Direct reading instruments:

There are numerous types of direct reading instruments, each having its own

strengths and weaknesses (Exs. 135B, 135C, 107, 11-78, 11-153). Many are

relatively new, offering greater sensitivity and specificity. Popular ethylene

oxide direct reading instruments include infrared detection units,

photoionization detection units, and gas chromatographs.

Portable infrared analyzers provide an immediate, continuous indication of a

concentration value; making them particularly useful for locating high

concentration pockets, in leak detection and in ambient air monitoring. In

infrared detection units, the amount of infrared light absorbed by the gas being

analyzed at selected infrared wavelengths is related to the concentration of a

particular component. Various models have either fixed or variable infrared

filters, differing cell pathlengths, and microcomputer controls for greater

sensitivity, automation, and interference elimination.

A fairly recent detection system is photoionization detection. The molecules

are ionized by high energy ultraviolet light. The resulting current is measured.

Since different substances have different ionization potentials, other organic

compounds may be ionized. The lower the lamp energy, the better the

selectivity. As a continuous monitor, photoionization detection can be useful

for locating high concentration pockets, in leak detection, and continuous

ambient air monitoring. Both portable and stationary gas chromatographs are

available with various types of detectors, including photoionization detectors.

A gas chromatograph with a photoionization detector retains the

photoionization sensitivity, but minimizes or eliminates interferences. For

several GC/PID units, the sensitivity is in the 0.1-0.2 ppm EtO range. The

GC/PID with microprocessors can sample up to 20 sample points sequentially,

calculate and record data, and activate alarms or ventilation systems. Many are

quite flexible and can be configured to meet the specific analysis needs for the

workplace.

DuPont presented their laboratory validation data of the accuracy of the Qazi-

Ketcham charcoal tube, the PCB charcoal tube, Miran 103 IR analyzer, 3M

#3550 monitor and the DuPont C-70 badge. Quoting Elbert V. Kring:

We also believe that OSHA's proposed accuracy in this standard is appropriate.

At plus or minus 25 percent at one part per million, and plus or minus 35

percent below that. And, our data indicates there's only one monitoring method,

right now, that we've tested thoroughly, that meets that accuracy requirements.

That is the DuPont Pro-Tek badge* * *. We also believe that this kind of data

should be confirmed by another independent laboratory, using the same type

dynamic chamber testing (Tr. 1470).

Additional data by an independent laboratory following their exact protocol was

not submitted. However, information was submitted on comparisons and

precision and accuracy of those monitoring procedures which indicate far better

precision and accuracy of those monitoring procedures than that obtained by

DuPont (Ex. 4-20, 130, 11-68, 11-133, 130, 135A).

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The accuracy of any method depends to a large degree upon the skills and

experience of those who not only collect the samples but also those who

analyze the samples. Even for methods that are collaboratively tested, some

laboratories are closer to the true values than others. Some laboratories may

meet the precision and accuracy requirements of the method; others may

consistently far exceed them for the same method.

WAC 296-62-074 Cadmium.

WAC 296-62-07401 Scope.

This standard applies to all occupational exposures to cadmium and cadmium compounds, in all

forms, and in all industries covered by the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act, except

the construction-related industries, which are covered under WAC 296-155-174.

WAC 296-62-07403 Definitions.

Action level (AL). An airborne concentration of cadmium of 2.5 micrograms per cubic meter of

air (2.5 µg/m

), calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).

Authorized person. Any person authorized by the employer and required by work duties to be

present in regulated areas or any person authorized by the WISH Act or regulations issued under

it to be in regulated areas.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries, or authorized representatives.

Employee exposure and similar language referring to the air cadmium level to which an

employee is exposed. The exposure to airborne cadmium that would occur if the employee were

not using respiratory protective equipment.

Final medical determination. The written medical opinion of the employee's health status by

the examining physician under WAC 296-62-07423(3) through (12) or, if multiple physician

review under WAC 296-62-07423(13) or the alternative physician determination under WAC

296-62-07423(14) is invoked, it is the final, written medical finding, recommendation or

determination that emerges from that process.

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. A filter capable of trapping and retaining at

least 99.97 percent of mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 micrometers in diameter.

Regulated area. An area demarcated by the employer where an employee's exposure to

airborne concentrations of cadmium exceeds, or can reasonably be expected to exceed the

permissible exposure limit (PEL).

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WAC 296-62-07405 Permissible exposure limit (PEL).

The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of cadmium

in excess of five micrograms per cubic meter of air (5 µg/m

), calculated as an 8-hour time-

weighted average exposure (TWA).

WAC 296-62-07407 Exposure monitoring.

(1) General.

(a) Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this section must

determine if any employee may be exposed to cadmium at or above the action level.

(b) Determinations of employee exposure must be made from breathing zone air samples

that reflect the monitored employee's regular, daily 8-hour TWA exposure to

cadmium.

more personal breathing zone air samples reflecting full shift exposure on each shift,

for each job classification, in each work area. Where several employees perform the

same job tasks, in the same job classification, on the same shift, in the same work

area, and the length, duration, and level of cadmium exposures are similar, an

employer may sample a representative fraction of the employees instead of all

employees in order to meet this requirement. In representative sampling, the

employer must sample the employee(s) expected to have the highest cadmium

exposures.

(2) Specific.

(a) Initial monitoring. Except as provided for in (b) and (c) of this subsection, the

employer must monitor employee exposures and must base initial determinations on

the monitoring results.

(b) Where the employer has monitored after September 14, 1991, under conditions that in

all important aspects closely resemble those currently prevailing and where that

monitoring satisfies all other requirements of this section, including the accuracy and

confidence levels of subsection (6) of this section, the employer may rely on such

earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements of WAC 296-62-07427 (2)(a).

demonstrating that employee exposure to cadmium will not exceed the action level

under the expected conditions of processing, use, or handling, the employer may rely

upon such data instead of implementing initial monitoring.

(3) Monitoring frequency (periodic monitoring).

(a) If the initial monitoring or periodic monitoring reveals employee exposures to be at or

above the action level, the employer must monitor at a frequency and pattern needed

to represent the levels of exposure of employees and where exposures are above the

PEL to ensure the adequacy of respiratory selection and the effectiveness of

engineering and work-practice controls.

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However, such exposure monitoring must be performed at least every six months.

The employer, at a minimum, must continue these semiannual measurements unless

and until the conditions set out in (b) of this subsection are met.

(b) If the initial monitoring or the periodic monitoring indicates that employee exposures

are below the action level and that result is confirmed by the results of another

monitoring taken at least seven days later, the employer may discontinue the

monitoring for those employees whose exposures are represented by such monitoring.

(4) Additional monitoring. The employer also must institute the exposure monitoring

required under (2)(a) and (3) of this section whenever there has been a change in the raw

materials, equipment, personnel, work-practices, or finished products that may result in

additional employees being exposed to cadmium at or above the action level or in

employees already exposed to cadmium at or above the action level being exposed above

the PEL, or whenever the employer has any reason to suspect that any other change might

result in such further exposure.

(5) Employee notification of monitoring results.

(a) Within fifteen working days after the receipt of the results of any monitoring

performed under this section, the employer must notify each affected employee

individually in writing of the results. In addition, within the same time period the

employer must post the results of the exposure monitoring in an appropriate location

that is accessible to all affected employees.

(b) Wherever monitoring results indicate that employee exposure exceeds the PEL, the

employer must include in the written notice a statement that the PEL has been

exceeded and a description of the corrective action being taken by the employer to

reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL.

(6) Accuracy of measurement. The employer must use a method of monitoring and analysis

that has an accuracy of not less than plus or minus twenty-five percent, with a confidence

level of ninety-five percent, for airborne concentrations of cadmium at or above the action

level, the permissible exposure limit (PEL), and the separate engineering control air limit

(SECAL).

WAC 296-62-07409 Regulated areas.

(1) Establishment. The employer must establish a regulated area wherever an employee's

exposure to airborne concentrations of cadmium is, or can reasonably be expected to be in

excess of the permissible exposure limit (PEL).

(2) Demarcation. Regulated areas must be demarcated from the rest of the workplace in any

manner that adequately establishes and alerts employees of the boundaries of the regulated

area.

(3) Access. Access to regulated areas must be limited to authorized persons.

(4) Provision of respirators. Each person entering a regulated area must be supplied with and

required to use a respirator, selected in accordance with WAC 296-62-07413(2).

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(5) Prohibited activities. The employer must ensure that employees do not eat, drink, smoke,

chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in regulated areas, carry the products associated

with these activities into regulated areas, or store such products in those areas.

WAC 296-62-07411 Methods of compliance.

(1) Compliance hierarchy.

(a) Except as specified in (b), (c), and (d) of this subsection, the employer must

implement engineering and work-practice controls to reduce and maintain employee

exposure to cadmium at or below the PEL, except to the extent that the employer can

demonstrate that such controls are not feasible.

(b) Except as specified in (c) and (d) of this subsection, in industries where a separate

engineering control air limit (SECAL) has been specified for particular processes

(Table I of this subsection), the employer must implement engineering and work-

practice controls to reduce and maintain employee exposure at or below the SECAL,

except to the extent that the employer can demonstrate that such controls are not

feasible.

Table I Separate Engineering Control Airborne Limits (SECALs) for

Processes in Selected Industries (SECALs)

Process

SECAL

(µg/m

)

Nickel Cadmium battery

Plate making, plate preparation

All other processes

Zinc/Cadmium refining

Cadmium refining, casting,

melting. oxide production, sinter

plant

Pigment manufacture

Calcine, crushing, milling,

blending

All other processes

Stabilizers

Cadmium oxide charging,

crushing, drying, blending

Lead smelting+

Sinter plant, blast furnace,

baghouse, yard area

Plating*

Mechanical plating

* Processes in these industries that are not specified in this table must achieve the PEL using

engineering controls and work-practices as required in (a) of this subsection.

PEL or, where applicable, the SECAL does not apply where the employer

demonstrates the following:

The employee is only intermittently exposed; and

The employee is not exposed above the PEL on thirty or more days per year

(twelve consecutive months).

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(d) Wherever engineering and work-practice controls are required and are not sufficient

to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL or, where applicable, the SECAL,

the employer nonetheless must implement such controls to reduce exposures to the

lowest levels achievable. The employer must supplement such controls with

respiratory protection that complies with the requirements of WAC 296-62-07413

and the PEL.

(e) The employer must not use employee rotation as a method of compliance.

(2) Compliance program.

(a) Where the PEL is exceeded, the employer must establish and implement a written

compliance program to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL by means of

engineering and work-practice controls, as required by subsection (1) of this section.

To the extent that engineering and work-practice controls cannot reduce exposures to

or below the PEL, the employer must include in the written compliance program the

use of appropriate respiratory protection to achieve compliance with the PEL.

(b) Written compliance programs must include at least the following:

A description of each operation in which cadmium is emitted; e.g., machinery

used, material processed, controls in place, crew size, employee job

responsibilities, operating procedures, and maintenance practices;

A description of the specific means that will be employed to achieve

compliance, including engineering plans and studies used to determine methods

selected for controlling exposure to cadmium, as well as, where necessary, the

use of appropriate respiratory protection to achieve the PEL;

A report of the technology considered in meeting the PEL;

Air monitoring data that document the sources of cadmium emissions;

A detailed schedule for implementation of the program, including

documentation such as copies of purchase orders for equipment, construction

contracts, etc.;

A work-practice program that includes items required under WAC 296-62-

07415, 296-62-07417, and 296-62-07419;

A written plan for emergency situations, as specified in WAC 296-62-07415;

and

Other relevant information.

more often if necessary, to reflect significant changes in the employer's compliance

status.

(d) Written compliance programs must be provided upon request for examination and

copying to affected employees, designated employee representatives, and the director.

(3) Mechanical ventilation.

(a) When ventilation is used to control exposure, measurements that demonstrate the

effectiveness of the system in controlling exposure, such as capture velocity, duct

velocity, or static pressure must be made as necessary to maintain its effectiveness.

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(b) Measurements of the system's effectiveness in controlling exposure must be made as

necessary within five working days of any change in production, process, or control

that might result in a significant increase in employee exposure to cadmium.

the system must have a high efficiency filter and be monitored to ensure

effectiveness.

(d) Procedures must be developed and implemented to minimize employee exposure to

cadmium when maintenance of ventilation systems and changing of filters is being

conducted.

WAC 296-62-07413 Respirator protection.

(1) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer must

provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with the requirements of this

subsection. Respirators must be used during:

(a) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-practice

controls when employee exposure levels exceed the PEL;

(b) Maintenance and repair activities, and brief or intermittent operations, where

employee exposures exceed the PEL and engineering and work-practice controls are

not feasible or are not required;

(d) Work operations for which the employer has implemented all feasible engineering

and work-practice controls and such controls are not sufficient to reduce employee

exposures to or below the PEL;

(e) Work operations for which an employee who is exposed to cadmium at or above the

action level, and the employee requests a respirator;

(f) Work operations for which an employee is exposed above the PEL and engineering

controls are not required by WAC 296-62-07411(1)(b); and

(g) Emergencies.

(2) Respirator program.

(a) The employer must develop, implement and maintain a respiratory protection

program as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each

employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

(b) No employees must use a respirator if, based on their recent medical examination, the

examining physician determines that they will be unable to continue to function

normally while using a respirator. If the physician determines that the employee must

be limited in, or removed from, their current job because of their inability to use a

respirator, the limitation or removal must be in accordance with WAC 296-62-

07423(11) and (12).

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employer must provide the employee with a medical examination as required by

WAC 296-62-07423(6)(b) to determine if the employee can use a respirator while

performing the required duties.

(3) Respirator selection. The employer must:

(a) Select and provide the appropriate respirator as specified in this section and WAC

296-842-13005 found in the respirator rule.

Provide employees with full-facepiece respirators when they experience eye

irritation.

Make sure high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters or N-, R-, or P-100

series filters are provided for powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) and

negative-pressure air-purifying respirators.

(b) Provide an employee with a powered, air-purifying respirator (PAPR) instead of a

negative-pressure respirator when an employee who is entitled to a respirator chooses

to use this type of respirator, and such a respirator provides adequate protection to the

employee.

WAC 296-62-07415 Emergency situations.

The employer must develop and implement a written plan for dealing with emergency situations

involving substantial releases of airborne cadmium. The plan must include provisions for the use

of appropriate respirators and personal protective equipment. In addition, employees not

essential to correcting the emergency situation must be restricted from the area and normal

operations halted in that area until the emergency is abated.

WAC 296-62-07417 Protective work clothing and equipment.

(1) Provision and use. If an employee is exposed to airborne cadmium above the PEL or

where skin or eye irritation is associated with cadmium exposure at any level, the employer

must provide at no cost to the employee, and ensure that the employee uses, appropriate

protective work clothing and equipment that prevents contamination of the employee and

the employee's garments. Protective work clothing and equipment includes, but is not

limited to:

(a) Coveralls or similar full-body work clothing;

(b) Gloves, head coverings, and boots or foot coverings; and

with WAC 296-800-160.

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(2) Removal and storage.

(a) The employer must ensure that employees remove all protective clothing and

equipment contaminated with cadmium at the completion of the work shift and do so

only in change rooms provided in accordance with WAC 296-62-07419(1).

(b) The employer must ensure that no employee takes cadmium-contaminated protective

clothing or equipment from the workplace, except for employees authorized to do so

for purposes of laundering, cleaning, maintaining, or disposing of cadmium

contaminated protective clothing and equipment at an appropriate location or facility

away from the workplace.

when removed for laundering, cleaning, maintenance, or disposal, is placed and

stored in sealed, impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers that are

designed to prevent dispersion of cadmium dust.

(d) The employer must ensure that bags or containers of contaminated protective clothing

and equipment that are to be taken out of the change rooms or the workplace for

laundering, cleaning, maintenance, or disposal must bear labels in accordance with

WAC 296-62-07425(3).

(3) Cleaning, replacement, and disposal.

(a) The employer must provide the protective clothing and equipment required by

subsection (1) of this section in a clean and dry condition as often as necessary to

maintain its effectiveness, but in any event at least weekly. The employer is

responsible for cleaning and laundering the protective clothing and equipment

required by this paragraph to maintain its effectiveness and is also responsible for

disposing of such clothing and equipment.

(b) The employer also is responsible for repairing or replacing required protective

clothing and equipment as needed to maintain its effectiveness. When rips or tears

are detected while an employee is working they must be immediately mended, or the

work suit must be immediately replaced.

equipment by blowing, shaking, or any other means that disperses cadmium into the

air.

(d) The employer must ensure that any laundering of contaminated clothing or cleaning

of contaminated equipment in the workplace is done in a manner that prevents the

release of airborne cadmium in excess of the permissible exposure limit prescribed in

WAC 296-62-07405.

(e) The employer must inform any person who launders or cleans protective clothing or

equipment contaminated with cadmium of the potentially harmful effects of exposure

to cadmium and that the clothing and equipment should be laundered or cleaned in a

manner to effectively prevent the release of airborne cadmium in excess of the PEL.

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WAC 296-62-07419 Hygiene areas and practices.

(1) General. For employees whose airborne exposure to cadmium is above the PEL, the

employer must provide clean change rooms, handwashing facilities, showers, and

lunchroom facilities that comply with WAC 296-800-230.

(2) Change rooms. The employer must ensure that change rooms are equipped with separate

storage facilities for street clothes and for protective clothing and equipment, which are

designed to prevent dispersion of cadmium and contamination of the employee's street

clothes.

(3) Showers and handwashing facilities.

(a) The employer must ensure that employees who are exposed to cadmium above the

PEL shower during the end of the work shift.

(b) The employer must ensure that employees whose airborne exposure to cadmium is

above the PEL wash their hands and faces prior to eating, drinking, smoking,

chewing tobacco or gum, or applying cosmetics.

(4) Lunchroom facilities.

(a) The employer must ensure that the lunchroom facilities are readily accessible to

employees, that tables for eating are maintained free of cadmium, and that no

employee in a lunchroom facility is exposed at any time to cadmium at or above a

concentration of 2.5 µg/m

(b) The employer must ensure that employees do not enter lunchroom facilities with

protective work clothing or equipment unless surface cadmium has been removed

from the clothing and equipment by HEPA vacuuming or some other method that

removes cadmium dust without dispersing it.

WAC 296-62-07421 Housekeeping.

(1) All surfaces must be maintained as free as practicable of accumulations of cadmium.

(2) All spills and sudden releases of material containing cadmium must be cleaned up as soon

as possible.

(3) Surfaces contaminated with cadmium must, wherever possible, be cleaned by vacuuming

or other methods that minimize the likelihood of cadmium becoming airborne.

(4) HEPA-filtered vacuuming equipment or equally effective filtration methods must be used

for vacuuming. The equipment must be used and emptied in a manner that minimizes the

reentry of cadmium into the workplace.

(5) Shoveling, dry or wet sweeping, and brushing may be used only where vacuuming or other

methods that minimize the likelihood of cadmium becoming airborne have been tried and

found not to be effective.

(6) Compressed air must not be used to remove cadmium from any surface unless the

compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system designed to capture the dust

cloud created by the compressed air.

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(7) Waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, personal protective equipment, and clothing

contaminated with cadmium and consigned for disposal must be collected and disposed of

in sealed impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers. These bags and

containers must be labeled in accordance with WAC 296-62-07425(3).

WAC 296-62-07423 Medical surveillance.

(1) General.

(a) Scope.

Currently exposed. The employer must institute a medical surveillance

program for all employees who are or may be exposed to cadmium at or above

the action level unless the employer demonstrates that the employee is not, and

will not be, exposed at or above the action level on thirty or more days per year

(twelve consecutive months); and

Previously exposed. The employer must also institute a medical surveillance

program for all employees who prior to the effective date of this section might

previously have been exposed to cadmium at or above the action level by the

employer, unless the employer demonstrates that the employee did not prior to

the effective date of this section work for the employer in jobs with exposure to

cadmium for an aggregated total of more than sixty months.

(b) To determine an employee's fitness for using a respirator, the employer must provide

the limited medical examination specified in subsection (6) of this section.

this standard are performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, who

has read and is familiar with the health effects WAC 296-62-07441, Appendix A, the

regulatory text of this section, the protocol for sample handling and laboratory

selection in WAC 296-62-07451, Appendix F and the questionnaire of WAC 296-62-

07447, Appendix D. These examinations and procedures must be provided without

cost to the employee and at a time and place that is reasonable and convenient to

employees.

(d) The employer must ensure that the collecting and handling of biological samples of

cadmium in urine (CdU), cadmium in blood (CdB), and beta-2 microglobulin in urine

(ß2-M) taken from employees under this section is done in a manner that ensures

their reliability and that analysis of biological samples of cadmium in urine (CdU),

cadmium in blood (CdB), and beta-2 microglobulin in urine (ß2-M) taken from

employees under this section is performed in laboratories with demonstrated

proficiency for that particular analyte. (See WAC 296-62-07451, Appendix F.)

(2) Initial examination.

(a) The employer must provide an initial (preplacement) examination to all employees

covered by the medical surveillance program required in subsection (1)(a) of this

section. The examination must be provided to those employees within thirty days

after initial assignment to a job with exposure to cadmium or no later than ninety days

after the effective date of this section, whichever date is later.

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(b) The initial (preplacement) medical examination must include:

A detailed medical and work history, with emphasis on: Past, present, and

anticipated future exposure to cadmium; any history of renal, cardiovascular,

respiratory, hematopoietic, reproductive, and/or musculo-skeletal system

dysfunction; current usage of medication with potential nephrotoxic side-

effects; and smoking history and current status; and

Biological monitoring that includes the following tests:

(A) Cadmium in urine (CdU), standardized to grams of creatinine (g/Cr);

(B) Beta-2 microglobulin in urine (ß2-M), standardized to grams of creatinine

(g/Cr), with pH specified, as described in WAC 296-62-07451, Appendix

F; and

records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with the

requirements of (b) of this subsection within the past twelve months. In that case,

such records must be maintained as part of the employee's medical record and the

prior exam must be treated as if it were an initial examination for the purposes of

subsections (3) and (4) of this section.

(3) Actions triggered by initial biological monitoring:

(a) If the results of the initial biological monitoring tests show the employee's CdU level

to be at or below 3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level to be at or below 300 µg/g Cr and CdB level

to be at or below 5 µg/lwb, then:

For currently exposed employees, who are subject to medical surveillance under

subsection (1)(a)(i) of this section, the employer must provide the minimum

level of periodic medical surveillance in accordance with the requirements in

subsection (4)(a) of this section; and

For previously exposed employees, who are subject to medical surveillance

under subsection (1)(a)(ii) of this section, the employer must provide biological

monitoring for CdU, ß2-M, and CdB one year after the initial biological

monitoring and then the employer must comply with the requirements of

subsection (4)(e) of this section.

(b) For all employees who are subject to medical surveillance under subsection (1)(a) of

this section, if the results of the initial biological monitoring tests show the level of

CdU to exceed 3 µg/g Cr, the level of ß2-M to exceed 300 µg/g Cr, or the level of

CdB to exceed 5 µg/lwb, the employer must:

Within two weeks after receipt of biological monitoring results, reassess the

employee's occupational exposure to cadmium as follows:

(A) Reassess the employee's work-practices and personal hygiene;

(B) Reevaluate the employee's respirator use, if any, and the respirator

program;

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(D) Reevaluate the maintenance and effectiveness of the relevant engineering

controls;

(E) Assess the employee's smoking history and status;

Within thirty days after the exposure reassessment, specified in (b)(i) of this

subsection, take reasonable steps to correct any deficiencies found in the

reassessment that may be responsible for the employee's excess exposure to

cadmium; and,

Within ninety days after receipt of biological monitoring results, provide a full

medical examination to the employee in accordance with the requirements of

WAC 296-62-07423 (4)(b). After completing the medical examination, the

examining physician must determine in a written medical opinion whether to

medically remove the employee. If the physician determines that medical

removal is not necessary, then until the employee's CdU level falls to or below

3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level falls to or below 300 µg/g Cr and CdB level falls to or

below 5 µg/lwb, the employer must:

(A) Provide biological monitoring in accordance with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of

this section on a semiannual basis; and

(B) Provide annual medical examinations in accordance with subsection (4)(b)

of this section.

this section, if the results of the initial biological monitoring tests show the level of

CdU to be in excess of 15 µg/g Cr, or the level of CdB to be in excess of 15 µg/lwb,

or the level of ß2-M to be in excess of 1,500 µg/g Cr, the employer must comply with

the requirements of (b)(i) and (ii) of this subsection. Within ninety days after receipt

of biological monitoring results, the employer must provide a full medical

examination to the employee in accordance with the requirements of subsection (4)(b)

of this section. After completing the medical examination, the examining physician

must determine in a written medical opinion whether to medically remove the

employee. However, if the initial biological monitoring results and the biological

monitoring results obtained during the medical examination both show that: CdU

exceeds 15 µg/g Cr; or CdB exceeds 15 µg/lwb; or ß2-M exceeds 1500 µg/g Cr, and

in addition CdU exceeds 3 µg/g Cr or CdB exceeds 5 µg/liter of whole blood, then

the physician must medically remove the employee from exposure to cadmium at or

above the action level. If the second set of biological monitoring results obtained

during the medical examination does not show that a mandatory removal trigger level

has been exceeded, then the employee is not required to be removed by the

mandatory provisions of this section.

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If the employee is not required to be removed by the mandatory provisions of this

section or by the physician's determination, then until the employee's CdU level falls

to or below 3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level falls to or below 300 µg/g Cr and CdB level falls to

or below 5 µg/lwb, the employer must:

Periodically reassess the employee's occupational exposure to cadmium;

Provide biological monitoring in accordance with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this

section on a quarterly basis; and

Provide semiannual medical examinations in accordance with subsection (4)(b)

of this section.

(d) For all employees to whom medical surveillance is provided, beginning on January 1,

1999, and in lieu of (a) through (c) of this subsection:

If the results of the initial biological monitoring tests show the employee's CdU

level to be at or below 3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level to be at or below 300 µg/g Cr and

CdB level to be at or below 5 µg/lwb, then for currently exposed employees, the

employer must comply with the requirements of (a)(i) of this subsection and for

previously exposed employees, the employer must comply with the

requirements of (a)(ii) of this subsection;

If the results of the initial biological monitoring tests show the level of CdU to

exceed 3 µg/g Cr, the level of ß2-M to exceed 300 µg/g Cr, or the level of CdB

to exceed 5 µg/lwb, the employer must comply with the requirements of (b)(i)

through (iii) of this subsection; and

If the results of the initial biological monitoring tests show the level of CdU to

be in excess of 7 µg/g Cr, or the level of CdB to be in excess of 10 µg/lwb, or

the level of ß2-M to be in excess of 750 µg/g Cr, the employer must: Comply

with the requirements of (b)(i) through (ii) of this subsection; and, within ninety

days after receipt of biological monitoring results, provide a full medical

examination to the employee in accordance with the requirements of subsection

(4)(b) of this section. After completing the medical examination, the examining

physician must determine in a written medical opinion whether to medically

remove the employee. However, if the initial biological monitoring results and

the biological monitoring results obtained during the medical examination both

show that: CdU exceeds 7 µg/g Cr; or CdB exceeds 10 µg/lwb; or ß2-M

exceeds 750 µg/g Cr, and in addition CdU exceeds 3 µg/g Cr or CdB exceeds 5

µg/liter of whole blood, then the physician must medically remove the

employee from exposure to cadmium at or above the action level. If the second

set of biological monitoring results obtained during the medical examination

does not show that a mandatory removal trigger level has been exceeded, then

the employee is not required to be removed by the mandatory provisions of this

section. If the employee is not required to be removed by the mandatory

provisions of this section or by the physician's determination, then until the

employee's CdU level falls to or below 3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level falls to or below

300 µg/g Cr and CdB level falls to or below 5 µg/lwb, the employer must:

Periodically reassess the employee's occupational exposure to cadmium;

provide biological monitoring in accordance with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this

section on a quarterly basis; and provide semiannual medical examinations in

accordance with subsection (4)(b) of this section.

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(4) Periodic medical surveillance.

(a) For each employee who is covered under subsection (1)(a)(i) of this section, the

employer must provide at least the minimum level of periodic medical surveillance,

which consists of periodic medical examinations and periodic biological monitoring.

A periodic medical examination must be provided within one year after the initial

examination required by subsection (2) of this section and thereafter at least

biennially. Biological sampling must be provided at least annually, either as part of a

periodic medical examination or separately as periodic biological monitoring.

(b) The periodic medical examination must include:

A detailed medical and work history, or update thereof, with emphasis on: Past,

present and anticipated future exposure to cadmium; smoking history and

current status; reproductive history; current use of medications with potential

nephrotoxic side-effects; any history of renal, cardiovascular, respiratory,

hematopoietic, and/or musculo-skeletal system dysfunction; and as part of the

medical and work history, for employees who wear respirators, questions 3-11

and 25-32 in WAC 296-62-07447, Appendix D;

A complete physical examination with emphasis on: Blood pressure, the

respiratory system, and the urinary system;

A 14 inch by 17 inch, or a reasonably standard sized posterior-anterior chest X-

ray (after the initial X-ray, the frequency of chest X-rays is to be determined by

the examining physician);

Pulmonary function tests, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced

expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV

);

Biological monitoring, as required in subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section;

Blood analysis, in addition to the analysis required under this section, including

blood urea nitrogen, complete blood count, and serum creatinine;

Urinalysis, in addition to the analysis required under subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this

section, including the determination of albumin, glucose, and total and low

molecular weight proteins;

For males over forty years old, prostate palpation, or other at least as effective

diagnostic test(s); and

Any additional tests deemed appropriate by the examining physician.

(2)(b)(ii) of this section.

(d) If the results of periodic biological monitoring or the results of biological monitoring

performed as part of the periodic medical examination show the level of the

employee's CdU, ß2-M, or CdB to be in excess of the levels specified in subsection

(3)(b) or (c) of this section; or, beginning on January 1, 1999, in excess of the levels

specified in subsection (3)(b) or (d) of this section, the employer must take the

appropriate actions specified in subsection (3)(b) through (d) of this section.

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(e) For previously exposed employees under subsection (1)(a)(ii) of this section:

If the employee's levels of CdU did not exceed 3 µg/g Cr, CdB did not exceed 5

µg/lwb, and ß2-M did not exceed 300 µg/g Cr in the initial biological

monitoring tests, and if the results of the follow-up biological monitoring

required by subsection (3)(a)(ii) of this section one year after the initial

examination confirm the previous results, the employer may discontinue all

periodic medical surveillance for that employee.

If the initial biological monitoring results for CdU, CdB, or ß2-M were in

excess of the levels specified in subsection (3)(a) of this section, but subsequent

biological monitoring results required by subsection (3)(b) through (e) of this

section show that the employee's CdU levels no longer exceed 3 µg/g Cr, CdB

levels no longer exceed 5 µg/lwb, and ß2-M levels no longer exceed 300 µg/g

Cr, the employer must provide biological monitoring for CdU, CdB, and ß2-M

one year after these most recent biological monitoring results. If the results of

the follow-up biological monitoring, specified in this section, confirm the

previous results, the employer may discontinue all periodic medical surveillance

for that employee.

However, if the results of the follow-up tests specified in (e)(i) or (ii) of this

subsection indicate that the level of the employee's CdU, ß2-M, or CdB exceeds

these same levels, the employer is required to provide annual medical

examinations in accordance with the provisions of (b) of this subsection until

the results of biological monitoring are consistently below these levels or the

examining physician determines in a written medical opinion that further

medical surveillance is not required to protect the employee's health.

(f) A routine, biennial medical examination is not required to be provided in accordance

with subsections (3)(a) and (4) of this section if adequate medical records show that

the employee has been examined in accordance with the requirements of (b) of this

subsection within the past twelve months. In that case, such records must be

maintained by the employer as part of the employee's medical record, and the next

routine, periodic medical examination must be made available to the employee within

two years of the previous examination.

(5) Actions triggered by medical examinations. If the results of a medical examination

carried out in accordance with this section indicate any laboratory or clinical finding

consistent with cadmium toxicity that does not require employer action under subsections

(2), (3), or (4) of this section, the employer, within thirty days, must reassess the

employee's occupational exposure to cadmium and take the following corrective action

until the physician determines they are no longer necessary:

(a) Periodically reassess: The employee's work-practices and personal hygiene; the

employee's respirator use, if any; the employee's smoking history and status; the

respiratory protection program; the hygiene facilities; and the maintenance and

effectiveness of the relevant engineering controls;

(b) Within thirty days after the reassessment, take all reasonable steps to correct the

deficiencies found in the reassessment that may be responsible for the employee's

excess exposure to cadmium;

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of cadmium toxicity until the results are normal or the employee is medically

removed; and

(d) Where the results of tests for total proteins in urine are abnormal, provide a more

detailed medical evaluation of the toxic effects of cadmium on the employee's renal

system.

(6) Examination for respirator use.

(a) To determine an employee's fitness for respirator use, the employer must provide a

medical examination that includes the elements specified in (a)(i) through (iv) of this

subsection. This examination must be provided prior to the employee's being

assigned to a job that requires the use of a respirator or no later than ninety days after

this section goes into effect, whichever date is later, to any employee without a

medical examination within the preceding twelve months that satisfies the

requirements of this paragraph.

A detailed medical and work history, or update thereof, with emphasis on: Past

exposure to cadmium; smoking history and current status; any history of renal,

cardiovascular, respiratory, hematopoietic, and/or musculoskeletal system

dysfunction; a description of the job for which the respirator is required; and

questions 3 through 11 and 25 through 32 in WAC 296-62-07447, Appendix D;

A blood pressure test;

Biological monitoring of the employee's levels of CdU, CdB and ß2-M in

accordance with the requirements of subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section, unless

such results already have been obtained within the previous twelve months; and

Any other test or procedure that the examining physician deems appropriate.

(b) After reviewing all the information obtained from the medical examination required

in (a) of this subsection, the physician must determine whether the employee is fit to

wear a respirator.

or during use of a respirator, the employer, as soon as possible, must provide the

employee with a periodic medical examination in accordance with subsection (4)(b)

of this section to determine the employee's fitness to wear a respirator.

(d) Where the results of the examination required under (a), (b), or (c) of this subsection

are abnormal, medical limitation or prohibition of respirator use must be considered.

If the employee is allowed to wear a respirator, the employee's ability to continue to

do so must be periodically evaluated by a physician.

(7) Emergency examinations.

(a) In addition to the medical surveillance required in subsections (2) through (6) of this

section, the employer must provide a medical examination as soon as possible to any

employee who may have been acutely exposed to cadmium because of an emergency.

(b) The examination must include the requirements of subsection (4)(b) of this section,

with emphasis on the respiratory system, other organ systems considered appropriate

by the examining physician, and symptoms of acute overexposure, as identified in

WAC 296-62-07441 (2)(b)(i) through (ii) and (4), Appendix A.

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(8) Termination of employment examination.

(a) At termination of employment, the employer must provide a medical examination in

accordance with subsection (4)(b) of this section, including a chest x-ray, to any

employee to whom at any prior time the employer was required to provide medical

surveillance under subsection (1)(a) or (7) of this section. However, if the last

examination satisfied the requirements of subsection (4)(b) of this section and was

less than six months prior to the date of termination, no further examination is

required unless otherwise specified in subsection (3) or (5) of this section;

(b) However, for employees covered by subsection (1)(a)(ii) of this section, if the

employer has discontinued all periodic medical surveillance under subsection (4)(e)

of this section, no termination of employment medical examination is required.

(9) Information provided to the physician. The employer must provide the following

information to the examining physician:

(a) A copy of this standard and appendices;

(b) A description of the affected employee's former, current, and anticipated duties as

they relate to the employee's occupational exposure to cadmium;

exposure to cadmium;

(d) A description of any personal protective equipment, including respirators, used or to

be used by the employee, including when and for how long the employee has used

that equipment; and

(e) Relevant results of previous biological monitoring and medical examinations.

(10) Physician's written medical opinion.

(a) The employer must promptly obtain a written, signed medical opinion from the

examining physician for each medical examination performed on each employee.

This written opinion must contain:

The physician's diagnosis for the employee;

The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical

condition(s) that would place the employee at increased risk of material

impairment to health from further exposure to cadmium, including any

indications of potential cadmium toxicity;

The results of any biological or other testing or related evaluations that directly

assess the employee's absorption of cadmium;

Any recommended removal from, or limitation on the activities or duties of the

employee or on the employee's use of personal protective equipment, such as

respirators;

A statement that the physician has clearly and carefully explained to the

employee the results of the medical examination, including all biological

monitoring results and any medical conditions related to cadmium exposure that

require further evaluation or treatment, and any limitation on the employee's

diet or use of medications.

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(b) The employer promptly must obtain a copy of the results of any biological monitoring

provided by an employer to an employee independently of a medical examination

under subsections (2) and (4) of this section, and, in lieu of a written medical opinion,

an explanation sheet explaining those results.

medical opinion given to the employer specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to

occupational exposure to cadmium.

(11) Medical removal protection (MRP).

(a) General.

The employer must temporarily remove an employee from work where there is

excess exposure to cadmium on each occasion that medical removal is required

under subsection (3), (4), or (6) of this section and on each occasion that a

physician determines in a written medical opinion that the employee should be

removed from such exposure. The physician's determination may be based on

biological monitoring results, inability to wear a respirator, evidence of illness,

other signs or symptoms of cadmium-related dysfunction or disease, or any

other reason deemed medically sufficient by the physician.

The employer must medically remove an employee in accordance with this

subsection regardless of whether at the time of removal a job is available into

which the removed employee may be transferred.

Whenever an employee is medically removed under this subsection, the

employer must transfer the removed employee to a job where the exposure to

cadmium is within the permissible levels specified in that subsection as soon as

one becomes available.

For any employee who is medically removed under the provisions of (a) of this

subsection, the employer must provide follow-up biological monitoring in

accordance with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section at least every three months

and follow-up medical examinations semiannually at least every six months

until in a written medical opinion the examining physician determines that

either the employee may be returned to their former job status as specified

under (d) through (e) of this subsection or the employee must be permanently

removed from excess cadmium exposure.

The employer may not return an employee who has been medically removed for

any reason to their former job status until a physician determines in a written

medical opinion that continued medical removal is no longer necessary to

protect the employee's health.

(b) Where an employee is found unfit to wear a respirator under subsection (6)(b) of this

section, the employer must remove the employee from work where exposure to

cadmium is above the PEL.

respirator, the employer must remove the employee from work where exposure to

cadmium is at or above the action level.

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(d) Except as specified in (e) of this subsection, no employee who was removed because

their level of CdU, CdB and/or ß2-M exceeded the medical removal trigger levels in

subsection (3) or (4) of this section may be returned to work with exposure to

cadmium at or above the action level until the employee's levels of CdU fall to or

below 3 µg/g Cr, CdB falls to or below 5 µg/lwb, and ß2-M falls to or below 300

µg/g Cr.

(e) However, when in the examining physician's opinion continued exposure to cadmium

will not pose an increased risk to the employee's health and there are special

circumstances that make continued medical removal an inappropriate remedy, the

physician must fully discuss these matters with the employee, and then in a written

determination may return a worker to their former job status despite what would

otherwise be unacceptably high biological monitoring results. Thereafter, the

returned employee must continue to be provided with medical surveillance as if they

were still on medical removal until the employee's levels of CdU fall to or below 3

µg/g Cr, CdB falls to or below 5 µg/lwb, and ß2-M falls to or below 300 µg/g Cr.

(f) Where an employer, although not required by (a) through (c) of this subsection to do

so, removes an employee from exposure to cadmium or otherwise places limitations

on an employee due to the effects of cadmium exposure on the employee's medical

condition, the employer must provide the same medical removal protection benefits

to that employee under subsection (12) of this section as would have been provided

had the removal been required under (a) through (c) of this subsection.

(12) Medical removal protection benefits (MRPB).

(a) The employer must provide MRPB for up to a maximum of eighteen months to an

employee each time and while the employee is temporarily medically removed under

subsection (11) of this section.

(b) For purposes of this section, the requirement that the employer provide MRPB means

that the employer must maintain the total normal earnings, seniority, and all other

employee rights and benefits of the removed employee, including the employee's

right to their former job status, as if the employee had not been removed from the

employee's job or otherwise medically limited.

monitoring results, the employee's monitoring results have not declined to a low

enough level to permit the employee to be returned to their former job status:

The employer must make available to the employee a medical examination

pursuant in order to obtain a final medical determination as to whether the

employee may be returned to their former job status or must be permanently

removed from excess cadmium exposure; and

The employer must ensure that the final medical determination indicates

whether the employee may be returned to their former job status and what steps,

if any, should be taken to protect the employee's health.

(d) The employer may condition the provision of MRPB upon the employee's

participation in medical surveillance provided in accordance with this section.

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(13) Multiple physician review.

(a) If the employer selects the initial physician to conduct any medical examination or

consultation provided to an employee under this section, the employee may designate

a second physician to:

Review any findings, determinations, or recommendations of the initial

physician; and

Conduct such examinations, consultations, and laboratory tests as the second

physician deems necessary to facilitate this review.

(b) The employer must promptly notify an employee of the right to seek a second

medical opinion after each occasion that an initial physician provided by the

employer conducts a medical examination or consultation pursuant to this section.

The employer may condition its participation in, and payment for, multiple physician

review upon the employee doing the following within fifteen days after receipt of this

notice, or receipt of the initial physician's written opinion, whichever is later:

Informing the employer that he or she intends to seek a medical opinion; and

Initiating steps to make an appointment with a second physician.

from those of the initial physician, then the employer and the employee must ensure

that efforts are made for the two physicians to resolve any disagreement.

(d) If the two physicians have been unable to quickly resolve their disagreement, then the

employer and the employee, through their respective physicians, must designate a

third physician to:

Review any findings, determinations, or recommendations of the other two

physicians; and

Conduct such examinations, consultations, laboratory tests, and discussions

with the other two physicians as the third physician deems necessary to resolve

the disagreement among them.

(e) The employer must act consistently with the findings, determinations, and

recommendations of the third physician, unless the employer and the employee reach

an agreement that is consistent with the recommendations of at least one of the other

two physicians.

(14) Alternate physician determination. The employer and an employee or designated

employee representative may agree upon the use of any alternate form of physician

determination in lieu of the multiple physician review provided by subsection (13) of this

section, so long as the alternative is expeditious and at least as protective of the employee.

(15) Information the employer must provide the employee.

(a) The employer must provide a copy of the physician's written medical opinion to the

examined employee within two weeks after receipt thereof.

(b) The employer must provide the employee with a copy of the employee's biological

monitoring results and an explanation sheet explaining the results within two weeks

after receipt thereof.

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employee with the information the employer is required to provide the examining

physician under subsection (9) of this section.

(16) Reporting. In addition to other medical events that are required to be reported on the

OSHA Form No. 200, the employer must report any abnormal condition or disorder caused

by occupational exposure to cadmium associated with employment as specified in WAC

296-27-02105.

WAC 296-62-07425 Communication of cadmium hazards.

(1) General. Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers must comply

with all requirements of WAC 296-901-140 Hazard communication.

(2) In classifying the hazards of cadmium at least the following hazards are to be addressed:

Cancer; lung effects; kidney effects; and acute toxicity effects.

(3) Employers must include cadmium in the hazard communication program established to

comply with WAC 296-901-140 Hazard communication. Employers must ensure that each

employee has access to labels on containers of cadmium and to safety data sheets (SDSs),

and is trained in accordance with the requirements of WAC 296-901-140 Hazard

communication and subsection (m)(4) of this section.

(4) Warning signs.

(a) Warning signs must be provided and displayed in regulated areas. In addition,

warning signs must be posted at all approaches to regulated areas so that an employee

may read the signs and take necessary protective steps before entering the area.

(b) The employer must ensure that signs required by this subsection are illuminated,

cleaned, and maintained as necessary so that the legend is readily visible.

DANGER CADMIUM MAY CAUSE CANCER

CAUSES DAMAGE TO LUNGS AND KIDNEYS

WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IN THIS AREA

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

(5) Warning labels.

(a) Shipping and storage containers containing cadmium, cadmium compounds, or

cadmium contaminated clothing, equipment, waste, scrap, or debris must bear

appropriate warning labels, as specified in subsection (1) of this section.

DANGER CONTAINS CADMIUM CANCER HAZARD

AVOID CREATING DUST CAN CAUSE LUNG AND KIDNEY DISEASE

(b) The warning labels for containers of contaminated protective clothing, equipment,

waste, scrap, or debris must include at least the following information:

indication that cadmium is present.

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(6) Employee information and training.

(a) The employer must train each employee who is potentially exposed to cadmium in

accordance with the requirements of this chapter. The employer must institute a

training program, ensure employee participation in the program, and maintain a

record of the contents of such program.

(b) Training must be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job

involving potential exposure to cadmium and at least annually thereafter.

must ensure that each employee is informed of the following:

The health hazards associated with cadmium exposure, with special attention to

the information incorporated in WAC 296-62-07441, Appendix A;

The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of cadmium in the

workplace and the specific nature of operations that could result in exposure to

cadmium, especially exposures above the PEL;

The engineering controls and work-practices associated with the employee's job

assignment;

The measures employees can take to protect themselves from exposure to

cadmium, including modification of such habits as smoking and personal

hygiene, and specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect

employees from exposure to cadmium such as appropriate work-practices,

emergency procedures, and the provision of personal protective equipment;

The purpose, proper selection, fitting, proper use, and limitations of protective

clothing;

The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by

WAC 296-62-07423;

The contents of this section and its appendices;

The employee's rights of access to records under WAC 296-901-140, and

chapter 296-802 WAC; and

The purpose, proper use, limitations, and other training requirements for

respiratory protection as required in chapter 296-842.

(d) Additional access to information and training program and materials.

The employer must make a copy of this section and its appendices readily

available without cost to all affected employees and must provide a copy if

requested.

The employer must provide to the director, upon request, all materials relating

to the employee information and the training program.

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WAC 296-62-07427 Recordkeeping.

(1) Exposure monitoring.

(a) The employer must establish and keep an accurate record of all air monitoring for

cadmium in the workplace.

(b) This record must include at least the following information:

The monitoring date, duration, and results in terms of an 8-hour TWA of each

sample taken;

The name, Social Security number, and job classification of the employees

monitored and of all other employees whose exposures the monitoring is

intended to represent;

A description of the sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their

accuracy;

The type of respiratory protective device, if any, worn by the monitored

employee;

A notation of any other conditions that might have affected the monitoring

results.

chapter 296-802 WAC.

(2) Objective data for exemption from requirement for initial monitoring.

(a) For purposes of this section, objective data are information demonstrating that a

particular product or material containing cadmium or a specific process, operation, or

activity involving cadmium cannot release dust or fumes in concentrations at or

above the action level even under the worst-case release conditions. Objective data

can be obtained from an industry-wide study or from laboratory product test results

from manufacturers of cadmium-containing products or materials. The data the

employer uses from an industry-wide survey must be obtained under workplace

conditions closely resembling the processes, types of material, control methods,

work-practices and environmental conditions in the employer's current operations.

(b) The employer must establish and maintain a record of the objective data for at least

thirty years.

(3) Medical surveillance.

(a) The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

covered by medical surveillance under WAC 296-62-07423 (1)(a).

(b) The record must include at least the following information about the employee:

Name, Social Security number, and description of the duties;

A copy of the physician's written opinions and an explanation sheet for

biological monitoring results;

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A copy of the medical history, and the results of any physical examination and

all test results that are required to be provided by this section, including

biological tests, x-rays, pulmonary function tests, etc., or that have been

obtained to further evaluate any condition that might be related to cadmium

exposure;

The employee's medical symptoms that might be related to exposure to

cadmium; and

A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by WAC 296-

62-07423 (9)(b) through (e).

employment plus thirty years, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(4) Training. The employer must certify that employees have been trained by preparing a

certification record which includes the identity of the person trained, the signature of the

employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was

completed. The certification records must be prepared at the completion of training and

must be maintained on file for one year beyond the date of training of that employee.

(5) Availability.

(a) Except as otherwise provided for in this section, access to all records required to be

maintained by subsections (1) through (4) of this section must be in accordance with

the provisions of chapter 296-802 WAC.

(b) Within fifteen days after a request, the employer must make an employee's medical

records required to be kept by subsection (3) of this section available for examination

and copying to the subject employee, to designated representatives, to anyone having

the specific written consent of the subject employee, and after the employee's death or

incapacitation, to the employee's family members.

(6) Transfer of records. Whenever an employer ceases to do business and there is no

successor employer to receive and retain records for the prescribed period or the employer

intends to dispose of any records required to be preserved for at least thirty years, the

employer must comply with the requirements concerning transfer of records set forth in

chapter 296-802 WAC.

WAC 296-62-07429 Observation of monitoring.

(1) Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees or their

designated representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee exposure

to cadmium.

(2) Observation procedures. When observation of monitoring requires entry into an area

where the use of protective clothing or equipment is required, the employer must provide

the observer with that clothing and equipment and must ensure that the observer uses such

clothing and equipment and complies with all other applicable safety and health

procedures.

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WAC 296-62-07433 Appendices.

WAC 296-62-07441, appendix A; WAC 296-62-07443, appendix B; WAC 296-62-07447,

appendix D; WAC 296-62-07449, appendix E; and WAC 296-62-07451, appendix F are

nonmandatory appendices and are not intended to create any additional obligations.

WAC 296-62-07441 Appendix A--substance safety data sheet--Cadmium.

(1) Substance identification.

(a) Substance: Cadmium.

(b) 8-Hour, time-weighted-average, permissible exposure limit (TWA PEL):

, time-

weighted average (TWA) for an 8-hour workday.

(d) Appearance: Cadmium metal--soft, blue-white, malleable, lustrous metal or grayish-

white powder. Some cadmium compounds may also appear as a brown, yellow, or

red powdery substance.

(2) Health hazard data.

(a) Routes of exposure. Cadmium can cause local skin or eye irritation. Cadmium can

affect your health if you inhale it or if you swallow it.

(b) Effects of overexposure.

Short-term (acute) exposure: Cadmium is much more dangerous by inhalation

than by ingestion. High exposures to cadmium that may be immediately

dangerous to life or health occur in jobs where workers handle large quantities

of cadmium dust or fume; heat cadmium-containing compounds or cadmium-

coated surfaces; weld with cadmium solders or cut cadmium-containing

materials such as bolts.

Severe exposure may occur before symptoms appear. Early symptoms may

include mild irritation of the upper respiratory tract, a sensation of constriction

of the throat, a metallic taste and/or a cough. A period of one to ten hours may

precede the onset of rapidly progressing shortness of breath, chest pain, and flu-

like symptoms with weakness, fever, headache, chills, sweating, and muscular

pain. Acute pulmonary edema usually develops within twenty-four hours and

reaches a maximum by three days. If death from asphyxia does not occur,

symptoms may resolve within a week.

Long-term (chronic) exposure. Repeated or long-term exposure to cadmium,

even at relatively low concentrations, may result in kidney damage and an

increased risk of cancer of the lung and of the prostate.

Eye exposure: Direct contact may cause redness or pain. Wash eyes

immediately with large amounts of water, lifting the upper and lower eyelids.

Get medical attention immediately.

Skin exposure: Direct contact may result in irritation. Remove contaminated

clothing and shoes immediately. Wash affected area with soap or mild

detergent and large amounts of water. Get medical attention immediately.

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Ingestion: Ingestion may result in vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea,

headache, and sore throat. Treatment for symptoms must be administered by

medical personnel. Under no circumstances should the employer allow any

person whom they retain, employ, supervise, or controls to engage in

therapeutic chelation. Such treatment is likely to translocate cadmium from

pulmonary or other tissue to renal tissue. Get medical attention immediately.

Inhalation: If large amounts of cadmium are inhaled, the exposed person must

be moved to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform

cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Administer oxygen if available. Keep the

affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention immediately.

Rescue: Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure. If the exposed

person has been overcome, attempt rescue only after notifying at least one other

person of the emergency and putting into effect established emergency

procedures. Do not become a casualty yourself. Understand your emergency

rescue procedures and know the location of the emergency equipment before

the need arises.

(3) Employee information.

(a) Protective clothing and equipment.

Respirators: You may be required to wear a respirator for nonroutine activities;

in emergencies; while your employer is in the process of reducing cadmium

exposures through engineering controls; and where engineering controls are not

feasible. If air-purifying respirators are worn , they must have a label issued by

the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) under the

provisions of 42 CFR part 84 stating that the respirators have been certified for

use with cadmium. Cadmium does not have a detectable odor except at levels

well above the permissible exposure limits. If you can smell cadmium while

wearing a respirator, proceed immediately to fresh air. If you experience

difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator, tell your employer.

Protective clothing: You may be required to wear impermeable clothing,

gloves, foot gear, a face shield, or other appropriate protective clothing to

prevent skin contact with cadmium. Where protective clothing is required, your

employer must provide clean garments to you as necessary to assure that the

clothing protects you adequately. The employer must replace or repair

protective clothing that has become torn or otherwise damaged.

Eye protection: You may be required to wear splash-proof or dust resistant

goggles to prevent eye contact with cadmium.

(b) Employer requirements.

Medical: If you are exposed to cadmium at or above the action level, your

employer is required to provide a medical examination, laboratory tests and a

medical history according to the medical surveillance provisions under WAC

296-62-07423. (See summary chart and tables in this section, appendix A.)

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These tests must be provided without cost to you. In addition, if you are

accidentally exposed to cadmium under conditions known or suspected to

constitute toxic exposure to cadmium, your employer is required to make

special tests available to you.

Access to records: All medical records are kept strictly confidential. You or

your representative are entitled to see the records of measurements of your

exposure to cadmium. Your medical examination records can be furnished to

your personal physician or designated representative upon request by you to

your employer.

Observation of monitoring: Your employer is required to perform

measurements that are representative of your exposure to cadmium and you or

your designated representative are entitled to observe the monitoring procedure.

You are entitled to observe the steps taken in the measurement procedure, and

to record the results obtained. When the monitoring procedure is taking place

in an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and equipment are

required to be worn, you or your representative must also be provided with, and

must wear the protective clothing and equipment.

tobacco, or apply cosmetics while working with cadmium in regulated areas. You

will also not be able to carry or store tobacco products, gum, food, drinks, or

cosmetics in regulated areas because these products easily become contaminated with

cadmium from the workplace and can therefore create another source of unnecessary

cadmium exposure. Some workers will have to change out of work clothes and

shower at the end of the day, as part of their workday, in order to wash cadmium from

skin and hair. Handwashing and cadmium-free eating facilities must be provided by

the employer and proper hygiene should always be performed before eating. It is also

recommended that you do not smoke or use tobacco products, because among other

things, they naturally contain cadmium. For further information, read the labeling on

such products.

(4) Physician information.

(a) Introduction. The medical surveillance provisions of WAC 296-62-07423 generally

are aimed at accomplishing three main interrelated purposes: First, identifying

employees at higher risk of adverse health effects from excess, chronic exposure to

cadmium; second, preventing cadmium-induced disease; and third, detecting and

minimizing existing cadmium-induced disease. The core of medical surveillance in

this standard is the early and periodic monitoring of the employee's biological

indicators of:

Recent exposure to cadmium;

Cadmium body burden; and

Potential and actual kidney damage associated with exposure to cadmium. The

main adverse health effects associated with cadmium overexposure are lung

cancer and kidney dysfunction. It is not yet known how to adequately

biologically monitor human beings to specifically prevent cadmium-induced

lung cancer. By contrast, the kidney can be monitored to provide prevention

and early detection of cadmium-induced kidney damage.

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Since, for noncarcinogenic effects, the kidney is considered the primary target

organ of chronic exposure to cadmium, the medical surveillance provisions of

this standard effectively focus on cadmium-induced kidney disease. Within that

focus, the aim, where possible, is to prevent the onset of such disease and,

where necessary, to minimize such disease as may already exist. The by-

products of successful prevention of kidney disease are anticipated to be the

reduction and prevention of other cadmium-induced diseases.

(b) Health effects. The major health effects associated with cadmium overexposure are

described below.

Kidney: The most prevalent nonmalignant disease observed among workers

chronically exposed to cadmium is kidney dysfunction. Initially, such

dysfunction is manifested as proteinuria. The proteinuria associated with

cadmium exposure is most commonly characterized by excretion of low-

molecular weight proteins (15,000 to 40,000 MW) accompanied by loss of

electrolytes, uric acid, calcium, amino acids, and phosphate. The compounds

commonly excreted include: beta-2-microglobulin (ß2-M), retinol binding

protein (RBP), immunoglobulin light chains, and lysozyme. Excretion of low

molecular weight proteins are characteristic of damage to the proximal tubules

of the kidney (Iwao et al., 1980). It has also been observed that exposure to

cadmium may lead to urinary excretion of high-molecular weight proteins such

as albumin, immunoglobulin G, and glycoproteins (Ex. 29). Excretion of high-

molecular weight proteins is typically indicative of damage to the glomeruli of

the kidney. Bernard et al., (1979) suggest that damage to the glomeruli and

damage to the proximal tubules of the kidney may both be linked to cadmium

exposure but they may occur independently of each other. Several studies

indicate that the onset of low-molecular weight proteinuria is a sign of

irreversible kidney damage (Friberg et al., 1974; Roels et al., 1982; Piscator

1984; Elinder et al., 1985; Smith et al., 1986). Above specific levels of ß2-M

associated with cadmium exposure it is unlikely that ß2-M levels return to

normal even when cadmium exposure is eliminated by removal of the

individual from the cadmium work environment (Friberg, Ex. 29, 1990). Some

studies indicate that such proteinuria may be progressive; levels of ß2-M

observed in the urine increase with time even after cadmium exposure has

ceased. See, for example, Elinder et al., 1985. Such observations, however, are

not universal, and it has been suggested that studies in which proteinuria has not

been observed to progress may not have tracked patients for a sufficiently long

time interval (Jarup, Ex. 8-661). When cadmium exposure continues after the

onset of proteinuria, chronic nephrotoxicity may occur (Friberg, Ex. 29).

Uremia results from the inability of the glomerulus to adequately filter blood.

This leads to severe disturbance of electrolyte concentrations and may lead to

various clinical complications including kidney stones (L-140-50). After

prolonged exposure to cadmium, glomerular proteinuria, glucosuria,

aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, and hypercalciuria may develop (Exs. 8-86, 4-28,

14-18). Phosphate, calcium, glucose, and amino acids are essential to life, and

under normal conditions, their excretion should be regulated by the kidney.

Once low molecular weight proteinuria has developed, these elements dissipate

from the human body. Loss of glomerular function may also occur, manifested

by decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased serum creatinine. Severe

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cadmium-induced renal damage may eventually develop into chronic renal

failure and uremia (Ex. 55). Studies in which animals are chronically exposed

to cadmium confirm the renal effects observed in humans (Friberg et al., 1986).

Animal studies also confirm problems with calcium metabolism and related

skeletal effects which have been observed among humans exposed to cadmium

in addition to the renal effects. Other effects commonly reported in chronic

animal studies include anemia, changes in liver morphology,

immunosuppression and hypertension. Some of these effects may be associated

with co-factors. Hypertension, for example, appears to be associated with diet

as well as cadmium exposure. Animals injected with cadmium have also shown

testicular necrosis (Ex. 8- 86B).

Biological markers. It is universally recognized that the best measures of

cadmium exposures and its effects are measurements of cadmium in biological

fluids, especially urine and blood. Of the two, CdU is conventionally used to

determine body burden of cadmium in workers without kidney disease. CdB is

conventionally used to monitor for recent exposure to cadmium. In addition,

levels of CdU and CdB historically have been used to predict the percent of the

population likely to develop kidney disease (Thun et al., Ex. L-140-50; WHO,

Ex. 8-674; ACGIH, Exs. 8-667, 140-50). The third biological parameter upon

which WISHA relies for medical surveillance is beta-2-microglobulin in urine

(ß2-M), a low molecular weight protein. Excess ß2-M has been widely

accepted by physicians and scientists as a reliable indicator of functional

damage to the proximal tubule of the kidney.

(Exs. 8-447, 144-3-C, 4-47, L-140-45, 19-43-A). Excess ß2-M is found when

the proximal tubules can no longer reabsorb this protein in a normal manner.

This failure of the proximal tubules is an early stage of a kind of kidney disease

that commonly occurs among workers with excessive cadmium exposure. Used

in conjunction with biological test results indicating abnormal levels of CdU

and CdB, the finding of excess ß2-M can establish for an examining physician

that any existing kidney disease is probably cadmium-related (Trs. 6/6/90, pp.

82-86, 122, 134). The upper limits of normal levels for cadmium in urine and

cadmium in blood are 3 µg Cd/gram creatinine in urine and 5 µg Cd/liter whole

blood, respectively. These levels were derived from broad-based population

studies. Three issues confront the physicians in the use of ß2-M as a marker of

kidney dysfunction and material impairment. First, there are a few other causes

of elevated levels of ß2-M not related to cadmium exposures, some of which

may be rather common diseases and some of which are serious diseases (e.g.,

myeloma or transient flu, Exs. 29 and 8-086). These can be medically

evaluated as alternative causes (Friberg, Ex. 29). Also, there are other factors

that can cause ß2-M to degrade so that low levels would result in workers with

tubular dysfunction. For example, regarding the degradation of ß2-M, workers

with acidic urine (pH<6) might have ß2-M levels that are within the “normal”

range when in fact kidney dysfunction has occurred (Ex. L-140-1) and the low

molecular weight proteins are degraded in acid urine.

Thus, it is very important that the pH of urine be measured, that urine samples

be buffered as necessary (See WAC 296-62-07451, appendix F.), and that urine

samples be handled correctly, i.e., measure the pH of freshly voided urine

samples, then if necessary, buffer to Ph>6 (or above for shipping purposes),

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measure Ph again and then, perhaps, freeze the sample for storage and shipping.

(See also WAC 296-62-07451, appendix F.) Second, there is debate over the

pathological significance of proteinuria, however, most world experts believe

that ß2-M levels greater than 300 µg/g Cr are abnormal (Elinder, Ex. 55,

Friberg, Ex. 29). Such levels signify kidney dysfunction that constitutes

material impairment of health. Finally, detection of ß2-M at low levels has

often been considered difficult, however, many laboratories have the capability

of detecting excess ß2-M using simple kits, such as the Phadebas Delphia test,

that are accurate to levels of 100 µg ß2-M/g Cr U (Ex. L-140-1). Specific

recommendations for ways to measure ß2-M and proper handling of urine

samples to prevent degradation of ß2-M have been addressed by WISHA in

WAC 296-62-07451, appendix F, in the section on laboratory standardization.

All biological samples must be analyzed in a laboratory that is proficient in the

analysis of that particular analyte, under WAC 296-62-07423 (1)(d). (See WAC

296-62-07451, appendix F). Specifically, under WAC 296-62-07423 (1)(d), the

employer is to ensure that the collecting and handling of biological samples of

cadmium in urine (CdU), cadmium in blood (CdB), and beta-2 microglobulin in

urine (ß2-M) taken from employees is collected in a manner that ensures

reliability. The employer must also ensure that analysis of biological samples of

cadmium in urine (CdU), cadmium in blood (CdB), and beta-2 microglobulin in

urine (ß2-M) taken from employees is performed in laboratories with

demonstrated proficiency for that particular analyte. (See WAC 296-62-07451,

appendix F).

Lung and prostate cancer. The primary sites for cadmium-associated cancer

appear to be the lung and the prostate (L-140-50). Evidence for an association

between cancer and cadmium exposure derives from both epidemiological

studies and animal experiments. Mortality from prostate cancer associated with

cadmium is slightly elevated in several industrial cohorts, but the number of

cases is small and there is not clear dose-response relationship. More

substantive evidence exists for lung cancer. The major epidemiological study

of lung cancer was conducted by Thun et al., (Ex. 4-68). Adequate data on

cadmium exposures were available to allow evaluation of dose-response

relationships between cadmium exposure and lung cancer. A statistically

significant excess of lung cancer attributed to cadmium exposure was observed

in this study even when confounding variables such as co-exposure to arsenic

and smoking habits were taken into consideration (Ex. L-140-50). The primary

evidence for quantifying a link between lung cancer and cadmium exposure

from animal studies derives from two rat bioassay studies; one by Takenaka et

al., (1983), which is a study of cadmium chloride and a second study by Oldiges

and Glaser (1990) of four cadmium compounds. Based on the above cited

studies, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified cadmium

as “B1”, a probable human carcinogen, in 1985 (Ex. 4-4). The International

Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1987 also recommended that

cadmium be listed as “2A”, a probable human carcinogen (Ex. 4-15). The

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has

recently recommended that cadmium be labeled as a carcinogen. Since 1984,

NIOSH has concluded that cadmium is possibly a human carcinogen and has

recommended that exposures be controlled to the lowest level feasible.

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Noncarcinogenic effects. Acute pneumonitis occurs 10 to 24 hours after initial

acute inhalation of high levels of cadmium fumes with symptoms such as fever

and chest pain (Exs. 30, 8-86B). In extreme exposure cases pulmonary edema

may develop and cause death several days after exposure. Little actual

exposure measurement data is available on the level of airborne cadmium

exposure that causes such immediate adverse lung effects, nonetheless, it is

reasonable to believe cadmium concentration of approximately 1 mg/m3 over

an eight hour period is “immediately dangerous” (55 FR 4052, ANSI; Ex. 8-

86B). In addition to acute lung effects and chronic renal effects, long term

exposure to cadmium may cause other severe effects on the respiratory system.

Reduced pulmonary function and chronic lung disease indicative of emphysema

have been observed in workers who have had prolonged exposure to cadmium

dust or fumes (Exs. 4-29, 4-22, 4-42, 4-50, 4-63). In a study of workers

conducted by Kazantzis et al., a statistically significant excess of worker deaths

due to chronic bronchitis was found, which in his opinion was directly related to

high cadmium exposures of 1 mg/m3 or more (Tr. 6/8/90, pp. 156-157).

Cadmium need not be respirable to constitute a hazard. Inspirable cadmium

particles that are too large to be respirable but small enough to enter the

tracheobronchial region of the lung can lead to bronchoconstriction, chronic

pulmonary disease, and cancer of that portion of the lung. All of these diseases

have been associated with occupational exposure to cadmium (Ex. 8- 86B).

Particles that are constrained by their size to the extra-thoracic regions of the

respiratory system such as the nose and maxillary sinuses can be swallowed

through mucocillary clearance and be absorbed into the body (ACGIH, Ex. 8-

692). The impaction of these particles in the upper airways can lead to

anosmia, or loss of sense of smell, which is an early indication of overexposure

among workers exposed to heavy metals. This condition is commonly reported

among cadmium-exposed workers (Ex. 8-86-B).

section of the standard, under WAC 296-62-07423 (1) through (16), are as follows:

Workers exposed above the action level are covered;

Workers with intermittent exposures are not covered;

Past workers who are covered receive biological monitoring for at least one

year;

Initial examinations include a medical questionnaire and biological monitoring

of cadmium in blood (CdB), cadmium in urine (CdU), and Beta-2-

microglobulin in urine (ß2-M);

Biological monitoring of these three analytes is performed at least annually; full

medical examinations are performed biennially;

Until five years from the effective date of the standard, medical removal is

required when CdU is greater than 15 µg/gram creatinine (g Cr), or CdB is

greater than 15 µg/liter whole blood (lwb), or ß2-M is greater than 1500 µg/g

Cr, and CdB is greater than 5 µg/lwb or CdU is greater than 3 µg/g Cr;

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Beginning five years after the standard is in effect, medical removal triggers

will be reduced;

Medical removal protection benefits are to be provided for up to eighteen

months;

Limited initial medical examinations are required for respirator usage;

Major provisions are fully described under WAC 296-62-07423; they are

outlined here as follows:

(A) Eligibility.

(B) Biological monitoring.

and Tables in WAC 296-62-07441(5).)

(D) Periodic medical surveillance.

(E) Actions triggered by periodic medical surveillance (See appendix A

Summary Chart and Tables in WAC 296-62-07441(5).)

(F) Respirator usage.

(G) Emergency medical examinations.

(H) Termination examination.

(I) Information to physician.

(J) Physician's medical opinion.

(K) Medical removal protection.

(L) Medical removal protection benefits.

(M) Multiple physician review.

(N) Alternate physician review.

(O) Information employer gives to employee.

(P) Recordkeeping.

(Q) Reporting on OSHA form 200.

The above mentioned summary of the medical surveillance provisions, the

summary chart, and tables for the actions triggered at different levels of CdU,

CdB and ß2-M (in subsection (5) of this section, Attachment 1) are included

only for the purpose of facilitating understanding of the provisions of WAC

296-62-07423(3) of the final cadmium standard. The summary of the

provisions, the summary chart, and the tables do not add to or reduce the

requirements in WAC 296-62-07423(3).

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(d) Recommendations to physicians.

It is strongly recommended that patients with tubular proteinuria are counseled

on: The hazards of smoking; avoidance of nephrotoxins and certain

prescriptions and over-the-counter medications that may exacerbate kidney

symptoms; how to control diabetes and/or blood pressure; proper hydration,

diet, and exercise (Ex. 19-2). A list of prominent or common nephrotoxins is

attached. (See subsection (6) of this section, Attachment 2.)

DO NOT CHELATE; KNOW WHICH DRUGS ARE NEPHROTOXINS OR

ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHRITIS.

The gravity of cadmium-induced renal damage is compounded by the fact there

is no medical treatment to prevent or reduce the accumulation of cadmium in

the kidney (Ex. 8-619). Dr. Friberg, a leading world expert on cadmium

toxicity, indicated in 1992, that there is no form of chelating agent that could be

used without substantial risk. He stated that tubular proteinuria has to be treated

in the same way as other kidney disorders (Ex. 29).

After the results of a workers' biological monitoring or medical examination are

received the employer is required to provide an information sheet to the patient,

briefly explaining the significance of the results. (See subsection (7) of this

section.)

For additional information the physician is referred to the following additional

resources:

(A) The physician can always obtain a copy of the OSHA final rule preamble,

with its full discussion of the health effects, from OSHA's Computerized

Information System (OCIS).

(B) The OSHA Docket Officer maintains a record of the OSHA rulemaking.

The Cadmium Docket (H-057A), is located at 200 Constitution Ave. NW.,

Room N-2625, Washington, DC 20210; telephone: (202) 219-7894.

057A):

Exhibit number

Author and paper title

8-447

Lauwerys et. al., Guide for physicians, “Health Maintenance of

Workers Exposed to Cadmium,” published by the Cadmium

Council.

4-67

Takenaka, S., H. Oldiges, H. Konig, D. Hochrainer, G. Oberdorster.

“Carcinogenicity of Cadmium Chloride Aerosols in Wistar Rats”.

JNCI 70:367-373, 1983. (32)

4-68

Thun, M.J., T.M. Schnoor, A.B. Smith, W.E. Halperin, R.A. Lemen.

“Mortality Among a Cohort of U.S. Cadmium Production Workers--

An Update.” JNCI 74(2):325-33, 1985. (8)

4-25

Elinder, C.G., Kjellstrom, T., Hogstedt, C., et al., “Cancer Mortality

of Cadmium Workers.” Brit. J. Ind. Med. 42:651-655, 1985. (14)

4-26

Ellis, K.J. et al., “Critical Concentrations of Cadmium in Human

Renal Cortex: Dose Effect Studies to Cadmium Smelter Workers.”

J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7:691-703, 1981. (76)

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Exhibit number

Author and paper title

4-27

Ellis, K.J., S.H. Cohn and T.J. Smith. “Cadmium Inhalation

Exposure Estimates: Their Significance with Respect to Kidney and

Liver Cadmium Burden.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 15:173-187,

1985.

4-28

Falck, F.Y., Jr., Fine, L.J., Smith, R.G., McClatchey, K.D., Annesley,

T., England, B., and Schork, A.M. “Occupational Cadmium

Exposure and Renal Status.” Am. J. Ind. Med. 4:541, 1983. (64)

8-86A

Friberg, L., C.G. Elinder, et al., “Cadmium and Health a

Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, Volume I, Exposure,

Dose, and Metabolism.” CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1986.

(Available from the OSHA Technical Data Center)

8-86B

Friberg, L., C.G. Elinder, et al., “Cadmium and Health: A

Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, Volume II, Effects and

Response.” CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1986. (Available from

the OSHA Technical Data Center)

L-140-45

Elinder, C.G., “Cancer Mortality of Cadmium Workers”, Brit. J. Ind.

Med., 42, 651-655, 1985.

L-140-50

Thun, M., Elinder, C.G., Friberg, L, “Scientific Basis for an

Occupational Standard for Cadmium, Am. J. Ind. Med., 20; 629-

642, 1991.

(5) Information sheet. The information sheet (subsection (8) of this section, Attachment 3) or

an equally explanatory one should be provided to you after any biological monitoring

results are reviewed by the physician, or where applicable, after any medical examination.

(6) Attachment 1--Appendix A, summary chart and Tables A and B of actions triggered by

biological monitoring.

(a) Summary chart: WAC 296-62-07423(3) Medical surveillance--Categorizing

biological monitoring results.

Biological monitoring results categories are set forth in Table A for the periods

ending December 31, 1998, and for the period beginning January 1, 1999.

The results of the biological monitoring for the initial medical exam and the

subsequent exams must determine an employee's biological monitoring result

category.

(b) Actions triggered by biological monitoring.

The actions triggered by biological monitoring for an employee are set forth in

Table B.

The biological monitoring results for each employee under WAC 296-62-

07423(3) must determine the actions required for that employee. That is, for

any employee in biological monitoring category C, the employer will perform

all of the actions for which there is an X in column C of Table B.

An employee is assigned the alphabetical category (“A” being the lowest)

depending upon the test results of the three biological markers.

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An employee is assigned category A if monitoring results for all three

biological markers fall at or below the levels indicated in the table listed for

category A.

An employee is assigned category B if any monitoring result for any of the

three biological markers fall within the range of levels indicated in the table

listed for category B, providing no result exceeds the levels listed for category

An employee is assigned category C if any monitoring result for any of the

three biological markers are above the levels listed for category C.

facilitate understanding of the relevant provisions of WAC 296-62-07423. Tables A

and B are not meant to add to or subtract from the requirements of those provisions.

Table A Categorization of Biological Monitoring Results Applicable Through 1998

Only Monitoring Result Categories

Biological marker

Cadmium in urine (CdU)

(µg/g creatinine)

ß2-microglobulin (ß2-M)

(µg/g creatinine)

Cadmium in blood (CdB)

(µg/liter whole blood)

≤ = 3

≤ = 300

≤ = 5

>3 and ≤ = 15

>300 and ≤ = 1500

>5 and ≤ = 15

>15

>1500*

>15

* If an employee's ß2-M levels are above 1,500 µg/g creatinine, in order for mandatory medical

removal to be required (See WAC 296-62-07441, Appendix A Table B.), either the employee's

CdU level must also be >3 µg/g creatinine or CdB level must also be >5 µg/liter whole blood.

Applicable Beginning January 1, 1999 Monitoring result categories

Biological marker

Cadmium in urine (CdU)

(µg/g creatinine)

ß2-microglobulin (ß2-M)

(µg/g creatinine)

Cadmium in blood (CdB)

(µg/liter whole blood)

≤ = 3

≤ = 300

≤ = 5

>3 and ≤ = 7

>300 and ≤ = 750

>5 and ≤ = 10

>750*

>10

* If an employee's ß2-M levels are above 750 µg/g creatinine, in order for mandatory medical

removal to be required (See WAC 296-62-07441, Appendix A Table B.), either the employee's

CdU level must also be >3 µg/g creatinine or CdB level must also be >5 µg/liter whole blood.

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Table B--Actions determined by biological monitoring.

This table presents the actions required based on the monitoring result in Table A. Each item is a

separate requirement in citing noncompliance. For example, a medical examination within

ninety days for an employee in category B is separate from the requirement to administer a

periodic medical examination for category B employees on an annual basis.

Table B Monitoring result category

Required actions

(1) Biological monitoring:

(a) Annual.

(b) Semiannual.

(2) Medical examination:

(a) Biennial.

(b) Annual.

(d) Within 90 days.

(3) Assess within two weeks:

(a) Excess cadmium exposure.

(b) Work-practices.

(d) Respirator usage.

(e) Smoking history.

(f) Hygiene facilities.

(g) Engineering controls.

(h) Correct within 30 days.

(i) Periodically assess exposures.

(4) Discretionary medical removal.

(5) Mandatory medical removal.

For all employees covered by medical surveillance exclusively because of exposures prior to

the effective date of this standard, if they are in Category A, the employer shall follow the

requirements of WAC 296-62-07423 (3)(a)(ii) and (4)(e)(i). If they are in Category B or C, the

employer shall follow the requirements of WAC 296-62-07423 (4)(e)(ii) and (iii).

See footnote in Table A.

(7) Attachment 2, list of medications.

(a) A list of the more common medications that a physician, and the employee, may wish

to review is likely to include some of the following:

Anticonvulsants: Paramethadione, phenytoin, trimethadone;

Antihypertensive drugs: Captopril, methyldopa;

Antimicrobials: Aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cephalosporins,

ethambutol;

Antineoplastic agents: Cisplatin, methotrexate, mitomycin-C, nitrosoureas,

radiation;

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Sulfonamide diuretics: Acetazolamide, chlorthalidone, furosemide, thiazides;

Halogenated alkanes, hydrocarbons, and solvents that may occur in some

settings: Carbon tetrachloride, ethylene glycol, toluene; iodinated radiographic

contrast media; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and

Other miscellaneous compounds: Acetaminophen, allopurinol, amphetamines,

azathioprine, cimetidine, cyclosporine, lithium, methoxyflurane, methysergide,

D-penicillamine, phenacetin, phenendione.

(b) A list of drugs associated with acute interstitial nephritis includes:

Antimicrobial drugs: Cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, colistin, erythromycin,

ethambutol, isoniazid, para-aminosalicylic acid, penicillins, polymyxin B,

rifampin, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and vancomycin;

Other miscellaneous drugs: Allopurinol, antipyrine, azathioprine, captopril,

cimetidine, clofibrate, methyldopa, phenindione, phenylpropanolamine,

phenytoin, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamide diuretics, triamterene; and

Metals: Bismuth, gold. This list has been derived from commonly available

medical textbooks (e.g., Ex. 14-18). The list has been included merely to

facilitate the physician's, employer's, and employee's understanding. The list

does not represent an official OSHA opinion or policy regarding the use of

these medications for particular employees. The use of such medications

should be under physician discretion.

(8) Attachment 3--Biological monitoring and medical examination results.

Employee___________________________________________________________

Testing Date_________________________________________________________

Cadmium in Urine ___ µg/g Cr--Normal Levels: ≤ = 3 µg/g Cr.

Cadmium in Blood ___ µg/lwb--Normal Levels: ≤ = 5 µg/lwb.

Beta-2-microglobulin in Urine ___ µg/g Cr—Normal Levels: ≤ = 300 µg/g Cr.

Physical Examination Results: N/A ___ Satisfactory ___ Unsatisfactory ___ (see physician

again).

Physician's Review of Pulmonary Function Test: N/A ___ Normal ___ Abnormal ___.

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Next biological monitoring or medical examination scheduled for ___________________.

(a) The biological monitoring program has been designed for three main purposes:

To identify employees at risk of adverse health effects from excess, chronic

exposure to cadmium;

To prevent cadmium-induced disease(s); and

To detect and minimize existing cadmium-induced disease(s).

(b) The levels of cadmium in the urine and blood provide an estimate of the total amount

of cadmium in the body. The amount of a specific protein in the urine (beta-2-

microglobulin) indicates changes in kidney function. All three tests must be

evaluated together. A single mildly elevated result may not be important if testing at

a later time indicates that the results are normal and the workplace has been evaluated

to decrease possible sources of cadmium exposure. The levels of cadmium or beta-2-

microglobulin may change over a period of days to months and the time needed for

those changes to occur is different for each worker.

urine greater than 10 micrograms per gram of creatinine µg/ Cr), cadmium blood

greater than 10 micrograms per liter of whole blood (µg/lwb), or beta-2-

microglobulin greater than 1000 micrograms per gram of creatinine (µg/g Cr), the

worker has a much greater chance of developing other kidney diseases.

(d) One way to measure for kidney function is by measuring beta-2-microglobulin in the

urine. Beta-2-microglobulin is a protein which is normally found in the blood as it is

being filtered in the kidney, and the kidney reabsorbs or returns almost all of the beta-

2-microglobulin to the blood. A very small amount (less than 300 µg/g Cr in the

urine) of beta-2-microglobulin is not reabsorbed into the blood, but is released in the

urine. If cadmium damages the kidney, the amount of beta-2-microglobulin in the

urine increases because the kidney cells are unable to reabsorb the beta-2-

microglobulin normally. An increase in the amount of beta-2-microglobulin in the

urine is a very early sign of kidney dysfunction. A small increase in beta-2-

microglobulin in the urine will serve as an early warning sign that the worker may be

absorbing cadmium from the air, cigarettes contaminated in the workplace, or eating

in areas that are cadmium contaminated.

(e) Even if cadmium causes permanent changes in the kidney's ability to reabsorb beta-2-

microglobulin, and the beta-2-microglobulin is above the “high levels,” the loss of

kidney function may not lead to any serious health problems. Also, renal function

naturally declines as people age. The risk for changes in kidney function for workers

who have biological monitoring results between the “normal values” and the “high

levels” is not well known. Some people are more cadmium-tolerant, while others are

more cadmium-susceptible.

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(f) For anyone with even a slight increase of beta-2-microglobulin, cadmium in the

urine, or cadmium in the blood, it is very important to protect the kidney from further

damage. Kidney damage can come from other sources than excess cadmium-

exposure so it is also recommended that if a worker's levels are “high” they should

receive counseling about drinking more water; avoiding cadmium-tainted tobacco and

certain medications (nephrotoxins, acetaminophen); controlling diet, vitamin intake,

blood pressure and diabetes; etc.

WAC 296-62-07443 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for cadmium.

(1) Cadmium metal.

(a) Physical and chemical data.

Substance identification.

Chemical name: Cadmium.

Formula: Cd.

Molecular Weight: 112.4.

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry No.: 7740-43-9.

Other identifiers: RETCS EU9800000; EPA D006; DOT 2570 53.

Synonyms: Colloidal Cadmium: Kadmium (German): CI 77180.

Physical data.

Boiling point: (760 mm Hg): 765 degrees C.

Melting point: 321 degrees C.

Specific gravity: (H

O = @ 20°C): 8.64.

Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in dilute nitric acid and in sulfuric acid.

Appearance: Soft, blue-white, malleable, lustrous metal or grayish-white

powder.

(b) Fire, explosion, and reactivity data.

Fire.

Fire and explosion hazards: The finely divided metal is pyrophoric, that is the

dust is a severe fire hazard and moderate explosion hazard when exposed to

heat or flame. Burning material reacts violently with extinguishing agents such

as water, foam, carbon dioxide, and halons.

Flash point: Flammable (dust).

Extinguishing media: Dry sand, dry dolomite, dry graphite, or sodium chloride.

Reactivity.

Conditions contributing to instability: Stable when kept in sealed containers

under normal temperatures and pressure, but dust may ignite upon contact with

air. Metal tarnishes in moist air.

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Incompatibilities: Ammonium nitrate, fused: Reacts violently or explosively

with cadmium dust below 20°C. Hydrozoic acid: Violent explosion occurs

after thirty minutes. Acids: Reacts violently, forms hydrogen gas. Oxidizing

agents or metals: Strong reaction with cadmium dust. Nitryl fluoride at slightly

elevated temperature: Glowing or white incandescence occurs. Selenium:

Reacts exothermically. Ammonia: Corrosive reaction. Sulfur dioxide:

Corrosive reaction. Fire extinguishing agents (water, foam, carbon dioxide, and

halons): Reacts violently. Tellurium: Incandescent reaction in hydrogen

atmosphere.

Hazardous decomposition products: The heated metal rapidly forms highly

toxic, brownish fumes of oxides of cadmium.

Steps to be taken if the materials is released or spilled. Do not touch spilled

material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside

container. For large spills, dike spill for later disposal. Keep unnecessary

people away. Isolate hazard area and deny entry.

The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Section 304

requires that a release equal to or greater than the reportable quantity for this

substance (one pound) must be immediately reported to the local emergency

planning committee, the state emergency response commission, and the

National Response Center (800) 424-8802; in Washington, DC metropolitan

area (202) 426-2675.

(2) Cadmium oxide.

(a) Physical and chemical date.

Substance identification.

Chemical name: Cadmium oxide.

Formula: CdO.

Molecular Weight: 128.4.

CAS No.: 1306-19-0.

Other identifiers: RTECS EV1929500.

Synonyms: Kadmu tlenek (Polish).

Physical data.

Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 950 degrees C decomposes.

Melting point: 1500°C.

Specific gravity: (H

O = 1@20°C): 7.0.

Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in acids and alkalines.

Appearance: Red or brown crystals.

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(b) Fire, explosion, and reactivity data.

Fire.

Fire and explosion hazards: Negligible fire hazard when exposed to heat or

flame.

Flash point: Nonflammable.

Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam.

Reactivity.

Conditions contributing to instability: Stable under normal temperatures and

pressures.

Incompatibilities: Magnesium may reduce CdO2 explosively on heating.

Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic fumes of cadmium.

Steps to be taken if the material is released or spilled. Do not touch spilled

material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. For small spills, take up with

sand or other absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

For small dry spills, use a clean shovel to place material into clean, dry

container and then cover. Move containers from spill area. For larger spills,

dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Keep unnecessary people away.

Isolate hazard area and deny entry.

The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Section 304

requires that a release equal to or greater than the reportable quantity for this

substance (one pound) must be immediately reported to the local emergency

planning committee, the state emergency response commission, and the

National Response Center (800) 424-8802; in Washington, DC metropolitan

area (202) 426-2675.

(3) Cadmium sulfide.

(a) Physical and chemical data.

Substance identification.

Chemical name: Cadmium sulfide.

Formula: CdS.

Molecular weight: 144.5.

CAS No. 1306-23-6.

Other identifiers: RTECS EV3150000.

Synonyms: Aurora yellow; Cadmium Golden 366; Cadmium Lemon Yellow

527; Cadmium Orange; Cadmium Primrose 819; Cadmium Sulphide; Cadmium

Yellow; Cadmium Yellow 000; Cadmium Yellow Conc. Deep; Cadmium

Yellow Conc. Golden; Cadmium Yellow Conc. Lemon; Cadmium Yellow

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Conc. Primrose; Cadmium Yellow Oz. Dark; Cadmium Yellow Primrose 47-

1400; Cadmium Yellow 10G Conc.; Cadmium Yellow 892; Cadmopur Golden

Yellow N; Cadmopur Yellow: Capsebon; C.I. 77199; C.I. Pigment Orange 20;

CI Pigment Yellow 37; Ferro Lemon Yellow; Ferro Orange Yellow; Ferro

Yellow; Greenockite; NCI-C02711.

Physical data.

Boiling point (760 mm. Hg): sublines in N2 at 980°C.

Melting point: 1750 degrees C (100 atm).

Specific gravity: (H

O = 1@ 20°C): 4.82.

Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; soluble in acid.

Appearance: Light yellow or yellow-orange crystals.

(b) Fire, explosion, and reactivity data.

Fire.

Fire and explosion hazards: Negligible fire hazard when exposed to heat or

flame.

Flash point: Nonflammable.

Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam.

Reactivity. Conditions contributing to instability: Generally nonreactive under

normal conditions. Reacts with acids to form toxic hydrogen sulfide gas.

Incompatibilities: Reacts vigorously with iodinemonochloride.

Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic fumes of cadmium and sulfur

oxides.

Steps to be taken if the material is released or spilled. Do not touch spilled

material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. For small, dry spills, with a

clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover. Move

containers from spill area.

For larger spills, dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Keep unnecessary

people away. Isolate hazard and deny entry.

(4) Cadmium chloride.

(a) Physical and chemical data.

Substance identification.

Chemical name: Cadmium chloride.

Formula: CdC12.

Molecular weight: 183.3.

CAS No. 10108-64-2.

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Other identifiers: RTECS EY0175000.

Synonyms: Caddy; Cadmium dichloride; NA 2570 (DOT); UI-CAD;

dichlorocadmium.

Physical data.

Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 960 degrees C.

Melting point: 568 degrees C.

Specific gravity: (H

O = 1 @ 20°C): 4.05.

Solubility: Soluble in water (140 g/100 cc); soluble in acetone.

Appearance: Small, white crystals.

(b) Fire, explosion, and reactivity data.

Fire.

Fire and explosion hazards: Negligible fire and negligible explosion hazard in

dust form when exposed to heat or flame.

Flash point: Nonflammable.

Extinguishing media: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam.

Reactivity. Conditions contributing to instability: Generally stable under

normal temperatures and pressures.

Incompatibilities: Bromine triflouride [trifluoride] rapidly attacks cadmium

chloride. A mixture of potassium and cadmium chloride may produce a strong

explosion on impact.

Hazardous decomposition products: Thermal decomposition may release toxic

fumes of hydrogen chloride, chloride, chlorine or oxides of cadmium.

Steps to be taken if the materials is released or spilled. Do not touch spilled

material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. For small, dry spills, with a

clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover. Move

containers from spill area. For larger spills, dike far ahead of spill for later

disposal. Keep unnecessary people away. Isolate hazard and deny entry.

The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Section 304

requires that a release equal to or greater than the reportable quantity for this

substance (one hundred pounds) must be immediately reported to the local

emergency planning committee, the state emergency response commission, and

the National Response Center (800) 424-8802; in Washington, DC Metropolitan

area (202) 426-2675.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

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WAC 296-62-07447 Appendix D--Occupational health history interview with

reference to cadmium exposure directions.

(To be read by employee and signed prior to the interview.)

Please answer the questions you will be asked as completely and carefully as you can. These

questions are asked of everyone who works with cadmium. You will also be asked to give blood

and urine samples. The doctor will give your employer a written opinion on whether you are

physically capable of working with cadmium. Legally, the doctor cannot share personal

information you may tell them with your employer. The following information is considered

strictly confidential. The results of the tests will go to you, your doctor and your employer. You

will also receive an information sheet explaining the results of any biological monitoring or

physical examinations performed. If you are just being hired, the results of this interview and

examination will be used to:

(1) Establish your health status and see if working with cadmium might be expected to cause

unusual problems;

(2) Determine your health status today and see if there are changes over time;

(3) See if you can wear a respirator safely. If you are not a new hire: WISHA says that

everyone who works with cadmium can have periodic medical examinations performed by

a doctor. The reasons for this are:

(a) If there are changes in your health, either because of cadmium or some other reason,

to find them early;

(b) To prevent kidney damage.

Please sign below.

I have read these directions and understand them:

__________________________________________

Employee signature

__________________________________________

Date

Thank you for answering these questions. (Suggested Format)

Name:________________________________________________________________________

Age:__________

Social Security #:_______________________________

Company:_____________________________________Job:_____________________________

Type of Preplacement Exam: [ ] Periodic [ ] Termination [ ] Initial [ ] Other

Blood Pressure:________________________________Pulse

Rate:___________________________

1. How long have you worked at the job listed above?

[ ] Not yet hired [ ] Number of months [ ] Number of years

2. Job Duties

etc.___________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Have you ever been told by a doctor that you had bronchitis? [ ] Yes [ ] No

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If yes, how long ago? [ ] Number of months [ ] Number of years

4. Have you ever been told by a doctor that you had emphysema? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, how long ago? [ ] Number of years [ ] Number of months

5. Have you ever been told by a doctor that you had other lung problems? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, please describe type of lung problems and when you had these problems:

6. In the past year, have you had a cough? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, did you cough up sputum? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, how long did the cough with sputum production last? [ ] Less than 3 months [ ] 3

months or longer

If yes, for how many years have you had episodes of cough with sputum production

lasting this long? [ ] Less than one [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] Longer than 2

7. Have you ever smoked cigarettes? [ ] Yes [ ] No

8. Do you now smoke cigarettes? [ ] Yes [ ] No

9. If you smoke or have smoked cigarettes, for how many years have you smoked, or did

you smoke? [ ] Less than 1 year [ ] Number of years

What is or was the greatest number of packs per day that you have smoked? [ ] Number

of packs

If you quit smoking cigarettes, how many years ago did you quit?

[ ] Less than 1 year [ ] Number of years

How many packs a day do you now smoke? [ ] Number of packs per day

10. Have you ever been told by a doctor that you had a kidney or urinary tract disease or

disorder? [ ] Yes [ ] No

11. Have you ever had any of these disorders?

Kidney stones [ ] Yes [ ] No

Protein in urine [ ] Yes [ ] No

Blood in urine [ ] Yes [ ] No

Difficulty urinating [ ] Yes [ ] No

Other kidney/Urinary disorders [ ] Yes [ ] No

Please describe problems, age, treatment, and follow up for any kidney or urinary problems you

have had:

______________________________________________________________________________

12. Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health care provider who took your blood

pressure that your blood pressure was high? [ ] Yes [ ] No

13 Have you ever been advised to take any blood pressure medication? [ ] Yes [ ] No

14. Are you presently taking any blood pressure medication? [ ] Yes [ ] No

15. Are you presently taking any other medication? [ ] Yes [ ] No

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16. Please list any blood pressure or other medications and describe how long you have been

taking each one:

Medicine:_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

How Long Taken:________________________________________________________

17. Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have diabetes? (sugar in your blood or

urine) [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, do you presently see a doctor about your diabetes? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, how do you control your blood sugar? [ ] Diet alone [ ] Diet

plus oral medicine [ ] Diet plus insulin (injection)

18. Have you ever been told by a doctor that you had:

Anemia ? [ ] Yes [ ] No

A low blood count? [ ] Yes [ ] No

19. Do you presently feel that you tire or run out of energy sooner than normal or sooner than

other people your age? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, for how long have you felt that you tire easily? [ ] Less than 1 year [ ] Number of

years

20. Have you given blood within the last year? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, how many times? [ ] Number of times

How long ago was the last time you gave blood? [ ] Less than 1 month [ ] Number of

months

21. Within the last year have you had any injuries with heavy bleeding? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, how long ago? [ ] Less than 1 month [ ] Number of months describe:

22. Have you recently had any surgery? [ ] Yes [ ] No If yes, please

describe:________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

23. Have you seen any blood lately in your stool or after a bowel movement? [ ] Yes [ ] No

24. Have you ever had a test for blood in your stool? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, did the test show any blood in the stool? [ ] Yes [ ] No

What further evaluation and treatment were

done?___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The following questions pertain to the ability to wear a respirator. Additional information for the

physician can be found in The Respiratory Protective Devices Manual.

25. Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have asthma? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, are you presently taking any medication for asthma?

Mark all that apply. [ ] Shots [ ] Pills [ ] Inhaler

26. Have you ever had a heart attack? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, how long ago? [ ] Number of years [ ] Number of months

27. Have you ever had pains in your chest? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, when did it usually happen?

[ ] While resting [ ] While working [ ] While exercising [ ] Activity didn't matter

28. Have you ever had a thyroid problem? [ ] Yes [ ] No

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29. Have you ever had a seizure or fits? [ ] Yes [ ] No

30. Have you ever had a stroke (cerebrovascular accident)? [ ] Yes [ ] No

31. Have you ever had a ruptured eardrum or a serious hearing problem? [ ] Yes [ ] No

32. Do you now have a claustrophobia, meaning fear of crowded or closed in spaces or any

psychological problems that would make it hard for you to wear a respirator? [ ] Yes [ ]

The following questions pertain to reproductive history.

33. Have you or your partner had a problem conceiving a child? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, specify: [ ] Self [ ] Present mate [ ] Previous mate

34. Have you or your partner consulted a physician for a fertility or other reproductive

problem?

[ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, specify who consulted the physician: [ ] Self [ ] Spouse/partner [ ] Self and

partner

If yes, specify diagnosis

made:___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

35. Have you or your partner ever conceived a child resulting in a miscarriage, still birth or

deformed offspring? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, specify: [ ] Miscarriage [ ] Still birth [ ] Deformed offspring

If outcome was a deformed offspring, please specify

type:____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

36. Was this outcome a result of a pregnancy of: [ ] Yours with present partner [ ]

Yours with a previous partner

37. Did the timing of any abnormal pregnancy outcome coincide with present employment?

[ ] Yes [ ] No List dates of

occurrences:_____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

38. What is the occupation of your spouse or partner?

________________________________________________________________________

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For Women Only

39. Do you have menstrual periods? [ ] Yes [ ] No

Have you had menstrual irregularities? [ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, specify

type:________________________________________________________________

If yes, what was the approximated date this problem

began?________________________________

Approximate date problem

stopped?___________________________________________________

For Men Only

40. Have you ever been diagnosed by a physician as having prostate gland problem(s)?

[ ] Yes [ ] No

If yes, please describe type of problem(s) and what was done to evaluate and treat the

problem(s):

________________________________________________________________________

WAC 296-62-07449 Appendix E--Cadmium in workplace atmospheres.

Method number: ID-189 (OSHA); (ICP/MS) 0009 (WISHA)

Matrix: Air

WISHA permissible exposure limits: 5 µg/m

(TWA), 2.5 µg/m

(action level TWA)

Collection procedure: A known volume of air is drawn through a 37-mm diameter filter cassette

containing a 0.8 µm mixed cellulose ester membrane filter (MCEF).

Recommended air volume: 960 L

Recommended sampling rate: 2.0 L/min

Analytical procedure: Air filter samples are digested with nitric acid. After digestion, a small

amount of hydrochloric acid is added. The samples are then diluted to volume with deionized

water and analyzed by either flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or flameless atomic

absorption spectroscopy using a heated graphite furnace atomizer (AAS-HGA).

Detection limits:

Qualitative: 0.2 µg/m

for a 200 L sample by Flame AAS, 0.007 µg/m

for a 60 L sample by

AAS-HGA

Quantitative: 0.70 µg/m

for a 200 L sample by Flame AAS, 0.025 µg/m

for a 60 L sample by

AAS-HGA

Precision and accuracy: (Flame AAS Analysis and AAS-HGA Analysis):

Validation level: 2.5 to 10 µg/m

for a 400 L air vol, 1.25 to 5.0 µg/m

for a 60 L air vol CV

(pooled): 0.010, 0.043

Analytical bias: +4.0%, -5.8%

Overall analytical error: ±6.0%, ±14.2%

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Method classification: Validated Date: June, 1992

Inorganic Service Branch II, OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah

Commercial manufacturers and products mentioned in this method are for descriptive use only

and do not constitute endorsements by USDOL-OSHA. Similar products from other sources can

be substituted.

(1) Introduction.

(a) Scope.

This method describes the collection of airborne elemental cadmium and cadmium

compounds on 0.8 µm mixed cellulose ester membrane filters and their subsequent

analysis by either flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or flameless atomic

absorption spectroscopy using a heated graphite furnace atomizer (AAS-HGA). It is

applicable for both TWA and action level TWA permissible exposure level (PEL)

measurements. The two atomic absorption analytical techniques included in the

method do not differentiate between cadmium fume and cadmium dust samples.

They also do not differentiate between elemental cadmium and its compounds.

(b) Principle.

Airborne elemental cadmium and cadmium compounds are collected on a 0.8 µm

mixed cellulose ester membrane filter (MCEF). The air filter samples are digested

with concentrated nitric acid to destroy the organic matrix and dissolve the cadmium

analytes. After digestion, a small amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added

to help dissolve other metals which may be present. The samples are diluted to

volume with deionized water and then aspirated into the oxidizing air/acetylene flame

of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for analysis of elemental cadmium. If the

concentration of cadmium in a sample solution is too low for quantitation by this

flame AAS analytical technique, and the sample is to be averaged with other samples

for TWA calculations, aliquots of the sample and a matrix modifier are later injected

onto a L'vov platform in a pyrolytically-coated graphite tube of a Zeeman atomic

absorption spectrophotometer/graphite furnace assembly for analysis of elemental

cadmium. The matrix modifier is added to stabilize the cadmium metal and minimize

sodium chloride as an interference during the high temperature charring step of the

analysis subsection (5)(a) and (b) of this section.

Previously, two OSHA sampling and analytical methods for cadmium were used

concurrently WAC 296-62-07449 (5)(c) and (d). Both of these methods also required

0.8 µm mixed cellulose ester membrane filters for the collection of air samples.

These cadmium air filter samples were analyzed by either flame atomic absorption

spectroscopy (subsection (5)(c) of this section) or inductively coupled plasma/atomic

emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (subsection (5)(d) of this section). Neither of these

two analytical methods have adequate sensitivity for measuring workplace exposure

to airborne cadmium at the new lower TWA and action level TWA PEL levels when

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consecutive samples are taken on one employee and the sample results need to be

averaged with other samples to determine a single TWA. The inclusion of two

atomic absorption analytical techniques in the new sampling and analysis method for

airborne cadmium permits quantitation of sample results over a broad range of

exposure levels and sampling periods. The flame AAS analytical technique included

in this method is similar to the previous procedure given in the General Metals

Method ID-121 (subsection (5)(c) of this section) with some modifications. The

sensitivity of the AAS-HGA analytical technique included in this method is adequate

to measure exposure levels at 1/10 the action level TWA, or lower, when less than

full-shift samples need to be averaged together.

(d) Properties (subsection (5)(e) of this section).

Elemental cadmium is a silver-white, blue-tinged, lustrous metal which is easily cut

with a knife. It is slowly oxidized by moist air to form cadmium oxide. It is

insoluble in water, but reacts readily with dilute nitric acid. Some of the physical

properties and other descriptive information of elemental cadmium are given below:

CAS No

7440-43-9

Atomic Number

Atomic Symbol

Atomic Weight

112.41

Melting Point

321°C

Boiling Point

765°C

Density

8.65 g/mL (25°C)

The properties of specific cadmium compounds are described in reference

subsection (5)(e) of this section.

(e) Method performance.

A synopsis of method performance is presented below. Further information can be

found in subsection (4) of this section.

The qualitative and quantitative detection limits for the flame AAS analytical

technique are 0.04 µg (0.004 µg/mL) and 0.14 µg (0.014 µg/mL) cadmium,

respectively, for a 10 mL solution volume. These correspond, respectively, to

0.2 µg/m

and 0.70 µg/m

for a 200 L air volume.

The qualitative and quantitative detection limits for the AAS-HGA analytical

technique are 0.44 ng (0.044 ng/mL) and 1.5 ng (0.15 ng/mL) cadmium,

respectively, for a 10 mL solution volume. These correspond, respectively, to

0.007 µg/m

and 0.025 µg/m

for a 60 L air volume.

The average recovery by the flame AAS analytical technique of 17 spiked

MCEF samples containing cadmium in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 times the TWA

target concentration of 5 µg/m

(assuming a 400 L air volume) was 104.0%

with a pooled coefficient of variation (CV

) of 0.010. The flame analytical

technique exhibited a positive bias of +4.0% for the validated concentration

range. The overall analytical error (OAE) for the flame AAS analytical

technique was ±6.0%.

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The average recovery by the AAS-HGA analytical technique of 18 spiked

MCEF samples containing cadmium in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 times the action

level TWA target concentration of 2.5 µg/m

(assuming a 60 L air volume) was

94.2% with a pooled coefficient of variation (CV

) of 0.043. The AAS-HGA

analytical technique exhibited a negative bias of -5.8% for the validated

concentration range. The overall analytical error (OAE) for the AAS-HGA

analytical technique was ±14.2%.

Sensitivity in flame atomic absorption is defined as the characteristic

concentration of an element required to produce a signal of 1% absorbance

(0.0044 absorbance units). Sensitivity values are listed for each element by the

atomic absorption spectrophotometer manufacturer and have proved to be a

very valuable diagnostic tool to determine if instrumental parameters are

optimized and if the instrument is performing up to specification. The

sensitivity of the spectrophotometer used in the validation of the flame AAS

analytical technique agreed with the manufacturer specifications (subsection

(5)(f) of this section); the 2 µg/mL cadmium standard gave an absorbance

reading of 0.350 abs. units.

Sensitivity in graphite furnace atomic absorption is defined in terms of the

characteristic mass, the number of picograms required to give an integrated

absorbance value of 0.0044 absorbance-second (subsection (5)(g) of this

section). Data suggests that under stabilized temperature platform furnace

(STPF) conditions (see (f)(ii) of this subsection), characteristic mass values are

transferable between properly functioning instruments to an accuracy of about

twenty percent (subsection (5)(b) of this section). The characteristic mass for

STPF analysis of cadmium with Zeeman background correction listed by the

manufacturer of the instrument used in the validation of the AAS-HGA

analytical technique was 0.35 pg. The experimental characteristic mass value

observed during the determination of the working range and detection limits of

the AAS-HGA analytical technique was 0.41 pg.

(f) Interferences.

High concentrations of silicate interfere in determining cadmium by flame AAS

(subsection (5)(f) of this section). However, silicates are not significantly

soluble in the acid matrix used to prepare the samples.

Interferences, such as background absorption, are reduced to a minimum in the

AAS-HGA analytical technique by taking full advantage of the stabilized

temperature platform furnace (STPF) concept. STPF includes all of the

following parameters (subsection (5)(b) of this section):

(A) Integrated absorbance;

(B) Fast instrument electronics and sampling frequency;

(D) Maximum power heating;

(E) Atomization off the L'vov platform in a pyrolytically coated graphite tube;

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(F) Gas stop during atomization;

(G) Use of matrix modifiers.

(g) Toxicology (subsection (5)(n) of this section).

Information listed within this section is synopsis of current knowledge of the

physiological effects of cadmium and is not intended to be used as the basis for

WISHA policy. IARC classifies cadmium and certain of its compounds as Group 2A

carcinogens (probably carcinogenic to humans). Cadmium fume is intensely

irritating to the respiratory tract. Workplace exposure to cadmium can cause both

chronic and acute effects. Acute effects include tracheobronchitis, pneumonitis, and

pulmonary edema. Chronic effects include anemia, rhinitis/anosmia, pulmonary

emphysema, proteinuria and lung cancer. The primary target organs for chronic

disease are the kidneys (noncarcinogenic) and the lungs (carcinogenic).

(2) Sampling.

(a) Apparatus.

Filter cassette unit for air sampling: A 37-mm diameter mixed cellulose ester

membrane filter with a pore size of 0.8 µm contained in a 37-mm polystyrene

two- or three-piece cassette filter holder (part no. MAWP 037 A0, Millipore

Corp., Bedford, MA). The filter is supported with a cellulose backup pad. The

cassette is sealed prior to use with a shrinkable gel band.

A calibrated personal sampling pump whose flow is determined to an accuracy

of ±5% at the recommended flow rate with the filter cassette unit in line.

(b) Procedure

Attach the prepared cassette to the calibrated sampling pump (the backup pad

should face the pump) using flexible tubing. Place the sampling device on the

employee such that air is sampled from the breathing zone.

Collect air samples at a flow rate of 2.0 L/min. If the filter does not become

overloaded, a full-shift (at least seven hours) sample is strongly recommended

for TWA and action level TWA measurements with a maximum air volume of

960 L. If overloading occurs, collect consecutive air samples for shorter

sampling periods to cover the full workshift.

Replace the end plugs into the filter cassettes immediately after sampling.

Record the sampling conditions.

Securely wrap each sample filter cassette end-to-end with a sample seal.

Submit at least one blank sample. With each set of air samples. The blank

sample should be handled the same as the other samples except that no air is

drawn through it.

Ship the samples to the laboratory for analysis as soon as possible in a suitable

container designed to prevent damage in transit.

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(3) Analysis.

(a) Safety precautions.

Wear safety glasses, protective clothing and gloves at all times.

Handle acid solutions with care. Handle all cadmium samples and solutions

with extra care (see subsection (1)(g) of this section). Avoid their direct contact

with work area surfaces, eyes, skin and clothes. Flush acid solutions which

contact the skin or eyes with copious amounts of water.

Perform all acid digestions and acid dilutions in an exhaust hood while wearing

a face shield. To avoid exposure to acid vapors, do not remove beakers

containing concentrated acid solutions from the exhaust hood until they have

returned to room temperature and have been diluted or emptied.

Exercise care when using laboratory glassware. Do not use chipped pipets,

volumetric flasks, beakers or any glassware with sharp edges exposed in order

to avoid the possibility of cuts or abrasions.

Never pipet by mouth.

Refer to the instrument instruction manuals and SOPs (subsection (5)(h) and (i)

of this section) for proper and safe operation of the atomic absorption

spectrophotometer, raphite furnace atomizer and associated equipment.

Because metallic elements and other toxic substances are vaporized during AAS

flame or graphite furnace atomizer operation, it is imperative that an exhaust

vent be used. Always ensure that the exhaust system is operating properly

during instrument use.

(b) Apparatus for sample and standard preparation.

Hot plate, capable of reaching 150°C, installed in an exhaust hood.

Phillips beakers, 125 mL.

Bottles, narrow-mouth, polyethylene or glass with leakproof caps: used for

storage of standards and matrix modifier.

Volumetric flasks, volumetric pipets, beakers and other associated general

laboratory glassware.

Forceps and other associated general laboratory equipment.

Atomic absorption spectrophotometer consisting of a(an):

Nebulizer and burner head; pressure regulating devices capable of maintaining

constant oxidant and fuel pressures; optical system capable of isolating the

desired wavelength of radiation (228.8 nm); adjustable slit; light measuring and

amplifying device; display, strip chart, or computer interface for indicating the

amount of absorbed radiation; cadmium hollow cathode lamp or electrodeless

discharge lamp (EDL) and power supply.

Oxidant: Compressed air, filtered to remove water, oil and other foreign

substances.

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Fuel: Standard commercially available tanks of acetylene dissolved in acetone;

tanks should be equipped with flash arresters.

Caution: Do not use grades of acetylene containing solvents other than

acetone because they may damage the PVC tubing used in some

instruments.

Pressure-reducing valves: Two gauge, two-stage pressure regulators to

maintain fuel and oxidant pressures somewhat higher than the controlled

operating pressures of the instrument.

Exhaust vent installed directly above the spectrophotometer burner head.

(d) Apparatus for AAS-HGA analysis.

Atomic absorption spectrophotometer consisting of a(an):

Heated graphite furnace atomizer (HGA) with argon purge system pressure-

regulating devices capable of maintaining constant argon purge pressure;

optical system capable of isolating the desired wavelength of radiation (228.8

nm); adjustable slit; light measuring and amplifying device; display, strip chart,

or computer interface for indicating the amount of absorbed radiation (as

integrated absorbance, peak area); background corrector: Zeeman or deuterium

arc. The Zeeman background corrector is recommended; cadmium hollow

cathode lamp or electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL) and power supply;

autosampler capable of accurately injecting 5 to 20 µL sample aliquots onto the

L'vov Platform in a graphite tube.

Pyrolytically coated graphite tubes containing solid, pyrolytic L'vov platforms.

Polyethylene sample cups, 2.0 to 2.5 mL, for use with the autosampler.

Inert purge gas for graphite furnace atomizer: Compressed gas cylinder of

purified argon.

Two gauge, two-stage pressure regulator for the argon gas cylinder.

Cooling water supply for graphite furnace atomizer.

Exhaust vent installed directly above the graphite furnace atomizer.

(e) Reagents. All reagents should be ACS analytical reagent grade or better.

Deionized water with a specific conductance of less than 10 µS.

Concentrated nitric acid, HNO

Concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl.

Ammonium phosphate, monobasic, NH

Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO

)

* 6H

Diluting solution (4% HNO

, 0.4% HCl): Add 40 mL HNO

and 4 mL HCl

carefully to approximately 500 mL deionized water and dilute to 1 L with

deionized water.

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Cadmium standard stock solution, 1,000 µg/mL: Use a commercially available

certified 1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard or, alternatively, dissolve 1.0000 g of

cadmium metal in a minimum volume of 1:1 HCl and dilute to 1 L with 4%

HNO

. Observe expiration dates of commercial standards. Properly dispose of

commercial standards with no expiration dates or prepared standards one year

after their receipt or preparation date.

Matrix modifier for AAS-HGA analysis: Dissolve 1.0 g NH

and 0.15 g

Mg(NO

)

* 6H

O in approximately 200 mL deionized water. Add 1 mL

HNO

and dilute to 500 mL with deionized water.

Nitric Acid, 1:1 HNO

/DI H

O mixture: Carefully add a measured volume of

concentrated HNO

to an equal volume of DI H

Nitric acid, 10% v/v: Carefully add 100 mL of concentrated HNO

to 500 mL

of DI H

O and dilute to 1 L.

(f) Glassware preparation.

Clean Phillips beakers by refluxing with 1:1 nitric acid on a hot plate in a fume

hood. Thoroughly rinse with deionized water and invert the beakers to allow

them to drain dry.

Rinse volumetric flasks and all other glassware with 10% nitric acid and

deionized water prior to use.

(g) Standard preparation for flame AAS analysis.

Dilute stock solutions: Prepare 1, 5, 10 and 100 µg/mL cadmium standard

stock solutions by making appropriate serial dilutions of 1,000 µg/mL cadmium

standard stock solution with the diluting solution described in (e)(vi) of this

subsection.

Working standards: Prepare cadmium working standards in the range of 0.02 to

2.0 µg/mL by making appropriate serial dilutions of the dilute stock solutions

with the same diluting solution. A suggested method of preparation of the

working standards is given below.

Working

Standard

(µg/mL)

Std Solution

(µg/mL)

Aliquot

(mL)

Final vol

(mL)

0.02

500

0.05

500

0.1

500

0.2

500

0.5

500

100

500

100

500

Store the working standards in 500-mL, narrow-mouth polyethylene or glass bottles with leak

proof caps. Prepare every twelve months.

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(h) Standard preparation for AAS-HGA analysis.

Dilute stock solutions: Prepare 10, 100 and 1,000 ng/mL cadmium standard

stock solutions by making appropriate ten-fold serial dilutions of the 1,000

µg/mL cadmium standard stock solution with the diluting solution described in

(e)(vi) of this subsection.

Working standards: Prepare cadmium working standards in the range of 0.2 to

20 ng/mL by making appropriate serial dilutions of the dilute stock solutions

with the same diluting solution. A suggested method of preparation of the

working standards is given below.

Working

Standard

(ng/mL)

Std Solution

(ng/mL)

Aliquot

(mL)

Final vol

(mL)

0.2

100

0.5

100

1,000

100

Store the working standards in narrow-mouth polyethylene or glass bottles with leakproof caps.

Prepare monthly.

(i) Sample preparation.

Carefully transfer each sample filter with forceps from its filter cassette unit to a

clean, separate 125-mL Phillips beaker along with any loose dust found in the

cassette. Label each Phillips beaker with the appropriate sample number.

Digest the sample by adding 5 mL of concentrated nitric acid (HNO

) to each

Phillips beaker containing an air filter sample. Place the Phillips beakers on a

hot plate in an exhaust hood and heat the samples until approximately 0.5 mL

remains. The sample solution in each Phillips beaker should become clear. If it

is not clear, digest the sample with another portion of concentrated nitric acid.

After completing the HNO

digestion and cooling the samples, add 40 µL (2

drops) of concentrated HCl to each air sample solution and then swirl the

contents. Carefully add about 5 mL of deionized water by pouring it down the

inside of each beaker.

Quantitatively transfer each cooled air sample solution from each Phillips

beaker to a clean 10-mL volumetric flask. Dilute each flask to volume with

deionized water and mix well.

(j) Flame AAS analysis.

Analyze all of the air samples for their cadmium content by flame atomic absorption

spectroscopy (AAS) according to the instructions given below.

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Set up the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the air/acetylene flame

analysis of cadmium according to the SOP (subsection (5)(h) of this section) or

the manufacturer's operational instructions. For the source lamp, use the

cadmium hollow cathode or electrodeless discharge lamp operated at the

manufacturer's recommended rating for continuous operation. Allow the lamp

to warm up ten to twenty minutes or until the energy output stabilizes.

Optimize conditions such as lamp position, burner head alignment, fuel and

oxidant flow rates, etc. See the SOP or specific instrument manuals for details.

Instrumental parameters for the Perkin-Elmer Model 603 used in the validation

of this method are given in subsection (6) of this section.

Aspirate and measure the absorbance of a standard solution of cadmium. The

standard concentration should be within the linear range. For the

instrumentation used in the validation of this method a 2 µg/mL cadmium

standard gives a net absorbance reading of about 0.350 abs. units (see

subsection (1)(e)(v) of this section) when the instrument and the source lamp

are performing to manufacturer specifications.

To increase instrument response, scale expand the absorbance reading of the

aspirated 2 µg/mL working standard approximately four times. Increase the

integration time to at least three seconds to reduce signal noise.

Autozero the instrument while aspirating a deionized water blank. Monitor the

variation in the baseline absorbance reading (baseline noise) for a few minutes

to insure that the instrument, source lamp and associated equipment are in good

operating condition.

Aspirate the working standards and samples directly into the flame and record

their absorbance readings. Aspirate the deionized water blank immediately

after every standard or sample to correct for and monitor any baseline drift and

noise. Record the baseline absorbance reading of each deionized water blank.

Label each standard and sample reading and its accompanying baseline reading.

It is recommended that the entire series of working standards be analyzed at the

beginning and end of the analysis of a set of samples to establish a

concentration-response curve, ensure that the standard readings agree with each

other and are reproducible. Also, analyze a working standard after every five or

six samples to monitor the performance of the spectrophotometer. Standard

readings should agree within ±10 to 15% of the readings obtained at the

beginning of the analysis.

Bracket the sample readings with standards during the analysis. If the

absorbance reading of a sample is above the absorbance reading of the highest

working standard, dilute the sample with diluting solution and reanalyze. Use

the appropriate dilution factor in the calculations.

Repeat the analysis of approximately ten percent of the samples for a check of

precision.

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If possible, analyze quality control samples from an independent source as a

check on analytical recovery and precision.

Record the final instrument settings at the end of the analysis. Date and label

the output.

(k) AAS-HGA analysis.

Initially analyze all of the air samples for their cadmium content by flame atomic

absorption spectroscopy (AAS) according to the instructions given in (j) of this

subsection. If the concentration of cadmium in a sample solution is less than three

times the quantitative detection limit (0.04 µg/mL (40 ng/mL) for the instrumentation

used in the validation) and the sample results are to be averaged with other samples

for TWA calculations, proceed with the AAS-HGA analysis of the sample as

described below.

Set up the atomic absorption spectrophotometer and HGA for flameless atomic

absorption analysis of cadmium according to the SOP (subsection (5)(i) of this

section) or the manufacturer's operational instructions and allow the instrument

to stabilize. The graphite furnace atomizer is equipped with a pyrolytically

coated graphite tube containing a pyrolytic platform. For the source lamp, use a

cadmium hollow cathode or electrodeless discharge lamp operated at the

manufacturer's recommended setting for graphite furnace operation. The

Zeeman background corrector and EDL are recommended for use with the

L'vov platform. Instrumental parameters for the Perkin-Elmer Model 5100

spectrophotometer and Zeeman HGA-600 graphite furnace used in the

validation of this method are given in subsection (7) of this section.

Optimize the energy reading of the spectrophotometer at 228.8 nm by adjusting

the lamp position and the wavelength according to the manufacturer's

instructions.

Set up the autosampler to inject a 5-µL aliquot of the working standard, sample

or reagent blank solution onto the L'vov platform along with a 10-µL overlay of

the matrix modifier.

Analyze the reagent blank (diluting solution, (e)(vi) of this subsection) and then

autozero the instrument before starting the analysis of a set of samples. It is

recommended that the reagent blank be analyzed several times during the

analysis to assure the integrated absorbance (peak area) reading remains at or

near zero.

Analyze a working standard approximately midway in the linear portion of the

working standard range two or three times to check for reproducibility and

sensitivity (see subsection (1)(e)(v) and (vi) of this section) before starting the

analysis of samples. Calculate the experimental characteristic mass value from

the average integrated absorbance reading and injection volume of the analyzed

working standard. Compare this value to the manufacturer's suggested value as

a check of proper instrument operation.

Analyze the reagent blank, working standard, and sample solutions. Record and

label the peak area (abs-sec) readings and the peak and background peak

profiles on the printer/plotter.

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It is recommended the entire series of working standards be analyzed at the

beginning and end of the analysis of a set of samples. Establish a

concentration-response curve and ensure standard readings agree with each

other and are reproducible. Also, analyze a working standard after every five or

six samples to monitor the performance of the system. Standard readings

should agree within ±15% of the readings obtained at the beginning of the

analysis.

Bracket the sample readings with standards during the analysis. If the peak area

reading of a sample is above the peak area reading of the highest working

standard, dilute the sample with the diluting solution and reanalyze. Use the

appropriate dilution factor in the calculations.

Repeat the analysis of approximately ten percent of the samples for a check of

precision.

If possible, analyze quality control samples from an independent source as a

check of analytical recovery and precision.

Record the final instrument settings at the end of the analysis. Date and label

the output.

(l) Calculations.

Note: Standards used for HGA analysis are in ng/mL. Total amounts of

cadmium from calculations will be in ng (not µg) unless a prior

conversion is made.

Correct for baseline drift and noise in flame AAS analysis by subtracting each

baseline absorbance reading from its corresponding working standard or sample

absorbance reading to obtain the net absorbance reading for each standard and

sample.

Use a least squares regression program to plot a concentration-response curve

of net absorbance reading (or peak area for HGA analysis) versus concentration

(µg/mL or ng/mL) of cadmium in each working standard.

Determine the concentration (µg/mL or ng/mL) of cadmium in each sample

from the resulting concentration-response curve. If the concentration of

cadmium in a sample solution is less than three times the quantitative detection

limit (0.04 µg/mL (40 ng/mL) for the instrumentation used in the validation of

the method) and if consecutive samples were taken on one employee and the

sample results are to be averaged with other samples to determine a single

TWA, reanalyze the sample by AAS-HGA as described in (k) of this subsection

and report the AAS-HGA analytical results.

Calculate the total amount (µg or ng) of cadmium in each sample from the

sample solution volume (mL):

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W = (C)(sample vol, mL)(DF)

Where: W = Total cadmium in sample

C = Calculated concentration of cadmium

DF = Dilution Factor (if applicable)

Make a blank correction for each air sample by subtracting the total amount of

cadmium in the corresponding blank sample from the total amount of cadmium

in the sample.

Calculate the concentration of cadmium in an air sample (mg/ m

or µg/m

) by

using one of the following equations:

mg/m

= W

/(Air vol sampled, L); or

µg/m

= (W

)(1,000 ng/µg)/(Air vol sampled, L)

Where: W

= blank corrected total µg cadmium in the sample.

(1µg = 1,000 ng)

(4) Backup data.

(a) Introduction.

The purpose of this evaluation is to determine the analytical method recovery,

working standard range, and qualitative and quantitative detection limits of the

two atomic absorption analytical techniques included in this method. The

evaluation consisted of the following experiments:

(A) An analysis of twenty-four samples (six samples each at 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2

times the TWA-PEL) for the analytical method recovery study of the

flame AAS analytical technique.

(B) An analysis of eighteen samples (six samples each at 0.5, 1 and 2 times

the action level TWA-PEL) for the analytical method recovery study of

the AAS-HGA analytical technique.

determine the working standard range and the qualitative and quantitative

detection limits for both atomic absorption analytical techniques.

The analytical method recovery results at all test levels were calculated from

concentration-response curves and statistically examined for outliers at the

ninety-nine percent confidence level. Possible outliers were determined using

the Treatment of Outliers test (subsection (5)(j) of this section). In addition, the

sample results of the two analytical techniques, at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 times their

target concentrations, were tested for homogeneity of variances also at the

ninety-nine percent confidence level. Homogeneity of the coefficients of

variation was determined using the Bartlett's test (subsection (5)(k) of this

section). The overall analytical error (OAE) at the ninety-five percent

confidence level was calculated using the equation (subsection (5)(l) of this

section):

OAE = ± [ Bias + (1.96)(CV

(pooled))(100%)]

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A derivation of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

(IUPAC) detection limit equation (subsection (5)(m) of this section) was used

to determine the qualitative and quantitative detection limits for both atomic

absorption analytical techniques:

= k(sd)/m (Equation 1)

Where: C

= the smallest reliable detectable concentration an analytical

instrument can determine at a given confidence level.

k = 3 for the Qualitative Detection Limit at the 99.86% Confidence

Level

k = 10 for the Quantitative Detection Limit at the 99.99%

Confidence Level.

sd = standard deviation of the reagent blank (Rbl) readings.

m = analytical sensitivity or slope as calculated by linear

regression.

Collection efficiencies of metallic fume and dust atmospheres on 0.8-µm mixed

cellulose ester membrane filters are well documented and have been shown to

be excellent (subsection (5)(k) of this section). Since elemental cadmium and

the cadmium component of cadmium compounds are nonvolatile, stability

studies of cadmium spiked MCEF samples were not performed.

(b) Equipment.

A Perkin-Elmer (PE) Model 603 spectrophotometer equipped with a manual gas

control system, a stainless steel nebulizer, a burner mixing chamber, a flow

spoiler and a 10 cm (one-slot) burner head was used in the experimental

validation of the flame AAS analytical technique. A PE cadmium hollow

cathode lamp, operated at the manufacturer's recommended current setting for

continuous operation (4 mA), was used as the source lamp. Instrument

parameters are listed in subsection (6) of this section.

A PE Model 5100 spectrophotometer, Zeeman HGA-600 graphite furnace

atomizer and AS-60 HGA autosampler were used in the experimental validation

of the AAS-HGA analytical technique. The spectrophotometer was equipped

with a PE Series 7700 professional computer and Model PR-310 printer. A PE

System 2 cadmium electrodeless discharge lamp, operated at the manufacturer's

recommended current setting for modulated operation (170 mA), was used as

the source lamp. Instrument parameters are listed in subsection (7) of this

section.

J.T. Baker Chem. Co. (Analyzed grade) concentrated nitric acid, 69.0-71.0%,

and concentrated hydrochloric acid, 36.5-38.0%, were used to prepare the

samples and standards.

Ammonium phosphate, monobasic, NH

and magnesium nitrate

hexahydrate, Mg(NO

)2.6 H

O both manufactured by the Mallinckrodt Chem.

Co., were used to prepare the matrix modifier for AAS-HGA analysis.

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(d) Standard preparation for flame AAS analysis.

Dilute stock solutions: Prepared 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µg/mL cadmium

standard stock solutions by making appropriate serial dilutions of a

commercially available 1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard stock solution (RICCA

Chemical Co., Lot# A102) with the diluting solution (4% HNO

, 0.4% HCl).

Analyzed standards: Prepared cadmium standards in the range of 0.001 to 2.0

µg/mL by pipetting 2 to 10 mL of the appropriate dilute cadmium stock solution

into a 100-mL volumetric flask and diluting to volume with the diluting

solution. (See subsection (3)(g)(ii) of this section).

(e) Standard preparation for AAS-HGA analysis.

Dilute stock solutions: Prepared 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 ng/mL cadmium standard

stock solutions by making appropriate serial dilutions of a commercially

available 1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard stock solution (J.T. Baker Chemical

Co., Instra-analyzed, Lot# D22642) with the diluting solution (4% HNO

, 0.4%

HCl).

Analyzed standards: Prepared cadmium standards in the range of 0.1 to 40

ng/mL by pipetting 2 to 10 mL of the appropriate dilute cadmium stock solution

into a 100-mL volumetric flask and diluting to volume with the diluting

solution. (See subsection (3)(h)(ii) of this section).

(f) Detection limits and standard working range for flame AAS analysis.

Analyzed the reagent blank solution and the entire series of cadmium standards

in the range of 0.001 to 2.0 µg/mL three to six times according to the

instructions given in subsection (3)(j) of this section. The diluting solution (4%

HNO

, 0.4% HCl) was used as the reagent blank. The integration time on the

PE 603 spectrophotometer was set to 3.0 seconds and a four-fold expansion of

the absorbance reading of the 2.0 µg/mL cadmium standard was made prior to

analysis. The 2.0 µg/mL standard gave a net absorbance reading of 0.350 abs.

units prior to expansion in agreement with the manufacturer's specifications

(subsection (5)(f) of this section).

The net absorbance readings of the reagent blank and the low concentration Cd

standards from 0.001 to 0.1 µg/mL and the statistical analysis of the results are

shown in Table 1. The standard deviation, sd, of the six net absorbance

readings of the reagent blank is 1.05 abs. units. The slope, m, as calculated by a

linear regression plot of the net absorbance readings (shown in Table 2) of the

0.02 to 1.0 µg/mL cadmium standards versus their concentration is 772.7 abs.

units/(µg/mL).

If these values for sd and the slope, m, are used in Eqn. 1 ((a)(ii) of this

subsection), the qualitative and quantitative detection limits as determined by

the IUPAC Method are:

(3)(1.05 abs. units)/(772.7 abs. units/(µg/mL)) = 0.0041 µg/mL for

the qualitative detection limit.

= (10)(1.05 abs. units)/(772.7 abs. units/(µg/mL)) = 0.014 µg/mL for

the quantitative detection limit.

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The qualitative and quantitative detection limits for the flame AAS

analytical technique are 0.041 µg and 0.14 µg cadmium, respectively, for

a 10 mL solution volume. These correspond, respectively, to 0.2 µg/m

and 0.70 µg/m

for a 200 L air volume.

The recommended Cd standard working range for flame AAS analysis is 0.02 to

2.0 µg/mL. The net absorbance readings of the reagent blank and the

recommended working range standards and the statistical analysis of the results

are shown in Table 2. The standard of lowest concentration in the working

range, 0.02 µg/mL, is slightly greater than the calculated quantitative detection

limit, 0.014 µg/mL. The standard of highest concentration in the working

range, 2.0 µg/mL, is at the upper end of the linear working range suggested by

the manufacturer (subsection (5)(f) of this section). Although the standard net

absorbance readings are not strictly linear at concentrations above 0.5 µg/mL,

the deviation from linearity is only about ten percent at the upper end of the

recommended standard working range. The deviation from linearity is probably

caused by the four-fold expansion of the signal suggested in the method. As

shown in Table 2, the precision of the standard net absorbance readings are

excellent throughout the recommended working range; the relative standard

deviations of the readings range from 0.009 to 0.064.

(g) Detection limits and standard working range for AAS-HGA analysis.

Analyzed the reagent blank solution and the entire series of cadmium standards

in the range of 0.1 to 40 ng/mL according to the instructions given in subsection

(3)(k) of this section. The diluting solution (4% HNO

, 0.4% HCl) was used as

the reagent blank. A fresh aliquot of the reagent blank and of each standard was

used for every analysis. The experimental characteristic mass value was 0.41

pg, calculated from the average peak area (abs-sec) reading of the 5 ng/mL

standard which is approximately midway in the linear portion of the working

standard range. This agreed within twenty percent with the characteristic mass

value, 0.35 pg, listed by the manufacturer of the instrument (subsection (5)(b)

of this section).

The peak area (abs-sec) readings of the reagent blank and the low concentration

Cd standards from 0.1 to 2.0 ng/mL and statistical analysis of the results are

shown in Table 3. Five of the reagent blank peak area readings were zero and

the sixth reading was 1 and was an outlier. The near lack of a blank signal does

not satisfy a strict interpretation of the IUPAC method for determining the

detection limits. Therefore, the standard deviation of the six peak area readings

of the 0.2 ng/mL cadmium standard, 0.75 abs-sec, was used to calculate the

detection limits by the IUPAC method. The slope, m, as calculated by a linear

regression plot of the peak area (abs-sec) readings (shown in Table 4) of the 0.2

to 10 ng/mL cadmium standards versus their concentration is 51.5 abs-

sec/(ng/mL).

If 0.75 abs-sec (sd) and 51.5 abs-sec/(ng/mL) (m) are used in Eqn. 1 ((a)(iii) of

this subsection), the qualitative and quantitative detection limits as determined

by the IUPAC method are:

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

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Part G, Page 166

= (3)(0.75 abs-sec)/(51.5 abs-sec/(ng/mL) = 0.044 ng/mL for the

qualitative detection limit.

= (10)(0.75 abs-sec)/(51.5 abs-sec/(ng/mL) = 0.15 ng/mL for the

quantitative detection limit.

The qualitative and quantitative detection limits for the AAS-HGA

analytical technique are 0.44 ng and 1.5 ng cadmium, respectively, for a

10 mL solution volume. These correspond, respectively, to 0.007 µg/m

and 0.025 µg/m

for a 60 L air volume.

The peak area (abs-sec) readings of the Cd standards from 0.2 to 40 ng/mL and

the statistical analysis of the results are given in Table 4. The recommended

standard working range for AAS-HGA analysis is 0.2 to 20 ng/mL. The

standard of lowest concentration in the recommended working range is slightly

greater than the calculated quantitative detection limit, 0.15 ng/mL. The

deviation from linearity of the peak area readings of the 20 ng/mL standard, the

highest concentration standard in the recommended working range, is

approximately ten percent. The deviations from linearity of the peak area

readings of the thirty and forty ng/mL standards are significantly greater than

ten percent.

As shown in Table 4, the precision of the peak area readings are satisfactory throughout the

recommended working range; the relative standard deviations of the readings range from 0.025

to 0.083.

(h) Analytical method recovery for flame AAS analysis.

Four sets of spiked MCEF samples were prepared by injecting 20 µL of 10, 50,

100 and 200 µg/mL dilute cadmium stock solutions on 37 mm diameter filters

(part No. AAWP 037 00, Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) with a calibrated

micropipet. The dilute stock solutions were prepared by making appropriate

serial dilutions of a commercially available 1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard

stock solution (RICCA Chemical Co., Lot # A102) with the diluting solution

(4% HNO

, 0.4% HCl). Each set contained six samples and a sample blank.

The amount of cadmium in the prepared sets were equivalent to 0.1, 0.5, 1.0

and 2.0 times the TWA PEL target concentration of 5 µg/m

for a 400 L air

volume.

The air-dried spiked filters were digested and analyzed for their cadmium

content by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) following the

procedure described in subsection (3) of this section. The 0.02 to 2.0 µg/mL

cadmium standards (the suggested working range) were used in the analysis of

the spiked filters.

The results of the analysis are given in Table 5. One result at 0.5 times the

TWA PEL target concentration was an outlier and was excluded from statistical

analysis. Experimental justification for rejecting it is that the outlier value was

probably due to a spiking error. The coefficients of variation for the three test

levels at 0.5 to 2.0 times the TWA PEL target concentration passed the

Bartlett's test and were pooled.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 167

The average recovery of the six spiked filter samples at 0.1 times the TWA PEL

target concentration was 118.2% with a coefficient of variation (CV

) of 0.128.

The average recovery of the spiked filter samples in the range of 0.5 to 2.0

times the TWA target concentration was 104.0% with a pooled coefficient of

variation (CV

) of 0.010. Consequently, the analytical bias found in these

spiked sample results over the tested concentration range was +4.0% and the

OAE was ±6.0%.

(i) Analytical method recovery for AAS-HGA analysis.

Three sets of spiked MCEF samples were prepared by injecting 15 µL of 5, 10

and 20 µg/mL dilute cadmium stock solutions on 37 mm diameter filters (part

no. AAWP 037 00, Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) with a calibrated

micropipet. The dilute stock solutions were prepared by making appropriate

serial dilutions of a commercially available certified 1,000 µg/mL cadmium

standard stock solution (Fisher Chemical Co., Lot# 913438-24) with the

diluting solution (4% HNO

, 0.4% HCl). Each set contained six samples and a

sample blank. The amount of cadmium in the prepared sets were equivalent to

0.5, 1 and 2 times the action level TWA target concentration of 2.5 µg/m

for a

60 L air volume.

The air-dried spiked filters were digested and analyzed for their cadmium

content by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy using a heated graphite

furnace atomizer following the procedure described in subsection (3) of this

section. A five-fold dilution of the spiked filter samples at 2 times the action

level TWA was made prior to their analysis. The 0.05 to 20 ng/mL cadmium

standards were used in the analysis of the spiked filters.

The results of the analysis are given in Table 6. There were no outliers. The

coefficients of variation for the three test levels at 0.5 to 2.0 times the action

level TWA PEL passed the Bartlett's test and were pooled. The average

recovery of the spiked filter samples was 94.2% with a pooled coefficient of

variation (CV

) of 0.043. Consequently, the analytical bias was -5.8% and the

OAE was ±14.2%.

(j) Conclusions.

The experiments performed in this evaluation show the two atomic absorption

analytical techniques included in this method to be precise and accurate and have

sufficient sensitivity to measure airborne cadmium over a broad range of exposure

levels and sampling periods.

(5) References.

(a) Slavin, W. Graphite Furnace AAS--A Source Book; Perkin-Elmer Corp.,

Spectroscopy Div.: Ridgefield, CT, 1984; p. 18 and pp. 83-90.

(b) Grosser, Z., Ed.; Techniques in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometry; Perkin-Elmer Corp., Spectroscopy Div.: Ridgefield, CT, 1985.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 168

and Metalloid Particulate in Workplace Atmospheres (Atomic Absorption)

(USDOL/OSHA Method No. ID-121). In OSHA Analytical Methods Manual 2nd ed.

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1991.

(d) Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Metal

and Metalloid Particulate in Workplace Atmospheres (ICP) (USDOL/OSHA Method

No. ID-125G). In OSHA Analytical Methods Manual 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1991.

(e) Windholz, M., Ed.; The Merck Index, 10th ed.; Merck & Co.: Rahway, NJ, 1983.

(f) Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, The Perkin-Elmer

Corporation: Norwalk, CT, 1982.

(g) Slavin, W., D.C. Manning, G. Carnrick, and E. Pruszkowska: Properties of the

Cadmium Determination with the Platform Furnace and Zeeman Background

Correction. Spectrochim. Acta 38B:1157-1170 (1983).

(h) Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center:

Standard Operating Procedure for Atomic Absorption. Salt Lake City, UT:

USDOL/OSHA-SLTC, In progress.

(i) Occupational Safety and Health Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: AAS-

HGA Standard Operating Procedure. Salt Lake City, UT: USDOL/OSHA- SLTC, In

progress.

(j) Mandel, J.: Accuracy and Precision, Evaluation and Interpretation of Analytical

Results, The Treatment of Outliers. In Treatise On Analytical Chemistry, 2nd ed.,

Vol.1, edited by I. M. Kolthoff and P. J. Elving. New York: John Wiley and Sons,

1978. pp. 282-285.

(k) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Documentation of the NIOSH

Validation Tests by D. Taylor, R. Kupel, and J. Bryant (DHEW/NIOSH Pub. No. 77-

185). Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1977.

(l) Occupational Safety and Health Administration Analytical Laboratory: Precision and

Accuracy Data Protocol for Laboratory Validations. In OSHA Analytical Methods

Manual 1st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial

Hygienists (Pub. No. ISBN: 0-936712-66-X), 1985.

(m) Long, G.L. and J.D. Winefordner: Limit of Detection--A Closer Look at the IUPAC

Definition. Anal. Chem. 55:712A-724A (1983).

(n) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Documentation of

Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 169

Table 1 Cd Detection Limit Study [Flame AAS Analysis]

STD (µg/mL)

Absorbance

reading at

228.8 nm

Statistical

analysis

Reagent blank

n = 6.

mean = 3.50.

std dev = 1.05.

CV = 0.30.

0.001

n = 6.

mean = 5.00.

std dev = 1.67.

CV = 0.335.

0.002

n = 6.

mean = 5.50.

std dev = 1.76.

CV =0 .320.

0.005

n = 6.

mean = 7.33.

std dev = 0.817.

CV = 0.111.

0.010

n = 6.

mean = 10.3.

std dev = 1.37.

CV = 0.133.

0.020

n = 6.

mean = 20.8.

std dev = 1.33.

CV = 0.064.

0.050

n = 6.

mean = 42.5.

std dev = 1.22.

CV = 0.029.

0.10

n = 3.

mean = 82.3.

std dev = 2.08.

CV = 0.025.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 170

Table 1 Cd Detection Limit Study [Flame AAS Analysis]

STD (µg/mL)

Absorbance

reading at

228.8 nm

Statistical

analysis

Reagent blank

n = 6.

mean = 3.50.

std dev = 1.05.

CV = 0.30.

0.020

n = 6.

mean = 20.8.

std dev = 1.33.

CV = 0.064.

0.050

n = 6.

mean = 42.5.

std dev = 1.22.

CV = 0.029.

0.10

n = 3.

mean = 82.3.

std dev = 2.08.

CV = 0.025.

0.20

161

158

n = 3.

mean = 160.0.

std dev = 1.73.

CV = 0.011.

0.50

391

389

393

n = 3.

mean = 391.0.

std dev = 2.00.

CV = 0.005.

1.00

760

748

752

n = 3.

mean = 753.3.

std dev = 6.11.

CV = 0.008.

2.00

1416

1426

1401

n = 3.

mean = 1414.3.

std dev = 12.6.

CV = 0.009.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 171

Table 3 Cd Detection Limit Study [AAS-HGA Analysis]

STD (ng/mL)

Peak area

Readings

x 10

228.8 nm

Statistical

analysis

Reagent blank

n = 6.

mean = 0.167.

std dev = 0.41.

CV = 2.45.

0.1

n = 6.

mean = 7.7.

std dev = 2.8.

CV = 0.366.

0.2

n = 6.

mean = 11.8.

std dev = 0.75.

CV = 0.064.

0.5

n = 6.

mean = 28.8.

std dev = 2.4.

CV = 0.083.

1.0

n = 6.

mean = 54.8.

std dev = 2.0.

CV = 0.037.

2.0

101

110

112

110

n = 6.

mean = 108.8.

std dev = 3.9.

CV = 0.036.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 172

Table 4 Cd Standard Working Range Study [AAS-HGA Analysis]

STD (ng/mL)

Peak area

Readings

x 10

228.8 nm

Statistical

analysis

0.2

n = 6.

mean = 11.8.

std dev = 0.75.

CV = 0.064.

0.5

n = 6.

mean = 28.8.

std dev = 2.4.

CV = 0.083.

1.0

n = 6.

mean = 54.8.

std dev = 2.0.

CV = 0.037.

2.0

101

110

112

110

n = 6.

mean = 108.8.

std dev = 3.9.

CV = 0.036.

5.0

247

268

259

265

275

279

n = 6.

mean = 265.5.

std dev = 11.5.

CV = 0.044.

10.0

495

523

516

520

513

533

n = 6.

mean = 516.7.

std dev = 12.7.

CV = 0.025.

20.0

950

951

949

953

958

890

n = 6.

mean = 941.8.

std dev = 25.6.

CV = 0.027.

30.0

1269

1303

1295

1291

1307

1290

n = 6.

mean = 1293.

std dev = 13.3.

CV = 0.010.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 173

Table 4 Cd Standard Working Range Study [AAS-HGA Analysis]

STD (ng/mL)

Peak area

Readings

x 10

228.8 nm

Statistical

analysis

40.0

1505

1535

1566

1567

1572

n = 6.

mean = 1552.

std dev = 26.6.

CV = 0.017.

Table 5 Analytical Method Recovery [Flame AAS Analysis]Test Level

µg taken

0.5x µg

found

Percent

rec.

µg taken

1.0x µg

found

Percent

rec.

µg taken

2.0x µg

found

Percent

rec.

1.00

1.0715

107.2

2.00

2.0688

103.4

4.00

4.1504

103.8

1.00

1.0842

108.4

2.00

2.0174

100.9

4.00

4.1108

102.8

1.00

1.0842

108.4

2.00

2.0431

102.2

4.00

4.0581

101.5

1.00

*1.0081

*100.8

2.00

2.0431

102.2

4.00

4.0844

102.1

1.00

1.0715

107.2

2.00

2.0174

100.9

4.00

4.1504

103.8

1.00

1.0842

108.4

2.00

2.0045

100.2

4.00

4.1899

104.7

n =

mean =

107.9

101.6

103.1

std dev =

0.657

1.174

1.199

0.006

0.011

0.012

(pooled) = 0.010

*Rejected as an outlier-this value did not pass the outlier T-test at the 99% confidence level.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 174

Test Level 0.1x

µg taken

µg found

Percent rec.

0.200

0.2509

125.5

0.200

0.2509

125.5

0.200

0.2761

138.1

0.200

0.2258

112.9

0.200

0.2258

112.9

0.200

0.1881

94.1

n = 6

mean = 118.2

std dev = 15.1

= 0.128

Table 6 Analytical Method Recovery [AAS-HGA analysis] Test Level

taken

0.5xng

found

Percent

rec.

taken

1.0xng

found

Percent

rec.

taken

2.0xng

found

Percent

rec.

71.23

95.0

150

138.00

92.0

300

258.43

86.1

71.47

95.3

150

138.29

92.2

300

258.46

86.2

70.02

93.4

150

136.30

90.9

300

280.55

93.5

77.34

103.1

150

146.62

97.7

300

288.34

96.1

78.32

104.4

150

145.17

96.8

300

261.74

87.2

71.96

95.9.

150

144.88

96.6

300

277.22

92.4ee

n =

mean =

97.9

94.4

90.3

std dev =

4.66

2.98

4.30

0.048

0.032

0.048

(pooled) = 0.043

(6) Instrumental Parameters for Flame AAS Analysis.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

(Perkin-Elmer Model 603)

Flame: Air/Acetylene--lean, blue

Oxidant Flow: 55

Fuel Flow: 32

Wavelength: 228.8 nm

Slit: 4 (0.7 nm)

Range: UV

Signal: Concentration (4 exp)

Integration Time: 3 sec

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 175

(7) Instrumental Parameters for HGA Analysis.

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

(Perkin-Elmer Model 5100)

Signal Type: Zeeman AA

Slitwidth: 0.7 nm

Wavelength: 228.8 nm

Measurement: Peak Area

Integration Time: 6.0 sec

BOC Time: 5 sec BOC = Background Offset

Correction. Zeeman Graphite Furnace

(Perkin-Elmer Model HGA-600)

Ramp

Time(sec)

Hold

Time(sec)

Temp(

Argon

Flow(mL/

min)

Read(sec)

1) Predry

300

2) Dry

140

300

3) Char

900

300

4) Cool Down

300

5) Atomize

1600

-1

6) Burnout

2500

300

WAC 296-62-07451 A short description of Appendix F to 29 CFR 1910.1027--

Nonmandatory protocol for biological monitoring.

Appendix F is not included in this standard due to limited employer/employee application. The

following is a brief synopsis of the content of Appendix F to 29 CFR 1910.1027, Cadmium.

(1) The medical monitoring program for cadmium requires that blood and urine samples must

be collected at defined intervals from workers by physicians responsible for medical

monitoring. These samples are sent to commercial laboratories that perform the required

analyses and report results of these analyses to the responsible physicians. To ensure the

accuracy and reliability of these laboratory analyses, the laboratories to which samples are

submitted should participate in an ongoing and efficacious proficiency testing program.

(2) This nonmandatory protocol is intended to provide guidelines and recommendations for

physicians and laboratories to improve the accuracy and reliability of the procedures used

to analyze the biological samples collected as part of the medical monitoring program for

cadmium. This protocol provides procedures for characterizing and maintaining the quality

of analytic results derived from the analyses of cadmium in blood (CDB), cadmium in

urine (CDU), and beta-2-microglobulin in urine (B2MU) by commercial laboratories.

Laboratories conforming to the provisions of this nonmandatory protocol shall be known as

“participating laboratories.”

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 176

(3) This protocol describes procedures that may be used by the responsible physicians to

identify laboratories most likely to be proficient in the analysis of samples used in the

biological monitoring of cadmium. It also provides procedures for record keeping and

reporting by laboratories participating in proficiency testing programs, and

recommendations to assist these physicians in interpreting analytical results determined by

participating laboratories.

(4) For those needing Appendix F, 29 CFR 1910.1027, in its entirety, a copy may be obtained

by request to:

Department of Labor and Industries

Division of Industrial Safety and Health

Standards and Information

Post Office Box 44620

Olympia, Washington 98504-4620

or telephone (360) 956-5527

WAC 296-62-07460 1,3-Butadiene.

(1) Scope and application.

(a) This section applies to all occupational exposures to 1,3-Butadiene (BD), Chemical

Abstracts Service Registry No. 106-99-0, except as provided in (b) of this subsection.

(b)

Except for the recordkeeping provisions in subsection (13)(a) of this section,

this section does not apply to the processing, use, or handling of products

containing BD or to other work operations and streams in which BD is present

where objective data are reasonably relied upon that demonstrate the work

operation or the product or the group of products or operations to which it

belongs may not reasonably be foreseen to release BD in airborne

concentrations at or above the action level or in excess of the STEL under the

expected conditions of processing, use, or handling that will cause the greatest

possible release or in any plausible accident.

This section also does not apply to work operations, products or streams where

the only exposure to BD is from liquid mixtures containing 0.1% or less of BD

by volume or the vapors released from such liquids, unless objective data

become available that show that airborne concentrations generated by such

mixtures can exceed the action level or STEL under reasonably predictable

conditions of processing, use or handling that will cause the greatest possible

release.

Except for labeling requirements and requirements for emergency response, this

section does not apply to the storage, transportation, distribution or sale of BD

or liquid mixtures in intact containers or in transportation pipelines sealed in

such a manner as to fully contain BD vapors or liquids.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 177

subsection, the employer must maintain records of the objective data supporting that

exemption and the basis for the employer's reliance on the data, as provided in

subsection (13)(a) of this section.

(2) Definitions: For the purpose of this section, the following definitions shall apply:

Action level. A concentration of airborne BD of 0.5 ppm calculated as an 8-hour time-

weighted average.

Authorized person. Any person specifically designated by the employer, whose duties

require entrance into a regulated area, or a person entering such an area as a designated

representative of employees to exercise the right to observe monitoring and measuring

procedures under subsection (4)(h) of this section, or a person designated under the WISH

Act or regulations issued under the WISH Act to enter a regulated area.

1,3-Butadiene. An organic compound with chemical formula CH

CHCH = CH

that has

a molecular weight of approximately 54.15 gm/mole.

Business day. Any Monday through Friday, except those days designated as federal, state,

local or company specific holidays.

Complete blood count (CBC). Laboratory tests performed on whole blood specimens and

includes the following: White blood cell count (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell

count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), differential count of white blood cells, red blood cell

morphology, red blood cell indices, and platelet count.

Day. Any part of a calendar day.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries, or authorized

representatives.

Emergency situation. Any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure,

rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment that may or does result in an

uncontrolled significant release of BD.

Employee exposure. Exposure of a worker to airborne concentrations of BD which would

occur if the employee were not using respiratory protective equipment.

Objective data. Monitoring data, or mathematical modelling or calculations based on

composition, chemical and physical properties of a material, stream or product.

Permissible exposure limits (PELs). Either the 8-hour time-weighted average (8-hr

TWA) exposure or the short-term exposure limit (STEL).

Physician or other licensed health care professional. An individual whose legally

permitted scope of practice (i.e., license, registration, or certification) allows them to

independently provide or be delegated the responsibility to provide one or more of the

specific health care services required by (k) of this subsection.

Regulated area. Any area where airborne concentrations of BD exceed or can reasonably

be expected to exceed the 8-hour time-weighted average (8-hr TWA) exposure of 1 ppm or

the short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 5 ppm for 15 minutes.

This section. This 1,3-butadiene standard.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 178

(3) Permissible exposure limits (PELs).

(a) Time-weighted average (TWA) limit. The employer must ensure that no employee is

exposed to an airborne concentration of BD in excess of one part BD per million

parts of air (ppm) measured as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average.

(b) Short-term exposure limit (STEL). The employer must ensure that no employee is

exposed to an airborne concentration of BD in excess of five parts of BD per million

parts of air (5 ppm) as determined over a sampling period of fifteen minutes.

(4) Exposure monitoring.

(a) General.

(i) Determinations of employee exposure must be made from breathing zone air

samples that are representative of the 8-hour TWA and 15-minute short-term

exposures of each employee.

(ii) Representative 8-hour TWA employee exposure must be determined on the

basis of one or more samples representing full-shift exposure for each shift

and for each job classification in each work area.

(iii) Representative 15-minute short-term employee exposures must be determined

on the basis of one or more samples representing 15-minute exposures

associated with operations that are most likely to produce exposures above the

STEL for each shift and for each job classification in each work area.

(iv) Except for the initial monitoring required under (b) of this subsection, where

the employer can document that exposure levels are equivalent for similar

operations on different work shifts, the employer need only determine

representative employee exposure for that operation from the shift during

which the highest exposure is expected.

(b) Initial monitoring.

(i) Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this

section, must perform initial monitoring to determine accurately the airborne

concentrations of BD to which employees may be exposed, or must rely on

objective data pursuant to subsection (1)(b)(i) of this section to fulfill this

requirement. The initial monitoring required under this subitem must be

completed within 60 days of the introduction of BD into the workplace.

(ii) Where the employer has monitored within two years prior to the effective date

of this section and the monitoring satisfies all other requirements of this

section, the employer may rely on such earlier monitoring results to satisfy the

requirements of (b)(i) of this subsection, provided that the conditions under

which the initial monitoring was conducted have not changed in a manner that

may result in new or additional exposures.

(i) If the initial monitoring required by (b) of this subsection reveals employee

exposure to be at or above the action level but at or below both the 8-hour TWA

limit and the STEL, the employer must repeat the representative monitoring

required by (a) of this subsection every twelve months.

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(ii) If the initial monitoring required by (b) of this subsection reveals employee

exposure to be above the 8-hour TWA limit, the employer must repeat the

representative monitoring required by (a)(ii) of this subsection at least every

three months until the employer has collected two samples per quarter (each at

least 7 days apart) within a two-year period, after which such monitoring must

occur at least every six months.

(iii) If the initial monitoring required by (b) of this subsection reveals employee

exposure to be above the STEL, the employer must repeat the representative

monitoring required by (a)(iii) of this subsection at least every three months

until the employer has collected two samples per quarter (each at least 7 days

apart) within a two-year period, after which such monitoring must occur at

least every six months.

(iv) The employer may alter the monitoring schedule from every six months to

annually for any required representative monitoring for which two

consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart indicate that employee

exposure has decreased to or below the 8-hour TWA, but is at or above the

action level.

(d) Termination of monitoring.

(i) If the initial monitoring required by (b) of this subsection reveals employee

exposure to be below the action level and at or below the STEL, the employer

may discontinue the monitoring for employees whose exposures are

represented by the initial monitoring.

(ii) If the periodic monitoring required by (c) of this subsection reveals that

employee exposures, as indicated by at least two consecutive measurements

taken at least 7 days apart, are below the action level and at or below the

STEL, the employer may discontinue the monitoring for those employees who

are represented by such monitoring.

(e) Additional monitoring.

(i) The employer must institute the exposure monitoring required under

subsection (4) of this section whenever there has been a change in the

production, process, control equipment, personnel or work-practices that may

result in new or additional exposures to BD or when the employer has any

reason to suspect that a change may result in new or additional exposures.

(ii) Whenever spills, leaks, ruptures or other breakdowns occur that may lead to

employee exposure above the 8-hr TWA limit or above the STEL, the

employer must monitor (using leak source, such as direct reading instruments,

area or personal monitoring), after the cleanup of the spill or repair of the leak,

rupture or other breakdown, to ensure that exposures have returned to the

level that existed prior to the incident.

(f) Accuracy of monitoring.

Monitoring must be accurate, at a confidence level of 95 percent, to within plus or

minus 25 percent for airborne concentrations of BD at or above the 1 ppm TWA limit

and to within plus or minus 35 percent for airborne concentrations of BD at or above

the action level of 0.5 ppm and below the 1 ppm TWA limit.

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(g) Employee notification of monitoring results.

(i) The employer must, within 5 business days after the receipt of the results of

any monitoring performed under this section, notify the affected employees of

these results in writing either individually or by posting of results in an

appropriate location that is accessible to affected employees.

(ii) The employer must, within 15 business days after receipt of any monitoring

performed under this section indicating the 8-hour TWA or STEL has been

exceeded, provide the affected employees, in writing, with information on the

corrective action being taken by the employer to reduce employee exposure to

or below the 8-hour TWA or STEL and the schedule for completion of this

action.

(h) Observation of monitoring.

(i) Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees or

their designated representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of

employee exposure to BD conducted in accordance with this section.

(ii) Observation procedures. When observation of the monitoring of employee

exposure to BD requires entry into an area where the use of protective

clothing or equipment is required, the employer must provide the observer at

no cost with protective clothing and equipment, and must ensure that the

observer uses this equipment and complies with all other applicable safety and

health procedures.

(5) Regulated areas.

(a) The employer must establish a regulated area wherever occupational exposures to

airborne concentrations of BD exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the

permissible exposure limits, either the 8-hr TWA or the STEL.

(b) Access to regulated areas must be limited to authorized persons.

that minimizes the number of employees exposed to BD within the regulated area.

(d) An employer at a multi-employer worksite who establishes a regulated area must

communicate the access restrictions and locations of these areas to other employers

with work operations at that worksite whose employees may have access to these

areas.

(6) Methods of compliance.

(a) Engineering controls and work-practices.

(i) The employer must institute engineering controls and work-practices to

reduce and maintain employee exposure to or below the PELs, except to the

extent that the employer can establish that these controls are not feasible or

where subsection (8)(a)(i) of this section applies.

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(ii) Wherever the feasible engineering controls and work-practices which can be

instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the 8-

hour TWA or STEL, the employer must use them to reduce employee

exposure to the lowest levels achievable by these controls and must

supplement them by the use of respiratory protection that complies with the

requirements of subsection (8) of this section.

(b) Compliance plan.

(i) Where any exposures are over the PELs, the employer must establish and

implement a written plan to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs

primarily by means of engineering and work-practice controls, as required by

(a) of this subsection, and by the use of respiratory protection where required

or permitted under this section. No compliance plan is required if all

exposures are under the PELs.

(ii) The written compliance plan must include a schedule for the development and

implementation of the engineering controls and work-practice controls

including periodic leak detection surveys.

(iii) Copies of the compliance plan required in (b) of this subsection must be

furnished upon request for examination and copying to the director, affected

employees and designated employee representatives. Such plans must be

reviewed at least every 12 months, and must be updated as necessary to reflect

significant changes in the status of the employer's compliance program.

(iv) The employer must not implement a schedule of employee rotation as a means

of compliance with the PELs.

(7) Exposure goal program.

(a) For those operations and job classifications where employee exposures are greater

than the action level, in addition to compliance with the PELs, the employer must

have an exposure goal program that is intended to limit employee exposures to below

the action level during normal operations.

(b) Written plans for the exposure goal program must be furnished upon request for

examination and copying to the director, affected employees and designated

employee representatives.

the exposure goal program.

(d) Respirator use is not required in the exposure goal program.

(e) The exposure goal program must include the following items unless the employer can

demonstrate that the item is not feasible, will have no significant effect in reducing

employee exposures, or is not necessary to achieve exposures below the action level:

A leak prevention, detection, and repair program.

A program for maintaining the effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation

systems.

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(iii) The use of pump exposure control technology such as, but not limited to,

mechanical double-sealed or seal-less pumps.

Gauging devices designed to limit employee exposure, such as magnetic gauges

on rail cars.

Unloading devices designed to limit employee exposure, such as a vapor return

system.

A program to maintain BD concentration below the action level in control

rooms by use of engineering controls.

(8) Respiratory protection.

(a) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer

must provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with the

requirements of this subsection. Respirators must be used during:

Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-practice

controls;

Nonroutine work operations that are performed infrequently and for which

exposures are limited in duration;

Work operations for which feasible engineering controls and work-practice

controls are not yet sufficient to reduce employee exposures to or below the

PELs;

Emergencies.

(b) Respirator program.

The employer must implement a respiratory protection program as required by

chapter 296-842 WAC, except 296-842-13005 and 296-842-14005, which covers

each employee required by this section to use a respirator.

If air-purifying respirators are used, the employer must replace the air-purifying

filter elements according to the replacement schedule set for the class of

respirators listed in Table 1 of this section, and at the beginning of each work

shift.

Instead of using the replacement schedule listed in Table 1 of this section, the

employer may replace cartridges or canisters at 90% of their expiration service

life, provided the employer:

(A) Demonstrates that employees will be adequately protected by this

procedure;

(B) Uses BD breakthrough data for this purpose that have been derived from

tests conducted under worst-case conditions of humidity, temperature, and

air-flow rate through the filter element, and the employer also describes

the data supporting the cartridge-or canister-change schedule, as well as

the basis for using the data in the employer's respirator program.

A label must be attached to each filter element to indicate the date and time it is

first installed on the respirator.

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If NIOSH approves and end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) for an air-purifying

filter element, the element may be used until the ESLI shows no further useful

service life or until the element is replaced at the beginning of the next work shift,

whichever occurs first.

Regardless of the air-purifying element used, if an employee detects the odor of

BD, the employer must replace the air-purifying element immediately.

The employer must select appropriate respirators from Table 1 of this section.

Table 1 Minimum Requirements for Respiratory Protection for Airborne BD

Concentration of Airborne BD

(ppm)

or condition of use

Minimum required respirator

Less than or equal to 5 ppm(5 times

PEL)

(a) Air-purifying half-mask or full facepiece

respirator equipped with approved BD or

organic vapor cartridges or canisters.

Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced

every 4 hours.

Less than or equal to 10 ppm (10

times PEL)

(a) Air-purifying half-mask or full facepiece

respirator equipped with approved BD or

organic vapor cartridges or canisters.

Cartridges or canisters shall be replaced

every 3 hours.

Less than or equal to 25 ppm(25

times PEL)

(a) Air-purifying full facepiece respirator

equipped with approved BD or organic

vapor cartridges or canisters. Cartridges or

canisters shall be replaced every 2 hours.

(b) Any powered air-purifying respirator

equipped with approved BD or organic

vapor cartridges. PAPR cartridges shall be

replaced every 2 hours.

equipped with a hood or helmet.

Less than or equal to 50 ppm(50

times PEL)

(a) Air-purifying full facepiece respirator

equipped with approved BD or organic

vapor cartridges or canisters Cartridges or

canisters shall be replaced every 1 hour.

(b) Powered air purifying respirator equipped

with a tight-fitting facepiece and an

approved BD or organic vapor cartridges.

PAPR cartridges shall be replaced every 1

hour.

Less than or equal to 1,000 ppm

(1,000 times PEL)

(a) Supplied air respirator equipped with a half

mask or full facepiece and operated in

pressure-demand mode or other positive-

pressure mode.

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Table 1 Minimum Requirements for Respiratory Protection for Airborne BD

Concentration of Airborne BD

(ppm)

or condition of use

Minimum required respirator

Greater than 1,000 ppm

(a) Self- contained breathing unknown

concentration, or apparatus equipped with a

fire fighting full facepiece and operated in a

pressure-demand or other positive pressure

mode.

(b) Any supplied air respirator equipped with a

full facepiece and operated in a pressure-

demand or other positive-pressure mode in

combination with an auxiliary self-contained

breathing apparatus operated in a

pressure-demand or other positive pressure

mode.

Escape from IDLH Conditions

(a) Any positive-pressure self-contained

breathing apparatus with an appropriate

service life.

(b) Any air-purifying full facepiece respirator

equipped with a front or back mounted BD

or organic vapor canister.

Notes: Respirators approved for use in higher concentrations are permitted to

be used in lower concentrations. Full facepiece is required when eye

irritation is anticipated.

Air-purifying respirators must have filter elements certified by NIOSH for

organic vapor or BD.

When an employee whose job requires the use of a respirator cannot use a

negative-pressure respirator, the employer must provide the employee with a

respirator that has less breathing resistance than the negative-pressure respirator,

such as a powered air-purifying respirator or supplied-air respirator, when the

employee is able to use it and if it provides the employee adequate protection.

(9) Protective clothing and equipment. Where appropriate to prevent eye contact and limit

dermal exposure to BD, the employer must provide protective clothing and equipment at no

cost to the employee and must ensure its use. Eye and face protection must meet the

requirements of WAC 296-800-160.

(10) Emergency situations. Written plan. A written plan for emergency situations must be

developed, or an existing plan must be modified, to contain the applicable elements

specified in WAC 296-24-567, Employee emergency plans and fire prevention plans, and

in chapter 296-843 WAC, hazardous waste operations and emergency responses, for each

workplace where there is a possibility of an emergency.

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(11) Medical screening and surveillance.

(a) Employees covered. The employer must institute a medical screening and

surveillance program as specified in this subsection for:

Each employee with exposure to BD at concentrations at or above the action level

on 30 or more days or for employees who have or may have exposure to BD at or

above the PELs on 10 or more days a year;

Employers (including successor owners) must continue to provide medical

screening and surveillance for employees, even after transfer to a non-BD

exposed job and regardless of when the employee is transferred, whose work

histories suggest exposure to BD:

(A) At or above the PELs on 30 or more days a year for 10 or more years;

(B) At or above the action level on 60 or more days a year for 10 or more

years; or

Each employee exposed to BD following an emergency situation.

(b) Program administration.

The employer must ensure that the health questionnaire, physical examination and

medical procedures are provided without cost to the employee, without loss of

pay, and at a reasonable time and place.

Physical examinations, health questionnaires, and medical procedures must be

performed or administered by a physician or other licensed health care

professional.

Laboratory tests must be conducted by an accredited laboratory.

screening available on the following schedule:

For each employee covered under (a)(i) and (ii) of this subsection, a health

questionnaire and complete blood count (CBC) with differential and platelet

count every year, and a physical examination as specified below:

(A) An initial physical examination that meets the requirements of this rule, if

twelve months or more have elapsed since the last physical examination

conducted as part of a medical screening program for BD exposure;

(B) Before assumption of duties by the employee in a job with BD exposure;

(D) At the discretion of the physician or other licensed health care

professional reviewing the annual health questionnaire and CBC;

(E) At the time of employee reassignment to an area where exposure to BD is

below the action level, if the employee's past exposure history does not

meet the criteria of (a)(ii) of this subsection for continued coverage in the

screening and surveillance program, and if twelve months or more have

elapsed since the last physical examination; and

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(F) At termination of employment if twelve months or more have elapsed

since the last physical examination.

Following an emergency situation, medical screening must be conducted as

quickly as possible, but not later than 48 hours after the exposure.

For each employee who must wear a respirator, physical ability to perform the

work and use the respirator must be determined as required by chapter 296-842

WAC.

(d) Content of medical screening.

Medical screening for employees covered by (a)(i) and (ii) of this subsection must

include:

(A) A baseline health questionnaire that includes a comprehensive

occupational and health history and is updated annually. Particular

emphasis must be placed on the hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial

systems, including exposure to chemicals, in addition to BD, that may

have an adverse effect on these systems, the presence of signs and

symptoms that might be related to disorders of these systems, and any

other information determined by the examining physician or other

licensed health care professional to be necessary to evaluate whether the

employee is at increased risk of material impairment of health from BD

exposure. Health questionnaires must consist of the sample forms in

Appendix C to this section, or be equivalent to those samples;

(B) A complete physical examination, with special emphasis on the liver,

spleen, lymph nodes, and skin;

(D) Any other test which the examining physician or other licensed health

care professional deems necessary to evaluate whether the employee may

be at increased risk from exposure to BD.

Medical screening for employees exposed to BD in an emergency situation

must focus on the acute effects of BD exposure and at a minimum include: A

CBC within 48 hours of the exposure and then monthly for three months; and a

physical examination if the employee reports irritation of the eyes, nose, throat,

lungs, or skin, blurred vision, coughing, drowsiness, nausea, or headache.

Continued employee participation in the medical screening and surveillance

program, beyond these minimum requirements, shall be at the discretion of the

physician or other licensed health care professional.

(e) Additional medical evaluations and referrals.

Where the results of medical screening indicate abnormalities of the

hematopoietic or reticuloendothelial systems, for which a nonoccupational cause

is not readily apparent, the examining physician or other licensed health care

professional must refer the employee to an appropriate specialist for further

evaluation and must make available to the specialist the results of the medical

screening.

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The specialist to whom the employee is referred under this subsection must

determine the appropriate content for the medical evaluation, e.g.,

examinations, diagnostic tests and procedures, etc.

(f) Information provided to the physician or other licensed health care professional. The

employer must provide the following information to the examining physician or other

licensed health care professional involved in the evaluation:

A copy of this section including its appendices;

A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's

BD exposure;

The employee's actual or representative BD exposure level during employment

tenure, including exposure incurred in an emergency situation;

A description of pertinent personal protective equipment used or to be used; and

Information, when available, from previous employment-related medical

evaluations of the affected employee which is not otherwise available to the

physician or other licensed health care professional or the specialist.

(g) The written medical opinion.

For each medical evaluation required by this section, the employer must ensure

that the physician or other licensed health care professional produces a written

opinion and provides a copy to the employer and the employee within 15 business

days of the evaluation. The written opinion must be limited to the following

information:

(A) The occupationally pertinent results of the medical evaluation;

(B) A medical opinion concerning whether the employee has any detected

medical conditions which would place the employee's health at increased

risk of material impairment from exposure to BD;

(D) A statement that the employee has been informed of the results of the

medical evaluation and any medical conditions resulting from BD

exposure that require further explanation or treatment.

The written medical opinion provided to the employer must not reveal specific

records, findings, and diagnoses that have no bearing on the employee's ability

to work with BD.

Note: This provision does not negate the ethical obligation of the physician or

other licensed health care professional to transmit any other adverse

findings directly to the employer.

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(h) Medical surveillance.

The employer must ensure that information obtained from the medical screening

program activities is aggregated (with all personal identifiers removed) and

periodically reviewed, to ascertain whether the health of the employee population

of that employer is adversely affected by exposure to BD.

Information learned from medical surveillance activities must be disseminated to

covered employees, as defined in (a) of this subsection, in a manner that ensures

the confidentiality of individual medical information.

(12) Communication of BD hazards.

(a) Hazard communication-General.

Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers must comply with

all requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC 296-901-

140 for BD.

In classifying the hazards of BD at least the following hazards are to be

addressed: Cancer; eye and respiratory tract irritation; central nervous system

effects; and flammability.

Employers must include BD in the hazard communication program established to

comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers must ensure that each

employee has access to labels on containers of BD and to safety data sheets, and

is trained in accordance with the requirements of the HCS and (b) of this

subsection.

(b) Employee information and training.

The employer must train each employee who is potentially exposed to BD at or

above the action level or the STEL in accordance with the requirements of WAC

296-901-140 Hazard communication.

The employer must institute a training program for all employees who are

potentially exposed to BD at or above the action level or the STEL, ensure

employee participation in the program and maintain a record of the contents of

such program.

Training must be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment to a job

potentially involving exposure to BD at or above the action level or STEL and at

least annually thereafter.

The training program must be conducted in a manner that the employee is able to

understand. The employer must ensure that each employee exposed to BD over

the action level or STEL is informed of the following:

(A) The health hazards associated with BD exposure, and the purpose and a

description of the medical screening and surveillance program required by

this section;

(B) The quantity, location, manner of use, release, and storage of BD and the

specific operations that could result in exposure to BD, especially

exposures above the PEL or STEL;

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employee's job assignment, and emergency procedures and personal

protective equipment;

(D) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from exposure to

BD;

(E) The contents of this standard and its appendices; and

(F) The right of each employee exposed to BD at or above the action level or

STEL to obtain:

(I) Medical examinations as required by subsection (10) of this section

at no cost to the employee;

(II) The employee's medical records required to be maintained by

subsection (13)(c) of this section; and

(III) All air monitoring results representing the employee's exposure to

BD and required to be kept by subsection (13)(b) of this section.

The employer must make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily

available without cost to all affected employees and their designated

representatives and must provide a copy if requested.

The employer must provide to the director, or the designated employee

representatives, upon request, all materials relating to the employee information

and the training program.

(13) Recordkeeping.

(a) Objective data for exemption from initial monitoring.

Where the processing, use, or handling of products or streams made from or

containing BD are exempted from other requirements of this section under

subsection (1)(b) of this section, or where objective data have been relied on in

lieu of initial monitoring under subsection (4)(b)(ii) of this section, the employer

must establish and maintain a record of the objective data reasonably relied upon

in support of the exemption.

This record must include at least the following information:

(A) The product or activity qualifying for exemption;

(B) The source of the objective data;

release of BD;

(D) A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the

exemption; and

(E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee

exposures covered by the exemption.

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The employer must maintain this record for the duration of the employer's

reliance upon such objective data.

(b) Exposure measurements.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record of all measurements

taken to monitor employee exposure to BD as prescribed in subsection (4) of this

section.

The record must include at least the following information:

(A) The date of measurement;

(B) The operation involving exposure to BD which is being monitored;

(D) Number, duration, and results of samples taken;

(E) Type of protective devices worn, if any;

(F) Name, Social Security number and exposure of the employees whose

exposures are represented; and

(G) The written corrective action and the schedule for completion of this

action required by subsection (4)(g)(ii) of this section.

The employer must maintain this record for at least 30 years in accordance with

chapter 296-802 WAC.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

subject to medical screening and surveillance under this section.

The record must include at least the following information:

(A) The name and Social Security number of the employee;

(B) Physician's or other licensed health care professional's written opinions as

described in subsection (11)(e) of this section;

health care professional as required by subsections (11)(e) of this section.

Medical screening and surveillance records must be maintained for each

employee for the duration of employment plus 30 years, in accordance with

chapter 296-802 WAC.

(d) Availability.

The employer, upon written request, must make all records required to be

maintained by this section available for examination and copying to the director.

Access to records required to be maintained by (a) and (b) of this subsection must

be granted in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(e) Transfer of records. The employer must transfer medical and exposure records as set

forth in WAC 296-802-60005.

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(14) Start-up dates.

(a) The initial monitoring required under subsection (4)(b) of this section must be

completed immediately or within sixty days of the introduction of BD into the

workplace.

(b) The requirements of subsections (3) through (13) of this section, including feasible

work-practice controls but not including engineering controls specified in subsection

(6)(a) of this section, must be complied with immediately.

(15) Appendices. Appendices A, B, C, D, and F to this section are informational and are not

intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any

existing obligations.

Appendix A. Substance Safety Data Sheet For 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory)

(1) Substance Identification.

(a) Substance: 1,3-Butadiene (CH

CHCH = CH

(b) Synonyms: 1,3-Butadiene (BD); butadiene; biethylene; bi-vinyl; divinyl; butadiene-

1,3; buta-1,3-diene; erythrene; NCI-C50602; CAS-106-99-0.

(d) BD is used in production of styrene-butadiene rubber and polybutadiene rubber for

the tire industry. Other uses include copolymer latexes for carpet backing and paper

coating, as well as resins and polymers for pipes and automobile and appliance parts.

It is also used as an intermediate in the production of such chemicals as fungicides.

(e) Appearance and odor: BD is a colorless, non-corrosive, flammable gas with a mild

aromatic odor at standard ambient temperature and pressure.

(f) Permissible exposure: Exposure may not exceed 1 part BD per million parts of air

averaged over the 8-hour workday, nor may short-term exposure exceed 5 parts of

BD per million parts of air averaged over any 15-minute period in the 8-hour

workday.

(2) Health Hazard Data.

(a) BD can affect the body if the gas is inhaled or if the liquid form, which is very cold

(cryogenic), comes in contact with the eyes or skin.

(b) Effects of overexposure: Breathing very high levels of BD for a short time can cause

central nervous system effects, blurred vision, nausea, fatigue, headache, decreased

blood pressure and pulse rate, and unconsciousness. There are no recorded cases of

accidental exposures at high levels that have caused death in humans, but this could

occur. Breathing lower levels of BD may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and

throat. Skin contact with liquefied BD can cause irritation and frostbite.

rodents, inducing neoplastic lesions at multiple target sites in mice and rats. A recent

study of BD-exposed workers showed that exposed workers have an increased risk of

developing leukemia. The risk of leukemia increases with increased exposure to BD.

OSHA has concluded that there is strong evidence that workplace exposure to BD

poses an increased risk of death from cancers of the lymphohematopoietic system.

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(d) Reporting signs and symptoms: You should inform your supervisor if you develop

any of these signs or symptoms and suspect that they are caused by exposure to BD.

(3) Emergency First Aid Procedures.

In the event of an emergency, follow the emergency plan and procedures designated for

your work area. If you have been trained in first aid procedures, provide the necessary first

aid measures. If necessary, call for additional assistance from co-workers and emergency

medical personnel.

(a) Eye and Skin Exposures: If there is a potential that liquefied BD can come in contact

with eye or skin, face shields and skin protective equipment must be provided and

used. If liquefied BD comes in contact with the eye, immediately flush the eyes with

large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and the upper lids. Flush

repeatedly. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn

when working with this chemical. In the event of skin contact, which can cause

frostbite, remove any contaminated clothing and flush the affected area repeatedly

with large amounts of tepid water.

(b) Breathing: If a person breathes in large amounts of BD, move the exposed person to

fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(CPR) if you have been trained in this procedure. Keep the affected person warm and

at rest. Get medical attention immediately.

person has been overcome, call for help and begin emergency rescue procedures.

Use extreme caution so that you do not become a casualty. Understand the plant's

emergency rescue procedures and know the locations of rescue equipment before the

need arises.

(4) Respirators and Protective Clothing.

Respirators: Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering and

work-practice controls be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the

permissible exposure level. However, there are some exceptions where respirators

may be used to control exposure. Respirators may be used when engineering and

work-practice controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the

process of being installed, or when these controls fail and need to be supplemented or

during brief, non-routine, intermittent exposure. Respirators may also be used in

situations involving non-routine work operations which are performed infrequently

and in which exposures are limited in duration, and in emergency situations. In some

instances cartridge respirator use is allowed, but only with strict time constraints. For

example, at exposure below 5 ppm BD, a cartridge (or canister) respirator, either full

or half face, may be used, but the cartridge must be replaced at least every 4 hours,

and it must be replaced every 3 hours when the exposure is between 5 and 10 ppm.

If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have

been approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program must be

instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, fit testing, inspection,

cleaning, and evaluation of respirators. If you can smell BD while wearing a

respirator, proceed immediately to fresh air, and change cartridge (or canister) before

re-entering an area where there is BD exposure. If you experience difficulty in

breathing while wearing a respirator, tell your supervisor.

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(a) Protective Clothing: Employees should be provided with and required to use

impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other

appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent the skin from becoming frozen

by contact with liquefied BD (or a vessel containing liquid BD).

Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof safety goggles

where liquefied BD may contact the eyes.

(5) Precautions for Safe Use, Handling, and Storage.

(a) Fire and Explosion Hazards: BD is a flammable gas and can easily form explosive

mixtures in air. It has a lower explosive limit of 2%, and an upper explosive limit of

11.5%. It has an autoignition temperature of 420 deg. C (788 deg. F). Its vapor is

heavier than air (vapor density, 1.9) and may travel a considerable distance to a

source of ignition and flash back. Usually it contains inhibitors to prevent self-

polymerization (which is accompanied by evolution of heat) and to prevent formation

of explosive peroxides. At elevated temperatures, such as in fire conditions,

polymerization may take place. If the polymerization takes place in a container, there

is a possibility of violent rupture of the container.

(b) Hazard: Slightly toxic. Slight respiratory irritant. Direct contact of liquefied BD on

skin may cause freeze burns and frostbite.

storage of BD containers is preferred. Inside storage should be in a cool, dry, well-

ventilated, noncombustible location, away from all possible sources of ignition. Store

cylinders vertically and do not stack. Do not store with oxidizing material.

(d) Usual Shipping Containers: Liquefied BD is contained in steel pressure apparatus.

(e) Electrical Equipment: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations, as

defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code, should be in accordance with

Article 501 of the Code. If explosion-proof electrical equipment is necessary, it shall

be suitable for use in Group B. Group D equipment may be used if such equipment is

isolated in accordance with Section 501-5(a) by sealing all conduit 1/2-inch size or

larger. See Venting of Deflagrations (NFPA No. 68, 1994), National Electrical Code

(NFPA No. 70, 1996), Static Electricity (NFPA No. 77, 1993), Lightning Protection

Systems (NFPA No. 780, 1995), and Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids,

Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No. 325, 1994).

(f) Firefighting: Stop flow of gas. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fire

extinguishers and quick drenching facilities must be readily available, and you should

know where they are and how to operate them.

(g) Spill and Leak: Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be

restricted from areas of spills or leaks until clean-up has been completed. If BD is

spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken:

Eliminate all ignition sources.

Ventilate area of spill or leak.

If in liquid form, for small quantities, allow to evaporate in a safe manner.

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Stop or control the leak if this can be done without risk. If source of leak is a

cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to

a safe place and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.

(h) Disposal: This substance, when discarded or disposed of, is a hazardous waste

according to Federal regulations (40 CFR part 261). It is listed as hazardous waste

number D001 due to its ignitability. The transportation, storage, treatment, and

disposal of this waste material must be conducted in compliance with 40 CFR parts

262, 263, 264, 268 and 270. Disposal can occur only in properly permitted facilities.

Check state and local regulation of any additional requirements as these may be more

restrictive than federal laws and regulation.

(i) You should not keep food, beverages, or smoking materials in areas where there is

BD exposure, nor should you eat or drink in such areas.

(j) Ask your supervisor where BD is used in your work area and ask for any additional

plant safety and health rules.

(6) Medical Requirements.

Your employer is required to offer you the opportunity to participate in a medical screening

and surveillance program if you are exposed to BD at concentrations exceeding the action

level (0.5 ppm BD as an 8-hour TWA) on 30 days or more a year, or at or above the 8-hr

TWA (1 ppm) or STEL (5 ppm for 15 minutes) on 10 days or more a year. Exposure for

any part of a day counts. If you have had exposure to BD in the past, but have been

transferred to another job, you may still be eligible to participate in the medical screening

and surveillance program.

The WISHA rule specifies the past exposures that would qualify you for participation in

the program. These past exposure are work histories that suggest the following:

(a) That you have been exposed at or above the PELs on 30 days a year for 10 or more

years;

(b) That you have been exposed at or above the action level on 60 days a year for 10 or

more years; or

Additionally, if you are exposed to BD in an emergency situation, you are eligible for a

medical examination within 48 hours. The basic medical screening program includes a

health questionnaire, physical examination, and blood test. These medical evaluations

must be offered to you at a reasonable time and place, and without cost or loss of pay.

(7) Observation of Monitoring.

Your employer is required to perform measurements that are representative of your

exposure to BD and you or your designated representative are entitled to observe the

monitoring procedure. You are entitled to observe the steps taken in the measurement

procedure, and to record the results obtained. When the monitoring procedure is taking

place in an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and equipment are

required to be worn, you or your representative must also be provided with, and must wear,

the protective clothing and equipment.

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(8) Access to Information.

(a) Each year, your employer is required to inform you of the information contained in

this appendix. In addition, your employer must instruct you in the proper work-

practices for using BD, emergency procedures, and the correct use of protective

equipment.

(b) Your employer is required to determine whether you are being exposed to BD. You

or your representative has the right to observe employee measurements and to record

the results obtained. Your employer is required to inform you of your exposure. If

your employer determines that you are being overexposed, he or she is required to

inform you of the actions which are being taken to reduce your exposure to within

permissible exposure limits and of the schedule to implement these actions.

examinations. These records must be kept by the employer for at least thirty (30)

years.

(d) Your employer is required to release your exposure and medical records to you or

your representative upon your request.

Appendix B. Substance Technical Guidelines for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory)

(1) Physical and Chemical Data.

(a) Substance identification:

Synonyms: 1,3-Butadiene (BD); butadiene; biethylene; bivinyl; divinyl;

butadiene-1,3; buta-1,3-diene; erythrene; NCI-C50620; CAS-106-99-0.

Formula: (CH2:CHCH:CH2).

Molecular weight: 54.1.

(b) Physical data:

Boiling point (760 mm Hg): -4.7 deg. C (23.5 deg. F).

Specific gravity (water = 1): 0.62 at 20 deg. C (68 deg. F).

Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of BD): 1.87.

Vapor pressure at 20 deg. C (68 deg. F): 910 mm Hg.

Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 deg. C (68 deg. F): 0.05.

Appearance and odor: Colorless, flammable gas with a mildly aromatic odor.

Liquefied BD is a colorless liquid with a mildly aromatic odor.

(2) Fire, Explosion, and Reactivity Hazard Data.

(a) Fire:

Flash point: -76 deg. C (-105 deg. F) for takeout; liquefied BD; Not applicable to

BD gas.

Stability: A stabilizer is added to the monomer to inhibit formation of polymer

during storage. Forms explosive peroxides in air in absence of inhibitor.

Flammable limits in air, percent by volume: Lower: 2.0; Upper: 11.5.

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Extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide for small fires, polymer or alcohol foams

for large fires.

Special firefighting procedures: Fight fire from protected location or maximum

possible distance. Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Use water spray to

keep fire-exposed cylinders cool.

Unusual fire and explosion hazards: BD vapors are heavier than air and may

travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Closed containers may rupture

violently when heated.

For purposes of compliance with the requirements of WAC 296-24-330, BD is

classified as a flammable gas. For example, 7,500 ppm, approximately one-fourth

of the lower flammable limit, would be considered to pose a potential fire and

explosion hazard.

For purposes of compliance with WAC 296-24-585, BD is classified as a Class B

fire hazard.

For purposes of compliance with WAC 296-24-956 and 296-800-280, locations

classified as hazardous due to the presence of BD shall be Class I.

(b) Reactivity:

Conditions contributing to instability: Heat. Peroxides are formed when inhibitor

concentration is not maintained at proper level. At elevated temperatures, such as

in fire conditions, polymerization may take place.

Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizing agents may cause fires and

explosions. The contacting of crude BD (not BD monomer) with copper and

copper alloys may cause formations of explosive copper compounds.

Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide) may

be released in a fire involving BD.

Special precautions: BD will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.

BD in storage should be checked for proper inhibitor content, for self-

polymerization, and for formation of peroxides when in contact with air and iron.

Piping carrying BD may become plugged by formation of rubbery polymer.

Odor Threshold: An odor threshold of 0.45 ppm has been reported in The

American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Report, Odor Thresholds for

Chemicals with Established Occupational Health Standards. (Ex. 32-28C).

Eye Irritation Level: Workers exposed to vapors of BD (concentration or purity

unspecified) have complained of irritation of eyes, nasal passages, throat, and

lungs. Dogs and rabbits exposed experimentally to as much as 6700 ppm for 7

1/2 hours a day for 8 months have developed no histologically demonstrable

abnormality of the eyes.

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Evaluation of Warning Properties: Since the mean odor threshold is about half

of the 1 ppm PEL, and more than 10-fold below the 5 ppm STEL, most wearers

of air purifying respirators should still be able to detect breakthrough before a

significant overexposure to BD occurs.

(3) Spill, Leak, and Disposal Procedures.

(a) Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from

areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has been completed. If BD is spilled or leaked,

the following steps should be taken:

Eliminate all ignition sources.

Ventilate areas of spill or leak.

If in liquid form, for small quantities, allow to evaporate in a safe manner.

Stop or control the leak if this can be done without risk. If source of leak is a

cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a

safe place and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.

(b) Disposal: This substance, when discarded or disposed of, is a hazardous waste

according to Federal regulations (40 CFR part 261). It is listed by the EPA as

hazardous waste number D001 due to its ignitability. The transportation, storage,

treatment, and disposal of this waste material must be conducted in compliance with

40 CFR parts 262, 263, 264, 268 and 270. Disposal can occur only in properly

permitted facilities. Check state and local regulations for any additional requirements

because these may be more restrictive than federal laws and regulations.

(4) Monitoring and Measurement Procedures.

(a) Exposure above the Permissible Exposure Limit (8-hr TWA) or Short-Term Exposure

Limit (STEL):

8-hr TWA exposure evaluation: Measurements taken for the purpose of

determining employee exposure under this standard are best taken with

consecutive samples covering the full shift. Air samples must be taken in the

employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by

the employee).

STEL exposure evaluation: Measurements must represent 15 minute exposures

associated with operations most likely to exceed the STEL in each job and on

each shift.

Monitoring frequencies: Table 1 gives various exposure scenarios and their

required monitoring frequencies, as required by the final standard for

occupational exposure to butadiene.

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Table 1 Five Exposure Scenarios and Their Associated Monitoring Frequencies

Action Level

8-hr TWA

STEL

Required Monitoring Activity

No 8-hr TWA or STEL monitoring

required.

No STEL monitoring required. Monitor

8-hr

TWA annually.

No STEL monitoring required. Periodic

monitoring 8-hr TWA, in accordance with

(4)(c)(iii).**

Periodic monitoring 8-hr TWA, in

accordance

with (4)(c)(iii)**. Periodic monitoring STEL

in accordance with (4)(c)(iii).

Periodic monitoring STEL, in accordance

with (4)(c)(iii). Monitor 8-hr TWA

annually.

Footnote(*) Exposure Scenario, Limit Exceeded: + = Yes, - = No.

Footnote(**) The employer may decrease the frequency of exposure monitoring to annually

when at least 2 consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart show exposures to be

below the 8-hr TWA, but at or above the action level.

Monitoring techniques: Appendix D describes the validated method of

sampling and analysis which has been tested by OSHA for use with BD. The

employer has the obligation of selecting a monitoring method which meets the

accuracy and precision requirements of the standard under their unique field

conditions. The standard requires that the method of monitoring must be

accurate, to a 95 percent confidence level, to plus or minus 25 percent for

concentrations of BD at or above 1 ppm, and to plus or minus 35 percent for

concentrations below 1 ppm.

(5) Personal Protective Equipment.

(a) Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves,

face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing

necessary to prevent the skin from becoming frozen from contact with liquid BD.

(b) Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid BD should be removed immediately and

not re-worn until the butadiene has evaporated.

where liquid BD may contact the eyes.

(6) Housekeeping and Hygiene Facilities.

For purposes of complying with WAC 296-800-220 and 296-800-230, the following items

should be emphasized:

(a) The workplace should be kept clean, orderly, and in a sanitary condition.

(b) Adequate washing facilities with hot and cold water are to be provided and

maintained in a sanitary condition.

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(7) Additional Precautions.

(a) Store BD in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area and take all

necessary precautions to avoid any explosion hazard.

(b) Non-sparking tools must be used to open and close metal containers. These

containers must be effectively grounded.

(d) Employers must advise employees of all areas and operations where exposure to BD

might occur.

Appendix C. Medical Screening and Surveillance for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-

Mandatory).

(1) Basis for Medical Screening and Surveillance Requirements.

(a) Route of Entry Inhalation.

(b) Toxicology.

Inhalation of BD has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, damage to the

reproductive organs, and fetotoxicity. Butadiene can be converted via oxidation to

epoxybutene and diepoxybutane, two genotoxic metabolites that may play a role in

the expression of BD's toxic effects. BD has been tested for carcinogenicity in mice

and rats. Both species responded to BD exposure by developing cancer at multiple

primary organ sites. Early deaths in mice were caused by malignant lymphomas,

primarily lymphocytic type, originating in the thymus.

Mice exposed to BD have developed ovarian or testicular atrophy. Sperm head

morphology tests also revealed abnormal sperm in mice exposed to BD; lethal

mutations were found in a dominant lethal test. In light of these results in animals,

the possibility that BD may adversely affect the reproductive systems of male and

female workers must be considered.

Additionally, anemia has been observed in animals exposed to butadiene. In some

cases, this anemia appeared to be a primary response to exposure; in other cases, it

may have been secondary to a neoplastic response.

Epidemiologic evidence demonstrates that BD exposure poses an increased risk of

leukemia. Mild alterations of hematologic parameters have also been observed in

synthetic rubber workers exposed to BD.

(2) Potential Adverse Health Effects.

(a) Acute.

Skin contact with liquid BD causes characteristic burns or frostbite. BD in gaseous

form can irritate the eyes, nasal passages, throat, and lungs. Blurred vision,

coughing, and drowsiness may also occur. Effects are mild at 2,000 ppm and

pronounced at 8,000 ppm for exposures occurring over the full workshift.

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At very high concentrations in air, BD is an anesthetic, causing narcosis, respiratory

paralysis, unconsciousness, and death. Such concentrations are unlikely, however,

except in an extreme emergency because BD poses an explosion hazard at these

levels.

(b) Chronic.

The principal adverse health effects of concern are BD-induced lymphoma, leukemia

and potential reproductive toxicity. Anemia and other changes in the peripheral

blood cells may be indicators of excessive exposure to BD.

Workers may be concerned about the possibility that their BD exposure may be

affecting their ability to procreate a healthy child. For workers with high exposures

to BD, especially those who have experienced difficulties in conceiving,

miscarriages, or stillbirths, appropriate medical and laboratory evaluation of fertility

may be necessary to determine if BD is having any adverse effect on the reproductive

system or on the health of the fetus.

(3) Medical Screening Components At-A-Glance.

(a) Health Questionnaire.

The most important goal of the health questionnaire is to elicit information from the

worker regarding potential signs or symptoms generally related to leukemia or other

blood abnormalities. Therefore, physicians or other licensed health care professionals

should be aware of the presenting symptoms and signs of lymphohematopoietic

disorders and cancers, as well as the procedures necessary to confirm or exclude such

diagnoses. Additionally, the health questionnaire will assist with the identification of

workers at greatest risk of developing leukemia or adverse reproductive effects from

their exposures to BD.

Workers with a history of reproductive difficulties or a personal or family history of

immune deficiency syndromes, blood dyscrasias, lymphoma, or leukemia, and those

who are or have been exposed to medicinal drugs or chemicals known to affect the

hematopoietic or lymphatic systems may be at higher risk from their exposure to BD.

After the initial administration, the health questionnaire must be updated annually.

(b) Complete Blood Count (CBC).

The medical screening and surveillance program requires an annual CBC, with

differential and platelet count, to be provided for each employee with BD exposure.

This test is to be performed on a blood sample obtained by phlebotomy of the venous

system or, if technically feasible, from a fingerstick sample of capillary blood. The

sample is to be analyzed by an accredited laboratory.

Abnormalities in a CBC may be due to a number of different etiologies. The concern

for workers exposed to BD includes, but is not limited to, timely identification of

lymphohematopoietic cancers, such as leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Abnormalities of portions of the CBC are identified by comparing an individual's

results to those of an established range of normal values for males and females.

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A substantial change in any individual employee's CBC may also be viewed as

“abnormal” for that individual even if all measurements fall within the population-

based range of normal values. It is suggested that a flowsheet for laboratory values

be included in each employee's medical record so that comparisons and trends in

annual CBCs can be easily made.

A determination of the clinical significance of an abnormal CBC shall be the

responsibility of the examining physician, other licensed health care professional, or

medical specialist to whom the employee is referred. Ideally, an abnormal CBC

should be compared to previous CBC measurements for the same employee, when

available. Clinical common sense may dictate that a CBC value that is very slightly

outside the normal range does not warrant medical concern. A CBC abnormality may

also be the result of a temporary physical stressor, such as a transient viral illness,

blood donation, or menorrhagia, or laboratory error. In these cases, the CBC should

be repeated in a timely fashion, i.e., within 6 weeks, to verify that return to the

normal range has occurred. A clinically significant abnormal CBC should result in

removal of the employee from further exposure to BD. Transfer of the employee to

other work duties in a BD-free environment would be the preferred recommendation.

The medical screening and surveillance program requires an initial physical

examination for workers exposed to BD; this examination is repeated once every

three years. The initial physical examination should assess each worker's baseline

general health and rule out clinical signs of medical conditions that may be caused by

or aggravated by occupational BD exposure. The physical examination should be

directed at identification of signs of lymphohematopoietic disorders, including lymph

node enlargement, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly.

Repeated physical examinations should update objective clinical findings that could

be indicative of interim development of a lymphohematopoietic disorder, such as

lymphoma, leukemia, or other blood abnormality. Physical examinations may also be

provided on an as needed basis in order to follow up on a positive answer on the

health questionnaire, or in response to an abnormal CBC. +Physical examination of

workers who will no longer be working in jobs with BD exposure are intended to rule

out lymphohematopoietic disorders.

The need for physical examinations for workers concerned about adverse

reproductive effects from their exposure to BD should be identified by the physician

or other licensed health care professional and provided accordingly. For these

workers, such consultations and examinations may relate to developmental toxicity

and reproductive capacity.

Physical examination of workers acutely exposed to significant levels of BD should

be especially directed at the respiratory system, eyes, sinuses, skin, nervous system,

and any region associated with particular complaints. If the worker has received a

severe acute exposure, hospitalization may be required to assure proper medical

management. Since this type of exposure may place workers at greater risk of blood

abnormalities, a CBC must be obtained within 48 hours and repeated at one, two, and

three months.

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Appendix D: Sampling and Analytical Method for 1,3-Butadiene (Non-Mandatory).

OSHA Method No.: 56.

Matrix: Air.

Target concentration: 1 ppm (2.21 mg/m

Procedure: Air samples are collected by drawing known volumes of air through

sampling tubes containing charcoal adsorbent which has been coated with 4-tert-

butylcatechol. The samples are desorbed with carbon disulfide and then analyzed by gas

chromatography using a flame ionization detector.

Recommended sampling rate and air volume: 0.05 L/min and 3 L.

Detection limit of the overall procedure: 90 ppb (200 µg/m

) (based on 3 L air volume).

Reliable quantitation limit: 155 ppb (343 µg/m

) (based on 3 L air volume).

Standard error of estimate at the target concentration: 6.5%.

Special requirements: The sampling tubes must be coated with 4-tert-butylcatechol.

Collected samples should be stored in a freezer.

Status of method: A sampling and analytical method has been subjected to the

established evaluation procedures of the Organic Methods Evaluation Branch, OSHA

Analytical Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah 84165.

(1) Background.

This work was undertaken to develop a sampling and analytical procedure for BD at 1

ppm. The current method recommended by OSHA for collecting BD uses activated

coconut shell charcoal as the sampling medium (Ref. 5.2). This method was found to be

inadequate for use at low BD levels because of sample instability.

The stability of samples has been significantly improved through the use of a specially

cleaned charcoal which is coated with 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC). TBC is a

polymerization inhibitor for BD (Ref. 5.3).

(a) Toxic effects.

Symptoms of human exposure to BD include irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. It

can also cause coughing, drowsiness and fatigue. Dermatitis and frostbite can result

from skin exposure to liquid BD. (Ref. 5.1)

NIOSH recommends that BD be handled in the workplace as a potential occupational

carcinogen. This recommendation is based on two inhalation studies that resulted in

cancers at multiple sites in rats and in mice. BD has also demonstrated mutagenic

activity in the presence of a liver microsomal activating system. It has also been

reported to have adverse reproductive effects. (Ref. 5.1)

(b) Potential workplace exposure.

About 90% of the annual production of BD is used to manufacture styrene-butadiene

rubber and Polybutadiene rubber. Other uses include: Polychloroprene rubber,

acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene resins, nylon intermediates, styrene-butadiene latexes,

butadiene polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, nitrile resins, methyl methacrylate-

butadiene styrene resins and chemical intermediates. (Ref. 5.1)

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CAS No.: 106-99-0

Molecular weight: 54.1

Appearance: Colorless gas

Boiling point: -4.41 deg. C (760 mm Hg)

Freezing point: -108.9 deg. C

Vapor pressure: 2 atm (a) 15.3 deg. C; 5 atm (a) 47 deg. C

Explosive limits: 2 to 11.5% (by volume in air)

Odor threshold: 0.45 ppm

Structural formula: H

C:CHCH:CH

Synonyms: BD; biethylene; bivinyl; butadiene; divinyl; buta-1,3-diene; alpha-

gamma-butadiene; erythrene; NCI-C50602; pyrrolylene; vinylethylene.

(d) Limit defining parameters.

The analyte air concentrations listed throughout this method are based on an air

volume of 3 L and a desorption volume of 1 mL. Air concentrations listed in ppm are

referenced to 25 deg. C and 760 mm Hg.

(e) Detection limit of the analytical procedure.

The detection limit of the analytical procedure was 304 pg per injection. This was the

amount of BD which gave a response relative to the interferences present in a

standard.

(f) Detection limit of the overall procedure.

The detection limit of the overall procedure was 0.60 ug per sample (90 ppb or 200

ug/m

). This amount was determined graphically. It was the amount of analyte

which, when spiked on the sampling device, would allow recovery approximately

equal to the detection limit of the analytical procedure.

(g) Reliable quantitation limit.

The reliable quantitation limit was 1.03 µg per sample (155 ppb or 343 µg/m

). This

was the smallest amount of analyte which could be quantitated within the limits of a

recovery of at least 75% and a precision (+/- 1.96 SD) of +/- 25% or better.

(h) Sensitivity.(1)

Footnote(1) The reliable quantitation limit and detection limits reported in the method are

based upon optimization of the instrument for the smallest possible amount of analyte. When the

target concentration of an analyte is exceptionally higher than these limits, they may not be

attainable at the routine operation parameters.

The sensitivity of the analytical procedure over a concentration range representing 0.6

to 2 times the target concentration, based on the recommended air volume, was 387

area units per µg/mL. This value was determined from the slope of the calibration

curve. The sensitivity may vary with the particular instrument used in the analysis.

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(i) Recovery.

The recovery of BD from samples used in storage tests remained above 77% when

the samples were stored at ambient temperature and above 94% when the samples

were stored at refrigerated temperature. These values were determined from

regression lines which were calculated from the storage data. The recovery of the

analyte from the collection device must be at least 75% following storage.

(j) Precision (analytical method only).

The pooled coefficient of variation obtained from replicate determinations of

analytical standards over the range of 0.6 to 2 times the target concentration was

0.011.

(k) Precision (overall procedure).

The precision at the 95% confidence level for the refrigerated temperature storage test

was +/- 12.7%. This value includes an additional +/- 5% for sampling error. The

overall procedure must provide results at the target concentrations that are +/- 25% at

the 95% confidence level.

(l) Reproducibility.

Samples collected from a controlled test atmosphere and a draft copy of this

procedure were given to a chemist unassociated with this evaluation. The average

recovery was 97.2% and the standard deviation was 6.2%.

(2) Sampling procedure.

(a) Apparatus. Samples are collected by use of a personal sampling pump that can be

calibrated to within +/- 5% of the recommended 0.05 L/min sampling rate with the

sampling tube in line.

(b) Samples are collected with laboratory prepared sampling tubes. The sampling tube is

constructed of silane-treated glass and is about 5-cm long. The ID is 4 mm and the

OD is 6 mm. One end of the tube is tapered so that a glass wool end plug will hold

the contents of the tube in place during sampling. The opening in the tapered end of

the sampling tube is at least one-half the ID of the tube (2 mm). The other end of the

sampling tube is open to its full 4-mm ID to facilitate packing of the tube. Both ends

of the tube are fire-polished for safety. The tube is packed with 2 sections of

pretreated charcoal which has been coated with TBC. The tube is packed with a 50-

mg backup section, located nearest the tapered end, and with a 100-mg sampling

section of charcoal. The two sections of coated adsorbent are separated and retained

with small plugs of silanized glass wool. Following packing, the sampling tubes are

sealed with two 7/32 inch OD plastic end caps.

Instructions for the pretreatment and coating of the charcoal are presented in Section

4.1 of this method.

None required.

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Part G, Page 205

(d) Technique.

Properly label the sampling tube before sampling and then remove the plastic end

caps.

Attach the sampling tube to the pump using a section of flexible plastic tubing

such that the larger front section of the sampling tube is exposed directly to the

atmosphere. Do not place any tubing ahead of the sampling tube. The sampling

tube should be attached in the worker's breathing zone in a vertical manner such

that it does not impede work performance.

After sampling for the appropriate time, remove the sampling tube from the pump

and then seal the tube with plastic end caps. Wrap the tube lengthwise.

Include at least one blank for each sampling set. The blank should be handled in

the same manner as the samples with the exception that air is not drawn through

it.

List any potential interferences on the sample data sheet.

The samples require no special shipping precautions under normal conditions.

The samples should be refrigerated if they are to be exposed to higher than

normal ambient temperatures. If the samples are to be stored before they are

shipped to the laboratory, they should be kept in a freezer. The samples should be

placed in a freezer upon receipt at the laboratory.

(e) Breakthrough.

(Breakthrough was defined as the relative amount of analyte found on the backup

section of the tube in relation to the total amount of analyte collected on the sampling

tube. Five-percent breakthrough occurred after sampling a test atmosphere

containing 2.0 ppm BD for 90 min. at 0.05 L/min. At the end of this time 4.5 L of air

had been sampled and 20.1 µg of the analyte was collected. The relative humidity of

the sampled air was 80% at 23 deg. C.)

Breakthrough studies have shown that the recommended sampling procedure can be

used at air concentrations higher than the target concentration. The sampling time,

however, should be reduced to 45 min. if both the expected BD level and the relative

humidity of the sampled air are high.

(f) Desorption efficiency.

The average desorption efficiency for BD from TBC coated charcoal over the range

from 0.6 to 2 times the target concentration was 96.4%. The efficiency was

essentially constant over the range studied.

(g) Recommended air volume and sampling rate.

(h) The recommended air volume is 3 L.

(i) The recommended sampling rate is 0.05 L/min. for 1 hour.

(j) Interferences.

There are no known interferences to the sampling method.

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Part G, Page 206

(k) Safety precautions.

Attach the sampling equipment to the worker in such a manner that it will not

interfere with work performance or safety.

Follow all safety practices that apply to the work area being sampled.

(3) Analytical procedure.

(a) Apparatus.

A gas chromatograph (GC), equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID).(2)

Footnote(2) A Hewlett-Packard Model 5840A GC was used for this evaluation. Injections

were performed using a Hewlett-Packard Model 7671A automatic sampler.

A GC column capable of resolving the analytes from any interference.(3)

Footnote(3) A 20-ft x 1/8-inch OD stainless steel GC column containing 20% FFAP on 80/100

mesh Chromabsorb W-AW-DMCS was used for this evaluation.

Vials, glass 2-mL with Teflon-lined caps.

Disposable Pasteur-type pipets, volumetric flasks, pipets and syringes for

preparing samples and standards, making dilutions and performing injections.

(b) Reagents.

Carbon disulfide.(4)

Footnote(4) Fisher Scientific Company A.C.S. Reagent Grade solvent was used in this

evaluation.

The benzene contaminant that was present in the carbon disulfide was used as an internal

standard (ISTD) in this evaluation.

Nitrogen, hydrogen and air, GC grade.

BD of known high purity.(5)

Footnote(5) Matheson Gas Products, CP Grade 1,3-butadiene was used in this study.

Prepare standards by diluting known volumes of BD gas with carbon disulfide.

This can be accomplished by injecting the appropriate volume of BD into the

headspace above the 1-mL of carbon disulfide contained in sealed 2-mL vial.

Shake the vial after the needle is removed from the septum.(6)

Footnote(6) A standard containing 7.71 µg/mL (at ambient temperature and pressure) was

prepared by diluting 4 µL of the gas with 1-mL of carbon disulfide.

The mass of BD gas used to prepare standards can be determined by use of the

following equations:

MV = (760/BP)(273+t)/(273)(22.41)

Where:

MV = ambient molar volume BP = ambient barometric pressure T = ambient

temperature µg/L = 54.09/MV µg/standard = (µg/µL)(µL) BD used to prepare

the standard.

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Part G, Page 207

(d) Sample preparation.

Transfer the 100-mg section of the sampling tube to a 2-mL vial. Place the 50-mg

section in a separate vial. If the glass wool plugs contain a significant amount of

charcoal, place them with the appropriate sampling tube section.

Add 1-mL of carbon disulfide to each vial.

Seal the vials with Teflon-lined caps and then allow them to desorb for one hour.

Shake the vials by hand vigorously several times during the desorption period.

If it is not possible to analyze the samples within 4 hours, separate the carbon

disulfide from the charcoal, using a disposable Pasteur-type pipet, following the

one hour. This separation will improve the stability of desorbed samples.

Save the used sampling tubes to be cleaned and repacked with fresh adsorbent.

(e) Analysis.

GC Conditions.

Column temperature: 95 deg. C

Injector temperature: 180 deg. C

Detector temperature: 275 deg. C

Carrier gas flow rate: 30 mL/min.

Injection volume: 0.80 µL

GC column: 20-ft x 1/8-in OD stainless steel GC column containing 20%

FFAP on 80/100 Chromabsorb W-AW-DMCS.

Chromatogram. See Section 4.2.

Use a suitable method, such as electronic or peak heights, to measure detector

response.

Prepare a calibration curve using several standard solutions of different

concentrations. Prepare the calibration curve daily. Program the integrator to

report the results in µg/mL.

Bracket sample concentrations with standards.

(f) Interferences (analytical).

Any compound with the same general retention time as the analyte and which also

gives a detector response is a potential interference. Possible interferences should

be reported by the industrial hygienist to the laboratory with submitted samples.

GC parameters (temperature, column, etc.) may be changed to circumvent

interferences.

A useful means of structure designation is GC/MS. It is recommended that this

procedure be used to confirm samples whenever possible.

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Part G, Page 208

(g) Calculations.

Results are obtained by use of calibration curves. Calibration curves are prepared

by plotting detector response against concentration for each standard. The best

line through the data points is determined by curve fitting.

The concentration, in µg/mL, for a particular sample is determined by comparing

its detector response to the calibration curve. If any analyte is found on the

backup section, this amount is added to the amount found on the front section.

Blank corrections should be performed before adding the results together.

The BD air concentration can be expressed using the following equation:

mg/m

= (A)(B)/(C)(D)

Where:

A = µg/mL from Section 3.7.2 B = volume C = L of air sampled D = efficiency

The following equation can be used to convert results in mg/m3 to ppm:

ppm = (mg/m

)(24.46)/54.09

Where:

mg/m

= result from Section 3.7.3. 24.46 = molar volume of an ideal gas at 760

mm Hg and 25 deg. C.

(h) Safety precautions (analytical).

Avoid skin contact and inhalation of all chemicals.

Restrict the use of all chemicals to a fume hood whenever possible.

Wear safety glasses and a lab coat in all laboratory areas.

(4) Additional Information.

(a) A procedure to prepare specially cleaned charcoal coated with TBC.

Apparatus.

(A) Magnetic stirrer and stir bar.

(B) Tube furnace capable of maintaining a temperature of 700 deg. C and

equipped with a quartz tube that can hold 30 g of charcoal.(8)

Footnote(8) A Lindberg Type 55035 Tube furnace was used in this evaluation.

(D) Water bath capable of maintaining a temperature of 60 deg. C.

(E) Miscellaneous laboratory equipment: One-liter vacuum flask, 1-L

Erlenmeyer flask, 350-M1 Buchner funnel with a coarse fitted disc, 4-oz

brown bottle, rubber stopper, Teflon tape etc.

Reagents.

(A) Phosphoric acid, 10% by weight, in water.(9)

Footnote(9) Baker Analyzed Reagent grade was diluted with water for use in this evaluation.

(B) 4-tert-Butylcatechol (TBC).(10)

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Footnote(10) The Aldrich Chemical Company 99% grade was used in this evaluation.

Footnote(11) Specially cleaned charcoal was obtained from Supelco, Inc. for use in this

evaluation. The cleaning process used by Supelco is proprietary.

(D) Nitrogen gas, GC grade.

Procedure.

Weigh 30g of charcoal into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add about 250 mL of

10% phosphoric acid to the flask and then swirl the mixture. Stir the mixture

for 1 hour using a magnetic stirrer. Filter the mixture using a fitted Buchner

funnel. Wash the charcoal several times with 250-mL portions of deionized

water to remove all traces of the acid. Transfer the washed charcoal to the tube

furnace quartz tube. Place the quartz tube in the furnace and then connect the

nitrogen gas purge to the tube. Fire the charcoal to 700 deg. C. Maintain that

temperature for at least 1 hour. After the charcoal has cooled to room

temperature, transfer it to a tared beaker. Determine the weight of the charcoal

and then add an amount of TBC which is 10% of the charcoal, by weight.

CAUTION-TBC is toxic and should only be handled in a fume hood while

wearing gloves.

Carefully mix the contents of the beaker and then transfer the mixture to a 4-oz

bottle. Stopper the bottle with a clean rubber stopper which has been wrapped

with Teflon tape. Clamp the bottle in a water bath so that the water level is

above the charcoal level. Gently heat the bath to 60 deg. C and then maintain

that temperature for 1 hour. Cool the charcoal to room temperature and then

transfer the coated charcoal to a suitable container.

The coated charcoal is now ready to be packed into sampling tubes. The

sampling tubes should be stored in a sealed container to prevent contamination.

Sampling tubes should be stored in the dark at room temperature. The sampling

tubes should be segregated by coated adsorbent lot number.

(b) Chromatograms.

The chromatograms were obtained using the recommended analytical method. The

chart speed was set at 1 cm/min. for the first three min. and then at 0.2 cm/min. for

the time remaining in the analysis.

The peak which elutes just before BD is a reaction product between an impurity on

the charcoal and TBC. This peak is always present, but it is easily resolved from the

analyte. The peak which elutes immediately before benzene is an oxidation product

of TBC.

(5) References.

(a) “Current Intelligence Bulletin 41, 1,3-Butadiene,” U.S. Dept. of Health and Human

Services, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, NIOSH.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 210

(b) “NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods,” 2nd ed.; U.S. Dept. of Health Education

and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Cincinnati, OH.

1977, Vol. 2, Method No. S91 DHEW (NIOSH) Publ. (U.S.), No. 77-157-B.

Rienhold Company: New York, 1971; 139.5.4. Chem. Eng. News (June 10, 1985),

(63), 22-66.

Appendix E: Reserved.

Appendix F, MEDICAL QUESTIONNAIRES, (Non-mandatory).

1,3-Butadiene (BD) Initial Health Questionnaire

DIRECTIONS:

You have been asked to answer the questions on this form because you work with BD

(butadiene). These questions are about your work, medical history, and health concerns. Please

do your best to answer all of the questions. If you need help, please tell the doctor or health care

professional who reviews this form.

This form is a confidential medical record. Only information directly related to your health and

safety on the job may be given to your employer. Personal health information will not be given

to anyone without your consent.

Date:__________

Name:__________________________________________ SSN: ___ /__ /____

Last First MI

Job

Title:_________________________________________________________________________

Company's

Name:___________________________________________________________________

Supervisor's Name: __________________________Supervisor's Phone No.: (___)___-____

Work History:

1. Please list all jobs you have had in the past, starting with the job you have now and

moving back in time to your first job. (For more space, write on the back of this page.)

Main Job Duty

Year

Company Name

City, State

Chemicals

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 211

2. Please describe what you do during a typical work day. Be sure to tell about your work

with BD.

3. Please check any of these chemicals that you work with now or have worked with in the

past:

benzene ______

glues ______

toluene ______

inks, dyes ______

other solvents, grease cutters ______

insecticides (like DDT, lindane, etc.) ______

paints, varnishes, thinners, strippers ______

dusts ______

carbon tetrachloride (“carbon tet”) ______

arsine ______

carbon disulfide ______

lead ______

cement ______

petroleum products ______

nitrites ______

4. Please check the protective clothing or equipment you use at the job you have now:

gloves ______

coverall ______

respirator ______

dust mask ______

safety glasses, goggles ______

Please circle your answer.

5. Does your protective clothing or equipment fit you properly? yes no

6. Have you ever made changes in your protective clothing or equipment to make it fit

better? yes no

7. Have you been exposed to BD when you were not wearing protective clothing or

equipment? yes no

8. Where do you eat, drink and/or smoke when you are at work? (Please check all that

apply.)

Cafeteria/restaurant/snack bar ______

Break room/employee lounge ______

Smoking lounge ______

At my work station ______

Please circle your answer.

9. Have you been exposed to radiation (like x-rays or nuclear material) at the job you have

now or at past jobs? yes no

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General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 212

10. Do you have any hobbies that expose you to dusts or chemicals (including paints, glues,

etc.)? yes no

11. Do you have any second or side jobs? yes no

If yes, what are your duties there?

12. Were you in the military? yes no

If yes, what did you do in the military?

________________________________________________________________________

Family Health History

1. In the FAMILY MEMBER column, across from the disease name, write which family

member, if any, had the disease.

DISEASE FAMILY MEMBER

Cancer

Lymphoma

Sickle Cell Disease or Trait

Immune Disease

Leukemia

Anemia

2. Please fill in the following information about family health

Relative

Alive?

Age at Death?

Cause of Death?

Father

Mother

Brother/Sister

Personal Health History

Birth Date__/__/__ Age___ Sex__ Height________

Weight_______

Please circle your answer.

1. Do you smoke any tobacco products? yes no

2. Have you ever had any kind of surgery or operation? yes no

If yes, what type of

surgery:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. Have you ever been in the hospital for any other reasons? yes no

If yes, please describe the reason

________________________________________________________________________

4. Do you have any on-going or current medical problems or conditions? yes no

If yes, please

describe:___________________________________________________________

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 213

5. Do you now have or have you ever had any of the following? Please check all that apply

to you.

unexplained fever ______

anemia (“low blood”) ______

HIV/AIDS ______

weakness ______

sickle cell ______

miscarriage ______

skin rash ______

bloody stools ______

leukemia/lymphoma ______

neck mass/swelling ______

wheezing ______

yellowing of skin ______

bruising easily ______

lupus ______

weight loss ______

kidney problems ______

enlarged lymph nodes ______

liver disease ______

cancer ______

infertility ______

drinking problems ______

thyroid problems ______

night sweats ______

chest pain ______

still birth ______

eye redness ______

lumps you can feel ______

child with birth defect ______

autoimmune disease ______

overly tired ______

lung problems ______

rheumatoid arthritis ______

mononucleosis (“mono”) ______

nagging cough ______

Please circle your answer.

6. Do you have any symptoms or health problems that you think may be related to your

work with BD? yes no

If yes, please

describe:________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

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Part G, Page 214

7. Have any of your co-workers had similar symptoms or problems?

yes no don't know

If yes, please

describe:________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

8. Do you notice any irritation of your eyes, nose, throat, lungs, or skin when working with

BD? yes no

9. Do you notice any blurred vision, coughing, drowsiness, nausea, or headache when

working with BD? yes no

10. Do you take any medications (including birth control or over-the-counter)? yes

If yes, please

list:____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

11. Are you allergic to any medication, food, or chemicals? yes no

If yes, please

list:____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

12. Do you have any health conditions not covered by this questionnaire that you think are

affected by your work with BD? yes no

If yes, please

explain:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

13. Did you understand all the questions? yes no

Signature

___________________________________________________________________________

1,3-Butadiene (BD) Health Update Questionnaire.

DIRECTIONS:

You have been asked to answer the questions on this form because you work with BD

(butadiene). These questions are about your work, medical history, and health concerns. Please

do your best to answer all of the questions. If you need help, please tell the doctor or health care

professional who reviews this form.

This form is a confidential medical record. Only information directly related to your health and

safety on the job may be given to your employer. Personal health information will not be given

to anyone without your consent.

Date:______________

Name:_______________________________________________ SSN:___/__/____

Last First MI

Job Title:______________________________________________________________

Company's Name:______________________________________________________

Supervisor's Name:_________________________Supervisor's Phone No.:(___)___-____

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 215

1. Please describe any NEW duties that you have at your

job:_________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

2. Please describe any additional job duties you have:

______ ______

Please circle your answer.

3. Are you exposed to any other chemicals in your work since the last time you were

evaluated for exposure to BD? yes no

If yes, please list what they

are:____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. Does your personal protective equipment and clothing fit you properly? yes no

5. Have you made changes in this equipment or clothing to make if fit better? yes

6. Have you been exposed to BD when you were not wearing protective clothing or

equipment? yes no

7. Are you exposed to any NEW chemicals at home or while working on hobbies? yes

If yes, please list what they are:

8. Since your last BD health evaluation, have you started working any new second or side

jobs? yes no

If yes, what are your duties

there?___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Personal Health History

1. What is your current weight?_____pounds

2. Have you been diagnosed with any new medical conditions or illness since your last

evaluation? yes no

If yes, please tell what they

are:_____________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. Since your last evaluation, have you been in the hospital for any illnesses, injuries, or

surgery yes no

If yes, please

describe:________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

4. Do you have any of the following? Please place a check for all that apply to you.

unexplained fever ______

anemia (“low blood”) ______

HIV/AIDS ______

weakness ______

sickle cell ______

miscarriage ______

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

General Occupational Health Standards Carcinogens (Specific)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 216

skin rash ______

bloody stools ______

leukemia/lymphoma ______

neck mass/swelling ______

wheezing ______

yellowing of skin ______

bruising easily ______

lupus ______

weight loss ______

kidney problems ______

enlarged lymph nodes ______

liver disease ______

cancer ______

infertility ______

drinking problems ______

thyroid problems ______

night sweats ______

chest pain ______

still birth ______

eye redness ______

lumps you can feel ______

child with birth defect ______

autoimmune disease ______

overly tired ______

lung problems ______

rheumatoid arthritis ______

mononucleosis (“mono”) ______

nagging cough ______

Please circle your answer.

5. Do you have any symptoms or health problems that you think may be related to your

work with BD? yes no

If yes, please

describe:________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

6. Have any of your co-workers had similar symptoms or problems? yes no don't

know

If yes, please

describe:________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

7. Do you notice any irritation of your eyes, nose, throat, lungs, or skin when working with

BD? yes no

8. Do you notice any blurred vision, coughing, drowsiness, nausea, or headache when

working with BD? yes no

9. Have you been taking any NEW medications (including birth control or over-the-

counter)? yes no

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part G, Page 217

If yes, please list: ______ ______ ______

______ ______ ______ ______

10. Have you developed any new allergies to medications, foods, or chemicals? yes

If yes, please list: ______ ______ ______

______ ______ ______ ______

11. Do you have any health conditions not covered by this questionnaire that you think are

affected by your work with BD? yes no

If yes, please

explain:_________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

12. Do you understand all the questions? yes no

*Signature _____________________________________________________________

WAC 296-62-07470 Methylene chloride.

This occupational health standard establishes requirements for employers to control occupational

exposure to methylene chloride (MC). Employees exposed to MC are at increased risk of

developing cancer, adverse effects on the heart, central nervous system and liver, and skin or eye

irritation. Exposure may occur through inhalation, by absorption through the skin, or through

contact with the skin. MC is a solvent which is used in many different types of work activities,

such as paint stripping, polyurethane foam manufacturing, and cleaning and degreasing. Under

the requirements of subsection (4) of this section, each covered employer must make an initial

determination of each employee's exposure to MC. If the employer determines that employees

are exposed below the action level, the only other provisions of this section that apply are that a

record must be made of the determination, the employees must receive information and training

under subsection (12) of this section and, where appropriate, employees must be protected from

contact with liquid MC under subsection (8) of this section.

The provisions of the MC standard are as follows:

(1) Scope and application. This section applies to all occupational exposures to methylene

chloride (MC), Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 75-09-2, in general industry,

construction and shipyard employment.

(2) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:

Action level. A concentration of airborne MC of 12.5 parts per million (ppm) calculated as an

eight (8)-hour time-weighted average (TWA).

Authorized person Any person specifically authorized by the employer and required by work

duties to be present in regulated areas, or any person entering such an area as a designated

representative of employees for the purpose of exercising the right to observe monitoring and

measuring procedures under subsection (4) of this section, or any other person authorized by the

WISH Act or regulations issued under the act.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries, or designee.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

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Part G, Page 218

Emergency. Any occurrence, such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of

containers, or failure of control equipment, which results, or is likely to result in an uncontrolled

release of MC. If an incidental release of MC can be controlled by employees such as

maintenance personnel at the time of release and in accordance with the leak/spill provisions

required by subsection (6) of this section, it is not considered an emergency as defined by this

standard.

Employee exposure. Exposure to airborne MC which occurs or would occur if the employee

were not using respiratory protection.

Methylene chloride (MC) An organic compound with chemical formula, CH

. Its

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number is 75-09-2. Its molecular weight is 84.9 g/mole.

Physician or other licensed health care professional An individual whose legally permitted

scope of practice (i.e., license, registration, or certification) allows them to independently

provide or be delegated the responsibility to provide some or all of the health care services

required by subsection (10) of this section.

Regulated area. An area, demarcated by the employer, where an employee's exposure to

airborne concentrations of MC exceeds or can reasonably be expected to exceed either the 8-hour

TWA PEL or the STEL.

Symptom. Central nervous system effects such as headaches, disorientation, dizziness, fatigue,

and decreased attention span; skin effects such as chapping, erythema, cracked skin, or skin

burns; and cardiac effects such as chest pain or shortness of breath.

This section. This methylene chloride standard.

(3) Permissible exposure limits (PELs).

(a) Eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) PEL. The employer must ensure that no

employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of MC in excess of twenty-five

parts of MC per million parts of air (25 ppm) as an 8-hour TWA.

(b) Short-term exposure limit (STEL). The employer must ensure that no employee is

exposed to an airborne concentration of MC in excess of one hundred and twenty-five

parts of MC per million parts of air (125 ppm) as determined over a sampling period

of fifteen minutes.

(4) Exposure monitoring.

(a) Characterization of employee exposure.

Where MC is present in the workplace, the employer must determine each

employee's exposure by either:

(A) Taking a personal breathing zone air sample of each employee's exposure;

(B) Taking personal breathing zone air samples that are representative of each

employee's exposure.

Representative samples. The employer may consider personal breathing zone

air samples to be representative of employee exposures when they are taken as

follows:

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

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Part G, Page 219

(A) 8-hour TWA PEL. The employer has taken one or more personal

breathing zone air samples for at least one employee in each job

classification in a work area during every work shift, and the employee

sampled is expected to have the highest MC exposure.

(B) Short-term exposure limits. The employer has taken one or more personal

breathing zone air samples which indicate the highest likely 15-minute

exposures during such operations for at least one employee in each job

classification in the work area during every work shift, and the employee

sampled is expected to have the highest MC exposure.

shift may be used to represent employee exposures on other work shifts

where the employer can document that the tasks performed and conditions

in the workplace are similar across shifts.

Accuracy of monitoring. The employer must ensure that the methods used to

perform exposure monitoring produce results that are accurate to a confidence

level of 95 percent, and are:

(A) Within plus or minus 25 percent for airborne concentrations of MC above

the 8-hour TWA PEL or the STEL; or

(B) Within plus or minus 35 percent for airborne concentrations of MC at or

above the action level but at or below the 8-hour TWA PEL.

(b) Initial determination. Each employer whose employees are exposed to MC must

perform initial exposure monitoring to determine each affected employee's exposure,

except under the following conditions:

Where objective data demonstrate that MC cannot be released in the workplace in

airborne concentrations at or above the action level or above the STEL. The

objective data must represent the highest MC exposures likely to occur under

reasonably foreseeable conditions of processing, use, or handling. The employer

must document the objective data exemption as specified in subsection (13) of

this section;

Where the employer has performed exposure monitoring within twelve months

prior to December 1, and that exposure monitoring meets all other requirements

of this section, and was conducted under conditions substantially equivalent to

existing conditions; or

Where employees are exposed to MC on fewer than 30 days per year (e.g., on a

construction site), and the employer has measurements by direct reading

instruments which give immediate results (such as a detector tube) and which

provide sufficient information regarding employee exposures to determine what

control measures are necessary to reduce exposures to acceptable levels.

or above the action level or above the STEL, the employer must establish an exposure

monitoring program for periodic monitoring of employee exposure to MC in

accordance with Table 1:

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Table 1 Six Initial Determination Exposure Scenarios and their

Associated Monitoring Frequencies

Exposure scenario

Required monitoring activity

Below the action level and at or

below the STEL.

No eight-hour TWA or STEL monitoring required.

Below the action level and

above the STEL.

No eight-hour TWA monitoring required, monitor

STEL exposures every three months.

At or above the action level, at

or below the TWA, and at or

below the STEL.

Monitor eight-hour TWA exposures every six

months.

At or above the action level, at

or below the TWA, and above

the STEL.

Monitor eight-hour TWA exposures every six

months and monitor STEL exposures every three

months.

Above the TWA and at or below

the STEL

Monitor eight-hour TWA exposures every three

months. In addition, without regard to the last

sentence of the note to subsection (3) of this

section, the following employers must monitor

STEL exposures every three months until either

the date by which they must achieve the eight-

hour TWAs PEL under subsection (3) of this

section or the date by which they in fact achieve

the eight-hour TWA PEL, whichever comes first.

• Employers engaged in polyurethane foam

manufacturing;

• Foam fabrication;

• Furniture refinishing;

• General aviation aircraft stripping;

• Product formulation;

• Use of MC-based adhesives for boat building

and repair;

• Recreational vehicle manufacture, van

conversion, or upholstery, and use of MC in

construction work for restoration and

preservation of buildings, painting and paint

removal, cabinet making, or floor refinishing

and resurfacing.

Above the TWA and above the

STEL

Monitor both eight-hour TWA exposures and

STEL exposures every three months.

(Note to subsection (4)(c) of this section: The employer may decrease the frequency of exposure

monitoring to every six months when at least 2 consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days

apart show exposures to be at or below the 8-hour TWA PEL. The employer may discontinue the

periodic 8-hour TWA monitoring for employees where at least two consecutive measurements

taken at least 7 days apart are below the action level. The employer may discontinue the

periodic STEL monitoring for employees where at least two consecutive measurements taken at

least 7 days apart are at or below the STEL.)

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(d) Additional monitoring.

The employer must perform exposure monitoring when a change in workplace

conditions indicates that employee exposure may have increased. Examples of

situations that may require additional monitoring include changes in production,

process, control equipment, or work-practices, or a leak, rupture, or other

breakdown.

Where exposure monitoring is performed due to a spill, leak, rupture or

equipment breakdown, the employer must clean up the MC and perform the

appropriate repairs before monitoring.

(e) Employee notification of monitoring results.

The employer must, within 15 working days after the receipt of the results of any

monitoring performed under this section, notify each affected employee of these

results in writing, either individually or by posting of results in an appropriate

location that is accessible to affected employees.

Whenever monitoring results indicate that employee exposure is above the 8-hour

TWA PEL or the STEL, the employer must describe in the written notification the

corrective action being taken to reduce employee exposure to or below the 8-hour

TWA PEL or STEL and the schedule for completion of this action.

(f) Observation of monitoring.

Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees or their

designated representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee

exposure to MC conducted in accordance with this section.

Observation procedures. When observation of the monitoring of employee

exposure to MC requires entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or

equipment is required, the employer must provide, at no cost to the observer(s),

and the observer(s) must use such clothing and equipment and must comply with

all other applicable safety and health procedures.

(5) Regulated areas.

(a) The employer must establish a regulated area wherever an employee's exposure to

airborne concentrations of MC exceeds or can reasonably be expected to exceed

either the 8-hour TWA PEL or the STEL.

(b) The employer must limit access to regulated areas to authorized persons.

of this section, to each person who enters a regulated area and must require each

affected employee to use that respirator whenever MC exposures are likely to exceed

the 8-hour TWA PEL or STEL.

(Note to subsection (5)(c) of this section: An employer who has implemented all feasible

engineering, work-practice and administrative controls (as required in subsection (6) of this

section), and who has established a regulated area (as required by subsection (5)(a) of this

section) where MC exposure can be reliably predicted to exceed the 8-hour TWA PEL or the

STEL only on certain days (for example, because of work or process schedule) would need to

have affected employees use respirators in that regulated area only on those days.)

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(d) The employer must ensure that, within a regulated area, employees do not engage in

nonwork activities which may increase dermal or oral MC exposure.

(e) The employer must ensure that while employees are wearing respirators, they do not

engage in activities (such as taking medication or chewing gum or tobacco) which

interfere with respirator seal or performance.

(f) The employer must demarcate regulated areas from the rest of the workplace in any

manner that adequately establishes and alerts employees to the boundaries of the area

and minimizes the number of authorized employees exposed to MC within the

regulated area.

(g) An employer at a multi-employer worksite who establishes a regulated area must

communicate the access restrictions and locations of these areas to all other

employers with work operations at that worksite.

(6) Methods of compliance.

(a) Engineering and work-practice controls. The employer must institute and maintain

the effectiveness of engineering controls and work-practices to reduce employee

exposure to or below the PELs except to the extent that the employer can demonstrate

that such controls are not feasible.

(b) Wherever the feasible engineering controls and work-practices which can be

instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the 8-TWA PEL

or STEL, the employer must use them to reduce employee exposure to the lowest

levels achievable by these controls and must supplement them by the use of

respiratory protection that complies with the requirements of subsection (7) of this

section.

rotation as a means of compliance with the PELs.

(d) Leak and spill detection.

The employer must implement procedures to detect leaks of MC in the workplace.

In work areas where spills may occur, the employer must make provisions to

contain any spills and to safely dispose of any MC-contaminated waste materials.

The employer must ensure that all incidental leaks are repaired and that

incidental spills are cleaned promptly by employees who use the appropriate

personal protective equipment and are trained in proper methods of cleanup.

(Note to subsection (6)(d)(ii) of this section: See Appendix A of this section for examples of

procedures that satisfy this requirement. Employers covered by this standard may also be subject

to the hazardous waste and emergency response provisions contained in chapter 296-843 WAC.

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(7) Respiratory protection.

(a) General requirements. For employees who use respirators required by this section,

the employer must provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies

with the requirements of this subsection. Respirators must be used during:

Periods when an employee's exposure to MC exceeds or can reasonably be

expected to exceed the 8-hour TWA PEL or the STEL for example, when an

employee is using MC in a regulated area);

Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-practice

controls;

In a few work operations, such as some maintenance operations and repair

activities, for which the employer demonstrates that engineering and work-

practice controls are infeasible;

Work operations for which feasible engineering and work-practice controls are

not sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the PELs;

Emergencies.

(b) Respirator program.

The employer must develop, implement and maintain a respiratory protection

program as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each

employee required by this chapter to use a respirator, except for the requirements

in Table 5 of WAC 296-842-13005 that address gas or vapor cartridge change

schedules and end-of-service-life indicators (ESLIs).

Employers who provide employees with gas masks with organic-vapor canisters

for the purpose of emergency escape must replace the canisters after any

emergency use and before the gas masks are returned to service.

Select and provide to employees appropriate respirators according to this section

and WAC 296-842 13005 found in the respirator rule.

Make sure half-facepiece respirators aren’t selected or used for protection against

MC. This is necessary to prevent eye irritation or damage from MC exposure.

Provide to employees, for emergency escape, one of the following respirator

options:

(A) A self-contained breathing apparatus operated in the continuous-flow or

pressure-demand mode.

(B) A gas mask equipped with an organic vapor canister.

(d) Medical evaluation. Before having an employee use a supplied-air respirator in the

negative-pressure mode, or a gas mask with an organic-vapor canister for emergency

escape, the employer must:

Have a physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP) evaluate the

employee's ability to use such respiratory protection;

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Ensure that the PLHCP provides their findings in a written opinion to the

employee and the employer.

Note: See WAC 296-842-14005 for medical evaluation requirements for

employees using respirators.

(8) Protective work clothing and equipment.

(a) Where needed to prevent MC- induced skin or eye irritation, the employer must

provide clean protective clothing and equipment which is resistant to MC, at no cost

to the employee, and must ensure that each affected employee uses it. Eye and face

protection shall meet the requirements of WAC 296-800-160, as applicable.

(b) The employer must clean, launder, repair and replace all protective clothing and

equipment required by this subsection as needed to maintain their effectiveness.

equipment.

(Note to subsection (8)(c) of this section: See Appendix A for examples of disposal procedures

that will satisfy this requirement.)

(9) Hygiene facilities.

(a) If it is reasonably foreseeable that employees' skin may contact solutions containing

0.1 percent or greater MC (for example, through splashes, spills or improper work-

practices), the employer must provide conveniently located washing facilities capable

of removing the MC, and must ensure that affected employees use these facilities as

needed.

(b) If it is reasonably foreseeable that an employee's eyes may contact solutions

containing 0.1 percent or greater MC (for example through splashes, spills or

improper work-practices), the employer must provide appropriate eyewash facilities

within the immediate work area for emergency use, and must ensure that affected

employees use those facilities when necessary.

(10) Medical surveillance.

(a) Affected employees. The employer must make medical surveillance available for

employees who are or may be exposed to MC as follows:

At or above the action level on 30 or more days per year, or above the 8-hour

TWA PEL or the STEL on 10 or more days per year;

Above the 8-TWA PEL or STEL for any time period where an employee has been

identified by a physician or other licensed health care professional as being at risk

from cardiac disease or from some other serious MC-related health condition and

such employee requests inclusion in the medical surveillance program;

During an emergency.

(b) Costs. The employer must provide all required medical surveillance at no cost to

affected employees, without loss of pay and at a reasonable time and place.

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procedures are performed by a physician or other licensed health care professional, as

defined in subsection (2) of this section.

(d) Frequency of medical surveillance. The employer must make medical surveillance

available to each affected employee as follows:

Initial surveillance. The employer must provide initial medical surveillance under

the schedule provided by subsection (14)(b)(iii) of this section, or before the time

of initial assignment of the employee, whichever is later.

Periodic medical surveillance. The employer must update the medical and work

history for each affected employee annually. The employer must provide periodic

physical examinations, including appropriate laboratory surveillance, as follows:

(A) For employees 45 years of age or older, within 12 months of the initial

surveillance or any subsequent medical surveillance; and

(B) For employees younger than 45 years of age, within 36 months of the

initial surveillance or any subsequent medical surveillance.

Termination of employment or reassignment. When an employee leaves the

employer's workplace, or is reassigned to an area where exposure to MC is

consistently at or below the action level and STEL, medical surveillance must

be made available if six months or more have elapsed since the last medical

surveillance.

Additional surveillance. The employer must provide additional medical

surveillance at frequencies other than those listed above when recommended in

the written medical opinion. (For example, the physician or other licensed

health care professional may determine an examination is warranted in less than

36 months for employees younger than 45 years of age based upon evaluation

of the results of the annual medical and work history.)

(e) Content of medical surveillance.

Medical and work history. The comprehensive medical and work history must

emphasize neurological symptoms, skin conditions, history of hematologic or

liver disease, signs or symptoms suggestive of heart disease (angina, coronary

artery disease), risk factors for cardiac disease, MC exposures, and work-practices

and personal protective equipment used during such exposures.

(Note to subsection (10)(e)(i) of this section: See Appendix B of this section for an example of

a medical and work history format that would satisfy this requirement.)

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Physical examination. Where physical examinations are provided as required

above, the physician or other licensed health care professional must accord

particular attention to the lungs, cardiovascular system (including blood

pressure and pulse), liver, nervous system, and skin. The physician or other

licensed health care professional must determine the extent and nature of the

physical examination based on the health status of the employee and analysis of

the medical and work history.

Laboratory surveillance. The physician or other licensed health care

professional must determine the extent of any required laboratory surveillance

based on the employee's observed health status and the medical and work

history.

(Note to subsection (10)(e)(iii) of this section: See Appendix B of this section for information

regarding medical tests. Laboratory surveillance may include before-and after-shift

carboxyhemoglobin determinations, resting ECG, hematocrit, liver function tests and cholesterol

levels.)

Other information or reports. The medical surveillance must also include any

other information or reports the physician or other licensed health care

professional determines are necessary to assess the employee's health in relation

to MC exposure.

(f) Content of emergency medical surveillance. The employer must ensure that medical

surveillance made available when an employee has been exposed to MC in

emergency situations includes, at a minimum:

Appropriate emergency treatment and decontamination of the exposed employee;

Comprehensive physical examination with special emphasis on the nervous

system, cardiovascular system, lungs, liver and skin, including blood pressure and

pulse;

Updated medical and work history, as appropriate for the medical condition of the

employee; and

Laboratory surveillance, as indicated by the employee's health status.

(Note to subsection (10)(f)(iv) of this section: See Appendix B for examples of tests which

may be appropriate.)

(g) Additional examinations and referrals. Where the physician or other licensed health

care professional determines it is necessary, the scope of the medical examination

must be expanded and the appropriate additional medical surveillance, such as

referrals for consultation or examination, must be provided.

(h) Information provided to the physician or other licensed health care professional. The

employer must provide the following information to a physician or other licensed

health care professional who is involved in the diagnosis of MC-induced health

effects:

A copy of this section including its applicable appendices;

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A description of the affected employee's past, current and anticipated future

duties as they relate to the employee's MC exposure;

The employee's former or current exposure levels or, for employees not yet

occupationally exposed to MC, the employee's anticipated exposure levels and

the frequency and exposure levels anticipated to be associated with

emergencies;

A description of any personal protective equipment, such as respirators, used or

to be used; and

Information from previous employment-related medical surveillance of the

affected employee which is not otherwise available to the physician or other

licensed health care professional.

(i) Written medical opinions.

For each physical examination required by this section, the employer must ensure

that the physician or other licensed health care professional provides to the

employer and to the affected employee a written opinion regarding the results of

that examination within 15 days of completion of the evaluation of medical and

laboratory findings, but not more than 30 days after the examination. The written

medical opinion must be limited to the following information:

(A) The physician's or other licensed health care professional's opinion

concerning whether exposure to MC may contribute to or aggravate the

employee's existing cardiac, hepatic, neurological (including stroke) or

dermal disease or whether the employee has any other medical

conditions(s) that would place the employee's health at increased risk of

material impairment from exposure to MC;

(B) Any recommended limitations upon the employee's exposure to MC,

removal from MC exposure, or upon the employee's use of protective

clothing or equipment and respirators;

other licensed health care professional that MC is a potential occupational

carcinogen, of risk factors for heart disease, and the potential for

exacerbation of underlying heart disease by exposure to MC through its

metabolism to carbon monoxide; and

(D) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician or

other licensed health care professional of the results of the medical

examination and any medical conditions resulting from MC exposure

which require further explanation or treatment.

The employer must instruct the physician or other licensed health care

professional not to reveal to the employer, orally or in the written opinion, any

specific records, findings, and diagnoses that have no bearing on occupational

exposure to MC.

(Note to subsection (10)(h)(ii) of this section: The written medical opinion may also include

information and opinions generated to comply with other OSHA health standards.)

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(j) Medical presumption. For purposes of this subsection (10), the physician or other

licensed health care professional must presume, unless medical evidence indicates to

the contrary, that a medical condition is unlikely to require medical removal from MC

exposure if the employee is not exposed to MC above the 8-hour TWA PEL. If the

physician or other licensed health care professional recommends removal for an

employee exposed below the 8-hour TWA PEL, the physician or other licensed

health care professional must cite specific medical evidence, sufficient to rebut the

presumption that exposure below the 8-hour TWA PEL is unlikely to require

removal, to support the recommendation. If such evidence is cited by the physician

or other licensed health care professional, the employer must remove the employee.

If such evidence is not cited by the physician or other licensed health care

professional, the employer is not required to remove the employee.

(k) Medical removal protection (MRP).

Temporary medical removal and return of an employee.

(A) Except as provided in (j) of this subsection, when a medical determination

recommends removal because the employee's exposure to MC may

contribute to or aggravate the employee's existing cardiac, hepatic,

neurological (including stroke), or skin disease, the employer must

provide medical removal protection benefits to the employee and either:

(I) Transfer the employee to comparable work where methylene

chloride exposure is below the action level; or

(II) Remove the employee from MC exposure.

(B) If comparable work is not available and the employer is able to

demonstrate that removal and the costs of extending MRP benefits to an

additional employee, considering feasibility in relation to the size of the

employer's business and the other requirements of this standard, make

further reliance on MRP an inappropriate remedy, the employer may

retain the additional employee in the existing job until transfer or removal

becomes appropriate, provided:

(I) The employer ensures that the employee receives additional medical

surveillance, including a physical examination at least every 60 days

until transfer or removal occurs; and

(II) The employer or PLHCP informs the employee of the risk to the

employee's health from continued MC exposure.

or limitations, other than removal, for as long as a medical determination

recommends them to be necessary.

End of MRP benefits and return of the employee to former job status.

(A) The employer may cease providing MRP benefits at the earliest of the

following:

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(I) Six months;

(II) Return of the employee to the employee's former job status

following receipt of a medical determination concluding that the

employee's exposure to MC no longer will aggravate any cardiac,

hepatic, neurological (including stroke), or dermal disease;

(III) Receipt of a medical determination concluding that the employee

can never return to MC exposure.

(B) For the purposes of this subsection (10), the requirement that an employer

return an employee to the employee's former job status is not intended to

expand upon or restrict any rights an employee has or would have had,

absent temporary medical removal, to a specific job classification or

position under the terms of a collective bargaining agreement.

(l) Medical removal protection benefits.

For purposes of this subsection (10), the term medical removal protection benefits

means that, for each removal, an employer must maintain for up to six months the

earnings, seniority, and other employment rights and benefits of the employee as

though the employee had not been removed from MC exposure or transferred to a

comparable job.

During the period of time that an employee is removed from exposure to MC, the

employer may condition the provision of medical removal protection benefits

upon the employee's participation in follow-up medical surveillance made

available pursuant to this section.

If a removed employee files a workers' compensation claim for a MC-related

disability, the employer must continue the MRP benefits required by this section

until either the claim is resolved or the 6-month period for payment of MRP

benefits has passed, whichever occurs first. To the extent the employee is entitled

to indemnity payments for earnings lost during the period of removal, the

employer's obligation to provide medical removal protection benefits to the

employee must be reduced by the amount of such indemnity payments.

The employer's obligation to provide medical removal protection benefits to a

removed employee must be reduced to the extent that the employee receives

compensation for earnings lost during the period of removal from either a

publicly or an employer-funded compensation program, or receives income from

employment with another employer made possible by virtue of the employee's

removal.

(m) Voluntary removal or restriction of an employee. Where an employer, although not

required by this section to do so, removes an employee from exposure to MC or

otherwise places any limitation on an employee due to the effects of MC exposure on

the employee's medical condition, the employer must provide medical removal

protection benefits to the employee equal to those required by (l) of this subsection.

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(n) Multiple health care professional review mechanism.

If the employer selects the initial physician or licensed health care professional

(PLHCP) to conduct any medical examination or consultation provided to an

employee under (k) of this subsection, the employer must notify the employee of

the right to seek a second medical opinion each time the employer provides the

employee with a copy of the written opinion of that PLHCP.

If the employee does not agree with the opinion of the employer-selected PLHCP,

notifies the employer of that fact, and takes steps to make an appointment with a

second PLHCP within 15 days of receiving a copy of the written opinion of the

initial PLHCP, the employer must pay for the PLHCP chosen by the employee to

perform at least the following:

(A) Review any findings, determinations or recommendations of the initial

PLHCP; and

(B) Conduct such examinations, consultations, and laboratory tests as the

PLHCP deems necessary to facilitate this review.

If the findings, determinations or recommendations of the second PLHCP differ

from those of the initial PLHCP, then the employer and the employee must

instruct the two health care professionals to resolve the disagreement.

If the two health care professionals are unable to resolve their disagreement

within 15 days, then those two health care professionals must jointly designate a

PLHCP who is a specialist in the field at issue. The employer must pay for the

specialist to perform at least the following:

(A) Review the findings, determinations, and recommendations of the first

two PLHCPs; and

(B) Conduct such examinations, consultations, laboratory tests and

discussions with the prior PLHCPs as the specialist deems necessary to

resolve the disagreements of the prior health care professionals.

The written opinion of the specialist must be the definitive medical

determination. The employer must act consistent with the definitive medical

determination, unless the employer and employee agree that the written opinion

of one of the other two PLHCPs must be the definitive medical determination.

The employer and the employee or authorized employee representative may

agree upon the use of any expeditious alternate health care professional

determination mechanism in lieu of the multiple health care professional review

mechanism provided by this section so long as the alternate mechanism

otherwise satisfies the requirements contained in this section.

(11) Hazard communication-General.

(a) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, and employers must comply with all

requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC 296-901-140 for

MC.

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(b) In classifying the hazards of MC at least the following hazards are to be addressed:

Cancer, cardiac effects (including elevation of carboxyhemoglobin), central nervous

system effects, liver effects, and skin and eye irritation.

comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers must ensure that each

employee has access to labels on containers of MC and to safety data sheets, and is

trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS and subsection (12) of this

section.

(12) Employee information and training.

(a) The employer must provide information and training for each affected employee prior

to or at the time of initial assignment to a job involving potential exposure to MC.

(b) The employer must ensure that information and training is presented in a manner that

is understandable to the employees.

WAC 296-901-140:

The employer must inform each affected employee of the requirements of this

section and information available in its appendices, as well as how to access or

obtain a copy of it in the workplace;

Wherever an employee's exposure to airborne concentrations of MC exceeds or

can reasonably be expected to exceed the action level, the employer must

inform each affected employee of the quantity, location, manner of use, release,

and storage of MC and the specific operations in the workplace that could result

in exposure to MC, particularly noting where exposures may be above the 8-

hour TWA PEL or STEL;

(d) The employer must train each affected employee as required under the Hazard

Communication Standard at WAC 296-901-140, as appropriate.

(e) The employer must retrain each affected employee as necessary to ensure that each

employee exposed above the action level or the STEL maintains the requisite

understanding of the principles of safe use and handling of MC in the workplace.

(f) Whenever there are workplace changes, such as modifications of tasks or procedures

or the institution of new tasks or procedures, which increase employee exposure, and

where those exposures exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the action

level, the employer must update the training as necessary to ensure that each affected

employee has the requisite proficiency.

(g) An employer whose employees are exposed to MC at a multi-employer worksite must

notify the other employers with work operations at that site in accordance with the

requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard, WAC 296-901-140, as

appropriate.

(h) The employer must provide to the director, upon request, all available materials

relating to employee information and training.

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(13) Recordkeeping.

(a) Objective data.

Where an employer seeks to demonstrate that initial monitoring is unnecessary

through reasonable reliance on objective data showing that any materials in the

workplace containing MC will not release MC at levels which exceed the action

level or the STEL under foreseeable conditions of exposure, the employer must

establish and maintain an accurate record of the objective data relied upon in

support of the exemption.

This record must include at least the following information:

(A) The MC-containing material in question;

(B) The source of the objective data;

the release of MC;

(D) A description of the operation exempted under subsection (4)(b)(i) of this

section and how the data support the exemption; and

(E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee

exposures covered by the exemption.

The employer must maintain this record for the duration of the employer's

reliance upon such objective data.

(b) Exposure measurements.

The employer must establish and keep an accurate record of all measurements

taken to monitor employee exposure to MC as prescribed in subsection (4) of this

section.

Where the employer has 20 or more employees, this record must include at least

the following information:

(A) The date of measurement for each sample taken;

(B) The operation involving exposure to MC which is being monitored;

(D) Number, duration, and results of samples taken;

(E) Type of personal protective equipment, such as respiratory protective

devices, worn, if any; and

(F) Name, Social Security number, job classification and exposure of all of

the employees represented by monitoring, indicating which employees

were actually monitored.

Where the employer has fewer than 20 employees, the record must include at

least the following information:

(A) The date of measurement for each sample taken;

(B) Number, duration, and results of samples taken; and

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the employees represented by monitoring, indicating which employees

were actually monitored.

The employer must maintain this record for at least thirty (30) years, in

accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

subject to medical surveillance under subsection (10) of this section.

The record must include at least the following information:

(A) The name, Social Security number and description of the duties of the

employee;

(B) Written medical opinions; and

The employer must ensure that this record is maintained for the duration of

employment plus thirty (30) years, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(d) Availability.

The employer, upon written request, must make all records required to be

maintained by this section available to the director for examination and copying

in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(Note to subsection (13)(d)(i) of this section: All records required to be maintained by this

section may be kept in the most administratively convenient form (for example, electronic or

computer records would satisfy this requirement).)

The employer, upon request, must make any employee exposure and objective

data records required by this section available for examination and copying by

affected employees, former employees, and designated representatives in

accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

The employer, upon request, must make employee medical records required to

be kept by this section available for examination and copying by the subject

employee and by anyone having the specific written consent of the subject

employee in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(e) Transfer of records. The employer must comply with the requirements concerning

transfer of records set forth in WAC 296-802-600 Transfer and disposal of employee

records.

(14) Dates.

(a) Engineering controls required under subsection (6)(a) of this section must be

implemented according to the following schedule:

For employers with fewer than 20 employees, no later than April 10, 2000.

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For employers with fewer than 150 employees engaged in foam fabrication; for

employers with fewer than 50 employees engaged in furniture refinishing,

general aviation aircraft stripping, and product formulation; for employers with

fewer than 50 employees using MC-based adhesives for boat building and

repair, recreational vehicle manufacture, van conversion, and upholstering; for

employers with fewer than 50 employees using MC in construction work for

restoration and preservation of buildings, painting and paint removal, cabinet

making and/or floor refinishing and resurfacing, no later than April 10, 2000.

For employers engaged in polyurethane foam manufacturing with 20 or more

employees, no later than October 10, 1999.

(b) Use of respiratory protection whenever an employee's exposure to MC exceeds or can

reasonably be expected to exceed the 8-hour TWA PEL, in accordance with

subsection (3)(a), (5)(c), (6)(a) and (7)(a) of this section, must be implemented

according to the following schedule:

For employers with fewer than 150 employees engaged in foam fabrication; for

employers with fewer than 50 employees engaged in furniture refinishing, general

aviation aircraft stripping, and product formulation; for employers with fewer

than 50 employees using MC-based adhesives for boat building and repair,

recreational vehicle manufacture, van conversion, and upholstering; for

employers with fewer than 50 employees using MC in construction work for

restoration and preservation of buildings, painting and paint removal, cabinet

making and/or floor refinishing and resurfacing, no later than April 10, 2000.

For employers engaged in polyurethane foam manufacturing with 20 or more

employees, no later than October 10, 1999.

than 90 days before the compliance date applicable to such corrective action.

(d) Transitional dates. The exposure limits for MC specified in WAC 296-307-62610

Table 1, must remain in effect until the start-up dates for the exposure limits specified

in subsection (14) of this section, or if the exposure limits in this section are stayed or

vacated.

(e) Unless otherwise specified in this subsection, all other requirements of this section

must be complied with immediately.

(15) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices does not, by itself, create any

additional obligations not otherwise imposed or detract from any existing obligation.

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WAC 296-62-07473 Appendix A. Substance Safety Data Sheet and Technical

Guidelines for Methylene Chloride

I. Substance Identification

A. Substance: Methylene chloride (CH

B. Synonyms: MC, Dichloromethane (DCM); Methylene dichloride; Methylene

bichloride; Methane dichloride; CAS: 75-09-2; NCI-C50102.

C. Physical data:

1. Molecular weight: 84.9.

2. Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 39.8 deg.C (104 deg.F).

3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.3.

4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point): 2.9.

5. Vapor pressure at 20 deg. C (68 deg. F): 350 mm Hg.

6. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 deg. C (68 deg. F) = 1.32.

7. Appearance and odor: colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor.

D. Uses: MC is used as a solvent, especially where high volatility is required. It is a

good solvent for oils, fats, waxes, resins, bitumen, rubber and cellulose acetate and is

a useful paint stripper and degreaser. It is used in paint removers, in propellant

mixtures for aerosol containers, as a solvent for plastics, as a degreasing agent, as an

extracting agent in the pharmaceutical industry and as a blowing agent in

polyurethane foams. Its solvent property is sometimes increased by mixing with

methanol, petroleum naphtha or tetrachloroethylene.

E. Appearance and odor: MC is a clear colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. It

is slightly soluble in water and completely miscible with most organic solvents.

F. Permissible exposure: Exposure may not exceed 25 parts MC per million parts of air

(25 ppm) as an eight-hour time-weighted average (8-hour TWA PEL) or 125 parts of

MC per million parts of air (125 ppm) averaged over a 15-minute period (STEL).

II. Health Hazard Data

A. MC can affect the body if it is inhaled or if the liquid comes in contact with the eyes

or skin. It can also affect the body if it is swallowed.

B. Effects of overexposure:

1. Short-term Exposure: MC is an anesthetic. Inhaling the vapor may cause

mental confusion, light- headedness, nausea, vomiting, and headache.

Continued exposure may cause increased light-headedness, staggering,

unconsciousness, and even death. High vapor concentrations may also cause

irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure to MC may make the

symptoms of angina (chest pains) worse. Skin exposure to liquid MC may

cause irritation. If liquid MC remains on the skin, it may cause skin burns.

Splashes of the liquid into the eyes may cause irritation.

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2. Long-term (chronic) exposure: The best evidence that MC causes cancer is

from laboratory studies in which rats, mice and hamsters inhaled MC 6 hours

per day, 5 days per week for 2 years. MC exposure produced lung and liver

tumors in mice and mammary tumors in rats. No carcinogenic effects of MC

were found in hamsters. There are also some human epidemiological studies

which show an association between occupational exposure to MC and increases

in biliary (bile duct) cancer and a type of brain cancer. Other epidemiological

studies have not observed a relationship between MC exposure and cancer.

WISHA interprets these results to mean that there is suggestive (but not

absolute) evidence that MC is a human carcinogen.

C. Reporting signs and symptoms: You should inform your employer if you develop

any signs or symptoms and suspect that they are caused by exposure to MC.

D. Warning Properties:

1. Odor Threshold: Different authors have reported varying odor thresholds for

MC. Kirk-Othmer and Sax both reported 25 to 50 ppm; Summer and May both

reported 150 ppm; Spector reports 320 ppm. Patty, however, states that since

one can become adapted to the odor, MC should not be considered to have

adequate warning properties.

2. Eye Irritation Level: Kirk-Othmer reports that “MC vapor is seriously

damaging to the eyes.” Sax agrees with Kirk-Othmer's statement. The ACGIH

Documentation of TLVs states that irritation of the eyes has been observed in

workers exposed to concentrations up to 5000 ppm.

3. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Since a wide range of MC odor thresholds

are reported (25-320 ppm), and human adaptation to the odor occurs, MC is

considered to be a material with poor warning properties.

III. Emergency First Aid Procedures

In the event of emergency, institute first aid procedures and send for first aid or medical

assistance.

A. Eye and Skin Exposures: If there is a potential for liquid MC to come in contact with

eye or skin, face shields and skin protective equipment must be provided and used. If

liquid MC comes in contact with the eye, get medical attention. Contact lenses

should not be worn when working with this chemical.

B. Breathing: If a person breathes in large amounts of MC, move the exposed person to

fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

C. Rescue: Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure immediately. If the

exposed person has been overcome, notify someone else and put into effect the

established emergency rescue procedures. Understand the facility's emergency rescue

procedures and know the locations of rescue equipment before the need arises. Do

not become a casualty yourself.

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IV. Respirators, Protective Clothing, and Eye Protection

A. Respirators: Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering controls

be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the permissible exposure level.

However, there are some exceptions where respirators may be used to control

exposure. Respirators may be used when engineering and work-practice controls are

not feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when these

controls fail and need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for

operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency

situations. If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are

those that have been approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH). Supplied-air respirators are required because air-purifying

respirators do not provide adequate respiratory protection against MC. In addition to

respirator selection, a complete written respiratory protection program should be

instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and

evaluation. If you can smell MC while wearing a respirator, proceed immediately to

fresh air. If you experience difficulty in breathing while wearing a respirator, tell

your employer.

B. Protective Clothing: Employees must be provided with and required to use

impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate

protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with

liquid MC or contact with vessels containing liquid MC. Any clothing which

becomes wet with liquid MC should be removed immediately and not reworn until

the employer has ensured that the protective clothing is fit for reuse. Contaminated

protective clothing should be placed in a regulated area designated by the employer

for removal of MC before the clothing is laundered or disposed of. Clothing and

equipment should remain in the regulated area until all of the MC contamination has

evaporated; clothing and equipment should then be laundered or disposed of as

appropriate.

C. Eye Protection: Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof

safety goggles where liquid MC may contact the eyes.

V. Housekeeping and Hygiene Facilities

For purposes of complying with WAC 296-800-220 and 296-800-230, the following items

should be emphasized:

A. The workplace should be kept clean, orderly, and in a sanitary condition. The

employer should institute a leak and spill detection program for operations involving

liquid MC in order to detect sources of fugitive MC emissions.

B. Emergency drench showers and eyewash facilities are recommended. These should

be maintained in a sanitary condition. Suitable cleansing agents should also be

provided to assure the effective removal of MC from the skin.

C. Because of the hazardous nature of MC, contaminated protective clothing should be

placed in a regulated area designated by the employer for removal of MC before the

clothing is laundered or disposed of.

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VI. Precautions for Safe Use, Handling, and Storage

A. Fire and Explosion Hazards: MC has no flash point in a conventional closed tester,

but it forms flammable vapor-air mixtures at approximately 100 deg. C (212 deg.F),

or higher. It has a lower explosion limit of 12%, and an upper explosion limit of 19%

in air. It has an autoignition temperature of 556.1 deg. C (1033 deg. F), and a boiling

point of 39.8 deg. C (104 deg.F). It is heavier than water with a specific gravity of

1.3. It is slightly soluble in water.

B. Reactivity Hazards: Conditions contributing to the instability of MC are heat and

moisture. Contact with strong oxidizers, caustics, and chemically active metals such

as aluminum or magnesium powder, sodium and potassium may cause fires and

explosions. Special precautions: Liquid MC will attack some forms of plastics,

rubber, and coatings.

C. Toxicity: Liquid MC is painful and irritating if splashed in the eyes or if confined on

the skin by gloves, clothing, or shoes. Vapors in high concentrations may cause

narcosis and death. Prolonged exposure to vapors may cause cancer or exacerbate

cardiac disease.

D. Storage: Protect against physical damage. Because of its corrosive properties, and its

high vapor pressure, MC should be stored in plain, galvanized or lead lined, mild

steel containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight, heat

source and acute fire hazards.

E. Piping Material: All piping and valves at the loading or unloading station should be

of material that is resistant to MC and should be carefully inspected prior to

connection to the transport vehicle and periodically during the operation.

F. Usual Shipping Containers: Glass bottles, 5- and 55-gallon steel drums, tank cars,

and tank trucks.

Note: This section addresses MC exposure in marine terminal and longshore

employment only where leaking or broken packages allow MC exposure

that is not addressed through compliance with WAC 296-56.

G. Electrical Equipment: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous locations as

defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical Code, should be installed according

to Article 501 of the code; and electrical equipment should be suitable for use in

atmospheres containing MC vapors. See Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

(NFPA No. 325M), Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-86 (Manufacturing Chemists'

Association, Inc.).

H. Firefighting: When involved in fire, MC emits highly toxic and irritating fumes such

as phosgene, hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide. Wear breathing apparatus and

use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water spray may be used to

flush spills away from exposures. Extinguishing media are dry chemical, carbon

dioxide, foam. For purposes of compliance with WAC 296-24-957, locations

classified as hazardous due to the presence of MC shall be Class I.

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I. Spills and Leaks: Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be

restricted from areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has been completed. If MC has

spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken:

1. Remove all ignition sources.

2. Ventilate area of spill or leak.

3. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar

material.

J. Methods of Waste Disposal: Small spills should be absorbed onto sand and taken to a

safe area for atmospheric evaporation. Incineration is the preferred method for

disposal of large quantities by mixing with a combustible solvent and spraying into an

incinerator equipped with acid scrubbers to remove hydrogen chloride gases formed.

Complete combustion will convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Care should

be taken for the presence of phosgene.

K. You should not keep food, beverage, or smoking materials, or eat or smoke in

regulated areas where MC concentrations are above the permissible exposure limits.

L. Portable heating units should not be used in confined areas where MC is used.

M. Ask your supervisor where MC is used in your work area and for any additional plant

safety and health rules.

VII. Medical Requirements

Your employer is required to offer you the opportunity to participate in a medical

surveillance program if you are exposed to MC at concentrations at or above the action

level (12.5 ppm 8-hour TWA) for more than 30 days a year or at concentrations exceeding

the PELs (25 ppm 8-hour TWA or 125 ppm 15-minute STEL) for more than 10 days a

year. If you are exposed to MC at concentrations over either of the PELs, your employer

will also be required to have a physician or other licensed health care professional ensure

that you are able to wear the respirator that you are assigned. Your employer must provide

all medical examinations relating to your MC exposure at a reasonable time and place and

at no cost to you.

VIII. Monitoring and Measurement Procedures

A. Exposure above the Permissible Exposure Limit:

1. Eight-hour exposure evaluation: Measurements taken for the purpose of

determining employee exposure under this section are best taken with

consecutive samples covering the full shift. Air samples must be taken in the

employee's breathing zone.

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2. Monitoring techniques: The sampling and analysis under this section may be

performed by collection of the MC vapor on two charcoal adsorption tubes in

series or other composition adsorption tubes, with subsequent chemical analysis.

Sampling and analysis may also be performed by instruments such as real-time

continuous monitoring systems, portable direct reading instruments, or passive

dosimeters as long as measurements taken using these methods accurately

evaluate the concentration of MC in employees' breathing zones. OSHA

method 80 is an example of a validated method of sampling and analysis of MC.

Copies of this method are available from OSHA or can be downloaded from the

Internet at http://www.osha.gov. The employer has the obligation of selecting a

monitoring method which meets the accuracy and precision requirements of the

standard under their unique field conditions. The standard requires that the

method of monitoring must be accurate, to a 95 percent confidence level, to plus

or minus 25 percent for concentrations of MC at or above 25 ppm, and to plus

or minus 35 percent for concentrations at or below 25 ppm. In addition to

OSHA method 80, there are numerous other methods available for monitoring

for MC in the workplace.

B. Since many of the duties relating to employee exposure are dependent on the results

of measurement procedures, employers must assure that the evaluation of employee

exposure is performed by a technically qualified person.

IX. Observation of Monitoring

Your employer is required to perform measurements that are representative of your

exposure to MC and you or your designated representative are entitled to observe the

monitoring procedure. You are entitled to observe the steps taken in the measurement

procedure, and to record the results obtained. When the monitoring procedure is taking

place in an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and equipment are

required to be worn, you or your representative must also be provided with, and must wear,

protective clothing and equipment.

Access To Information

A. Your employer is required to inform you of the information contained in this

Appendix. In addition, your employer must instruct you in the proper work-practices

for using MC, emergency procedures, and the correct use of protective equipment.

B. Your employer is required to determine whether you are being exposed to MC. You

or your representative has the right to observe employee measurements and to record

the results obtained. Your employer is required to inform you of your exposure. If

your employer determines that you are being over exposed, he or she is required to

inform you of the actions which are being taken to reduce your exposure to within

permissible exposure limits.

C. Your employer is required to keep records of your exposures and medical

examinations. These records must be kept by the employer for at least thirty (30)

years.

D. Your employer is required to release your exposure and medical records to you or

your representative upon your request.

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E. Your employer is required to provide labels and safety data sheets (SDS) for all

materials, mixtures or solutions composed of greater than 0.1 percent MC. These

materials, mixtures or solutions would be classified and labeled in accordance with

WAC 296-901-140.

X. Common Operations and Controls

The following list includes some common operations in which exposure to MC may occur

and control methods which may be effective in each case:

Operations

Controls

Use as solvent in paint and varnish removers

cold cleaning and ultrasonic cleaning, and as a

solvent in furniture stripping.

General dilution ventilation; local; manufacture

of aerosols; cold cleaning exhaust ventilation;

personal protective equipment; substitution.

Use as solvent in vapor degreasing.

Process enclosure; local exhaust ventilation,

chilling coils; substitution

Use as a secondary refrigerant in air.

Scientific testing.

General dilution ventilation; local conditioning

and exhaust ventilation; personal protective

equipment.

WAC 296-62-07475 Appendix B. Medical Surveillance for Methylene Chloride

I. Primary Route of Entry Inhalation.

II. Toxicology.

Methylene Chloride (MC) is primarily an inhalation hazard. The principal acute hazardous

effects are the depressant action on the central nervous system, possible cardiac toxicity and

possible liver toxicity. The range of CNS effects are from decreased eye/hand coordination and

decreased performance in vigilance tasks to narcosis and even death of individuals exposed at

very high doses. Cardiac toxicity is due to the metabolism of MC to carbon monoxide, and the

effects of carbon monoxide on heart tissue. Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen in the blood,

decreases the oxygen available to heart tissue, increasing the risk of damage to the heart, which

may result in heart attacks in susceptible individuals. Susceptible individuals include persons

with heart disease and those with risk factors for heart disease. Elevated liver enzymes and

irritation to the respiratory passages and eyes have also been reported for both humans and

experimental animals exposed to MC vapors.

MC is metabolized to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide via two separate pathways. Through

the first pathway, MC is metabolized to carbon monoxide as an end-product via the P-450 mixed

function oxidase pathway located in the microsomal fraction of the cell. This biotransformation

of MC to carbon monoxide occurs through the process of microsomal oxidative dechlorination

which takes place primarily in the liver. The amount of conversion to carbon monoxide is

significant as measured by the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin, up to 12% measured in the

blood following occupational exposure of up to 610 ppm.

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Through the second pathway, MC is metabolized to carbon dioxide as an end product (with

formaldehyde and formic acid as metabolic intermediates) via the glutathione dependent enzyme

found in the cytosolic fraction of the liver cell. Metabolites along this pathway are believed to be

associated with the carcinogenic activity of MC.

MC has been tested for carcinogenicity in several laboratory rodents. These rodent studies

indicate that there is clear evidence that MC is carcinogenic to male and female mice and female

rats. Based on epidemiologic studies, OSHA has concluded that there is suggestive evidence of

increased cancer risk in MC-related worker populations. The epidemiological evidence is

consistent with the finding of excess cancer in the experimental animal studies. NIOSH regards

MC as a potential occupational carcinogen and the International Agency for Research Cancer

(IARC) classifies MC as an animal carcinogen. OSHA considers MC as a suspected human

carcinogen.

III. Medical Signs and Symptoms of Acute Exposure

Skin exposure to liquid MC may cause irritation or skin burns. Liquid MC can also be irritating

to the eyes. MC is also absorbed through the skin and may contribute to the MC exposure by

inhalation. At high concentrations in air, MC may cause nausea, vomiting, light- headedness,

numbness of the extremities, changes in blood enzyme levels, and breathing problems, leading to

bronchitis and pulmonary edema, unconsciousness and even death.

At lower concentrations in air, MC may cause irritation to the skin, eye, and respiratory tract and

occasionally headache and nausea. Perhaps the greatest problem from exposure to low

concentrations of MC is the CNS effects on coordination and alertness that may cause unsafe

operations of machinery and equipment, leading to self-injury or accidents. Low levels and short

duration exposures do not seem to produce permanent disability, but chronic exposures to MC

have been demonstrated to produce liver toxicity in animals, and therefore, the evidence is

suggestive for liver toxicity in humans after chronic exposure. Chronic exposure to MC may

also cause cancer.

IV. Surveillance and Preventive Considerations

As discussed above, MC is classified as a suspect or potential human carcinogen. It is a central

nervous system (CNS) depressant and a skin, eye and respiratory tract irritant. At extremely

high concentrations, MC has caused liver damage in animals. MC principally affects the CNS,

where it acts as a narcotic. The observation of the symptoms characteristic of CNS depression,

along with a physical examination, provides the best detection of early neurological disorders.

Since exposure to MC also increases the carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood, ambient carbon

monoxide levels would have an additive effect on that carboxyhemoglobin level. Based on such

information, a periodic post- shift carboxyhemoglobin test as an index of the presence of carbon

monoxide in the blood is recommended, but not required, for medical surveillance.

Based on the animal evidence and three epidemiologic studies previously mentioned, OSHA

concludes that MC is a suspect human carcinogen. The medical surveillance program is

designed to observe exposed workers on a regular basis. While the medical surveillance

program cannot detect MC-induced cancer at a preneoplastic stage, OSHA anticipates that, as in

the past, early detection and treatments of cancers leading to enhanced survival rates will

continue to evolve.

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A. Medical and Occupational History:

The medical and occupational work history plays an important role in the initial evaluation of

workers exposed to MC. It is therefore extremely important for the examining physician or other

licensed health care professional to evaluate the MC-exposed worker carefully and completely

and to focus the examination on MC's potentially associated health hazards. The medical

evaluation must include an annual detailed work and medical history with special emphasis on

cardiac history and neurological symptoms.

An important goal of the medical history is to elicit information from the worker regarding

potential signs or symptoms associated with increased levels of carboxyhemoglobin due to the

presence of carbon monoxide in the blood. Physicians or other licensed health care professionals

should ensure that the smoking history of all MC exposed employees is known. Exposure to MC

may cause a significant increase in carboxyhemoglobin level in all exposed persons. However,

smokers as well as workers with anemia or heart disease and those concurrently exposed to

carbon monoxide are at especially high risk of toxic effects because of an already reduced

oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

A comprehensive or interim medical and work history should also include occurrence of

headache, dizziness, fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath, pain in the limbs, and irritation of

the skin and eyes. In addition, it is important for the physician or other licensed health care

professional to become familiar with the operating conditions in which exposure to MC is likely

to occur. The physician or other licensed health care professional also must become familiar

with the signs and symptoms that may indicate that a worker is receiving otherwise unrecognized

and exceptionally high exposure levels of MC.

An example of a medical and work history that would satisfy the requirement for a

comprehensive or interim work history is represented by the following:

The following is a list of recommended questions and issues for the self- administered

questionnaire for methylene chloride exposure.

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Questionnaire For Methylene Chloride Exposure

I. Demographic Information

1. Name

2. Social Security Number

3. Date

4. Date of Birth

5. Age

6. Present occupation

7. Sex

8. Race

II. Occupational History

1. Have you ever worked with methylene chloride, dichloromethane, methylene dichloride,

or CH

(all are different names for the same chemical)? Please list which on the

occupational history form if you have not already.

2. If you have worked in any of the following industries and have not listed them on the

occupational history form, please do so.

Furniture stripping

Polyurethane foam manufacturing

Chemical manufacturing or formulation

Pharmaceutical manufacturing

Any industry in which you used solvents to clean and degrease equipment or parts

Construction, especially painting and refinishing

Aerosol manufacturing

Any industry in which you used aerosol adhesives_______

3. If you have not listed hobbies or household projects on the occupational history form,

especially furniture refinishing, spray painting, or paint stripping, please do so.

III. Medical History

A. General

1. Do you consider yourself to be in good health? If no, state reason(s).

2. Do you or have you ever had:

a. Persistent thirst

b. Frequent urination (three times or more at night)

c. Dermatitis or irritated skin

d. Nonhealing wounds

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3. What prescription or nonprescription medications do you take, and for what reasons?

4. Are you allergic to any medications, and what type of reaction do you have?

B. Respiratory

1. Do you have or have you ever had any chest illnesses or diseases? Explain.

2. Do you have or have you ever had any of the following:

a. Asthma

b. Wheezing

c. Shortness of breath

3. Have you ever had an abnormal chest X-ray? If so, when, where, and what were the

findings?

4. Have you ever had difficulty using a respirator or breathing apparatus? Explain.

5. Do any chest or lung diseases run in your family? Explain.

6. Have you ever smoked cigarettes, cigars, or a pipe? Age started:

7. Do you now smoke?

8. If you have stopped smoking completely, how old were you when you stopped?

9. On the average of the entire time you smoked, how many packs of cigarettes, cigars, or

bowls of tobacco did you smoke per day?

C. Cardiovascular

1. Have you ever been diagnosed with any of the following:

Which of the following apply to you now or did apply to you at some time in the past, even if the

problem is controlled by medication? Please explain any yes answers (i.e., when problem was

diagnosed, length of time on medication).

a. High cholesterol or triglyceride level

b. Hypertension (high blood pressure)

c. Diabetes

d. Family history of heart attack, stroke, or blocked arteries

2. Have you ever had chest pain? If so, answer the next five questions.

a. What was the quality of the pain (i.e., crushing, stabbing, squeezing)?

b. Did the pain go anywhere (i.e., into jaw, left arm)?

c. What brought the pain out?

d. How long did it last?

e. What made the pain go away?

3. Have you ever had heart disease, a heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, or blocked arteries

anywhere in your body? Explain (when, treatment).

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4. Have you ever had bypass surgery for blocked arteries in your heart or anywhere else?

Explain.

5. Have you ever had any other procedures done to open up a blocked artery (balloon

angioplasty, carotid endarterectomy, clot-dissolving drug)?

6. Do you have or have you ever had (explain each):

a. Heart murmur

b. Irregular heartbeat

c. Shortness of breath while lying flat

d. Congestive heart failure

e. Ankle swelling

f. Recurrent pain anywhere below the waist while walking

7. Have you ever had an electrocardiogram (EKG)? When?

8. Have you ever had an abnormal EKG? If so, when, where, and what were the findings?

9. Do any heart diseases, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, or high

triglycerides run in your family? Explain.

D. Hepatobiliary and Pancreas

1. Do you now or have you ever drunk alcoholic beverages? Age started: Age

stopped: .

2. Average numbers per week:

a. Beers: , ounces in usual container:

b. Glasses of wine: , ounces per glass:

c. Drinks: , ounces in usual container:

3. Do you have or have you ever had (explain each):

a. Hepatitis (infectious, autoimmune, drug-induced, or chemical)

b. Jaundice

c. Elevated liver enzymes or elevated bilirubin

d. Liver disease or cancer

E. Central Nervous System

1. Do you or have you ever had (explain each):

a. Headache

b. Dizziness

c. Fainting

d. Loss of consciousness

e. Garbled speech

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f. Lack of balance

g. Mental/psychiatric illness

h. Forgetfulness

F. Hematologic

1. Do you have, or have you ever had (explain each):

a. Anemia

b. Sickle cell disease or trait

c. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

d. Bleeding tendency disorder

2. If not already mentioned previously, have you ever had a reaction to sulfa drugs or to

drugs used to prevent or treat malaria? What was the drug? Describe the reaction.

______________________________________________________________________________

B. Physical Examination

The complete physical examination, when coupled with the medical and occupational history,

assists the physician or other licensed health care professional in detecting pre-existing

conditions that might place the employee at increased risk, and establishes a baseline for future

health monitoring. These examinations should include:

1. Clinical impressions of the nervous system, cardiovascular function and pulmonary

function, with additional tests conducted where indicated or determined by the examining

physician or other licensed health care professional to be necessary.

2. An evaluation of the advisability of the worker using a respirator, because the use of

certain respirators places an additional burden on the cardiopulmonary system. It is necessary

for the attending physician or other licensed health care professional to evaluate the

cardiopulmonary function of these workers, in order to inform the employer in a written medical

opinion of the worker's ability or fitness to work in an area requiring the use of certain types of

respiratory protective equipment. The presence of facial hair or scars that might interfere with

the worker's ability to wear certain types of respirators should also be noted during the

examination and in the written medical opinion.

Because of the importance of lung function to workers required to wear certain types of

respirators to protect themselves from MC exposure, these workers must receive an assessment

of pulmonary function before they begin to wear a negative pressure respirator and at least

annually thereafter.

The recommended pulmonary function tests include measurement of the employee's forced vital

capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV

), as well as calculation of the

ratios of FEV

to FVC, and the ratios of measured FVC and measured FEV

to expected

respective values corrected for variation due to age, sex, race, and height. Pulmonary function

evaluation must be conducted by a physician or other licensed health care professional

experienced in pulmonary function tests.

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The following is a summary of the elements of a physical exam which would fulfill the

requirements under the MC standard:

Physical Exam

I. Skin and appendages

1. Irritated or broken skin

2. Jaundice

3. Clubbing cyanosis, edema

4. Capillary refill time

5. Pallor

II. Head

1. Facial deformities

2. Scars

3. Hair growth

III. Eyes

1. Scleral icterus

2. Corneal arcus

3. Pupillary size and response

4. Fundoscopic exam

IV. Chest

1. Standard exam

V. Heart

1. Standard exam

2 Jugular vein distension

3. Peripheral pulses

VI. Abdomen

1. Liver span

VII. Nervous System

1. Complete standard neurologic exam

VIII. Laboratory

1. Hemoglobin and hematocrit

2. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)

3. Post-shift carboxyhemoglobin

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I. Studies

1. Pulmonary function testing

2. Electrocardiogram

An evaluation of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood of employees (for example by

measured red blood cell volume) is considered useful, especially for workers acutely exposed to

MC. It is also recommended, but not required, that end of shift carboxyhemoglobin levels be

determined periodically, and any level above 3% for nonsmokers and above 10% for smokers

should prompt an investigation of the worker and his workplace. This test is recommended

because MC is metabolized to CO, which combines strongly with hemoglobin, resulting in a

reduced capacity of the blood to transport oxygen in the body. This is of particular concern for

cigarette smokers because they already have a diminished hemoglobin capacity due to the

presence of CO in cigarette smoke.

C. Additional Examinations and Referrals

1. Examination by a Specialist

When a worker examination reveals unexplained symptoms or signs (i.e. in the physical

examination or in the laboratory tests), follow-up medical examinations are necessary to

assure that MC exposure is not adversely affecting the worker's health. When the

examining physician or other licensed health care professional finds it necessary,

additional tests should be included to determine the nature of the medical problem and

the underlying cause. Where relevant, the worker should be sent to a specialist for

further testing and treatment as deemed necessary. The final rule requires additional

investigations to be covered and it also permits physicians or other licensed health care

professionals to add appropriate or necessary tests to improve the diagnosis of disease

should such tests become available in the future.

2. Emergencies

The examination of workers exposed to MC in an emergency should be directed at the

organ systems most likely to be affected. If the worker has received a severe acute

exposure, hospitalization may be required to assure proper medical intervention. It is not

possible to precisely define “severe,” but the physician or other licensed health care

professional's judgment should not merely rest on hospitalization. If the worker has

suffered significant conjunctival, oral, or nasal irritation, respiratory distress, or

discomfort, the physician or other licensed health care professional should instigate

appropriate follow-up procedures. These include attention to the eyes, lungs and the

neurological system. The frequency of follow-up examinations should be determined by

the attending physician or other licensed health care professional. This testing permits

the early identification essential to proper medical management of such workers.

D. Employer Obligations

The employer is required to provide the responsible physician or other licensed health

care professional and any specialists involved in a diagnosis with the following

information: a copy of the MC standard including relevant appendices, a description of

the affected employee's duties as they relate to their exposure to MC; an estimate of the

employee's exposure including duration (e.g., 15hr/wk., three 8-hour shifts/wk., full

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time); a description of any personal protective equipment used by the employee,

including respirators; and the results of any previous medical determinations for the

affected employee related to MC exposure to the extent that this information is within the

employer's control.

E. Physicians' or Other Licensed Health Care Professionals' Obligations

The standard requires the employer to ensure that the physician or other licensed health

care professional provides a written statement to the employee and the employer. This

statement should contain the physician's or licensed health care professional's opinion as

to whether the employee has any medical condition placing him or her at increased risk

of impaired health from exposure to MC or use of respirators, as appropriate. The

physician or other licensed health care professional should also state their opinion

regarding any restrictions that should be placed on the employee's exposure to MC or

upon the use of protective clothing or equipment such as respirators. If the employee

wears a respirator as a result of their exposure to MC, the physician or other licensed

health care professional's opinion should also contain a statement regarding the suitability

of the employee to wear the type of respirator assigned.

Furthermore, the employee should be informed by the physician or other licensed health

care professional about the cancer risk of MC and about risk factors for heart disease, and

the potential for exacerbation of underlying heart disease by exposure to MC through its

metabolism to carbon monoxide. Finally, the physician or other licensed health care

professional should inform the employer that the employee has been told the results of

the medical examination and of any medical conditions which require further explanation

or treatment. This written opinion must not contain any information on specific findings

or diagnosis unrelated to employee's occupational exposures.

The purpose in requiring the examining physician or other licensed health care

professional to supply the employer with a written opinion is to provide the employer

with a medical basis to assist the employer in placing employees initially, in assuring that

their health is not being impaired by exposure to MC, and to assess the employee's ability

to use any required protective equipment.

WAC 296-62-07477 Appendix C. Questions and answers--methylene chloride in

furniture stripping.

(Adapted from NIOSH Publication No. 93-133)

Introduction

This appendix answers commonly asked questions about the hazards from exposure to methylene

chloride. It also describes approaches to controlling methylene chloride exposure during the

most common furniture stripping processes. Although these approaches were developed and

field tested by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, each setting requires

custom installation because of the different air flow interferences at each site.

1. What is the Stripping Solution Base?

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The most common active ingredient in paint removers is a chemical called methylene chloride.

Methylene chloride is present in the paint remover to penetrate, blister, and finally lift the old

finish. Other chemicals in paint removers work to accelerate the stripping process, to retard

evaporation, and to act as thickening agents. These other ingredients may include: methanol,

toluene, acetone, or paraffin.1

2. Is Methylene Chloride Bad for Me?

Exposure to methylene chloride may cause short-term health effects or long-term health effects.

Short-Term (Acute) Health Effects

Exposure to high levels of paint removers over short periods of time can cause irritation to the

skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tracts. Other symptoms of high exposure are

dizziness, headache, and lack of coordination. The occurrence of any of these symptoms

indicates that you are being exposed to high levels of methylene chloride. At the onset of any of

these symptoms, you should leave the work area, get some fresh air, and determine why the

levels were high.

A portion of inhaled methylene chloride is converted by the body to carbon monoxide, which can

lower the blood's ability to carry oxygen. When the solvent is used properly, however, the levels

of carbon monoxide should not be hazardous. Individuals with cardiovascular or pulmonary

health problems should check with their physician before using the paint stripper. Individuals

experiencing severe symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pains should obtain proper

medical care immediately.

Long-Term (Chronic) Health Effects

Methylene chloride has been shown to cause cancer in certain laboratory animal tests. The

available human studies do not provide the necessary information to determine whether

methylene chloride causes cancer in humans. However, as a result of the animal studies,

methylene chloride is considered a potential occupational carcinogen. There is also considerable

indirect evidence to suggest that workers exposed to methylene chloride may be at an increased

risk of developing ischemic heart disease. Therefore, it is prudent to minimize exposure to

solvent vapors.

3. What does the Methylene Chloride Standard Require?

On January 10, 1997, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration published a new

regulation for methylene chloride. The standard establishes an eight-hour time-weighted average

exposure limit of 25 parts per million (ppm), as well as a short-term exposure limit of 125 ppm

determined from a 15 minute sampling period. That is a reduction from the current WISHA

limit of 100 ppm. The standard also sets a 12.5 ppm action level (a level that would trigger

periodic exposure monitoring and medical surveillance provisions).

WISHA adopted an

identical standard on [date].

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends that methylene chloride

be regarded as a “potential occupational carcinogen.” NIOSH further recommends that

occupational exposure to methylene chloride be controlled to the lowest feasible limit. This

recommendation was based on the observation of cancers and tumors in both rats and mice

exposed to methylene chloride in air.

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4. How Can I Be Exposed to Methylene Chloride while Stripping Furniture?

Methylene chloride can be inhaled when vapors are in the air. Inhalation of the methylene

chloride vapors is generally the most important source of exposure. Methylene chloride

evaporates quicker than most chemicals. The odor threshold of methylene chloride is 300 ppm.

Therefore, once you smell methylene chloride, you are being over-exposed. Pouring, moving, or

stirring the chemical will increase the rate of evaporation.

Methylene chloride can be absorbed through the skin either by directly touching the chemical or

through your gloves. Methylene chloride can be swallowed if it gets on your hands, clothes, or

beard, or if food or drinks become contaminated.

5. How Can Breathing Exposures be Reduced?

Install a Local Exhaust Ventilation System

Local exhaust ventilation can be used to control exposures. Local exhaust ventilation systems

capture contaminated air from the source before it spreads into the workers' breathing zone.

engineering controls are not effective, only a self-contained breathing apparatus equipped with a

full face piece and operated in a positive-pressure mode or a supplied-air respirator affords the

level of protection. Air-purifying respirators such as gas masks with organic vapor canisters can

only be used for escape situations.

These gas masks are not suitable for normal work situations

because methylene chloride is poorly absorbed by the canister filtering material.

A local exhaust system consists of the following: a hood, a fan, ductwork, and a replacement air

system.

9,10,11

Two processes are commonly used in furniture stripping: flow-over and dip tanks.

For flow-over systems there are two common local exhaust controls for methylene chloride - a

slot hood and a down draft hood. A slot hood of different design is most often used for dip

tanks. (See Figures 1, 2, and 3.)

The hood is made of sheet metal and connected to the tank. All designs require a centrifugal fan

to exhaust the fumes, ductwork connecting the hood and the fan, and a replacement air system to

bring conditioned air into the building to replace the air exhausted.

In constructing or designing a slot or down draft hood, use the following data:

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FIGURE 1 -- SLOT HOOD

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FIGURE 2 -- DOWNDRAFT HOOD

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FIGURE 3 -- SLOT HOOD FOR DIP TANK

Safe Work-practices

Workers can lower exposures by decreasing their access to the methylene chloride.

1) Turn on dip tank control system several minutes before entering the stripping area.

2) Avoid unnecessary transferring or moving of the stripping solution.

3) Keep face out of the air stream between the solution-covered furniture and the exhaust

system.

4) Keep face out of vapor zone above the stripping solution and the dip tank.

5) Retrieve dropped items with a long handled tool.

6) Keep the solution-recycling system off when not in use. Cover reservoir for recycling

system.

7) Cover dip tank when not in use.

8) Provide adequate ventilation for rinse area.

How Can Skin Exposures Be Reduced?

Skin exposures can be reduced by wearing gloves whenever you are in contact with the stripping

solution.

1) Two gloves should be worn. The inner glove should be made from polyethylene/ethylene

vinyl alcohol (e.g., Silver Shield

, or 4H

). This material, however, does not provide

good physical resistance against tears, so an outer glove made from nitrile or neoprene

should be worn.

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2) Shoulder-length gloves will be more protective.

3) Change gloves before the break-through time occurs. Rotate several pairs of gloves

throughout the day. Let the gloves dry in a warm well-ventilated area at least over night

before reuse.

4) Keep gloves clean by rinsing often. Keep gloves in good condition. Inspect the gloves

before use for pin-holes, cracks, thin spots, and stiffer than normal or sticky surfaces.

5) Wear a face shield or goggles to protect face and eyes.

6. What Other Problems Can Occur?

Stripping Solution Temperature

Most manufacturers of stripping solution recommend controlling the solution to a temperature of

70°F. This temperature is required for the wax in the solution to form a vapor barrier on top of

the solution to keep the solution from evaporating too quickly. If the temperature is too high, the

wax will not form the vapor barrier. If it is too cold, the wax will solidify and separate from the

solvent causing increased evaporation. Use a belt heater to heat the solution to the correct

temperature. Call your solution manufacturer for the correct temperature for your solution.

Make-Up Air

Air will enter a building in an amount to equal the amount of air exhausted whether or not

provision is made for this replacement. If a local exhaust system is added a make-up or

replacement air system must be added to replace the air removed. Without a replacement air

system, air will enter the building through cracks causing uncontrollable eddy currents. If the

building perimeter is tightly sealed, it will prevent the air from entering and severely decrease the

amount exhausted from the ventilation system. This will cause the building to be under negative

pressure and decrease the performance of the exhaust system.

Dilution Ventilation

With general or dilution ventilation, uncontaminated air is moved through the workroom by

means of fans or open windows, which dilutes the pollutants in the air. Dilution ventilation does

not provide effective protection to other workers and does not confine the methylene chloride

vapors to one area.

Phosgene Poisoning from Use of Kerosene Heaters

Do not use kerosene heaters or other open flame heaters while stripping furniture. Use of

kerosene heaters in connection with methylene chloride can create lethal or dangerous

concentrations of phosgene. Methylene chloride vapor is mixed with the air used for the

combustion of kerosene in kerosene stoves. The vapor thus passes through the flames, coming

into close contact with carbon monoxide at high temperatures. Any chlorine formed by

decomposition may, under these conditions, react with carbon monoxide and form phosgene.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

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Part G, Page 257

REFERENCES

Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance and Consumer Product Safety Commission [1990].

Stripping Paint from Wood (Pamphlet for consumers on how to strip furniture and precautions to

take). Washington DC: Consumer Product Safety Commission.

Ibid.

NIOSH [1992]. NIOSH Testimony on Occupational Safety and Health Administration's

proposed rule on occupational exposure to methylene chloride, September 21, 1992, OSHA

Docket No. H-71. NIOSH policy statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health.

56 Fed. Reg. 57036 [1991]. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Proposed rule on

occupational exposure to methylene chloride.

NIOSH [1992].

Kirk, R.E. and P.F. Othmer, Eds. [1978]. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed., Vol.

5:690. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ACGIH [1988]. Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice. 20th Ed.

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

NIOSH [1992].

Fairfield, C.L. and A.A. Beasley [1991]. In-depth Survey Report at the Association for

Retarded Citizens, Meadowlands, PA. The Control of Methylene Chloride During Furniture

Stripping. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health

Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Fairfield, C.L. [1991]. In-depth Survey Report at the J.M. Murray Center, Cortland, NY. The

Control of Methylene Chloride During Furniture Stripping. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services, Publish Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Hall, R.M., K.F. Martinez, and P.A. Jensen [1992]. In-depth Survey Report at Tri-County

Furniture Stripping and Refinishing, Cincinnati, OH. The Control of Methylene Chloride During

Furniture Stripping. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public

Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health.

Fairfield, C.L. and A.A. Beasley [1991]. In-depth Survey Report at the Association for

Retarded Citizens, Meadowlands, PA. The Control of Methylene Chloride During Furniture

Stripping. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Service, Centers for Disease

Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Roder, M. [1991]. Memorandum of March 11, 1991 from Michael Roder of the Division of

Safety Research to Cheryl L. Fairfield of the Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health

Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part G

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Part G, Page 258

Kwick Kleen Industrial Solvents, Inc., [1981]. Operations Manual, Kwick Kleen Industrial

Solvents, Inc., Vincennes, IN.

ACGIH [1988].

Ibid.

Gerritsen, W.B. and C.H. Buschmann [1960]. Phosgene Poisoning Caused by the Use of

Chemical Paint Removers containing Methylene Chloride in III-Ventilated Rooms Heated by

Kerosene Stoves. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 17:187.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part I

General Occupational Health Standards Airborne Contaminants (Specific)

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Part I, Page i

PART I

AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS (SPECIFIC)

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-07517 Reserved. ...................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-07519 Thiram ........................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-07521 Lead ............................................................................................... 3

WAC 296-62-07531 Appendix D sampling and analytical methods for benzene

monitoring and measurement procedures ..................................................................... 60

WAC 296-62-07540 Formaldehyde .............................................................................. 69

WAC 296-62-07542 Appendix A--Substance technical guideline for formalin .............. 84

WAC 296-62-07544 Appendix B--Sampling strategy and analytical methods for

formaldehyde ................................................................................................................ 93

WAC 296-62-07546 Appendix C medical surveillance—Formaldehyde ..................... 106

WAC 296-62-07548 Appendix D--Nonmandatory medical disease questionnaire ..... 110

WAC 296-62-076 Methylenedianiline ......................................................................... 116

WAC 296-62-07601 Scope and application ............................................................... 116

WAC 296-62-07603 Definitions .................................................................................. 116

WAC 296-62-07605 Permissible exposure limits (PEL) ............................................. 117

WAC 296-62-07607 Emergency situations ................................................................ 117

WAC 296-62-07609 Exposure monitoring .................................................................. 118

WAC 296-62-07611 Regulated areas ........................................................................ 119

WAC 296-62-07613 Methods of compliance .............................................................. 120

WAC 296-62-07615 Respiratory protection ................................................................ 120

WAC 296-62-07617 Protective work clothing and equipment .................................... 121

WAC 296-62-07619 Hygiene facilities and practices ................................................. 122

WAC 296-62-07621 Communication of hazards ........................................................ 123

WAC 296-62-07623 Housekeeping ............................................................................ 124

WAC 296-62-07625 Medical surveillance .................................................................. 125

WAC 296-62-07627 Medical removal--Temporary medical removal of an employee 128

WAC 296-62-07629 Medical removal protection benefits .......................................... 129

WAC 296-62-07631 Recordkeeping........................................................................... 131

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WAC Page

WAC 296-62-07633 Observation of monitoring .......................................................... 133

WAC 296-62-07637 Appendices ................................................................................ 134

WAC 296-62-07654 Appendix A to WAC 296-62-076--Substance data sheet, for 4,4'-

methylenedianiline....................................................................................................... 134

WAC 296-62-07656 Appendix B to WAC 296-62-076--Substance technical guidelines,

MDA ............................................................................................................................ 136

WAC 296-62-07658 Appendix C to WAC 296-62-076--Medical surveillance guidelines

for MDA ....................................................................................................................... 138

WAC 296-62-07660 Appendix D to WAC 296-62-076--Sampling and analytical

methods for MDA monitoring and measurement procedures ...................................... 139

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Part I, Page 1

WAC 296-62-07517 Reserved.

WAC 296-62-07519 Thiram.

(1) Scope and application. This section applies to occupational exposure to thiram

(tetramethylthiuram disulfide), in addition to those requirements listed in chapter 296-841

Airborne contaminants. Nothing in this section shall preclude the application of other

appropriate standards and regulations to minimize worker exposure to thiram.

(2) Definitions. The following definitions are applicable to this section:

(a) Clean. The absence of dirt or materials which may be harmful to a worker's health.

(b) Large seedlings. Those seedlings of such size, either by length or breadth, that it is

difficult to avoid contact of the thiram treated plant with the mouth or face during

planting operations.

(3) General requirements.

(a) Workers should not be allowed to work more than five days in any seven day period

with or around the application of thiram or thiram treated seedlings.

(b) Washing and worker hygiene.

Workers must wash their hands prior to eating or smoking at the close of work.

Warm (at least 85°F, 29.4°C) wash water and single use hand wiping materials

must be provided for washing.

The warm water and hand wiping materials must be at fixed work locations or at

the planting unit.

Where warm water is not available within fifteen minutes travel time,

nonalcoholic based waterless hand cleaner must be provided.

Every planter or nursery worker must be advised to bathe or shower daily.

The inside of worker carrying vehicles must be washed or vacuumed and wiped

down at least weekly during the period of thiram use.

Clothing must be worn by workers to reduce skin contact with thiram to the legs,

arms and torso.

For those workers who have thiram skin irritations, exposed areas of the body

must be protected by a suitable barrier cream.

Clothing worn by workers must be washed or changed at least every other day.

Only impervious gloves may be worn by workers.

Workers hands should be clean of thiram before placing them into gloves.

Thiram applicators must be provided with and use respiratory protection in

accordance with chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, disposable coveralls or

rubber slickers or other impervious clothing, rubberized boots, head covers and

rubberized gloves.

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Part I, Page 2

Nursery workers, other than applicators, who are likely to be exposed to thiram

must be provided with and use disposable coveralls or rubber slickers or other

impervious clothing, impervious footwear and gloves, and head covers in

accordance with WAC 296-800-160, unless showers have been provided and are

used.

Eye protection according to WAC 296-800-160, must be provided and worn by

workers who may be exposed to splashes of thiram during spraying, plug

bundling, belt line grading and plugging or other operations.

Item (viii) of this subdivision need not be complied with where pressurized

emergency eye wash fountains are within 10 seconds travel time of the work

location. (Approved respirator - see chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators.)

A dust mask must be worn, when planting large seedlings, to avoid mouth and

face contact with the thiram treated plant unless equally effective measures or

planting practices have been established.

(d) Food handling.

Food snacks, beverages, smoking materials, or any other item which is consumed

must not be stored or consumed in the packing area of the nursery.

Worker carrying vehicles must have a clean area for carrying lunches.

The clean area of the vehicle must be elevated from the floor and not used to

carry other than food or other consumable items.

The carrying of lunches, food or other consumable items in tree planting bags is

prohibited.

Care must be taken to ensure that worker exposure to thiram spray, including

downwind driftings, is minimized or eliminated.

When bags that contained thiram or thiram treated seedlings are burned, prevent

worker exposure to the smoke.

(e) Thiram use and handling.

Thiram treated seedlings must be allowed to dry or stabilize prior to packing.

Seedlings must be kept moist during packing and whenever possible during

planting operations.

Floors, where thiram is used, must not be dry swept but instead vacuumed,

washed or otherwise cleaned at least daily.

Silica chips used to cover thiram treated seedling plugs must be removed at the

nursery.

(f) Training.

Each worker engaged in operations where exposure to thiram may occur must be

provided training on the hazards of thiram, as well as the necessary precautions

for its safe use and handling.

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Part I, Page 3

The training must include instruction in:

(A) The nature of the health hazard(s) from exposure to thiram including

specifically the potential for alcohol intolerance, drug interaction, and skin

irritation;

(B) The specific nature of operations which could result in exposure to thiram

and the necessary protective steps;

including respirators and clothing;

(D) The necessity for and requirements of good personal hygiene; and

(E) A review of the thiram rules at the worker's first training and

indoctrination, and annually thereafter.

(4) Effective date. This standard must become effective thirty days after being filed with the

code reviser.

WAC 296-62-07521 Lead.

(1) Scope and application.

(a) This section applies to all occupational exposure to lead, except as provided in

subdivision (1)(b).

(b) This section does not apply to the construction industry or to agricultural operations

covered by chapter 296-307 WAC.

(2) Definitions as applicable to this part.

(a) Action level. Employee exposure, without regard to the use of respirators, to an

airborne concentration of lead of thirty micrograms per cubic meter of air (30 µg/m

)

averaged over an eight-hour period.

(b) Director The director of the department of labor and industries.

Excluded from this definition are all other organic lead compounds.

(3) General requirements.

(a) Employers will assess the hazards of lead in the work place and provide information

to the employees about the hazards of the lead exposures to which they may be

exposed.

(b) Information provided must include:

Exposure monitoring (including employee notification);

Written compliance programs;

Respiratory protection programs;

Personnel protective equipment and housekeeping;

Medical surveillance and examinations;

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Training requirements;

Recordkeeping requirements.

(4) Permissible exposure limit (PEL).

(a) The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to lead at concentrations

greater than fifty micrograms per cubic meter of air (50 µg/m

) averaged over an

eight-hour period.

(b) If an employee is exposed to lead for more than eight hours in any work day, the

permissible exposure limit, as a time weighted average (TWA) for that day, must be

reduced according to the following formula:

Maximum permissible limit (in µg/m

) = 400 ÷ hours worked in the day.

comply with the PEL and all the requirements of subsection (7) have been met,

employee exposure, for the purpose of determining whether the employer has

complied with the PEL, may be considered to be at the level provided by the

protection factor of the respirator for those periods the respirator is worn. Those

periods may be averaged with exposure levels during periods when respirators are not

worn to determine the employee's daily TWA exposure.

(5) Exposure monitoring.

(a) General.

For the purposes of subsection (5), employee exposure is that exposure which

would occur if the employee were not using a respirator.

With the exception of monitoring under subdivision (5)(c), the employer must

collect full shift (for at least seven continuous hours) personal samples including

at least one sample for each shift for each job classification in each work area.

Full shift personal samples must be representative of the monitored employee's

regular, daily exposure to lead.

(b) Initial determination. Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered

by this standard must determine if any employee may be exposed to lead at or above

the action level.

The employer must monitor employee exposures and must base initial

determinations on the employee exposure monitoring results and any of the

following, relevant considerations:

(A) Any information, observations, or calculations which would indicate

employee exposure to lead;

(B) Any previous measurements of airborne lead; and

exposure to lead.

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Monitoring for the initial determination may be limited to a representative sample

of the exposed employees who the employer reasonably believes are exposed to

the greatest airborne concentrations of lead in the workplace.

Measurements of airborne lead made in the preceding twelve months may be used

to satisfy the requirement to monitor under item (5)(c)(i) if the sampling and

analytical methods used meet the accuracy and confidence levels of subdivision

(5)(i) of this section.

(d) Positive initial determination and initial monitoring.

Where a determination conducted under subdivision (5)(b) and (5)(c) of this

section shows the possibility of any employee exposure at or above the action

level, the employer must conduct monitoring which is representative of the

exposure for each employee in the workplace who is exposed to lead.

Measurements of airborne lead made in the preceding twelve months may be used

to satisfy this requirement if the sampling and analytical methods used meet the

accuracy and confidence levels of subdivision (5)(i) of this section.

(e) Negative initial determination. Where a determination, conducted under subdivisions

(5)(b) and (5)(c) of this section is made that no employee is exposed to airborne

concentrations of lead at or above the action level, the employer must make a written

record of such determination. The record must include at least the information

specified in subdivision (5)(c) of this section and must also include the date of

determination, location within the worksite, and the name and social security number

of each employee monitored.

(f) Frequency.

If the initial monitoring reveals employee exposure to be below the action level

the measurements need not be repeated except as otherwise provided in

subdivision (5)(g) of this section.

If the initial determination or subsequent monitoring reveals employee exposure

to be at or above the action level but below the permissible exposure limit the

employer must repeat monitoring in accordance with this subsection at least every

six months. The employer must continue monitoring at the required frequency

until at least two consecutive measurements, taken at least seven days apart, are

below the action level at which time the employer may discontinue monitoring for

that employee except as otherwise provided in subdivision (5)(g) of this section.

If the initial monitoring reveals that employee exposure is above the permissible

exposure limit the employer must repeat monitoring quarterly. The employer

must continue monitoring at the required frequency until at least two consecutive

measurements, taken at least seven days apart, are below the PEL but at or above

the action level at which time the employer must repeat monitoring for that

employee at the frequency specified in item (5)(f)(ii), except as otherwise

provided in subdivision (5)(g) of this section.

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(g) Additional monitoring. Whenever there has been a production, process, control or

personnel change which may result in new or additional exposure to lead, or

whenever the employer has any other reason to suspect a change which may result in

new or additional exposures to lead, additional monitoring in accordance with this

subsection shall be conducted.

(h) Employee notification.

Within five working days after the receipt of monitoring results, the employer

must notify each employee in writing of the results which represent that

employee's exposure.

Whenever the results indicate that the representative employee exposure, without

regard to respirators, exceeds the permissible exposure limit, the employer must

include in the written notice a statement that the permissible exposure limit was

exceeded and a description of the corrective action taken or to be taken to reduce

exposure to or below the permissible exposure limit.

(i) Reserved.

(j) Accuracy of measurement. The employer must use a method of monitoring and

analysis which has an accuracy (to a confidence level of ninety-five percent) of not

less than plus or minus twenty percent for airborne concentrations of lead equal to or

greater than 30 µg/m

(6) Methods of compliance.

(a) Engineering and work practice controls.

Where any employee is exposed to lead above the permissible exposure limit for

more than thirty days per year, the employer must implement engineering and

work practice controls (including administrative controls) to reduce and maintain

employee exposure to lead in accordance with the implementation schedule in

Table I below, except to the extent that the employer can demonstrate that such

controls are not feasible. Wherever the engineering and work practice controls

which can be instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or

below the permissible exposure limit, the employer must nonetheless use them to

reduce exposures to the lowest feasible level and must supplement them by the

use of respiratory protection which complies with the requirements of subsection

(7) of this section.

Where any employee is exposed to lead above the permissible exposure limit, but

for thirty days or less per year, the employer must implement engineering controls

to reduce exposures to 200 µg/m

, but thereafter may implement any combination

of engineering, work practice (including administrative controls), and respiratory

controls to reduce and maintain employee exposure to lead to or below 50 µg/m

Table 1

Industry

Compliance dates

(50 µg/m

)

Lead chemicals, secondary copper

smelting

Nonferrous foundries

Brass and bronze ingot manufacture.

July 19, 1996

6 years

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Calculated by counting from the date the stay on implementation of subsection (6)(a) was lifted

by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, the number of years specified in the

1978 lead standard and subsequent amendments for compliance with the PEL of 50 µg/m

for

exposure to airborne concentrations of lead levels for the particular industry.

Large nonferrous foundries (20 or more employees) are required to achieve the PEL of 50

µg/m

by means of engineering and work practice controls. Small nonferrous foundries (fewer

than 20 employees) are required to achieve an 8-hour TWA of 75 µg/m

by such controls.

Expressed as the number of years from the date on which the Court lifts the stay on the

implementation of subsection (6)(a) for this industry for employers to achieve a lead in air

concentration of 75 µg/m

. Compliance with subsection (6) in this industry is determined by a

compliance directive that incorporates elements from the settlement agreement between OSHA

and representatives of the industry.

(b) Respiratory protection. Where engineering and work practice controls do not reduce

employee exposure to or below the 50 µg/m

permissible exposure limit, the

employer must supplement these controls with respirators in accordance with

subsection (7).

Each employer must establish and implement a written compliance program to

reduce exposures to or below the permissible exposure limit, and interim levels if

applicable, solely by means of engineering and work practice controls in

accordance with the implementation schedule in subdivision (6)(a).

Written plans for these compliance programs must include at least the following:

(A) A description of each operation in which lead is emitted; e.g., machinery

used, material processed, controls in place, crew size, employee job

responsibilities, operating procedures and maintenance practices;

(B) A description of the specific means that will be employed to achieve

compliance, including engineering plans and studies used to determine

methods selected for controlling exposure to lead;

limit;

(D) Air monitoring data which documents the source of lead emissions;

(E) A detailed schedule for implementation of the program, including

documentation such as copies of purchase orders for equipment,

construction contracts, etc.;

(F) A work practice program which includes items required under subsections

(8), (9) and (10) of this regulation;

(G) An administrative control schedule required by subdivision (6)(f), if

applicable; and

(H) Other relevant information.

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Written programs must be submitted upon request to the director, and must be

available at the worksite for examination and copying by the director, any

affected employee or authorized employee representatives.

Written programs must be revised and updated at least every six months to reflect

the current status of the program.

(d) Mechanical ventilation.

When ventilation is used to control exposure, measurements which demonstrate

the effectiveness of the system in controlling exposure, such as capture velocity,

duct velocity, or static pressure must be made at least every three months.

Measurements of the system's effectiveness in controlling exposure must be made

within five days of any change in production, process, or control which might

result in a change in employee exposure to lead.

Recirculation of air. If air from exhaust ventilation is recirculated into the

workplace, the employer must ensure that (A) the system has a high efficiency

filter with reliable back-up filter; and (B) controls to monitor the concentration of

lead in the return air and to bypass the recirculation system automatically if it fails

are installed, operating, and maintained.

(e) Administrative controls. If administrative controls are used as a means of reducing

employees TWA exposure to lead, the employer must establish and implement a job

rotation schedule which includes:

Name or identification number of each affected employee;

Duration and exposure levels at each job or work station where each affected

employee is located; and

Any other information which may be useful in assessing the reliability of

administrative controls to reduce exposure to lead.

(7) Respiratory protection.

(a) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer

must provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with the

requirements of this subsection. Respirators must be used during:

Periods necessary to install or implement engineering or work-practice controls;

Work operations for which engineering and work-practice controls are not

sufficient to reduce exposures to or below the permissible exposure limit;

Periods when an employee requests a respirator.

(b) Respirator program.

The employer must develop, implement and maintain a respiratory protection

program as required by Chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each

employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

If an employee has difficulty breathing during fit testing or respirator use, the

employer must provide the employee with a medical examination as required by

subsection (11)(c)(ii)(C) of this section to determine whether or not the employee

can use a respirator while performing the required duty.

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Select and provide to employees appropriate respirators according to this section

and WAC 296-842-13005 found in the respirator rule.

Provide employees with a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) instead of a

negative-pressure respirator selected when an employee chooses to use a PAPR

and it provides adequate protection to the employee.

Provide employees with full-facepiece respirators instead of half-facepiece

respirators for protection against lead aerosols that cause eye or skin irritation at

the use concentration.

Provide HEPA filters or N-, R-, or P-100 filters for powered air-purifying

respirators (PAPRs) and negative-pressure air-purifying respirators.

(8) Protective work clothing and equipment.

(a) Provision and use. If an employee is exposed to lead above the PEL, without regard

to the use of respirators or where the possibility of skin or eye irritation exists, the

employer must provide at no cost to the employee and ensure that the employee uses

appropriate protective work clothing and equipment such as, but not limited to:

Coveralls or similar full-body work clothing;

Gloves, hats, and shoes or disposable shoe coverlets; and

Face shields, vented goggles, or other appropriate protective equipment which

complies with WAC 296-800-160.

(b) Cleaning and replacement.

The employer must provide the protective clothing required in subdivision (8)(a)

of this section in a clean and dry condition at least weekly, and daily to employees

whose exposure levels without regard to a respirator are over 200 µg/m

of lead as

an eight-hour TWA.

The employer must provide for the cleaning, laundering, or disposal of protective

clothing and equipment required by subdivision (8)(a) of this section.

The employer must repair or replace required protective clothing and equipment

as needed to maintain their effectiveness.

The employer must ensure that all protective clothing is removed at the

completion of a work shift only in change rooms provided for that purpose as

prescribed in subdivision (10)(b) of this section.

The employer must ensure that contaminated protective clothing which is to be

cleaned, laundered, or disposed of, is placed in a closed container in the change-

room which prevents dispersion of lead outside the container.

The employer must inform in writing any person who cleans or launders

protective clothing or equipment of the potentially harmful effects of exposure to

lead.

The employer must ensure that the containers of contaminated protective clothing

and equipment required by subdivision (8)(b)(v) are labeled as follows:

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DANGER: CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATED WITH LEAD. MAY

DAMAGE FERTILITY OR THE UNBORN CHILD. CAUSES DAMAGE TO

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. DO NOT EAT, DRINK OR SMOKE

WHEN HANDLING. DO NOT REMOVE DUST BY BLOWING OR SHAKING.

DISPOSE OF LEAD CONTAMINATED WASH WATER IN ACCORDANCE

WITH APPLICABLE LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL REGULATIONS.

The employer must prohibit the removal of lead from protective clothing or

equipment by blowing, shaking, or any other means which disperses lead into the

air.

(9) Housekeeping.

(a) Surfaces. All surfaces must be maintained as free as practicable of accumulations of

lead.

(b) Cleaning floors.

Floors and other surfaces where lead accumulates may not be cleaned by the use

of compressed air.

Shoveling, dry or wet sweeping, and brushing may be used only where

vacuuming or other equally effective methods have been tried and found not to be

effective.

emptied in a manner which minimizes the reentry of lead into the workplace.

(10) Hygiene facilities and practices.

(a) The employer must ensure that in areas where employees are exposed to lead above

the PEL, without regard to the use of respirators, food or beverage is not present or

consumed, tobacco products are not present or used, and cosmetics are not applied,

except in change rooms, lunchrooms, and showers required under subdivision (10)(b)

through (10)(d) of this section.

(b) Change rooms.

The employer must provide clean change rooms for employees who work in areas

where their airborne exposure to lead is above the PEL, without regard to the use

of respirators.

The employer must ensure that change rooms are equipped with separate storage

facilities for protective work clothing and equipment and for street clothes which

prevent cross-contamination.

The employer must ensure that employees who work in areas where their airborne

exposure to lead is above the PEL, without regard to the use of respirators,

shower at the end of the work shift.

The employer must provide shower facilities in accordance with WAC 296-800-

230.

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The employer must ensure that employees who are required to shower pursuant to

item (10)(c)(i) do not leave the workplace wearing any clothing or equipment

worn during the work shift.

(d) Lunchrooms.

The employer must provide lunchroom facilities for employees who work in areas

where their airborne exposure to lead is above the PEL, without regard to the use

of respirators.

The employer must ensure that lunchroom facilities have a temperature

controlled, positive pressure, filtered air supply, and are readily accessible to

employees.

The employer must ensure that employees who work in areas where their airborne

exposure to lead is above the PEL without regard to the use of a respirator wash

their hands and face prior to eating, drinking, smoking or applying cosmetics.

The employer must ensure that employees do not enter lunchroom facilities with

protective work clothing or equipment unless surface lead dust has been removed

by vacuuming, downdraft booth, or other cleaning method.

(e) Lavatories. The employer must provide an adequate number of lavatory facilities

which comply with WAC 296-800-230.

(11) Medical surveillance.

(a) General.

The employer must institute a medical surveillance program for all employees

who are or may be exposed above the action level for more than thirty days per

year.

The employer must ensure that all medical examinations and procedures are

performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician.

The employer must provide the required medical surveillance including multiple

physician review under item (11)(c)(iii) without cost to employees and at a

reasonable time and place.

(b) Biological monitoring.

Blood lead and ZPP level sampling and analysis. The employer must make

available biological monitoring in the form of blood sampling and analysis for

lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels to each employee covered under item

(11)(a)(i) of this section on the following schedule:

(A) At least every six months to each employee covered under item (11)(a)(i)

of this section;

(B) At least every two months for each employee whose last blood sampling

and analysis indicated a blood lead level at or above 40 µg/100 g of whole

blood. This frequency must continue until two consecutive blood samples

and analyses indicate a blood lead level below 40 µg/100 g of whole

blood; and

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from exposure to lead due to an elevated blood lead level.

Follow-up blood sampling tests. Whenever the results of a blood lead level test

indicate that an employee's blood lead level exceeds the numerical criterion for

medical removal under item (12)(a)(i)(A), the employer must provide a second

(follow-up) blood sampling test within two weeks after the employer receives the

results of the first blood sampling test.

Accuracy of blood lead level sampling and analysis. Blood lead level sampling

and analysis provided pursuant the this section must have an accuracy (to a

confidence level of ninety-five percent) within plus or minus fifteen percent or 6

µg/100 ml, whichever is greater, and shall be conducted by a laboratory licensed

by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), United States Department of Health,

Education and Welfare or which has received a satisfactory grade in blood lead

proficiency testing from CDC in the prior twelve months.

Employee notification. Within five working days after the receipt of biological

monitoring results, the employer must notify in writing each employee whose

blood lead level exceeds 40 µg/100 g: (A) of that employee's blood lead level and

(B) that the standard requires temporary medical removal with medical removal

protection benefits when an employee's blood lead level exceeds the numerical

criterion for medical removal under item (12)(a)(i) of this section.

Frequency. The employer must make available medical examinations and

consultations to each employee covered under item (11)(a)(i) of this section on

the following schedule:

(A) At least annually for each employee for whom a blood sampling test

conducted at any time during the preceding twelve months indicated a

blood lead level at or above 40 µg/100 g;

(B) Prior to assignment for each employee being assigned for the first time to

an area in which airborne concentrations of lead are at or above the action

level;

employee has developed signs or symptoms commonly associated with

lead intoxication, that the employee desires medical advice concerning the

effects of current or past exposure to lead on the employee's ability to

procreate a healthy child, or that the employee has demonstrated difficulty

in breathing during a respirator fitting test or during use; and

(D) As medically appropriate for each employee either removed from

exposure to lead due to a risk of sustaining material impairment to health,

or otherwise limited pursuant to a final medical determination.

Content. Medical examinations made available pursuant to subitems (11)(c)(i)(A)

through (B) of this section must include the following elements:

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(A) A detailed work history and a medical history, with particular attention to

past lead exposure (occupational and nonoccupational), personal habits

(smoking, hygiene), and past gastrointestinal, hematologic, renal,

cardiovascular, reproductive and neurological problems;

(B) A thorough physical examination, with particular attention to teeth, gums,

hematologic, gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, and neurological

systems. Pulmonary status should be evaluated if respiratory protection

will be used;

(D) A blood sample and analysis which determines:

(I) Blood lead level;

(II) Hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations, red cell indices, and

examination of peripheral smear morphology;

(III) Zinc protoporphyrin;

(IV) Blood urea nitrogen; and

(V) Serum creatinine;

(E) A routine urinalysis with microscopic examination; and

(F) Any laboratory or other test which the examining physician deems

necessary by sound medical practice.

The content of medical examinations made available pursuant to subitems

(11)(c)(i)(C) through (D) of this section must be determined by an

examining physician and, if requested by an employee, shall include

pregnancy testing or laboratory evaluation of male fertility.

Multiple physician review mechanism.

(A) If the employer selects the initial physician who conducts any medical

examination or consultation provided to an employee under this section,

the employee may designate a second physician:

(I) To review any findings, determinations or recommendations of the

initial physician; and

(II) To conduct such examinations, consultations, and laboratory tests as

the second physician deems necessary to facilitate this review.

(B) The employer must promptly notify an employee of the right to seek a

second medical opinion after each occasion that an initial physician

conducts a medical examination or consultation pursuant to this section.

The employer may condition its participation in, and payment for, the

multiple physician review mechanism upon the employee doing the

following within fifteen days after receipt of the foregoing notification, or

receipt of the initial physician's written opinion, whichever is later:

(I) The employee informing the employer that they intend to seek a

second medical opinion, and

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(II) The employee initiating steps to make an appointment with a second

physician.

physician differ from those of the initial physician, then the employer and

the employee must ensure that efforts are made for the two physicians to

resolve any disagreement.

(D) If the two physicians have been unable to quickly resolve their

disagreement, then the employer and the employee through their

respective physicians must designate a third physician:

(I) To review any findings, determinations or recommendations of the

prior physicians; and

(II) To conduct such examinations, consultations, laboratory tests and

discussions with the prior physicians as the third physician deems

necessary to resolve the disagreement of the prior physicians.

(E) The employer must act consistent with the findings, determinations and

recommendations of the third physician, unless the employer and the

employee reach an agreement which is otherwise consistent with the

recommendations of at least one of the three physicians.

Information provided to examining and consulting physicians.

(A) The employer must provide an initial physician conducting a medical

examination or consultation under this section with the following

information:

(I) A copy of this regulation for lead including all appendices;

(II) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the

employee's exposure;

(III) The employee's exposure level or anticipated exposure level to lead

and to any other toxic substance (if applicable);

(IV) A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be

used;

(V) Prior blood lead determinations; and

(VI) All prior written medical opinions concerning the employee in the

employer's possession or control.

(B) The employer must provide the foregoing information to a second or third

physician conducting a medical examination or consultation under this

section upon request either by the second or third physician, or by the

employee.

Written medical opinions.

(A) The employer must obtain and furnish the employee with a copy of a

written medical opinion from each examining or consulting physician

which contains the following information:

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(I) The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected

medical condition which would place the employee at increased risk

of material impairment of the employee's health from exposure to

lead;

(II) Any recommended special protective measures to be provided to the

employee, or limitations to be placed upon the employee's exposure

to lead;

(III) Any recommended limitation upon the employee's use of respirators,

including a determination of whether the employee can wear a

powered air purifying respirator if a physician determines that the

employee cannot wear a negative pressure respirator; and

(IV) The results of the blood lead determinations.

(B) The employer must instruct each examining and consulting physician to:

(I) Not reveal either in the written opinion, or in any other means of

communication with the employer, findings, including laboratory

results, or diagnoses unrelated to an employee's occupational

exposure to lead; and

(II) Advise the employee of any medical condition, occupational or

nonoccupational, which dictates further medical examination or

treatment.

Alternate physician determination mechanisms. The employer and an employee

or authorized employee representative may agree upon the use of any expeditious

alternate physician determination mechanism in lieu of the multiple physician

review mechanism provided by this subsection so long as the alternate mechanism

otherwise satisfies the requirements contained in this subsection.

(d) Chelation.

The employer must ensure that any person whom he retains, employs, supervises

or controls does not engage in prophylactic chelation of any employee at any

time.

If therapeutic or diagnostic chelation is to be performed by any person in item

(11)(d)(i), the employer must ensure that it be done under the supervision of a

licensed physician in a clinical setting with thorough and appropriate medical

monitoring and that the employee is notified in writing prior to its occurrence.

(12) Medical removal protection.

(a) Temporary medical removal and return of an employee.

Temporary removal due to elevated blood lead levels.

(A) The employer must remove an employee from work having an exposure

to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a periodic and a

follow-up blood sampling test conducted pursuant to this section indicate

that the employee's blood lead level is at or above 60 µg/100 g of whole

blood; and

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(B) The employer must remove an employee from work having an exposure

to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that the average of

the last three blood sampling tests conducted pursuant to this section (or

the average of all blood sampling tests conducted over the previous six

months, whichever is longer) indicates that the employee's blood lead

level is at or above 50 µg/100 g of whole blood; provided, however, that

an employee need not be removed if the last blood sampling test indicates

a blood lead level at or below 40 µg/100 g of whole blood.

Temporary removal due to a final medical determination.

(A) The employer must remove an employee from work having an exposure

to lead at or above the action level on each occasion that a final medical

determination results in a medical finding, determination, or opinion that

the employee has a detected medical condition which places the employee

at increased risk of material impairment to health from exposure to lead.

(B) For the purposes of this section, the phrase “final medical

determination” shall mean the outcome of the multiple physician review

mechanism or alternate medical determination mechanism used pursuant

to the medical surveillance provisions of this section.

protective measures for an employee, or limitations on an employee's

exposure to lead, the employer must implement and act consistent with the

recommendation.

Return of the employee to former job status.

(A) The employer must return an employee to their former job status:

(I) For an employee removed due to a blood lead level at or above 60

µg/100 g, or due to an average blood lead level at or above 50

µg/100 g, when two consecutive blood sampling tests indicate that

the employee's blood lead level is at or below 40 µg/100 g of whole

blood;

(II) For an employee removed due to a final medical determination,

when a subsequent final medical determination results in a medical

finding, determination, or opinion that the employee no longer has a

detected medical condition which places the employee at increased

risk of material impairment to health from exposure to lead.

(B) For the purposes of this section, the requirement that an employer return

an employee to their former job status is not intended to expand upon or

restrict any rights an employee has or would have had, absent temporary

medical removal, to a specific job classification or position under the

terms of a collective bargaining agreement.

Removal of other employee special protective measure or limitations. The

employer must remove any limitations placed on an employee or end any special

protective measures provided to an employee pursuant to a final medical

determination when a subsequent final medical determination indicates that the

limitations or special protective measures are no longer necessary.

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Employer options pending a final medical determination. Where the multiple

physician review mechanism, or alternate medical determination mechanism used

pursuant to the medical surveillance provisions of this section, has not yet resulted

in a final medical determination with respect to an employee, the employer must

act as follows:

(A) Removal. The employer may remove the employee from exposure to

lead, provide special protective measures to the employee, or place

limitations upon the employee, consistent with the medical findings,

determinations, or recommendations of any of the physicians who have

reviewed the employee's health status.

(B) Return. The employer may return the employee to their former job status,

end any special protective measures provided to the employee, and

remove any limitations placed upon the employee, consistent with the

medical findings, determinations, or recommendations of any of the

physicians who have reviewed the employee's health status, with two

exceptions. If:

(I) The initial removal, special protection, or limitation of the employee

resulted from a final medical determination which differed from the

findings, determinations, or recommendations of the initial

physician; or

(II) The employee has been on removal status for the preceding eighteen

months due to an elevated blood lead level, then the employer must

await a final medical determination.

(b) Medical removal protection benefits.

Provision of medical removal protection benefits. The employer must provide to

an employee up to eighteen months of medical removal protection benefits on

each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to lead or otherwise

limited pursuant to this section.

Definition of medical removal protection benefits. For the purposes of this

section, the requirement that an employer provide medical removal protection

benefits means that the employer must maintain the earnings, seniority and other

employment rights and benefits of an employee as though the employee had not

been removed from normal exposure to lead or otherwise limited.

Follow-up medical surveillance during the period of employee removal or

limitation. During the period of time that an employee is removed from normal

exposure to lead or otherwise limited, the employer may condition the provision

of medical removal protection benefits upon the employee's participation in

follow-up medical surveillance made available pursuant to this section.

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Workers' compensation claims. If a removed employee files a claim for workers'

compensation payments for a lead-related disability, then the employer must

continue to provide medical removal protection benefits pending disposition of

the claim. To the extent that an award is made to the employee for earnings lost

during the period of removal, the employer's medical removal protection

obligation must be reduced by such amount. The employer must not receive

credit for workers' compensation payments received by the employee for

treatment related expenses.

Other credits. The employer's obligation to provide medical removal protection

benefits to a removed employee shall be reduced to the extent that the employee

receives compensation for earnings lost during the period of removal either from

a publicly or employer-funded compensation program, or receives income from

employment with another employer made possible by virtue of the employee's

removal.

Employees whose blood lead levels do not adequately decline within eighteen

months of removal. The employer must take the following measures with respect

to any employee removed from exposure to lead due to an elevated blood lead

level whose blood lead level has not declined within the past eighteen months of

removal so that the employee has been returned to their former job status:

(A) The employer must make available to the employee a medical

examination pursuant to this section to obtain a final medical

determination with respect to the employee;

(B) The employer must ensure that the final medical determination obtained

indicates whether or not the employee may be returned to their former job

status, and if not, what steps should be taken to protect the employee's

health;

obtained indicates that the employee may not yet be returned to their

former job status, the employer must continue to provide medical removal

protection benefits to the employee until either the employee is returned to

former job status, or a final medical determination is made that the

employee is incapable of ever safely returning to their former job status.

(D) Where the employer acts pursuant to a final medical determination which

permits the return of the employee to their former job status despite what

would otherwise be an unacceptable blood lead level, later questions

concerning removing the employee again must be decided by a final

medical determination. The employer need not automatically remove

such an employee pursuant to the blood lead level removal criteria

provided by this section.

Voluntary removal or restriction of an employee. Where an employer, although

not required by this section to do so, removes an employee from exposure to lead

or otherwise places limitations on an employee due to the effects of lead exposure

on the employee's medical condition, the employer must provide medical removal

protection benefits to the employee equal to that required by item (12)(b)(i) of this

section.

(13) Employee information and training.

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(a) Training program.

Each employer who has a workplace in which there is a potential exposure to

airborne lead at any level must inform employees of the content of Appendices A

and B of this regulation.

The employer must train each employee who is subject to exposure to lead at or

above the action level or for whom the possibility of skin or eye irritation exists,

in accordance with the requirements of this section. The employer must institute

a training program for and ensure the participation of all employees.

The employer must provide initial training by one hundred eighty days from the

effective date for those employees covered by item (13)(a)(ii) on the standard's

effective date and prior to the time of initial job assignment for those employees

subsequently covered by this subsection.

The training program must be repeated at least annually for each employee.

The employer must ensure that each employee is informed of the following:

(A) The content of this standard and its appendices;

(B) The specific nature of the operations which could result in exposure to

lead above the action level;

respiratory protection as required by chapter 296-842 WAC;

(D) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program, and

the medical removal protection program including information concerning

the adverse health effects associated with excessive exposure to lead (with

particular attention to the adverse reproductive effects on both males and

females);

(E) The engineering controls and work practices associated with the

employee's job assignment;

(F) The contents of any compliance plan in effect; and

(G) Instructions to employees that chelating agents should not routinely be

used to remove lead from their bodies and should not be used at all except

under the direction of a licensed physician.

(b) Access to information and training materials.

The employer must make readily available to all affected employees a copy of

this standard and its appendices.

The employer must provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee

information and training program to the director.

In addition to the information required by item (13)(a)(v), the employer must

include as part of the training program, and must distribute to employees, any

materials pertaining to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the regulations

issued pursuant to the act, and this lead standard, which are made available to the

employer by the director.

(14) Communication of hazards.

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(a) Hazard communication-General.

Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers must comply with

all requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC 296-901-

140 for lead.

In classifying the hazards of lead at least the following hazards are to be

addressed: Reproductive/developmental toxicity; central nervous system effects;

kidney effects; blood effects; and acute toxicity effects.

Employers must include lead in the hazard communication program established to

comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers must ensure that each

employee has access to labels on containers of lead and to safety data sheets, and

is trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS and subsection (13) of this

section.

(b) Signs.

The employer must post the following warning signs in each work area where the

PEL is exceeded:

DANGER

LEAD

MAY DAMAGE FERTILITY OR THE UNBORN CHILD

CAUSES DAMAGE TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

DO NOT EAT, DRINK OR SMOKE IN THIS AREA.

The employer must ensure that no statement appears on or near any sign required

by this section which contradicts or detracts from the meaning of the required

sign.

The employer must ensure that signs required by this subsection are illuminated

and cleaned as necessary so that the legend is readily visible.

The employer may use signs required by other statutes, regulations or ordinances

in addition to, or in combination with, signs required by this subsection.

(15) Recordkeeping.

(a) Exposure monitoring.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record of all monitoring

required in subsection (5) of this section.

This record must include:

(A) The date(s), number, duration, location and results of each of the samples

taken, including a description of the sampling procedure used to

determine representative employee exposure where applicable;

(B) A description of the sampling and analytical methods used and evidence

of their accuracy;

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(D) Name, social security number, and job classification of the employee

monitored and of all other employees whose exposure the measurement is

intended to represent; and

(E) The environmental variables that could affect the measurement of

employee exposure.

The employer must maintain these monitoring records for at least forty years or

for the duration of employment plus twenty years, whichever is longer.

(b) Medical surveillance.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

subject to medical surveillance as required by subsection (11) of this section.

This record must include:

(A) The name, social security number, and description of the duties of the

employee;

(B) A copy of the physician's written opinions;

the representative exposure levels supplied to the physician; and

(D) Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to lead.

The employer must keep, or ensure that the examining physician keeps, the

following medical records:

(A) A copy of the medical examination results including medical and work

history required under subsection (11) of this section;

(B) A description of the laboratory procedures and a copy of any standards or

guidelines used to interpret the test results or references to that

information; and

The employer must maintain or ensure that the physician maintains those medical

records for at least forty years, or for the duration of employment plus twenty

years, whichever is longer.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

removed from current exposure to lead pursuant to subsection (12) of this section.

Each record must include:

(A) The name and social security number of the employee;

(B) The date on each occasion that the employee was removed from current

exposure to lead as well as the corresponding date on which the employee

was returned to their former job status;

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and

(D) A statement with respect to each removal indicating whether or not the

reason for the removal was an elevated blood lead level.

The employer must maintain each medical removal record for at least the duration

of an employee's employment.

(d) Availability.

The employer must make available upon request all records required to be

maintained by subsection (15) of this section to the director for examination and

copying.

Environmental monitoring, medical removal, and medical records required by this

subsection must be provided upon request to employees, designated

representatives, and the assistant director in accordance with chapter 296-802

WAC. Medical removal records must be provided in the same manner as

environmental monitoring records.

Upon request, the employer must make an employee's medical records required to

be maintained by this section available to the affected employee or former

employee or to a physician or other individual designated by such affected

employee or former employees for examination and copying.

(e) Transfer of records.

The employer must comply with any additional requirements involving transfer of

records set forth in WAC 296-802-60005.

(16) Observation of monitoring.

(a) Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees or their

designated representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee

exposure to lead conducted pursuant to subsection (5) of this section.

(b) Observation procedures.

Whenever observation of the monitoring of employee exposure to lead requires

entry into an area where the use of respirators, protective clothing or equipment is

required, the employer must provide the observer with and ensure the use of such

respirators, clothing and such equipment, and must require the observer to comply

with all other applicable safety and health procedures.

Without interfering with the monitoring, observers must be entitled to:

(A) Receive an explanation of the measurement procedures;

(B) Observe all steps related to the monitoring of lead performed at the place

of exposure; and

by the laboratory.

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(17) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices to this section is not intended

by itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed by this standard nor

detract from any existing obligation.

(a) Appendix A. Substance Data Sheet for Occupational Exposure to Lead.

Substance identification.

(A) Substance. Pure lead (Pb) is a heavy metal at room temperature and

pressure and is a basic chemical element. It can combine with various

other substances to form numerous lead compounds.

(B) Compounds covered by the standard. The word “lead” when used in this

standard means elemental lead, all inorganic lead compounds (except

those which are not biologically available due to either solubility or

specific chemical interaction), and a class of organic lead compounds

called lead soaps. This standard does not apply to other organic lead

compounds.

including primary and secondary lead smelting, lead storage battery

manufacturing, lead pigment manufacturing and use, solder

manufacturing and use, shipbuilding and ship repairing, auto

manufacturing, and printing.

(D) Permissible exposure. The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) set by the

standard is 50 micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air (50 µg/m

averaged over an eight-hour work day.

(E) Action level. The standard establishes an action level of 30 micrograms

per cubic meter of air (30 µg/m

) time weighted average, based on an

eight-hour work day. The action level initiates several requirements of the

standard, such as exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, and training

and education.

Health hazard data.

(A) Ways in which lead enters your body.

(I) When absorbed into your body in certain doses lead is a toxic

substance. The object of the lead standard is to prevent absorption

of harmful quantities of lead. The standard is intended to protect

you not only from the immediate toxic effects of lead, but also from

the serious toxic effects that may not become apparent until years of

exposure have passed.

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(II) Lead can be absorbed into your body by inhalation (breathing) and

ingestion (eating). Lead (except for certain organic lead compounds

not covered by the standard, such as tetraethyl lead) is not absorbed

through your skin. When lead is scattered in the air as a dust, fume

or mist, it can be inhaled and absorbed through your lungs and upper

respiratory tract. Inhalation of airborne lead is generally the most

important source of occupational lead absorption. You can also

absorb lead through your digestive system if lead gets into your

mouth and is swallowed. If you handle food, cigarettes, chewing

tobacco, or make-up which have lead on them or handle them with

hands contaminated with lead, this will contribute to ingestion.

(III) A significant portion of the lead that you inhale or ingest gets into

your blood stream. Once in your blood stream lead is circulated

throughout your body and stored in various organs and body tissues.

Some of this lead is quickly filtered out of your body and excreted,

but some remains in your blood and other tissue. As exposure to

lead continues, the amount stored in your body will increase if you

are absorbing more lead than your body is excreting. Even though

you may not be aware of any immediate symptoms of disease, this

lead stored in your tissues can be slowly causing irreversible

damage, first to individual cells, then to your organs and whole body

systems.

(B) Effects of overexposure to lead.

(I) Short-term (acute) overexposure. Lead is a potent, systemic poison

that serves no known useful function once absorbed by your body.

Taken in large enough doses, lead can kill you in a matter of days.

A condition affecting the brain called acute encephalopathy may

arise which develops quickly to seizures, coma, and death from

cardiorespiratory arrest. A short-term dose of lead can lead to acute

encephalopathy. Short-term occupational exposures of this

magnitude are highly unusual, but not impossible. Similar forms of

encephalopathy may, however arise from extended, chronic

exposure to lower doses of lead. There is no sharp dividing line

between rapidly developing acute effects of lead, and chronic effects

which take longer to acquire. Lead adversely affects numerous body

systems, and causes forms of health impairment and disease which

arise after periods of exposure as short as days or as long as several

years.

(II) Long-term (chronic) overexposure.

a) Chronic overexposure to lead may result in severe damage to

your blood-forming, nervous, urinary and reproductive

systems. Some common symptoms of chronic overexposure

include loss of appetite, metallic taste in the mouth, anxiety,

constipation, nausea, pallor, excessive tiredness, weakness,

insomnia, headache, nervous irritability, muscle and joint pain

or soreness, fine tremors, numbness, dizziness, hyperactivity

and colic. In lead colic there may be severe abdominal pain.

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b) Damage to the central nervous system in general and the brain

(encephalopathy) in particular is one of the most severe forms

of lead poisoning. The most severe, often fatal, form of

encephalopathy may be preceded by vomiting, a feeling of

dullness progressing to drowsiness and stupor, poor memory,

restlessness, irritability, tremor, and convulsions. It may arise

suddenly with the onset of seizures, followed by coma, and

death. There is a tendency for muscular weakness to develop

at the same time. This weakness may progress to paralysis

often observed as a characteristic “wrist drop” or “foot drop”

and is a manifestation of a disease to the nervous system called

peripheral neuropathy.

c) Chronic overexposure to lead also results in kidney disease

with few, if any, symptoms appearing until extensive and most

likely permanent kidney damage has occurred. Routine

laboratory tests reveal the presence of this kidney disease only

after about two-thirds of kidney function is lost. When overt

symptoms of urinary dysfunction arise, it is often too late to

correct or prevent worsening conditions, and progression of

kidney dialysis or death is possible.

d) Chronic overexposure to lead impairs the reproductive systems

of both men and women. Overexposure to lead may result in

decreased sex drive, impotence and sterility in men. Lead can

alter the structure of sperm cells raising the risk of birth

defects. There is evidence of miscarriage and stillbirth in

women whose husbands were exposed to lead or who were

exposed to lead themselves. Lead exposure also may result in

decreased fertility, and abnormal menstrual cycles in women.

The course of pregnancy may be adversely affected by

exposure to lead since lead crosses the placental barrier and

poses risks to developing fetuses. Children born of parents

either one of whom were exposed to excess lead levels are

more likely to have birth defects, mental retardation,

behavioral disorders or die during the first year of childhood.

e) Overexposure to lead also disrupts the blood-forming system

resulting in decreased hemoglobin (the substance in the blood

that carries oxygen to the cells) and ultimately anemia.

Anemiais characterized by weakness, pallor and fatigability as

a result of decreased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood.

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(III) Health protection goals of the standard.

a) Prevention of adverse health effects for most workers from

exposure to lead throughout a working lifetime requires that

worker blood lead (PbB) levels be maintained at or below forty

micrograms per one hundred grams of whole blood (40

µg/100g). The blood lead levels of workers (both male and

female workers) who intend to have children should be

maintained below 30 µg/100g to minimize adverse

reproductive health effects to the parents and to the developing

fetus.

b) The measurement of your blood lead level is the most useful

indicator of the amount of lead absorbed by your body. Blood

lead levels (PbB) are most often reported in units of milligrams

(mg) or micrograms (µg) of lead (1 mg = 1000 µg) per 100

grams (100g), 100 milliters (100 ml) or deciliter (dl) of blood.

These three units are essentially the same. Sometimes PbB's

are expressed in the form of mg% or µg%. This is a shorthand

notation for 100g, 100ml, or dl.

c) PbB measurements show the amount of lead circulating in your

blood stream, but do not give any information about the

amount of lead stored in your various tissues. PbB

measurements merely show current absorption of lead, not the

effect that lead is having on your body or the effects that past

lead exposure may have already caused. Past research into

lead-related diseases, however, has focused heavily on

associations between PbBs and various diseases. As a result,

your PbB is an important indicator of the likelihood that you

will gradually acquire a lead-related health impairment or

disease.

d) Once your blood lead level climbs above 40 µg/100g, your risk

of disease increases. There is a wide variability of individual

response to lead, thus it is difficult to say that a particular PbB

in a given person will cause a particular effect. Studies have

associated fatal encephalopathy with PbBs as low as 150

µg/100g. Other studies have shown other forms of disease in

some workers with PbBs well below 80 µg/100g. Your PbB is

a crucial indicator of the risks to your health, but one other

factor is extremely important. This factor is the length of time

you have had elevated PbBs. The longer you have an elevated

PbB, the greater the risk that large quantities of lead are being

gradually stored in your organs and tissues (body burden). The

greater your overall body burden, the greater the chances of

substantial permanent damage.

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e) The best way to prevent all forms of lead-related impairments

and diseases--both short-term and long-term--is to maintain

your PbB below 40 µg/100g. The provisions of the standard

are designed with this end in mind. Your employer has prime

responsibility to ensure that the provisions of the standard are

complied with both by the company and by individual workers.

You as a worker, however, also have a responsibility to assist

your employer in complying with the standard. You can play a

key role in protecting your own health by learning about the

lead hazards and their control, learning what the standard

requires, following the standard where it governs your own

action, and seeing that your employer complies with the

provisions governing his actions.

(IV) Reporting signs and symptoms of health problems. You should

immediately notify your employer if you develop signs or symptoms

associated with lead poisoning or if you desire medical advice

concerning the effects of current or past exposure to lead on your

ability to have a healthy child. You should also notify your

employer if you have difficulty breathing during a respirator fit test

or while wearing a respirator. In each of these cases your employer

must make available to you appropriate medical examinations or

consultations. These must be provided at no cost to you and at a

reasonable time and place.

(b) Appendix B. Employee Standard Summary. This appendix summarizes key

provisions of the standard that you as a worker should become familiar with. The

appendix discusses the entire standard.

Permissible exposure limit (PEL). The standard sets a permissible exposure limit

(PEL) of fifty micrograms of lead per cubic meter of air (50 µg/m

), averaged

over and eight-hour workday. This is the highest level of lead in air to which you

may be permissibly exposed over an eight-hour workday. Since it is an eight-

hour average it permits short exposures above the PEL so long as for each eight-

hour workday your average exposure does not exceed the PEL.

Exposure monitoring.

(A) If lead is present in the work place where you work in any quantity, your

employer is required to make an initial determination of whether the

action level is exceeded for any employee. The initial determination must

include instrument monitoring of the air for the presence of lead and must

cover the exposure of a representative number of employees who are

reasonably believed to have the highest exposure levels. If your employer

has conducted appropriate air sampling for lead in the past year he may

use these results.

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If there have been any employee complaints of symptoms which may be

attributable to exposure to lead or if there is any other information or

observations which would indicate employee exposure to lead, this must

also be considered as part of the initial determination. If this initial

determination shows that a reasonable possibility exists that any employee

may be exposed, without regard to respirators, over the action level (30

µg/m

) your employer must set up an air monitoring program to determine

the exposure level of every employee exposed to lead at your work place.

(B) In carrying out this air monitoring program, your employer is not

required to monitor the exposure of every employee, but they must

monitor a representative number of employees and job types. Enough

sampling must be done to enable each employee's exposure level to be

reasonably represented by at least one full shift (at least seven hours) air

sample. In addition, these air samples must be taken under conditions

which represent each employee's regular, daily exposure to lead.

required to quickly notify you in writing of air monitoring results which

represent your exposure. If the results indicate your exposure exceeds the

PEL (without regard to your use of respirators), then your employer must

also notify you of this in writing, and provide you with a description of

the corrective action that will be taken to reduce your exposure.

(D) Your exposure must be rechecked by monitoring every six months if your

exposure is over the action level but below the PEL. Air monitoring must

be repeated every three months if you are exposed over the PEL. Your

employer may discontinue monitoring for you if two consecutive

measurements, taken at least two weeks apart, are below the action level.

However, whenever there is a production, process, control, or personnel

change at your work place which may result in new or additional exposure

to lead, or whenever there is any other reason to suspect a change which

may result in new or additional exposure to lead, your employer must

perform additional monitoring.

Methods of compliance. Your employer is required to ensure that no employee is

exposed to lead in excess of the PEL. The standard establishes a priority of

methods to be used to meet the PEL.

Respiratory protection.

(A) Your employer is required to provide and ensure your use of respirators

when your exposure to lead is not controlled below the PEL by other

means. The employer must pay the cost of the respirator. Whenever you

request one, your employer is also required to provide you a respirator

even if your air exposure level does not exceed the PEL. You might

desire a respirator when, for example, you have received medical advice

that your lead absorption should be decreased.

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Or, you may intend to have children in the near future, and want to reduce

the level of lead in your body to minimize adverse reproductive effects.

While respirators are the least satisfactory means of controlling your

exposure, they are capable of providing significant protection if properly

chosen, fitted, worn, cleaned, maintained, and replaced when they stop

providing adequate protection.

(B) Your employer is required to select respirators from the seven types listed

in Table II of the respiratory protection section of this standard (see

subsection (7)(c) of this section). Any respirator chosen must be certified

by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

under the provisions of 42 CFR part 84. This respirator selection table will

enable your employer to choose a type of respirator which will give you a

proper amount of protection based on your airborne lead exposure. Your

employer may select a type of respirator that provides greater protection

than that required by the standard; that is, one recommended for a higher

concentration of lead than is present in your work place. For example, a

powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) is much more protective than a

typical negative-pressure respirator, and may also be more comfortable to

wear. A PAPR has a filter, cartridge or canister to clean the air, and a

power source which continuously blows filtered air into your breathing

zone. Your employer might make a PAPR available to you to ease the

burden of having to wear a respirator for long periods of time. The

standard provides that you can obtain a PAPR upon request.

program must include written procedures for the proper selection, use,

cleaning, storage, and maintenance of respirators.

(D) Your employer must ensure that your respirator facepiece fits properly.

Proper fit of a respirator facepiece is critical to your protection against air

borne lead. Obtaining a proper fit on each employee may require your

employer to make available several different types of respirator masks.

To ensure that your respirator fits properly and that facepiece leakage is

minimal, your employer must give you either a qualitative or quantitative

fit test as required in chapter 296-842 WAC.

(E) You must also receive from your employer proper training in the use of

respirators. Your employer is required to teach you how to wear a

respirator, to know why it is needed, and to understand its limitations.

(F) The standard provides that if your respirator uses filter elements, you must

be given an opportunity to change the filter elements whenever an

increase in breathing resistance is detected. You also must be permitted to

periodically leave your work area to wash your face and respirator

facepiece whenever necessary to prevent skin irritation. If you ever have

difficulty breathing during a fit test or while using a respirator, your

employer must make a medical examination available to you to determine

whether you can safely wear a respirator. The result of this examination

may be to give you a positive pressure respirator (which reduces breathing

resistance) or to provide alternative means of protection.

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Protective work clothing and equipment. If you are exposed to lead above the

PEL, or if you are exposed to lead compounds such as lead arsenate or lead azide

which can cause skin and eye irritation, your employer must provide you with

protective work clothing and equipment appropriate for the hazard. If work

clothing is provided, it must be provided in a clean and dry condition at least

weekly, and daily if your airborne exposure to lead is greater than 200 µg/m

Appropriate protective work clothing and equipment can include coveralls or

similar full-body work clothing, gloves, hats, shoes or disposable shoe coverlets,

and face shields or vented goggles. Your employer is required to provide all such

equipment at no cost to you. They are is responsible for providing repairs and

replacement as necessary and also is responsible for the cleaning, laundering or

disposal of protective clothing and equipment. Contaminated work clothing or

equipment must be removed in change rooms and not worn home or you will

extend your exposure and expose your family since lead from your clothing can

accumulate in your house, car, etc. Contaminated clothing which is to be cleaned,

laundered or disposed of must be placed in closed containers in the change room.

At no time may lead be removed from protective clothing or equipment by any

means which disperses lead into the work room air.

Housekeeping. Your employer must establish a housekeeping program sufficient

to maintain all surfaces as free as practicable of accumulations of lead dust.

Vacuuming is the preferred method of meeting this requirement, and the use of

compressed air to clean floors and other surfaces is absolutely prohibited. Dry or

wet sweeping, shoveling, or brushing may not be used except where vacuuming

or other equally effective methods have been tried and do not work. Vacuums

must be used and emptied in a manner which minimizes the reentry of lead into

the work place.

Hygiene facilities and practices.

(A) The standard requires that change rooms, showers and filtered air

lunchrooms be constructed and made available to workers exposed to lead

above the PEL. When the PEL is exceeded, the employer must ensure

that food and beverage is not present or consumed, tobacco products are

not present or used, and cosmetics are not applied, except in these

facilities. Change rooms, showers and lunchrooms, must be used by

workers exposed in excess of the PEL. After showering no clothing or

equipment worn during the shift may be worn home and this includes

shoes and underwear. Your own clothing worn during the shift should be

carried home and cleaned carefully so that it does not contaminate your

home. Lunchrooms may not be entered with protective clothing or

equipment unless surface dust has been removed by vacuuming,

downdraft booth or other cleaning methods. Finally, workers exposed

above the PEL must wash both their hands and faces prior to eating,

drinking, smoking or applying cosmetics.

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(B) All of the facilities and hygiene practices just discussed are essential to

minimize additional sources of lead absorption from inhalation or

ingestion of lead that may accumulate on you, your clothes or your

possessions. Strict compliance with these provisions can virtually

eliminate several sources of lead exposure which significantly contribute

to excessive lead absorption.

Medical surveillance.

(A) The medical surveillance program is part of the standard's comprehensive

approach to the prevention of lead-related disease. Its purpose is to

supplement the main thrust of the standard which is aimed at minimizing

airborne concentrations of lead and sources of ingestion. Only medical

surveillance can determine if the other provisions of the standard have

effectively protected you as an individual. Compliance with the standard's

provision will protect most workers from the adverse effects of lead

exposure, but may not be satisfactory to protect individual workers (I)

who have high body burdens of lead acquired over past years, (II) who

have additional uncontrolled sources of nonoccupational lead exposure,

(III) who exhibit unusual variations in lead absorption rates, or (IV) who

have specific nonwork related medical conditions which could be

aggravated by lead exposure (e.g., renal disease, anemia). In addition,

control systems may fail, or hygiene and respirator programs may be

inadequate. Periodic medical surveillance of individual workers will help

detect those failures. Medical surveillance will also be important to

protect your reproductive ability - regardless of whether you are a man or

a woman.

(B) All medical surveillance required by the standard must be performed by or

under the supervision of a licensed physician. The employer must provide

required medical surveillance without cost to employees and at a

reasonable time and place. The standard's medical surveillance program

has two parts - periodic biological monitoring, and medical examinations.

the results of the air monitoring program. Medical surveillance must be

made available to all employees who are exposed in excess of the action

level for more than 30 days a year. The initial phase of the medical

surveillance program, which included blood lead level tests and medical

examinations, must be completed for all covered employees no later than

180 days from the effective date of this standard. Priority within this first

round of medical surveillance must be given to employees whom the

employer believes to be at greatest risk from continued exposure (for

example, those with the longest prior exposure to lead, or those with the

highest current exposure). Thereafter, the employer must periodically

make medical surveillance - both biological monitoring and medical

examinations - available to all covered employees.

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(D) Biological monitoring under the standard consists of blood lead level

(PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin tests at least every six months after the

initial PbB test. A zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) test is a very useful blood

test which measures an effect of lead on your body. If a worker's PbB

exceeds 40 µg/100g, the monitoring frequency must be increased from

every six months to at least every two months and not reduced until two

consecutive PbBs indicate a blood lead level below 40 µg/100g. Each

time your PbB is determined to be over 40µg/100g, your employer must

notify you of this in writing within five working days of the receipt of the

test results. The employer must also inform you that the standard requires

temporary medical removal with economic protection when your PbB

exceeds certain criteria (see Discussion of Medical Removal Protection -

subsection (12)). During the first year of the standard, this removal

criterion is 80 µg/100g. Anytime your PbB exceeds 80 µg/100g your

employer must make available to you a prompt follow-up PbB test to

ascertain your PbB. If the two tests both exceed 80 µg/100g and you are

temporarily removed, then your employer must make successive PbB tests

available to you on a monthly basis during the period of your removal.

(E) Medical examinations beyond the initial one must be made available on

an annual basis if your blood lead levels exceeds 40 µg/100g at any time

during the preceding year. The initial examination will provide

information to establish a baseline to which subsequent data can be

compared. An initial medical examination must also be made available

(prior to assignment) for each employee being assigned for the first time

to an area where the airborne concentration of lead equals or exceeds the

action level. In addition, a medical examination or consultation must be

made available as soon as possible if you notify your employer that you

are experiencing signs or symptoms commonly associated with lead

poisoning or that you have difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator

or during a respirator fit test. You must also be provided a medical

examination or consultation if you notify your employer that you desire

medical advice concerning the effects of current or past exposure to lead

on your ability to procreate a healthy child.

(F) Finally, appropriate follow-up medical examinations or consultations may

also be provided for employees who have been temporarily removed from

exposure under the medical removal protection provisions of the standard

(see item (ix) below).

(G) The standard specifies the minimum content of preassignment and annual

medical examinations. The content of other types of medical

examinations and consultations is left up to the sound discretion of the

examining physician. Preassignment and annual medical examinations

must include (I) a detailed work history and medical history, (II) a

thorough physical examination, and (III) a series of laboratory tests

designed to check your blood chemistry and your kidney function. In

addition, at any time upon your request, a laboratory evaluation of male

fertility will be made (microscopic examination of a sperm sample), or a

pregnancy test will be given.

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(H) The standard does not require that you participate in any of the medical

procedures, tests, etc., which your employer is required to make available

to you. Medical surveillance can, however, play a very important role in

protecting your health. You are strongly encouraged, therefore, to

participate in a meaningful fashion. Generally, your employer will choose

the physician who conducts medical surveillance under the lead standard -

unless you and your employer can agree on the choice of a physician or

physicians. Some companies and unions have agreed in advance, for

example, to use certain independent medical laboratories or panels of

physicians. Any of these arrangements are acceptable so long as required

medical surveillance is made available to workers.

(I) The standard requires your employer to provide certain information to a

physician to aid in their examination of you. This information includes (I)

the standard and its appendices, (II) a description of your duties as they

relate to lead exposure, (III) your exposure level, (IV) a description of

personal protective equipment you wear, (V) prior blood level results, and

(VI) prior written medical opinions concerning you that the employer has.

After a medical examination or consultation the physician must prepare a

written report which must contain (I) the physician's opinion as to whether

you have any medical conditions which places you at increased risk of

material impairment to health from exposure to lead, (II) any

recommended special protective measures to be provided to you, (III) any

blood lead level determinations, and (IV) any recommended limitation on

your use of respirators. This last element must include a determination of

whether you can wear a powered air purifying respirator (PAPR) if you

are found unable to wear a negative pressure respirator.

(J) The medical surveillance program of the lead standard may at some point

in time serve to notify certain workers that they have acquired a disease or

other adverse medical condition as a result of occupational lead exposure.

If this is true these workers might have legal rights to compensation from

public agencies, their employers, firms that supply hazardous products to

their employers, or other persons. Some states have laws, including

worker compensation laws, that disallow a worker to learn of a job-related

health impairment to sue, unless the worker sues within a short period of

time after learning of the impairment. (This period of time may be a

matter of months or years.) An attorney can be consulted about these

possibilities. It should be stressed that WISHA is in no way trying to

either encourage or discourage claims or lawsuits. However, since results

of the standard's medical surveillance program can significantly affect the

legal remedies of a worker who has acquired a job-related disease or

impairment, it is proper for WISHA to make you aware of this.

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(K) The medical surveillance section of the standard also contains provisions

dealing with chelation. Chelation is the use of certain drugs (administered

in pill form or injected into the body) to reduce the amount of lead

absorbed in body tissues. Experience accumulated by the medical and

scientific communities has largely confirmed the effectiveness of this type

of therapy for the treatment of very severe lead poisoning. On the other

hand it has also been established that there can be a long list of extremely

harmful side effects associated with the use of chelating agents. The

medical community has balanced the advantages and disadvantages

resulting from the use of chelating agents in various circumstances and

has established when the use of these agents is acceptable. The standard

includes these accepted limitations due to a history of abuse of chelation

therapy by some lead companies. The most widely used chelating agents

are calcium disodium EDTA, (Ca Na2EDTA), Calcium Disodium

Versenate (Versenate), and d-penicillamine (penicillamine or Cupramine).

(L) The standard prohibits “prophylactic chelation” of any employee by any

person the employer retains, supervises or controls. “Prophylactic

chelation” is the routine use of chelating or similarly acting drugs to

prevent elevated blood levels in workers who are occupationally exposed

to lead, or the use of these drugs to routinely lower blood lead levels to

predesignated concentrations believed to be safe. It should be emphasized

that where an employer takes a worker who has no symptoms of lead

poisoning and has chelation carried out by a physician (either inside or

outside of a hospital) solely to reduce the worker's blood lead level, that

will generally be considered prophylactic chelation. The use of a hospital

and a physician does not mean that prophylactic chelation is not being

performed. Routine chelation to prevent increased or reduce current

blood lead levels is unacceptable whatever the setting.

(M) The standard allows the use of “therapeutic” or “diagnostic” chelation if

administered under the supervision of a licensed physician in a clinical

setting with thorough and appropriate medical monitoring. Therapeutic

chelation responds to severe lead poisoning where there are marked

symptoms. Diagnostic chelation, involves giving a patient a dose of the

drug then collecting all urine excreted for some period of time as an aid to

the diagnosis of lead poisoning.

(N) In cases where the examining physician determines that chelation is

appropriate, you must be notified in writing of this fact before such

treatment. This will inform you of a potentially harmful treatment, and

allow you to obtain a second opinion.

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Part I, Page 35

Medical removal protection.

(A) Excessive lead absorption subjects you to increased risk of disease.

Medical removal protection (MRP) is a means of protecting you when for

whatever reasons, other methods, such as engineering controls, work

practices, and respirators, have failed to provide the protection you need.

MRP involves the temporary removal of a worker from their regular job to

a place of significantly lower exposure without any loss of earnings,

seniority, or other employment rights of benefits. The purpose of this

program is to cease further lead absorption and allow your body to

naturally excrete lead which has previously been absorbed. Temporary

medical removal can result from an elevated blood lead level, or a medical

opinion. Up to eighteen months of protection is provided as a result of

either form of removal. The vast majority of removed workers, however,

will return to their former jobs long before this eighteen month period

expires. The standard contains special provisions to deal with the

extraordinary but possible case where a long-term worker's blood lead

level does not adequately decline during eighteen months of removal.

(B) During the first year of the standard, if your blood lead level is 80

µg/100g or above you must be removed from any exposure where your air

lead level without a respirator would be 100 µg/m

or above. If you are

removed from your normal job you may not be returned until your blood

lead level declines to at least 60 µg/100g. These criteria for removal and

return will change according to the following schedule:

Effective Date

Removal Blood

Level (µg/100g)

Air Lead

(µg/m

)

Return Blood

Lead

(µg/m

)

09/06/81

At or above 70

50 or above

At or below 50

09/06/82

At or above 60

30 or above

At or below 40

09/06/84

At or above 50

averaged over six

months

30 or above

At or below 40

are below these criteria if a final medical determination indicates that you

temporarily need reduced lead exposure for medical reasons. If the

physician who is implementing your employers medical program makes a

final written opinion recommending your removal or other special

protective measures, your employer must implement the physician's

recommendation. If you are removed in this manner, you may only be

returned when the physician indicates it is safe for you to do so.

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Part I, Page 36

(D) The standard does not give specific instructions dealing with what an

employer must do with a removed worker. Your job assignment upon

removal is a matter for you, your employer and your union (if any) to

work out consistent with existing procedures for job assignments. Each

removal must be accomplished in a manner consistent with existing

collective bargaining relationships. Your employer is given broad

discretion to implement temporary removals so long as no attempt is made

to override existing agreements. Similarly, a removed worker is provided

no right to veto an employer's choice which satisfies the standard.

(E) In most cases, employers will likely transfer removed employees to other

jobs with sufficiently low lead exposure. Alternatively, a worker's hours

may be reduced so that the time weighted average exposure is reduced, or

he or she may be temporarily laid off if no other alternative is feasible.

(F) In all of these situations, MRP benefits must be provided during the

period of removal - i.e., you continue to receive the same earnings,

seniority, and other rights and benefits you would have had if you had not

been removed. Earnings include more than just your base wage; it

includes overtime, shift differentials, incentives, and other compensation

you would have earned if you had not been removed. During the period

of removal you must also be provided with appropriate follow-up medical

surveillance. If you were removed because your blood lead level was too

high, you must be provided with a monthly blood test. If a medical

opinion caused your removal, you must be provided medical tests or

examinations that the physician believes to be appropriate. If you do not

participate in this follow-up medical surveillance, you may lose your

eligibility for MRP benefits.

(G) When you are medically eligible to return to your former job, your

employer must return you to your “former job status.” This means that

you are entitled to the position, wages, benefits, etc., you would have had

if you had not been removed. If you would still be in your old job if no

removal had occurred, that is where you go back. If not, you are returned

consistent with whatever job assignment discretion your employer would

have had if no removal had occurred. MRP only seeks to maintain your

rights, not expand them or diminish them.

(H) If you are removed under MRP and you are also eligible for worker

compensation or other compensation for lost wages, your employer's

MRP benefits obligation is reduced by the amount that you actually

receive from these other sources. This is also true if you obtain other

employment during the time you are laid off with MRP benefits.

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Part I, Page 37

(I) The standard also covers situations where an employer voluntarily

removes a worker from exposure to lead due to the effects of lead on the

employee's medical condition, even though the standard does not require

removal. In these situations MRP benefits must still be provided as

though the standard required removal. Finally, it is important to note that

in all cases where removal is required, respirators cannot be used as a

substitute. Respirators may be used before removal becomes necessary,

but not as an alternative to a transfer to a low exposure job, or to a lay-off

with MRP benefits.

Employee information and training.

(A) Your employer is required to provide an information and training program

for all employees exposed to lead above the action level or who may

suffer skin or eye irritation from lead. This program must inform these

employees of the specific hazards associated with their work environment,

protective measures which can be taken, the danger of lead to their bodies

(including their reproductive systems), and their rights under the standard.

In addition, your employer must make readily available to all employees,

included those exposed below the action level, a copy of the standard and

its appendices and must distribute to all employees any materials provided

to the employer under the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act

(WISHA).

(B) Your employer is required to complete this training for all employees by

March 4, 1981. After this date, all new employees must be trained prior

to initial assignment to areas where there is possibility of exposure over

the action level. This training program must also be provided at least

annually thereafter.

Signs. The standard requires that the following warning sign be posted in work

areas where the exposure to lead exceeds the PEL:

DANGER LEAD

MAY DAMAGE FERTILITY OR THE UNBORN CHILD

CAUSES DAMAGE TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

DO NOT EAT, DRINK OR SMOKE IN THIS AREA

Recordkeeping.

(A) Your employer is required to keep all records of exposure monitoring for

airborne lead. These records must include the name and job classification

of employees measured, details of the sampling and analytic techniques,

the results of this sampling and the type of respiratory protection being

worn by the person sampled. Your employer is also required to keep all

records of biological monitoring and medical examination results. These

must include the names of the employees, the physician's written opinion

and a copy of the results of the examination. All of the above kinds of

records must be kept for 40 years, or for at least 20 years after your

termination of employment, whichever is longer.

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Part I, Page 38

(B) Recordkeeping is also required if you are temporarily removed from your

job under the MRP program. This record must include your name and

social security number, the date of your removal and return, how the

removal was or is being accomplished, and whether or not the reason for

the removal was an elevated blood lead level. Your employer is required

to keep each medical removal record only for as long as the duration of an

employee's employment.

monitoring, blood lead level monitoring, or medical removal records, they

must be made available to you or to a representative that you authorize.

Your union also has access to these records. Medical records other than

PbBs must also be provided to you upon request, to your physician or to

any other person whom you may specifically designate. Your union does

not have access to your personal medical records unless you authorize

their access.

Observations of monitoring. When air monitoring for lead is performed at your

work place as required by this standard, your employer must allow you or

someone you designate to act as an observer of the monitoring. Observers are

entitled to an explanation of the measurement procedure, and to record the

results obtained. Since results will not normally be available at the time of the

monitoring, observers are entitled to record or receive the results of the

monitoring when returned by the laboratory. Your employer is required to

provide the observer with any personal protective devices required to be worn

by employees working in the areas that is being monitored. The employer must

require the observer to wear all such equipment and to comply with all other

applicable safety and health procedures.

Effective date. The standard's effective date is September 6, 1980, and the

employer's obligation under the standard begin to come into effect as of that

date. The standard was originally adopted as WAC 296-62-07349 and later

recodified to WAC 296-62-07521.

Introduction.

(A) The primary purpose of the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act

of 1973 is to ensure, so far as possible, safe and healthful working

conditions for every working man and woman. The occupational health

standard for inorganic lead* was promulgated to protect workers exposed

to inorganic lead including metallic lead, all inorganic lead compounds

and organic lead soaps.

*The term inorganic lead used throughout the medical surveillance

appendices is meant to be synonymous with the definition of lead set forth

in the standard.

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Part I, Page 39

(B) Under this final standard in effect as of September 6, 1980, occupational

exposure to inorganic lead is to be limited to 50 µg/m

(micrograms per

cubic meter) based on an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). This

level of exposure eventually must be achieved through a combination of

engineering, work practice and other administrative controls. Periods of

time ranging from one to 10 years are provided for different industries to

implement these controls which are based on individual industry

considerations. Until these controls are in place, respirators must be used

to meet the 50 µg/m

exposure limit.

medical surveillance for all employees exposed to levels of inorganic lead

above the action level of 30 µg/m

for more than thirty days per year.

(D) The purpose of this document is to outline the medical surveillance

provisions of the standard for inorganic lead, and to provide further

information to the physician regarding the examination and evaluation of

workers exposed to inorganic lead.

(E) Item (ii) provides a detailed description of the monitoring procedure

including the required frequency of blood testing for exposed workers,

provisions for medical removal protection (MRP), the recommended right

of the employee to a second medical opinion, and notification and

recordkeeping requirements of the employer.

A discussion of the requirements for respirator use and respirator

monitoring and WISHA's position on prophylactic chelation therapy are

also included in this section.

(F) Item (iii) discusses the toxic effects and clinical manifestations of lead

poisoning and effects of lead intoxication on enzymatic pathways in heme

synthesis. The adverse effects on both male and female reproductive

capacity and on the fetus are also discussed.

(G) Item (iv) outlines the recommended medical evaluation of the worker

exposed to inorganic lead including details of the medical history,

physical examination, and recommended laboratory tests, which are based

on the toxic effects of lead as discussed in item (ii).

(H) Item (v) provides detailed information concerning the laboratory tests

available for the monitoring of exposed workers. Included also is a

discussion of the relative value of each test and the limitations and

precautions which are necessary in the interpretation of the laboratory

results.

(I) Airborne levels to be achieved without reliance or respirator protection

through a combination of engineering and work practice or other

administrative controls are illustrated in the following table:

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Part I, Page 40

Industry

Permissible Lead

Level/Compliance Date

200µg/m

100µg/m

50µg/m

Primary Lead Production.

1973

06/29/84

06/29/91

Secondary Lead

Production.

1973

06/29/84

06/29/91

Lead Acid Battery

Manufacturing.

1973

06/29/83

06/29/91

Automobile Mfg.,/ Solder,

Grinding.

1973

N/A

03/08/97

Electronics, Gray Iron

Foundries, Ink Mfg.,

Paints and Coatings Mfg.,

Can Mfg., Wallpaper Mfg.,

and Printing.

1973

N/A

06/29/91

Lead chemical Mfg.,

Nonferrous Foundries,

Leaded Steel Mfg.,

Battery Breaking in the

Collection and Processing

of Scrap (when not a part

of secondary lead

smelter), Secondary

Copper Smelter, Brass

and Bronze Ingot

Production.

1973

N/A

All Other Industries.

1973

N/A

09/08/92

* Feasibility of achieving the PEL by engineering and work practice controls for these industries

has yet to be resolved in court, therefore no date has been scheduled.

(ii) Medical surveillance and monitoring requirements for workers exposed to

inorganic lead.

(A) Under the occupational health standard for inorganic lead, a program of

biological monitoring and medical surveillance is to be made available to

all employees exposed to lead above the action level of 30 µg/m

TWA

for more than thirty days each year. This program consists of periodic

blood sampling and medical evaluation to be performed on a schedule

which is defined by previous laboratory results, worker complaints or

concerns, and the clinical assessment of the examining physician.

(B) Under this program, the blood lead level of all employees who are

exposed to lead above the action level of 30 µg/m

is to be determined at

least every six months. The frequency is increased to every two months

for employees whose last blood lead level was between 40µg/100g whole

blood and the level requiring employee medical removal to be discussed

below. For employees who are removed from exposure to lead due to an

elevated blood lead, a new blood lead level must be measured monthly.

Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) measurement is required on each occasion that

a blood lead level measurement is made.

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guidelines discussed in item (iv) is to be made available to each employee

for whom a blood test conducted at any time during the preceding twelve

months indicated a blood lead level at or above 40µg/100g. Also, an

examination is to be given to all employees prior to their assignment to an

area in which airborne lead concentrations reach or exceed the action

level. In addition, a medical examination must be provided as soon as

possible after notification by an employee that the employee has

developed signs or symptoms commonly associated with lead intoxication,

that the employee desires medical advice regarding lead exposure and the

ability to procreate a healthy child, or that the employee has demonstrated

difficulty in breathing during a respirator fitting test or during respirator

use. An examination is also to be made available to each employee

removed from exposure to lead due to a risk of sustaining material

impairment to health, or otherwise limited or specially protected pursuant

to medical recommendations.

(D) Results of biological monitoring or the recommendations of an examining

physician may necessitate removal of an employee from further lead

exposure pursuant to the standard's medical removal program (MRP).

The object of the MRP program is to provide temporary medical removals

to workers either with substantially elevated blood lead levels or

otherwise at risk of sustaining material health impairment from continued

substantial exposure to lead. The following guidelines which are

summarized in Table 10 were created under the standard for the

temporary removal of an exposed employee and their subsequent return to

work in an exposure area.

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Table 10 Effective Date

Sept. 6,

1980

Sept. 6, 1981

Sept. 6, 1982

Sept. 6, 1983

Sept. 6, 1984

A. Blood lead

level requiring

employee

medical removal

(level must be

confirmed with

second follow-

up blood lead

level within two

weeks of first

report).

>80

µg/100g.

>70 µg/100g.

>60 µg/100g.

>60 µg/100g

or average of

last three

blood

samples or all

blood

samples over

previous 6

months

(whichever is

over a longer

time period) is

50 µg/100g or

greater unless

last sample is

40 µg/100g or

less.

B. Frequency

which

employees

exposed is

action level of

lead (30 µg/m

TWA) must

have blood lead

level checked.

(ZPP is also

required in each

occasion that a

blood test is

obtained):

1. Last blood

lead level less

than 40

µg/100g.

Every 6

months

Every 6

months.

Every 6

months.

Every 6

months.

Every 6

months.

2. Last blood

lead level

between 40

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Table 10 Effective Date

Sept. 6,

1980

Sept. 6, 1981

Sept. 6, 1982

Sept. 6, 1983

Sept. 6, 1984

µg/100g and

level requiring

medical removal

(see A above).

Every 2

months.

Every 2

months.

Every 2

months.

Every two

months.

Every 2

months.

3. Employees

removed from

exposure to

lead because of

an elevated

blood lead level.

Every 1

month.

Every 1

month.

Every 1

month.

Every 1

month.

Every 1

month.

C. Permissible

airborne

exposure limit

for workers

removed from

work due to an

elevated blood

lead level

(without regard

to respirator

protection.

100 µg/m

8 hr TWA

50 µg/m

8 hr TWA

30 µg/m

8 hr TWA

30 µg/m

8 hr TWA

30 µg/m

8 hr TWA

D. Blood lead

level confirmed

with a second

blood analysis,

at which

employee may

return to work.

Permissible

exposure

without regard

to respirator

protection is

listed by

industry in Table

60 µg/100g

50 µg/100g

40 µg/100g

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Note: Where medical opinion indicates that an employee is at risk of material

impairment from exposure to lead, the physician can remove an

employee from exposure exceeding the action level (or less) or

recommend special protective measures as deemed appropriate and

necessary. Medical monitoring during the medical removal period can

be more stringent than noted in the table above if the physician so

specifies. Return to work or removal of limitations and special

protections is permitted when the physician indicates that the worker is

no longer at risk of material impairment.

(E) Under the standard's ultimate worker removal criteria, a worker is to be

removed from any work having any eight-hour TWA exposure to lead of

30 µg/m

or more whenever either of the following circumstances apply.

(I) a blood lead level of 60 µg/100g or greater is obtained and confirmed

by a second follow-up blood lead level performed within two weeks after

the employer receives the results of the first blood sample test, or (II) the

average of the previous three blood lead determinations or the average of

all blood lead determinations conducted during the previous six months,

whichever encompasses the longest time period, equals or exceeds 50

µg/100g, unless the last blood sample indicates a blood lead level at or

below 40 µg/100g, in which case the employee need not be removed.

Medical removal is to continue until two consecutive blood lead levels are

40 µg/100g or less.

(F) During the first two years that the ultimate removal criteria are being

phased in, the return criteria have been set to ensure that a worker's blood

lead level has substantially declined during the period of removal. From

March 1, 1979, to March 1, 1980, the blood lead level requiring employee

medial removal is 80 µg/100g. Workers found to have a confirmed blood

lead at this level or greater need only be removed from work having a

daily eight hour TWA exposure to lead at or above 100 µg/m

. Workers

so removed are to be returned to work when their blood lead levels are at

or below 60 µg/100g of whole blood. From March 1, 1980, to March 1,

1981, the blood lead level requiring medical removal is 70 µg/100g.

During this period workers need only be removed from jobs having a

daily eight hour TWA exposure to lead at or above 50 µg/m

and are to be

returned to work when a level of 50 µg/100g is achieved. Beginning

March 1, 1981, return depends on the worker's blood lead level declining

to 40 µg/100g of whole blood.

(G) As part of the standard, the employer is required to notify in writing each

employee whose whole blood lead level exceeds 40 µg/100g. In addition,

each such employee is to be informed that the standard requires medical

removal with MRP benefits, discussed below, when an employee's blood

lead level exceeds the above defined limits.

(H) In addition to the above blood lead level criteria, temporary worker

removal may also take place as a result of medical determinations and

recommendations.

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Written medical opinions must be prepared after each examination

pursuant to the standard. If the examining physician includes medical

finding, determination or opinion that the employee has a medical

condition which places the employee at increased risk of material health

impairment from exposure to lead, then the employee must be removed

from exposure to lead at or above the action level. Alternatively, if the

examining physician recommends special protective measures for an

employee (e.g., use of a powered air purifying respirator) or recommends

limitations on an employee's exposure to lead, then the employer must

implement these recommendations. Recommendations may be more

stringent than the specific provisions of the standard. The examining

physician, therefore, is given broad flexibility to tailor special protective

procedures to the needs of individual employees. This flexibility extends

to the evaluation and management of pregnant workers and male and

female workers who are planning to conceive children. Based on the

history, physical examination, and laboratory studies, the physician might

recommend special protective measures or medical removal for an

employee who is pregnant or who is planning to conceive a child when, in

the physician's judgment, continued exposure to lead at the current job

would pose a significant risk. The return of the employee to their former

job status, or the removal of special protections or limitations, depends

upon the examining physician determining that the employee is no longer

at increased risk of material impairment or that the special measures are

no longer needed.

(I) During the period of any form of special protection or removal, the

employer must maintain the worker's earnings, seniority, and other

employment rights and benefits (as though the worker has not been

removed) for a period of up to eighteen months. This economic

protection will maximize meaningful worker participation in the medical

surveillance program, and is appropriate as part of the employer’s overall

obligation to provide a safe and healthful work place. The provisions of

MRP benefits during the employee's removal period may, however, be

conditioned upon participation in medical surveillance.

(J) On rare occasions, an employee's blood lead level may not acceptably

decline within eighteen months of removal. This situation will arise only

in unusual circumstances, thus the standard relies on an individual

medical examination to determine how to protect such an employee. This

medical determination is to be based on both laboratory values, including

lead levels, zinc protoporphyrin levels, blood counts, and other tests felt to

be warranted, as well as the physician's judgment that any symptoms or

findings on physical examination are a result of lead toxicity. The

medical determination may be that the employee is incapable of ever

safely returning to their former job status. The medical determination

may provide additional removal time past eighteen months for some

employees or specify special protective measures to be implemented.

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(K) The lead standard provides for a multiple physician review in cases where

the employee wishes a second opinion concerning potential lead

poisoning or toxicity. If an employee wishes a second opinion, they can

make an appointment with a physician of their choice. This second

physician will review the findings, recommendations or determinations of

the first physician and conduct any examinations, consultations or tests

deemed necessary in an attempt to make a final medical determination. If

the first and second physicians do not agree in their assessment they must

try to resolve their differences. If they cannot reach an agreement then

they must designate a third physician to resolve the dispute.

(L) The employer must provide examining and consulting physicians with the

following specific information: A copy of the lead regulations and all

appendices, a description of the employee's duties as related to exposure,

the exposure level to lead and any other toxic substances (if applicable), a

description of personal protective equipment used, blood lead levels, and

all prior written medical opinions regarding the employee in the

employer's possession or control. The employer must also obtain from the

physician and provide the employee with a written medical opinion

containing blood lead levels, the physician's opinion as to whether the

employee is at risk of material impairment to health, any recommended

protective measures for the employee if further exposure is permitted, as

well as any recommended limitations upon an employee's use of

respirators.

(M) Employers must instruct each physician not to reveal to the employer in

writing or in any other way their findings, laboratory results, or diagnoses

which are felt to be unrelated to occupational lead exposure. They must

also instruct each physician to advise the employee of any occupationally

or nonoccupationally related medical condition requiring further treatment

or evaluation.

(N) The standard provides for the use of respirators when engineering and

other primary controls have not been fully implemented. However, the

use of respirator protection must not be used in lieu of temporary medical

removal due to elevated blood lead levels or findings that an employee is

at risk of material health impairment. This is based on the numerous

inadequacies of respirators including skin rash where the facepiece makes

contact with the skin, unacceptable stress to breathing in some workers

with underlying cardiopulmonary impairment, difficulty in providing

adequate fit, the tendency for respirators to create additional hazards by

interfering with vision, hearing, and mobility, and the difficulties of

ensuring the maximum effectiveness of a complicated work practice

program involving respirators. Respirators do, however, serve a useful

function where engineering and work practice are inadequate by providing

interim or short-term protection, provided they are properly selected for

the environment in which the employee will be working, properly fitted to

the employee, maintained and cleaned periodically, and worn by the

employee when required.

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(O) In its final standard on occupational exposure to inorganic lead, WISHA

has prohibited prophylactic chelation. Diagnostic and therapeutic

chelation are permitted only under the supervision of a licensed physician

with appropriate medical monitoring in an acceptable clinical setting. The

decision to initiate chelation therapy must be made on an individual basis

and take into account the severity of symptoms felt to be a result of lead

toxicity along with blood lead levels, ZPP levels and other laboratory tests

as appropriate. EDTA and penicillamine, which are the primary chelating

agents used in the therapy of occupational lead poisoning, have significant

potential side effects and their use must be justified on the basis of

expected benefits to the worker.

(P) Unless frank and severe symptoms are present, therapeutic chelation is not

recommended given the opportunity to remove a worker from exposure

and allow the body to naturally excrete accumulated lead. As a diagnostic

aid, the chelation mobilization test using CA-EDTA has limited

applicability. According to some investigators, the tests can differentiate

between lead-induced and other nephropathies. The test may also provide

an estimation of the mobile fraction of the total body lead burden.

(Q) Employers are required to ensure that accurate records are maintained on

exposure monitoring, medical surveillance, and medical removal for each

employee. Exposure monitoring and medical surveillance records must be

kept for forty years or the duration of employment plus twenty years,

whichever is longer, while medical removal records must be maintained

for the duration of employment. All records required under the standard

must be made available upon request to representatives of the director of

the department of labor and industries. Employers must also make

environmental and biological monitoring and medical removal records

available to affected employees and to former employees or their

authorized employee representatives. Employees or their specifically

designated representatives have access to their entire medical surveillance

records.

(R) In addition, the standard requires that the employer inform all workers

exposed to lead at or above the action level of the provisions of the

standard and all its appendices, the purpose and description of medical

surveillance and provisions for medical removal protection if temporary

removal is required. An understanding of the potential health effects of

lead exposure by all exposed employees along with full understanding of

their rights under the lead standard is essential for an effective monitoring

program.

(iii) Adverse health effects of inorganic lead.

(A) Although the toxicity of lead has been known for 2,000 years, the

knowledge of the complex relationship between lead exposure and human

response is still being refined.

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Significant research into the toxic properties of lead continues throughout

the world, and it should be anticipated that our understanding of

thresholds of effects and margins of safety will be improved in future

years. The provisions of the lead standard are founded on two prime

medical judgments; first, the prevention of adverse health effects from

exposure to lead throughout a working lifetime requires that worker blood

lead levels be maintained at or below 40 µg/100g, and second, the blood

lead levels of workers, male or female, who intend to parent in the near

future should be maintained below 30 µg/100g to minimize adverse

reproduction health effects to the parent and developing fetus. The

adverse effects of lead on reproduction are being actively researched and

WISHA encourages the physician to remain abreast of recent

developments in the area to best advise pregnant workers or workers

planning to conceive children.

(B) The spectrum of health effects caused by lead exposure can be sub-

divided into five developmental states; normal, physiological changes of

uncertain significance, pathophysiological changes, overt symptoms

(morbidity), and mortality. Within this process there are no sharp

distinctions, but rather a continuum of effects. Boundaries between

categories overlap due to the wide variation of individual responses and

exposures in the working population. WISHA's development of the lead

standard focused on pathophysiological changes as well as later stages of

disease.

(I) Heme synthesis inhibition.

a) The earliest demonstrated effect of lead involves its ability to

inhibit at least two enzymes of the heme synthesis pathway at

very low blood levels. Inhibition of delta aminolevulinic acid

dehydrase (ALA-D) which catalyzes the conversion of delta-

aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to protoporphyrin is observed at a

blood lead level below 20µg/100g whole blood. At a blood

lead level of 40 µg/100g, more than twenty percent of the

population would have seventy percent inhibition of ALA-D.

There is an exponential increase in ALA excretion at blood

lead levels greater than 40 µg/100g.

b) Another enzyme, ferrochelatase, is also inhibited at low blood

lead levels. Inhibition of ferrochelatase leads to increased free

erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) in the blood which can then

bind to zinc to yield zinc protoporphyrin. At a blood lead level

of 50µg/100g or greater, nearly 100 percent of the population

will have an increase FEP. There is also an exponential

relationship between blood lead levels greater than 40 µg/100g

and the associated ZPP level, which has led to the development

of the ZPP screening test for lead exposure.

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c) While the significance of these effects is subject to debate, it is

WISHA's position that these enzyme disturbances are early

stages of a disease process which may eventually result in the

clinical symptoms of lead poisoning. Whether or not the

effects do progress to the later stages of clinical disease,

disruption of these enzyme processes over a working lifetime

is considered to be a material impairment of health.

d) One of the eventual results of lead-induced inhibition of

enzymes in the heme synthesis pathway is anemia which can

be asymptomatic if mild but associated with a wide array of

symptoms including dizziness, fatigue, and tachycardia when

more severe. Studies have indicated that lead levels as low as

50 µg/100g can be associated with a definite decreased

hemoglobin, although most cases of lead-induced anemia, as

well as shortened red-cell survival times, occur at lead levels

exceeding 80 µg/100g. Inhibited hemoglobin synthesis is more

common in chronic cases whereas shortened erythrocyte life

span is more common in acute cases.

e) In lead-induced anemias, there is usually a reticulocytosis

along with the presence of basophilic stippling, and ringed

sideroblasts, although none of the above are pathognomonic

for lead-induced anemia.

(II) Neurological effects.

a) Inorganic lead had been found to have toxic effects on both the

central and peripheral nervous systems. The earliest stage of

lead-induced central nervous system effects first manifest

themselves in the form of behavioral disturbances and central

nervous system symptoms including irritability, restlessness,

insomnia and other sleep disturbances, fatigue, vertigo,

headache, poor memory, tremor, depression, and apathy. With

more severe exposure, symptoms can progress to drowsiness,

stupor, hallucinations, delirium, convulsions and coma.

b) The most severe and acute form of lead poisoning which

usually follows ingestion or inhalation of large amounts of lead

is acute encephalopathy which may arise precipitously with the

onset of intractable seizures, coma, cardiorespiratory arrest,

and death within 48 hours.

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c) While there is disagreement about what exposure levels are

needed to produce the earliest symptoms, most experts agree

that symptoms definitely can occur at blood lead levels of 60

µg/100g whole blood and therefore recommend a 40 µg/100g

maximum. The central nervous system effects frequently are

not reversible following discontinued exposure or chelation

therapy and when improvement does occur, it is almost always

only partial.

d) The peripheral neuropathy resulting from lead exposure

characteristically involves only motor function with minimal

sensory damage and has a marked predilection for the extensor

muscles of the most active extremity. The peripheral

neuropathy can occur with varying degrees of severity. The

earliest and mildest form which can be detected in workers

with blood lead levels as low as 50 µg/100g is manifested by

slowing or motor nerve conduction velocity often without

clinical symptoms. With progression of the neuropathy there is

development of painless extensor muscle weakness usually

involving the extensor muscles of the fingers and hand in the

most active upper extremity, followed in severe cases by wrist

drop, much less commonly, foot drop.

e) In addition to slowing of nerve conduction,

electromyographical studies in patients with blood lead levels

greater than 50 µg/100g have demonstrated a decrease in the

number of acting motor unit potentials, an increase in the

duration of motor unit potentials, and spontaneous pathological

activity including fibrillations and fasciculation. Whether

these effects occur at levels of 40 µg/100g is undetermined.

f) While the peripheral neuropathies can occasionally be reversed

with therapy, again such recovery is not ensured particularly in

the more severe neuropathies and often improvement is only

partial. The lack of reversibility is felt to be due in part to

segmental demyelination.

(III) Gastrointestinal. Lead may also effect the gastrointestinal system

producing abdominal colic or diffuse abdominal pain, constipation,

obstipation, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Lead colic

rarely develops at blood lead levels below 80 µg/100g.

(IV) Renal.

a) Renal toxicity represents one of the most serious health effects

of lead poisoning. In the early stages of disease nuclear

inclusion bodies can frequently be identified in proximal renal

tubular cells.

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Renal functions remain normal and the changes in this stage

are probably reversible. With more advanced disease there is

progressive interstitial fibrosis and impaired renal function.

Eventually extensive interstitial fibrosis ensues with sclerotic

glomeruli and dilated and atrophied proximal tubules; all

represent end stage kidney disease. Azotemia can be

progressive, eventually resulting in frank uremia necessitating

dialysis. There is occasionally associated hypertension and

hyperuricemia with or without gout.

b) Early kidney disease is difficult to detect. The urinalysis is

normal in early lead nephropathy and the blood urea nitrogen

and serum creatinine increase only when two-thirds of kidney

function is lost. Measurement of creatinine clearance can often

detect earlier disease as can other methods of measurement of

glomerular filtration rate. An abnormal Ca-EDTA

mobilization test has been used to differentiate between lead-

induced and other nephropathies, but this procedure is not

widely accepted. A form of Fanconi syndrome with

aminoaciduria, glycosuria, and hyperphosphaturia indicating

severe injury to the proximal renal tubules is occasionally seen

in children.

(V) Reproductive effects.

a) Exposure to lead can have serious effects on reproductive

function in both males and females. In male workers exposed

to lead there can be a decrease in sexual drive, impotence,

decreased ability to produce healthy sperm, and sterility.

Malformed sperm (teratospermia), decreased number of sperm

(hypospermia), and sperm with decreased motility

(asthenospermia) can occur. Teratospermia has been noted at

mean blood lead levels of 53 µg/100g and hypospermia and

asthenospermia at 41 µg/100g. Furthermore, there appears to

be a dose-response relationship for teratospermia in lead

exposed workers.

b) Women exposed to lead may experience menstrual

disturbances including dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia and

amenorrhea. Following exposure to lead, women have a

higher frequency of sterility, premature births, spontaneous

miscarriages, and stillbirths.

c) Germ cells can be affected by lead and cause genetic damage

in the egg or sperm cells before conception and result in failure

to implant, miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects.

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d) Infants of mothers with lead poisoning have a higher mortality

during the first year and suffer from lowered birth weights,

slower growth, and nervous system disorders.

e) Lead can pass through the placental barrier and lead levels in

the mother's blood are comparable to concentrations of lead in

the umbilical cord at birth. Transplacental passage becomes

detectable at 12-14 weeks of gestation and increases until birth.

f) There is little direct data on damage to the fetus from exposure

to lead but it is generally assumed that the fetus and newborn

would be at least as susceptible to neurological damage as

young children. Blood lead levels of 50-60 µg/100g in

children can cause significant neurobehavioral impairments,

and there is evidence of hyperactivity at blood levels as low as

25 µg/100g. Given the overall body of literature concerning

the adverse health effects of lead in children, WISHA feels that

the blood lead level in children should be maintained below 30

µg/100g with a population mean of 15 µg/100g. Blood lead

levels in the fetus and newborn likewise should not exceed 30

µg/100g.

g) Because of lead's ability to pass through the placental barrier

and also because of the demonstrated adverse effects of lead on

reproductive function in both males and females as well as the

risk of genetic damage of lead on both the ovum and sperm,

WISHA recommends a 30 µg/100g maximum permissible

blood lead level in both males and females who wish to bear

children.

(VI) Other toxic effects.

a) Debate and research continue on the effects of lead on the

human body. Hypertension has frequently been noted in

occupationally exposed individuals although it is difficult to

assess whether this is due to lead's adverse effects on the

kidneys or if some other mechanism is involved.

b) Vascular and electrocardiographic changes have been detected

but have not been well characterized. Lead is thought to impair

thyroid function and interfere with the pituitary-adrenal axis,

but again these effects have not been well defined.

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(iv) Medical evaluation.

(A) The most important principle in evaluating a worker for any occupational

disease including lead poisoning is a high index of suspicion on the part of

the examining physician. As discussed in Section (ii), lead can affect

numerous organ systems and produce a wide array of signs and

symptoms, most of which are nonspecific and subtle in nature at least in

the early stages of disease. Unless serious concern for lead toxicity is

present, many of the early clues to diagnosis may easily be overlooked.

(B) The crucial initial step in the medical evaluation is recognizing that a

worker's employment can result in exposure to lead. The worker will

frequently be able to define exposures to lead and lead-containing

materials but often will not volunteer this information unless specifically

asked. In other situations the worker may not know of any exposures to

lead but the suspicion might be raised on the part of the physician because

of the industry or occupation of the worker. Potential occupational

exposure to lead and its compounds occur in at least 120 occupations,

including lead smelting, the manufacture of lead storage batteries, the

manufacture of lead pigments and products containing pigments, solder

manufacture, shipbuilding and ship repair, auto manufacturing,

construction, and painting.

directed toward eliciting information from the medical history, physical

exam, and finally from laboratory data to evaluate the worker for potential

lead toxicity.

(D) A complete and detailed work history is important in the initial evaluation.

A listing of all previous employment with information on work processes,

exposure to fumes or dust, known exposures to lead or other toxic

substances, respiratory protection used, and previous medical surveillance

should all be included in the worker's record. Where exposure to lead is

suspected, information concerning on-the-job personal hygiene, smoking

or eating habits in work areas, laundry procedures, and use of any

protective clothing or respiratory protection equipment should be noted.

A complete work history is essential in the medical evaluation of a worker

with suspected lead toxicity, especially when long-term effects such as

neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity are considered.

(E) The medical history is also of fundamental importance and should include

a listing of all past and current medical conditions, current medications

including proprietary drug intake, previous surgeries and hospitalizations,

allergies, smoking history, alcohol consumption, and also nonoccupational

lead exposures such as hobbies (hunting, riflery). Also known childhood

exposures should be elicited. Any previous history of hematological,

neurological, gastrointestinal, renal, psychological, gynecological,

genetic, or reproductive problems should be specifically noted.

(F) A careful and complete review of systems must be performed to assess

both recognized complaints and subtle or slowly acquired symptoms

which the worker might not appreciate as being significant. The review of

symptoms should include the following:

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General

Weight Loss, Fatigue, Decreased Appetite.

Head, Eyes, Ears,

Nose,

Throat (HEENT)

Headaches, visual disturbance or decreased visual acuity,

hearing deficits or tinnitus, pigmentation of the oral mucosa,

or metallic taste in mouth.

Cardio-pulmonary

Shortness of breath, cough, chest pains, palpitations, or

orthopnea.

Gastrointestinal

nausea, vomiting, heartburn, abdominal pain, constipation or

diarrhea.

Neurologic

Irritability, insomnia, weakness (fatigue), dizziness, loss of

memory, confusion, hallucinations, incoordination, ataxia,

decreased strength in hands or feet, disturbance in gait,

difficulty in climbing stairs, or seizures.

Hematologic

pallor, easy fatigability, abnormal blood loss, melena.

Reproductive (male

or female and

spouse where

relevant)

history of infertility, impotence, loss of libido, abnormal

menstrual periods, history of miscarriages, stillbirths, or

children with birth defects.

Musculo-skeletal

Muscle and joint pains.

(G) The physical examination should emphasize the neurological,

gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems. The worker's weight and

blood pressure should be recorded and the oral mucosa checked for

pigmentation characteristic of a possible Burtonian or lead line on the

gingiva. It should be noted, however, that the lead line may not be present

even in severe lead poisoning if good oral hygiene is practiced.

(H) The presence of pallor on skin examination may indicate an anemia,

which if severe might also be associated with a tachycardia. If an anemia

is suspected, an active search for blood loss should be undertaken

including potential blood loss through the gastrointestinal tract.

(I) A complete neurological examination should include an adequate mental

status evaluation including a search for behavioral and psychological

disturbances, memory testing, evaluation for irritability, insomnia,

hallucinations, and mental clouding. Gait and coordination should be

examined along with close observation for tremor. A detailed evaluation

of peripheral nerve function including careful sensory and motor function

testing is warranted. Strength testing particularly of extensor muscle

groups of all extremities is of fundamental importance.

(J) Cranial nerve evaluation should also be included in the routine

examination.

(K) The abdominal examination should include auscultation for bowel sounds

and abnormal bruits and palpation for organomegaly, masses, and diffuse

abdominal tenderness.

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(L) Cardiovascular examination should evaluate possible early signs of

congestive heart failure. Pulmonary status should be addressed

particularly if respirator protection is contemplated.

(M) As part of the medical evaluation, the lead standard requires the following

laboratory studies.

(I) Blood lead level.

(II) Hemoglobin and hematocrit determinations, red cell indices, and

examination of the peripheral blood smear to evaluate red blood cell

morphology.

(III) Blood urea nitrogen.

(IV) Serum creatinine.

(V) Routine urinalysis with microscopic examination.

(VI) A zinc protoporphyrin level.

(N) In addition to the above, the physician is authorized to order any further

laboratory or other tests which they deem necessary in accordance with

sound medical practice. The evaluation must also include pregnancy

testing or laboratory evaluation of male fertility if requested by the

employee.

(O) Additional tests which are probably not warranted on a routine basis but

may be appropriate when blood lead and ZPP levels are equivocal include

delta aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin concentrations in the urine,

and dark-field illumination for detection of basophilic stippling in red

blood cells.

(P) If an anemia is detected further studies including a careful examination of

the peripheral smear, reticulocyte count, stool for occult blood, serum

iron, total iron binding capacity, bilirubin, and, if appropriate vitamin B12

and folate may be of value in attempting to identify the cause of the

anemia.

(Q) If a peripheral neuropathy is suspected, nerve conduction studies are

warranted both for diagnosis and as a basis to monitor any therapy.

(R) If renal disease is questioned, a 24-hour urine collection for creatinine

clearance, protein, and electrolytes may be indicated. Elevated uric acid

levels may result from lead-induced renal disease and a serum uric acid

level might be performed.

(S) An electrocardiogram and chest x-ray may be obtained as deemed

appropriate.

(T) Sophisticated and highly specialized testing should not be done routinely

and where indicated should be under the direction of a specialist.

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(v) Laboratory evaluation.

(A) The blood level at present remains the single most important test to

monitor lead exposure and is the test used in the medical surveillance

program under the lead standard to guide employee medical removal. The

ZPP has several advantages over the blood lead level. Because of its

relatively recent development and the lack of extensive data concerning its

interpretation, the ZPP currently remains an ancillary test.

(B) This section will discuss the blood lead level and ZPP in detail and will

outline their relative advantages and disadvantages. Other blood tests

currently available to evaluate lead exposure will also be reviewed.

when there is no anemia present and when the worker has not taken any

chelating agents. However, blood lead levels along with urinary lead

levels do not necessarily indicate the total body burden of lead and are not

adequate measures of past exposure. One reason for this is that lead has a

high affinity for bone and up to 90 percent of the body's total lead is

deposited there. A very important component of the total lead body

burden is lead in soft tissue (liver, kidneys, and brain). This fraction of

the lead body burden, the biologically active lead, is not entirely reflected

by blood lead levels since it is a function of the dynamics of lead

absorption, distribution, deposition in bone and excretion. Following

discontinuation of exposure to lead, the excess body burden is only slowly

mobilized from bone and other relatively stable stores and excreted.

Consequently, a high blood lead level may only represent recent heavy

exposure to lead without a significant total body excess and likewise a low

blood lead level does not exclude an elevated total body burden of lead.

(D) Also due to its correlation with recent exposures, the blood lead level may

vary considerably over short time intervals.

(E) To minimize laboratory error and erroneous results due to contamination,

blood specimens must be carefully collected after thorough cleaning of the

skin with appropriate methods using lead-free containers and analyzed by

a reliable laboratory. Under the standard, samples must be analyzed in

laboratories which are approved by the Center for Disease Control (CDC)

or which have received satisfactory grades in proficiency testing by the

CDC in the previous year. Analysis is to be made using atomic

absorption spectrophotometry anodic stripping; voltammetry or any

method which meets the accuracy requirements set forth by the standard.

(F) The determination of lead in urine is generally considered a less reliable

monitoring technique than analysis of whole blood primarily due to

individual variability in urinary excretion capacity as well as the technical

difficulty of obtaining accurate 24 hour urine collections. In addition,

workers with renal insufficiency, whether due to lead or some other cause,

may have decreased lead clearance and consequently urine lead levels

may underestimate the true lead burden. Therefore, urine lead levels

should not be used as a routine test.

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(G) The zinc protoporphyrin test, unlike the blood lead determination,

measures an adverse metabolic effect of lead and as such is a better

indicator of lead toxicity than the level of blood lead itself. The level of

ZPP reflects lead absorption over the preceding three to four months, and

therefore is a better indicator of lead body burden. The ZPP requires more

time than the blood lead to read significantly elevated levels; the return to

normal after discontinuing lead exposure is also slower. Furthermore, the

ZPP test is simpler, faster, and less expensive to perform and no

contamination is possible. Many investigators believe it is the most

reliable means of monitoring chronic lead absorption.

(H) Zinc protoporphyrin results from the inhibition of the enzyme

ferrochelatase which catalyzes the insertion of an iron molecule into the

protoporphyrin molecule, which then becomes heme. If iron is not

inserted into the molecule then zinc, having a greater affinity for

protoporphyrin, takes place in the iron, forming ZPP.

(I) An elevation in the level of circulating ZPP may occur at blood lead levels

as low as 20-30 µg/100g in some workers. Once the blood lead level has

reached 40 µg/100g there is more marked rise in the ZPP value from its

normal range of less than 100 µg/100ml. Increases in blood lead levels

beyond 40 µg/100g are associated with exponential increases in ZPP.

(J) Whereas blood lead levels fluctuate over short time spans, ZPP levels

remain relatively stable. ZPP is measured directly in red blood cells and

is present for the cell's entire 120 day lifespan. Therefore, the ZPP level

in blood reflects the average ZPP production over the previous three to

four months and consequently the average lead exposure during that time

interval.

(K) It is recommended that a hematocrit be determined whenever a confirmed

ZPP of 50 µg/100ml whole blood is obtained to rule out a significant

underlying anemia. If the ZPP is in excess of 100µg/100ml and not

associated with abnormal elevations in blood lead levels, the laboratory

should be checked to be sure the blood leads were determined using

atomic absorption spectrophotometry, anodic stripping voltammetry or

any method which meets the accuracy requirements set forth by the

standard, by a CDC approved laboratory which is experienced in lead

level determinations. Repeat periodic blood lead studies should be

obtained in all individuals with elevated ZPP levels to be certain that an

associated elevated blood lead level has not been missed due to transient

fluctuations in blood leads.

(L) ZPP has characteristic fluorescence spectrum with a peak at 594nm which

is detectable with a hematofluorimeter. The hematofluorimeter is accurate

and portable and can provide on-site, instantaneous results for workers

who can be frequently tested via a finger prick.

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(M) However, careful attention must be given to calibration and quality

control procedures. Limited data on blood lead - ZPP correlations and the

ZPP levels which are associated with the adverse health effects discussed

in item (ii) are the major limitations of the test. Also it is difficult to

correlate ZPP levels with environmental exposure and there is some

variation of response with age and sex. Nevertheless, the ZPP promises to

be an important diagnostic test for the early detection of lead toxicity and

its value will increase as more data is collected regarding its relationship

to other manifestations of lead poisoning.

(N) Levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in the urine are also used as a

measure of lead exposure. Increasing concentrations of ALA are believed

to result from the inhibition of the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid

dehydrase (ALA-D). Although the test is relatively easy to perform,

inexpensive, and rapid, the disadvantages include variability in results, the

necessity to collect a complete 24 hour urine sample which has a specific

gravity greater than 1.010, and also the fact that ALA decomposes in the

presence of light.

(O) The pattern of porphyrin excretion in the urine can also be helpful in

identifying lead intoxication. With lead poisoning, the urine

concentrations of coproporphyrins I and II, porphobilinogen and

uroporphyrin I rise. The most important increase, however, is that of

coproporphyrin III; levels may exceed 5,000 µg/1 in the urine in lead

poisoned individuals, but its correlation with blood lead levels and ZPP

are not as good as those of ALA. Increases in urinary porphyrins are not

diagnostic of lead toxicity and may be seen in porphyria, some liver

diseases, and in patients with high reticulocyte counts.

(vi) Summary.

(A) The WISHA standard for inorganic lead places significant emphasis on

the medical surveillance of all workers exposed to levels of inorganic lead

above the action level of 30 µg/m

TWA. The physician has a

fundamental role in this surveillance program, and in the operation of the

medical removal protection program.

(B) Even with adequate worker education on the adverse health effects of lead

and appropriate training in work practices, personal hygiene and other

control measures, the physician has a primary responsibility for evaluating

potential lead toxicity in the worker. It is only through a careful and

detailed medical and work history, a complete physical examination and

appropriate laboratory testing that an accurate assessment can be made.

Many of the adverse health effects of lead toxicity are either irreversible

or only partially reversible and therefore early detection of disease is very

important.

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occupational safety and health standard for inorganic lead. It reviews the

adverse health effects of lead poisoning and describes the important

elements of the history and physical examinations as they relate to these

adverse effects.

(D) It is hoped that this review and discussion will give the physician a better

understanding of the WISHA standard with the ultimate goal of protecting

the health and well-being of the worker exposed to lead under their care.

(d) Appendix D. Recommendations to employers concerning high-risk tasks

(nonmandatory).

The department advises employers that the following tasks have a high risk for lead

overexposure (this list is not complete; other tasks also can result in lead over-

exposure):

• Any open flame operation involving lead-containing solder in a manner

producing molten solder, including the manufacture or repair of motor

vehicle radiators;

• Sanding, cutting or grinding of lead-containing solder;

• Breaking, recycling or manufacture of lead-containing batteries;

• Casting objects using lead, brass, or lead-containing alloys;

• Where lead-containing coatings or paints are present:

 Abrasive blasting

 Welding

 Cutting

 Torch burning

 Manual demolition of structures

 Manual scraping

 Manual sanding

 Heat gun applications

 Power tool cleaning

 Rivet busting

 Clean-up activities where dry expendable abrasives are used

 Abrasive blasting enclosure movement and removal;

 Spray-painting with lead-containing paint;

 Using lead-containing mortar;

 Lead burning;

 Operation or cleaning of shooting facilities where lead bullets are

used;

 Formulation or processing of lead-containing pigments or paints;

 Cutting, burning, or melting of lead-containing materials.

The department recommends that annual blood lead testing be offered to all employees

potentially overexposed to lead, including those performing the tasks listed above,

regardless of air lead levels. Research has shown that air lead levels often do not

accurately predict workers' lead overexposure. The blood lead testing will provide the

most information if performed during a period of peak lead exposure.

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Employers should be aware that the United States Public Health Service has set a goal of

eliminating occupational exposures which result in whole blood lead levels of 25 µg/dl or

greater. This goal should guide whether employees' blood lead levels indicate lead

overexposure.

If blood lead levels are elevated in an employee performing a task associated with lead

overexposure, employers should assess the maintenance and effectiveness of exposure

controls, hygiene facilities, respiratory protection program, the employee's work practices

and personal hygiene, and the employee's respirator use, if any. If a deficiency exists in

any of these areas, the employer should correct the problem.

WAC 296-62-07531 Appendix D sampling and analytical methods for benzene

monitoring and measurement procedures.

Measurements taken for the purpose of determining employee exposure to benzene are best

taken so that the representative average eight-hour exposure may be determined from a single

eight-hour sample or two four-hour samples. Short-time interval samples (or grab samples) may

also be used to determine average exposure level if a minimum of five measurements are taken

in a random manner over the eight-hour work shift. Random sampling means that any portion of

the work shift has the same chance of being sampled as any other. The arithmetic average of all

such random samples taken on one work shift is an estimate of an employee's average level of

exposure for that work shift. Air samples should be taken in the employee's breathing zone (air

that would most nearly represent that inhaled by the employee). Sampling and analysis must be

performed with procedures meeting the requirements of the standard.

There are a number of methods available for monitoring employee exposures to benzene. The

sampling and analysis may be performed by collection of the benzene vapor on charcoal

adsorption tubes, with subsequent chemical analysis by gas chromatography. Sampling and

analysis may also be performed by portable direct reading instruments, real-time continuous

monitoring systems, passive dosimeters or other suitable methods. The employer has the

obligation of selecting a monitoring method which meets the accuracy and precision

requirements of the standard under his unique field conditions. The standard requires that the

method of monitoring must have an accuracy, to a ninety-five percent confidence level, of not

less than plus or minus twenty-five percent for concentrations of benzene greater than or equal to

0.5 ppm.

The WISHA laboratory uses NIOSH Method 1500 for evaluation of benzene air concentrations.

(1) WISHA method HYDCB for air samples.

Analyte: Benzene.

Matrix: Air.

Procedure: Adsorption on charcoal, desorption with carbon disulfide, analysis by GC.

Detection limit: 0.04 ppm.

Recommended air volume and sampling rate: 10L at 0.05 to 0.2 L/min.

(a) Principle of the method.

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A known volume of air is drawn through a charcoal tube to trap the organic

vapors present.

The charcoal in the tube is transferred to a small, stoppered vial, and the analyte

is desorbed with carbon disulfide.

An aliquot of the desorbed sample is injected into a gas chromatograph.

The area of the resulting peak is determined and compared with areas obtained

from standards.

(b) Advantages and disadvantages of the method.

The sampling device is small, portable, and involves no liquids. Interferences

are minimal, and most of those which do occur can be eliminated by altering

chromatographic conditions. The samples are analyzed by means of a quick,

instrumental method.

The amount of sample which can be taken is limited by the number of

milligrams that the tube will hold before overloading. When the sample value

obtained for the backup section of the charcoal tube exceeds twenty-five

percent of that found on the front section, the possibility of sample loss exists.

A calibrated personal sampling pump whose flow can be determined within ±5

percent at the recommended flow rate.

Charcoal tubes: Glass with both ends flame sealed, 7 cm long with a 6-mm O.D.

and a 4-mm I.D., containing two sections of 20/40 mesh activated charcoal

separated by a 2-mm portion of urethane foam. The activated charcoal is

prepared from coconut shells and is obtained commercially. The adsorbing

section contains 100 mg of charcoal, the back-up section 50 mg. A 3-mm portion

of urethane foam is placed between the outlet end of the tube and the back-up

section. A plug of silanized glass wool is placed in front of the adsorbing section.

The pressure drop across the tube must be less than one inch of mercury at a flow

rate of one liter per minute.

Gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector.

Column (10-ft 1/8-in stainless steel) packed with 80/100 Supelcoport coated with

twenty percent SP 2100, 0.1 percent CW 1500.

(v) An electronic integrator or some other suitable method for measuring peak area.

Two-milliliter sample vials with Teflon-lined caps.

Microliter syringes: 10-microliter 10-uL syringe, and other convenient sizes for

making standards, 1-uL syringe for sample injections.

Pipets: 1.0 mL delivery pipets.

Volumetric flasks: Convenient sizes for making standard solutions.

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(d) Reagents.

Chromatographic quality carbon disulfide (CS2). Most commercially available

carbon disulfide contains a trace of benzene which must be removed. It can be

removed with the following procedure:

Heat under reflux for two to three hours, 500 mL of carbon disulfide, 10 mL

concentrated sulfuric acid, and five drops of concentrated nitric acid. The

benzene is converted to nitrobenzene. The carbon disulfide layer is removed,

dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and distilled. The recovered carbon

disulfide should be benzene free. (It has recently been determined that benzene

can also be removed by passing the carbon disulfide through 13x molecular

sieve.)

Benzene, reagent grade.

p-Cymene, reagent grade, (internal standard).

Desorbing reagent. The desorbing reagent is prepared by adding 0.05 mL of p-

Cymene per milliliter of carbon disulfide. (The internal standard offers a

convenient means correcting analytical response for slight inconsistencies in the

size of sample injections. If the external standard technique is preferred, the

internal standard can be eliminated.)

Purified GC grade helium, hydrogen, and air.

(e) Procedure.

Cleaning of equipment. All glassware used for the laboratory analysis should be

properly cleaned and free of organics which could interfere in the analysis.

Calibration of personal pumps. Each pump must be calibrated with a

representative charcoal tube in the line.

Collection and shipping of samples.

(A) Immediately before sampling, break the ends of the tube to provide an

opening at least one-half the internal diameter of the tube (2 mm).

(B) The smaller section of the charcoal is used as the backup and should be

placed nearest the sampling pump.

to minimize channeling through the charcoal.

(D) Air being sampled should not be passed through any hose or tubing before

entering the charcoal tube.

(E) A sample size of ten liters is recommended. Sample at a flow rate of

approximately 0.05 to 0.2 liters per minute. The flow rate should be

known with an accuracy of at least ±5 percent.

(F) The charcoal tubes should be capped with the supplied plastic caps

immediately after sampling.

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(G) Submit at least one blank tube (a charcoal tube subjected to the same

handling procedures, without having any air drawn through it) with each

set of samples. Take necessary shipping and packing precautions to

minimize breakage of samples.

Analysis of samples.

(A) Preparation of samples. In preparation for analysis, each charcoal tube is

scored with a file in front of the first section of charcoal and broken open.

The glass wool is removed and discarded. The charcoal in the first

(larger) section is transferred to a 2-ml vial. The separating section of

foam is removed and discarded; the second section is transferred to

another capped vial. These two sections are analyzed separately.

(B) Desorption of samples. Prior to analysis, 1.0 mL of desorbing solution is

pipetted into each sample container. The desorbing solution consists of

0.05 µL internal standard per mL of carbon disulfide. The sample vials

are capped as soon as the solvent is added. Desorption should be done for

thirty minutes with occasional shaking.

are:

(I) 30 mL/min (60 psig) helium carrier gas flow.

(II) 30 mL/min (40 psig) hydrogen gas flow to detector.

(III) 240 mL/min (40 psig) air flow to detector.

(IV) 150°C injector temperature.

(V) 250°C detector temperature.

(VI) 100°C column temperature.

(D) Injection size. 1 µL.

(E) Measurement of area. The peak areas are measured by an electronic

integrator or some other suitable form of area measurement.

(F) An internal standard procedure is used. The integrator is calibrated to

report results in ppm for a ten liter air sample after correction for

desorption efficiency.

Determination of desorption efficiency.

(A) Importance of determination. The desorption efficiency of a particular

compound can vary from one laboratory to another and from one lot of

chemical to another. Thus, it is necessary to determine, at least once, the

percentage of the specific compound that is removed in the desorption

process, provided the same batch of charcoal is used.

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(B) Procedure for determining desorption efficiency. The reference portion of

the charcoal tube is removed. To the remaining portion, amounts

representing 0.5X, 1X, and 2X and (X represents target concentration)

based on a 10 L air sample are injected into several tubes at each level.

Dilutions of benzene with carbon disulfide are made to allow injection of

measurable quantities. These tubes are then allowed to equilibrate at

least overnight. Following equilibration they are analyzed following the

same procedure as the samples. Desorption efficiency is determined by

dividing the amount of benzene found by amount spiked on the tube.

(f) Calibration and standards. A series of standards varying in concentration over the

range of interest is prepared and analyzed under the same GC conditions that will be

used on the samples. A calibration curve is prepared by plotting concentration

(mg/mL) versus peak area.

(g) Calculations. Benzene air concentration can be calculated from the following

equation:

mg/m

= (A)(B)/(C)(D)

Where: A = µg/mL benzene, obtained from the calibration curve

B = desorption volume (1 mL)

C = Liters of air sampled

D = desorption efficiency

The concentration in mg/m

can be converted to ppm (at 25° C and 760 mm) with the

following equation:

ppm = (mg/m

)(24.46)/(78.11)

Where: 24.46 = molar volume of an ideal gas 25° C and 760 mm

78.11 = molecular weight of benzene

(h) Backup data.

Detection limit-air samples.

The detection limit for the analytical procedure is 1.28 mg with a coefficient of

0.04 ppm for a 10 L air sample. This amount provided a chromatographic peak

that could be identifiable in the presence of possible interferences. The

detection limit data were obtained by making 1 µL injections of a 1.283 µg/mL

standard.

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Table 1

Injection

Area Count

655.4

617.5

662.0

X = 640.2

641.1

SD = 14.9

636.4

CV = 0.023

629.2

Pooled coefficient of variation-Air Samples. The pooled coefficient of

variation for the analytical procedure was determined by 1 µL replicate

injections of analytical standards. The standards were 16.04, 32.08, and 64.16

µg/mL, which are equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 ppm for a 10 L air sample

respectively.

Table 2

Area Count

Injection

0.5 ppm

1.0 ppm

2.0 ppm

3996.5

8130.2

16481

4059.4

8235.6

16493

4052.0

8307.9

16535

4027.2

8263.2

16609

4046.3

8291.1

16552

4137.9

8288.8

16618

X =

4053.3

8254.0

16548.3

SD =

47.2

62.5

57.1

CV =

0.0116

0.0076

0.0034

CV =

Storage data-air samples.

Samples were generated at 1.03 ppm benzene at eighty percent relative

humidity, 22° C, and 643 mm. All samples were taken for fifty minutes at 0.2

L/min. Six samples were analyzed immediately and the rest of the samples

were divided into two groups by fifteen samples each. One group was stored at

refrigerated temperature of –25° C, and the other group was stored at ambient

temperature (approximately 23° C). These samples were analyzed over a

period of fifteen days. The results are tabulated below.

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Table 3

Day analyzed

Refrigerated

Ambient

97.4

98.7

98.9

97.4

98.7

98.9

97.1

100.5

100.9*

97.1

100.6

100.9

95.8

96.4

95.4

96.6

96.9

93.9

93.7

92.4

94.3

94.1

93.6

95.5

94.6

95.2

95.6

96.6

94.3

95.3

93.7

91.0

95.0

94.6

96.6

95.8

94.2

92.9

96.3

95.9

Desorption data.

Samples were prepared by injecting liquid benzene onto the A section of

charcoal tubes. Samples were prepared that would be equivalent to 0.5, 1.0, and

2.0 ppm for a 10 L air sample.

Table 4

Sample

0.5 ppm

1.0 ppm

2.0 ppm

99.4

98.8

99.5

98.7

99.7

99.2

98.6

99.2

99.4

99.1

100.0

99.2

99.0

99.7

99.8

99.1

99.9

X =

99.4

98.9

99.8

SD =

.22

0.21

0.18

CV =

0.0022

0.0021

0.0018

X = 99.4

Carbon disulfide.

Carbon disulfide from a number of sources was analyzed for benzene

contamination. The results are given in the following table. The benzene

contaminant can be removed with the procedures given in (d)(i) of this

subsection.

Table 5

Sample

µG Benzene/mL

ppm equivalent

(for 10 l air sample

Aldrich Lot 83017

4.20

0.13

Baker Lot 720364

1.0†

0.03

Baker Lot 822351

1.0†

0.03

Malinkrodt Lot WEMP

1.74

0.05

Malinkrodt Lot WHGA

5.65

0.18

Treated CS

2.90

0.09

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(2) WISHA laboratory method for bulk samples.

Analyte: Benzene.

Matrix: Bulk samples.

Procedure: Bulk samples are analyzed directly by high performance liquid

chromatography (HPLC) or by capillary gas chromatography. See laboratory manual for

GC procedure.

Detection limits: 0.01% by volume.

(a) Principle of the method.

An aliquot of the bulk sample to be analyzed is injected into a liquid

chromatograph or gas chromatograph.

The peak area for benzene is determined and compared to areas obtained from

standards.

(b) Advantages and disadvantages of the method.

The analytical procedure is quick, sensitive, and reproducible.

Reanalysis of samples is possible.

Interferences can be circumvented by proper selection of HPLC parameters or

GC parameters.

Samples must be free of any particulates that may clog the capillary tubing in

the liquid chromatograph. This may require distilling the sample or clarifying

with a clarification kit.

Liquid chromatograph equipped with a UV detector or capillary gas

chromatograph with FID detector.

HPLC column that will separate benzene from other components in the bulk

sample being analyzed. The column used for validation studies was a Waters

uBondapack C18, 30 cm x 3.9 mm.

A clarification kit to remove any particulates in the bulk if necessary.

A micro-distillation apparatus to distill any samples if necessary.

An electronic integrator or some other suitable method of measuring peak areas.

Microliter syringes-10 µL syringe and other convenient sizes for making

standards. 10 µL syringe for sample injections.

Volumetric flasks, 5 mL and other convenient sizes for preparing standards and

making dilutions.

(d) Reagents.

Benzene, reagent grade.

HPLC grade water, methyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol.

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(e) Collection and shipment of samples.

Samples should be transported in glass containers with Teflon-lined caps.

Samples should not be put in the same container used for air samples.

(f) Analysis of samples.

Sample preparation.

If necessary, the samples are distilled or clarified. Samples are analyzed

undiluted. If the benzene concentration is out of the working range, suitable

dilutions are made with isopropyl alcohol.

HPLC conditions.

The typical operating conditions for the high performance liquid chromatograph

are:

(A) Mobile phase-Methyl alcohol/water, 50/50.

(B) Analytical wavelength-254 nm.

Measurement of peak area and calibration.

Peak areas are measured by an integrator or other suitable means. The

integrator is calibrated to report results % in benzene by volume.

(g) Calculations.

Since the integrator is programmed to report results in % benzene by volume in an

undiluted sample, the following equation is used:

% Benzene by Volume = A x B

Where: A = % by volume on report

B = Dilution Factor

(B = 1 for undiluted sample)

(h) Backup data.

Detection limit-bulk samples.

The detection limit for the analytical procedure for bulk samples is 0.88 µg,

with a coefficient or variation of 0.019 at this level. This amount provided a

chromatographic peak that could be identifiable in the presence of possible

interferences. The detection limit data were obtained by making 10 µL

injections of a 0.10% by volume standard.

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Table 6

45386

44214

43822

X = 44040.1

44062

SD = 852.5

42724

CV = 0.019

(vii) Pooled coefficient of variation-bulk samples.

The pooled coefficient of variation for analytical procedure was determined by

50 µL replicate injections of analytical standards. The standards were 0.01,

0.02, 0.04, 0.10, 1.0, and 2.0% benzene by volume.

Table 7

Injection

No.

0.01

0.02

0.04

0.10

1.0

2.0

45386

84737

166097

448497

4395380

9339150

44241

84300

170832

441299

4590800

9484900

43833

83835

164160

443719

4593200

9557580

44062

84381

164445

444842

4642350

9677060

44006

83012

168398

442564

4646430

9766240

42724

81957

173002

443975

4646260

------

44040.1

83703.6

167872

444149

4585767

9564986

SD =

852.5

1042.2

3589.8

2459.1

96839.3

166233

CV =

0.0194

0.0125

0.0213

0.0055

0.0211

0.0174

____

CV =

0.017

WAC 296-62-07540 Formaldehyde.

Note: The requirements in this chapter apply only to agriculture. The general

industry requirements relating to formaldehyde have been moved to

chapter 296-856 WAC, Formaldehyde.

(1) Scope and application. This standard applies to all occupational exposures to

formaldehyde, i.e., from formaldehyde gas, its solutions, and materials that release

formaldehyde.

(2) Definitions. For purposes of this standard, the following definitions shall apply:

(a) Action level. A concentration of 0.5 part formaldehyde per million parts of air (0.5

ppm) calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration.

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(b) Approved. Approved by the director of the department of labor and industries or

their authorized representative: Provided, however, That should a provision of this

chapter state that approval by an agency or organization other than the department of

labor and industries is required, such as Underwriters' Laboratories or the Mine

Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety

and Health, the provision of WAC 296-800-370 shall apply.

work areas, or authorized to do so by the employer, by this section of the standard, or

by the WISHA Act.

(d) Director. The director of the department of labor and industries, or their designated

representative.

(e) Emergency. Any occurrence, such as but not limited to equipment failure, rupture of

containers, or failure of control equipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a

significant amount of formaldehyde.

(f) Employee exposure. The exposure to airborne formaldehyde which would occur

without corrections for protection provided by any respirator that is in use.

(g) Formaldehyde. The chemical substance, HCHO, Chemical Abstracts Service

Registry No. 50-00-0.

(3) Permissible exposure limit (PEL).

(a) TWA: The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne

concentration of formaldehyde which exceeds 0.75 part formaldehyde per million

parts of air as an 8-hour TWA.

(b) Short term exposure limit (STEL): The employer shall must ensure that no employee

is exposed to an airborne concentration of formaldehyde which exceeds two parts

formaldehyde per million parts of air (2 ppm) as a fifteen-minute STEL.

(4) Exposure monitoring.

(a) General.

Each employer who has a workplace covered by this standard must monitor

employees to determine their exposure to formaldehyde.

Exception. Where the employer documents, using objective data, hat the

presence of formaldehyde or formaldehyde-releasing products in the workplace

cannot result in airborne concentrations of formaldehyde that would cause any

employee to be exposed at or above the action level or the STEL under

foreseeable conditions of use, the employer will not be required to measure

employee exposure to formaldehyde.

When an employee's exposure is determined from representative sampling, the

measurements used must be representative of the employee's full shift or short-

term exposure to formaldehyde, as appropriate.

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(iv) Representative samples for each job classification in each work area must be

taken for each shift unless the employer can document with objective data that

exposure levels for a given job classification are equivalent for different

workshifts.

(b) Initial monitoring. The employer must identify all employees who may be exposed at

or above the action level or at or above the STEL and accurately determine the

exposure of each employee so identified.

Unless the employer chooses to measure the exposure of each employee

potentially exposed to formaldehyde, the employer must develop a

representative sampling strategy and measure sufficient exposures within each

job classification for each workshift to correctly characterize and not

underestimate the exposure of any employee within each exposure group.

The initial monitoring process must be repeated each time there is a change in

production, equipment, process, personnel, or control measures which may

result in new or additional exposure to formaldehyde.

If the employer receives reports or signs or symptoms of respiratory or dermal

conditions associated with formaldehyde exposure, the employer must promptly

monitor the affected employee's exposure.

The employer must periodically measure and accurately determine exposure to

formaldehyde for employees shown by the initial monitoring to be exposed at or

above the action level or at or above the STEL.

If the last monitoring results reveal employee exposure at or above the action

level, the employer must repeat monitoring of the employees at least every six

months.

If the last monitoring results reveal employee exposure at or above the STEL,

the employer must repeat monitoring of the employees at least once a year

under worst conditions.

(d) Termination of monitoring. The employer may discontinue periodic monitoring for

employees if results from two consecutive sampling periods taken at least seven days

apart show that employee exposure is below the action level and the STEL. The

results must be statistically representative and consistent with the employer's

knowledge of the job and work operation.

(e) Accuracy of monitoring. Monitoring must be accurate, at the ninety-five percent

confidence level, to within plus or minus twenty-five percent for airborne

concentrations of formaldehyde at the TWA and the STEL and to within plus or

minus thirty-five percent for airborne concentrations of formaldehyde at the action

level.

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(f) Employee notification of monitoring results. Within fifteen days of receiving the

results of exposure monitoring conducted under this standard, the employer must

notify the affected employees of these results. Notification must be in writing, either

by distributing copies of the results to the employees or by posting the results. If the

employee exposure is over either PEL, the employer must develop and implement a

written plan to reduce employee exposure to or below both PELs, and give written

notice to employees. The written notice must contain a description of the corrective

action being taken by the employer to decrease exposure.

(g) Observation of monitoring.

The employer must provide affected employees or their designated

representatives an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee exposure

to formaldehyde required by this standard.

When observation of the monitoring of employee exposure to formaldehyde

requires entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or equipment is

required, the employer must provide the clothing and equipment to the

observer, require the observer to use such clothing and equipment, and ensure

that the observer complies with all other applicable safety and health

procedures.

(5) Regulated areas.

(a) The employer must establish regulated areas where the concentration of airborne

formaldehyde exceeds either the TWA or the STEL and post all entrances and

accessways with signs bearing the following information:

DANGER

FORMALDEHYDE

IRRITANT AND POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

(b) The employer must limit access to regulated areas to authorized persons who have

been trained to recognize the hazards of formaldehyde.

communicate the access restrictions and locations of these areas to other employers

with work operations at that worksite.

(6) Methods of compliance.

(a) Engineering controls and work practices. The employer must institute engineering

and work practice controls to reduce and maintain employee exposures to

formaldehyde at or below the TWA and the STEL.

(b) Exception. Whenever the employer has established that feasible engineering and

work practice controls cannot reduce employee exposure to or below either of the

PELs, the employer must apply these controls to reduce employee exposures to the

extent feasible and must supplement them with respirators which satisfy this standard.

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(7) Respiratory protection.

(a) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer

must provide respirators that comply with the requirements of this subsection.

Respirators must be used during:

Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-

practice controls;

Work operations, such as maintenance and repair activities or vessel cleaning,

for which the employer establishes that engineering and work-practice controls

are not feasible;

Work operations for which feasible engineering and work-practice controls are

not yet sufficient to reduce exposure to or below the PELs;

Emergencies.

(b) Respirator program.

The employer must implement a respiratory protection program as required by

chapter 296-842 WAC, except WAC 296-842-13005 and 296-842-14005.

If air-purifying chemical-cartridge respirators are used, the employer must:

(A) Replace the cartridge after three hours of use or at the end of the

workshift, whichever occurs first, unless the cartridge contains a NIOSH-

certified end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) to shown when breakthrough

occurs.

(B) Unless the canister contains a NIOSH-certified ESLI to show when

breakthrough occurs, replace canisters used in atmospheres up to 7.5 ppm

(10 x PEL) every four hours and industrial-sized canisters used in

atmospheres up to 75 ppm (100 x PEL) every two hours, or at the end of

the workshift, whichever occurs first.

(i) The employer must select appropriate respirators from Table 1 of this

section.

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Table 1 Minimum Requirements for Respiratory Protection Against

Formaldehyde

Condition of use of

formaldehyde

concentration (ppm)

Minimum respirator required

Up to 7.5 ppm (10 x PEL)

Full facepiece with cartridges or canisters specifically

approved for protection against formaldehyde

Up to 75 ppm (100 x PEL)

Full-face mask with chin style or chest or back mounted

type industrial size canister specifically approved for

protection against formaldehyde.

Type C supplied-air respirator pressure demand or

continuous flow type, with full facepiece, hood, or

helmet.

Above 75 ppm or

unknown (emergencies)

(100 x PEL)

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with

positive-pressure full facepiece.

Combination supplied-air, full facepiece positive-

pressure respirator with auxiliary self-contained air

supply.

Fire fighting

SCBA with positive-pressure in full facepiece.

Escape

SCBA in demand or pressure demand mode.

Full-face mask with chin style or front or back mounted

type industrial size canister specifically approved for

protection against formaldehyde.

Respirators specified for use at higher concentrations may be used at lower concentrations.

A half-mask respirator with cartridges specifically approved for protection against

formaldehyde can be substituted for the full facepiece respirator providing that effective gas-

proof goggles are provided and used in combination with the half-mask respirator.

(ii) The employer must provide a powered air-purifying respirator adequate to

protect against formaldehyde exposure to any employee who has difficulty

using a negative-pressure respirator.

(8) Protective equipment and clothing. Employers must comply with the provisions of

WAC 296-800-160. When protective equipment or clothing is provided under these

provisions, the employer must provide these protective devices at no cost to the employee

and assure that the employee wears them.

(a) Selection. The employer must select protective clothing and equipment based upon

the form of formaldehyde to be encountered, the conditions of use, and the hazard to

be prevented.

All contact of the eyes and skin with liquids containing one percent or more

formaldehyde must be prevented by the use of chemical protective clothing made

of material impervious to formaldehyde and the use of other personal protective

equipment, such as goggles and face shields, as appropriate to the operation.

Contact with irritating or sensitizing materials must be prevented to the extent

necessary to eliminate the hazard.

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Where a face shield is worn, chemical safety goggles are also required if there is a

danger of formaldehyde reaching the area of the eye.

Full body protection must be worn for entry into areas where concentrations

exceed 100 ppm and for emergency reentry into areas of unknown concentration.

(b) Maintenance of protective equipment and clothing.

The employer must ensure that protective equipment and clothing that has

become contaminated with formaldehyde is cleaned or laundered before its reuse.

When ventilating formaldehyde-contaminated clothing and equipment, the

employer must establish a storage area so that employee exposure is minimized.

Containers for contaminated clothing and equipment and storage areas must have

labels and signs containing the following information:

DANGER

FORMALDEHYDE-CONTAMINATED (CLOTHING) EQUIPMENT

AVOID INHALATION AND SKIN CONTACT

The employer must ensure that only persons trained to recognize the hazards of

formaldehyde remove the contaminated material from the storage area for

purposes of cleaning, laundering, or disposal.

The employer must ensure that no employee takes home equipment or clothing

that is contaminated with formaldehyde.

The employer must repair or replace all required protective clothing and

equipment for each affected employee as necessary to ensure its effectiveness.

The employer must inform any person who launders, cleans, or repairs such

clothing or equipment of formaldehyde's potentially harmful effects and of

procedures to safely handle the clothing and equipment.

(9) Hygiene protection.

(a) The employer must provide change rooms, as described in WAC 296-800-230 for

employees who are required to change from work clothing into protective clothing to

prevent skin contact with formaldehyde.

(b) If employees' skin may become splashed with solutions containing one percent or

greater formaldehyde, for example because of equipment failure or improper work

practices, the employer must provide conveniently located quick drench showers and

ensure that affected employees use these facilities immediately.

containing 0.1 percent or greater formaldehyde, the employer must provide

acceptable eyewash facilities within the immediate work area for emergency use.

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(10) Housekeeping. For operations involving formaldehyde liquids or gas, the employer must

conduct a program to detect leaks and spills, including regular visual inspections.

(a) Preventative maintenance of equipment, including surveys for leaks, must be

undertaken at regular intervals.

(b) In work areas where spillage may occur, the employer shall make provisions to

contain the spill, to decontaminate the work area, and to dispose of the waste.

by employees wearing suitable protective equipment and trained in proper methods

for cleanup and decontamination.

(d) Formaldehyde-contaminated waste and debris resulting from leaks or spills must be

placed for disposal in sealed containers bearing a label warning of formaldehyde's

presence and of the hazards associated with formaldehyde.

(11) Emergencies. For each workplace where there is the possibility of an emergency

involving formaldehyde, the employer must ensure appropriate procedures are adopted to

minimize injury and loss of life. Appropriate procedures must be implemented in the event

of an emergency.

(12) Medical surveillance.

(a) Employees covered.

The employer must institute medical surveillance programs for all employees

exposed to formaldehyde at concentrations at or exceeding the action level or

exceeding the STEL.

The employer must make medical surveillance available for employees who

develop signs and symptoms of overexposure to formaldehyde and for all

employees exposed to formaldehyde in emergencies. When determining whether

an employee may be experiencing signs and symptoms of possible overexposure

to formaldehyde, the employer may rely on the evidence that signs and symptoms

associated with formaldehyde exposure will occur only in exceptional

circumstances when airborne exposure is less than 0.1 ppm and when

formaldehyde is present in materials in concentrations less than 0.1 percent.

(b) Examination by a physician. All medical procedures, including administration of

medical disease questionnaires, must be performed by or under the supervision of a

licensed physician and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of

pay, and at a reasonable time and place.

surveillance available to employees prior to assignment to a job where formaldehyde

exposure is at or above the action level or above the STEL and annually thereafter.

The employer must also make the following medical surveillance available promptly

upon determining that an employee is experiencing signs and symptoms indicative of

possible overexposure to formaldehyde.

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Administration of a medical disease questionnaire, such as in Appendix D, which

is designed to elicit information on work history, smoking history, any evidence

of eye, nose, or throat irritation; chronic airway problems or hyperreactive airway

disease; allergic skin conditions or dermatitis; and upper or lower respiratory

problems.

A determination by the physician, based on evaluation of the medical disease

questionnaire, of whether a medical examination is necessary for employees not

required to wear respirators to reduce exposure to formaldehyde.

(d) Medical examinations. Medical examinations must be given to any employee who

the physician feels, based on information in the medical disease questionnaire, may

be at increased risk from exposure to formaldehyde and at the time of initial

assignment and at least annually thereafter to all employees required to wear a

respirator to reduce exposure to formaldehyde. The medical examination must

include:

A physical examination with emphasis on evidence of irritation or sensitization of

the skin and respiratory system, shortness of breath, or irritation of the eyes.

Laboratory examinations for respirator wearers consisting of baseline and annual

pulmonary function tests. As a minimum, these tests must consist of forced vital

capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and forced

expiratory flow (FEF).

Any other test which the examining physician deems necessary to complete the

written opinion.

Counseling of employees having medical conditions that would be directly or

indirectly aggravated by exposure to formaldehyde on the increased risk of

impairment of their health.

(e) Examinations for employees exposed in an emergency. The employer must make

medical examinations available as soon as possible to all employees who have been

exposed to formaldehyde in an emergency.

The examination must include a medical and work history with emphasis on any

evidence of upper or lower respiratory problems, allergic conditions, skin reaction

or hypersensitivity, and any evidence of eye, nose, or throat irritation.

Other examinations must consist of those elements considered appropriate by the

examining physician.

(f) Information provided to the physician. The employer must provide the following

information to the examining physician:

A copy of this standard and Appendices A, C, D, and E;

A description of the affected employee's job duties as they relate to the

employee's exposure to formaldehyde;

The representative exposure level for the employee's job assignment;

Information concerning any personal protective equipment and respiratory

protection used or to be used by the employee; and

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Information from previous medical examinations of the affected employee within

the control of the employer.

In the event of a nonroutine examination because of an emergency, the employer

must provide to the physician as soon as possible: A description of how the

emergency occurred and the exposure the victim may have received.

(g) Physician's written opinion.

For each examination required under this standard, the employer must obtain a

written opinion from the examining physician. This written opinion must contain

the results of the medical examination except that it must not reveal specific

findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure to formaldehyde. The

written opinion must include:

(A) The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any medical

condition that would place the employee at an increased risk of material

impairment of health exposure to formaldehyde.

(B) Any recommended limitations on the employee's exposure or changes in

the use of personal protective equipment, including respirators;

medical conditions which would be aggravated by exposure to

formaldehyde, whether these conditions may have resulted from past

formaldehyde exposure or from exposure in an emergency, and whether

there is a need for further examination or treatment.

The employer must provide for retention of the results of the medical

examination and tests conducted by the physician.

The employer must provide a copy of the physician's written opinion to the

affected employee within fifteen days of its receipt.

(h) Medical removal.

The provisions of this subdivision apply when an employee reports significant

irritation of the mucosa of the eyes or of the upper airways, respiratory

sensitization, dermal irritation, or dermal sensitization attributed to workplace

formaldehyde exposure. Medical removal provisions do not apply in case of

dermal irritation or dermal sensitization when the product suspected of causing

the dermal condition contains less than 0.05% formaldehyde.

An employee's report of signs or symptoms of possible overexposure to

formaldehyde must be evaluated by a physician selected by the employer pursuant

to (c) of this subsection. If the physician determines that a medical examination is

not necessary under (c)(ii) of this subsection, there must be a two-week evaluation

and remediation period to permit the employer to ascertain whether the signs or

symptoms subside untreated or with the use of creams, gloves, first aid treatment,

or personal protective equipment. Industrial hygiene measures that limit the

employee's exposure to formaldehyde may also be implemented during this

period. The employee must be referred immediately to a physician prior to

expiration of the two-week period if the signs or symptoms worsen. Earnings,

seniority, and benefits may not be altered during the two-week period by virtue of

the report.

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If the signs or symptoms have not subsided or been remedied by the end of the

two-week period, or earlier if signs or symptoms warrant, the employee must be

examined by a physician selected by the employer. The physician must presume,

absent contrary evidence, that observed dermal irritation or dermal sensitization

are not attributable to formaldehyde when products to which the affected

employee is exposed contain less than 0.1% formaldehyde.

Medical examinations must be conducted in compliance with the requirements of

(e)(i) and (ii) of this subsection. Additional guidelines for conducting medical

exams are contained in WAC 296-62-07546, Appendix C.

If the physician finds that significant irritation of the mucosa of the eyes or the

upper airways, respiratory sensitization, dermal irritation, or dermal sensitization

result from workplace formaldehyde exposure and recommends restrictions or

removal. The employer must promptly comply with the restrictions or

recommendations of removal. In the event of a recommendation of removal, the

employer must remove the affected employee from the current formaldehyde

exposure and if possible, transfer the employee to work having no or significantly

less exposure to formaldehyde.

When an employee is removed pursuant to item (v) of this subdivision, the

employer must transfer the employee to comparable work for which the employee

is qualified or can be trained in a short period (up to six months), where the

formaldehyde exposures are as low as possible, but not higher than the action

level. The employer must maintain the employee's current earnings, seniority,

and other benefits. If there is no such work available, the employer must maintain

the employee's current earnings, seniority, and other benefits until such work

becomes available, until the employee is determined to be unable to return to

workplace formaldehyde exposure, until the employee is determined to be able to

return to the original job status, or for six months, whichever comes first.

The employer must arrange for a follow-up medical examination to take place

within six months after the employee is removed pursuant to this subsection. This

examination must determine if the employee can return to the original job status,

or if the removal is to be permanent. The physician must make a decision within

six months of the date the employee was removed as to whether the employee can

be returned to the original job status, or if the removal is to be permanent.

An employer's obligation to provide earnings, seniority, and other benefits to a

removed employee may be reduced to the extent that the employee receives

compensation for earnings lost during the period of removal either from a

publicly or employer-funded compensation program or from employment with

another employer made possible by virtue of the employee's removal.

In making determinations of the formaldehyde content of materials under this

subsection the employer may rely on objective data.

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(i) Multiple physician review.

After the employer selects the initial physician who conducts any medical

examination or consultation to determine whether medical removal or restriction

is appropriate, the employee may designate a second physician to review any

findings, determinations, or recommendations of the initial physician and to

conduct such examinations, consultations, and laboratory tests as the second

physician deems necessary and appropriate to evaluate the effects of

formaldehyde exposure and to facilitate this review.

The employer must promptly notify an employee of the right to seek a second

medical opinion after each occasion that an initial physician conducts a medical

examination or consultation for the purpose of medical removal or restriction.

The employer may condition its participation in, and payment for, the multiple

physician review mechanism upon the employee doing the following within

fifteen days after receipt of the notification of the right to seek a second medical

opinion, or receipt of the initial physician's written opinion, whichever is later:

(A) The employee informs the employer of the intention to seek a second

medical opinion; and

(B) The employee initiates steps to make an appointment with a second

physician.

If the findings, determinations, or recommendations of the second physician differ

from those of the initial physician, then the employer and the employee must

ensure that efforts are made for the two physicians to resolve the disagreement. If

the two physicians are unable to quickly resolve their disagreement, then the

employer and the employee through their respective physicians must designate a

third physician who must be a specialist in the field at issue:

(A) To review the findings, determinations, or recommendations of the prior

physicians; and

(B) To conduct such examinations, consultations, laboratory tests, and

discussions with prior physicians as the third physician deems necessary

to resolve the disagreement of the prior physicians.

In the alternative, the employer and the employee or authorized employee

representative may jointly designate such third physician.

The employer must act consistent with the findings, determinations, and

recommendations of the third physician, unless the employer and the employee

reach an agreement which is otherwise consistent with the recommendations of

at least one of the three physicians.

(13) Hazard communication.

(a) General. Notwithstanding any exemption granted in WAC 296-901-140 for wood

products, each employer who has a workplace covered by this standard must comply

with the requirements of WAC 296-901-140. The definitions of the hazard

communication standard shall apply under this standard.

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The following shall be subject to the hazard communication requirements of

this section: Formaldehyde gas, all mixtures or solutions composed of greater

than 0.1 percent formaldehyde, and materials capable of releasing formaldehyde

into the air under reasonably foreseeable concentrations reaching or exceeding

0.1 ppm.

As a minimum, specific health hazards that the employer must address are:

Cancer, irritation and sensitization of the skin and respiratory system, eye and

throat irritation, and acute toxicity.

(b) Manufacturers and importers who produce or import formaldehyde or formaldehyde-

containing products must provide downstream employers using or handling these

products with an objective determination through the required labels and SDSs as

required by WAC 296-901-140.

The employer must ensure that hazard warning labels complying with the

requirements of WAC 296-901-140 are affixed to all containers of materials listed

in (a)(i) of this subsection, except to the extent that (a)(i) of this subsection is

inconsistent with this item.

Information on labels. As a minimum, for all materials listed in (a)(i) of this

subsection, capable of releasing formaldehyde at levels of 0.1 ppm to 0.5 ppm,

labels must identify that the product contains formaldehyde: List the name and

address of the responsible party; and state that physical and health hazard

information is readily available from the employer and from safety data sheets.

For materials listed in (a)(i) of this subsection, capable of releasing formaldehyde

at levels above 0.5 ppm, labels shall appropriately address all the hazards as

defined in WAC 296-901-140, and Appendices A and B, including respiratory

sensitization, and must contain the words “Potential Cancer Hazard.”

In making the determinations of anticipated levels of formaldehyde release, the

employer may rely on objective data indicating the extent of potential

formaldehyde release under reasonably foreseeable conditions of use.

Substitute warning labels. The employer may use warning labels required by

other statutes, regulations, or ordinances which impart the same information as

the warning statements required by this subitem.

(d) Safety data sheets.

Any employer who uses formaldehyde-containing materials listed in (a)(i) of this

subsection must comply with the requirements of WAC 296-901-140 with regard

to the development and updating of safety data sheets.

Manufacturers, importers, and distributors of formaldehyde containing materials

listed in (a)(i) of this subsection must ensure that safety data sheets and updated

information are provided to all employers purchasing such materials at the time of

the initial shipment and at the time of the first shipment after a safety data sheet is

updated.

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(e) Written hazard communication program. The employer must develop, implement,

and maintain at the workplace, a written chemical hazard communication program for

formaldehyde exposures in the workplace, which at a minimum describes how the

requirements specified in this section for labels and other forms of warning and safety

data sheets, and subsection (14) of this section for employee information and training,

will be met. Employees in multi-employer workplaces must comply with the

requirements of WAC 296-901-140.

(14) Employee information and training.

(a) Participation. The employer must ensure that all employees who are assigned to

workplaces where there is a health hazard from formaldehyde participate in a training

program, except that where the employer can show, using objective data, that

employees are not exposed to formaldehyde at or above 0.1 ppm, the employer is not

required to provide training.

(b) Frequency. Employers must provide such information and training to employees at

the time of their initial assignment and whenever a new exposure to formaldehyde is

introduced into their work area. The training must be repeated at least annually.

employee is able to understand and must include:

A discussion of the contents of this regulation and the contents of the safety data

sheet;

The purpose for and a description of the medical surveillance program required

by this standard, including:

(A) A description of the potential health hazards associated with exposure to

formaldehyde and a description of the signs and symptoms of exposure to

formaldehyde.

(B) Instructions to immediately report to the employer the development of any

adverse signs or symptoms that the employee suspects is attributable to

formaldehyde exposure.

Description of operations in the work area where formaldehyde is present and

an explanation of the safe work practices appropriate for limiting exposure to

formaldehyde in each job;

The purpose for, proper use of, and limitations of personal protective clothing;

Instructions for the handling of spills, emergencies, and clean-up procedures;

An explanation of the importance of engineering and work practice controls for

employee protection and any necessary instruction in the use of these controls;

A review of emergency procedures including the specific duties or assignments

of each employee in the event of an emergency; and

The purpose, proper use, limitations, and other training requirements for

respiratory protection as required by chapter 296-842 WAC.

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(d) Access to training materials.

The employer must inform all affected employees of the location of written

training materials and must make these materials readily available, without cost,

to the affected employees.

The employer must provide, upon request, all training materials relating to the

employee training program to the director of labor and industries, or their

designated representative.

(15) Recordkeeping.

(a) Exposure measurements. The employer must establish and maintain an accurate

record of all measurements taken to monitor employee exposure to formaldehyde.

This record must include:

The date of measurement;

The operation being monitored;

The methods of sampling and analysis and evidence of their accuracy and

precision;

The number, durations, time, and results of samples taken;

The types of protective devices worn; and

The names, job classifications, Social Security numbers, and exposure estimates

of the employees whose exposures are represented by the actual monitoring

results.

(b) Exposure determinations. Where the employer has determined that no monitoring is

required under this standard, the employer must maintain a record of the objective

data relied upon to support the determination that no employee is exposed to

formaldehyde at or above the action level.

for each employee subject to medical surveillance under this standard. This record

must include:

The name and Social Security number of the employee;

The physician's written opinion;

A list of any employee health complaints that may be related to exposure to

formaldehyde; and

A copy of the medical examination results, including medical disease

questionnaires and results of any medical tests required by the standard or

mandated by the examining physician.

(d) Records retention. The employer must retain records required by this standard for at

least the following periods:

Exposure records and determinations must be kept for at least thirty years; and

Medical records must be kept for the duration of employment plus thirty years;

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(e) Availability of records.

Upon request, the employer must make all records maintained as a requirement

of this standard available for examination and copying to the director of labor

and industries, or their designated representative.

The employer must make employee exposure records, including estimates made

from representative monitoring and available upon request for examination and

copying, to the subject employee, or former employee, and employee

representatives in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

Employee medical records required by this standard must be provided upon

request for examination and copying, to the subject employee, or former

employee, or to anyone having the specific written consent of the subject

employee or former employee in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

WAC 296-62-07542 Appendix A--Substance technical guideline for formalin.

(1) The following substance technical guideline for formalin provides information on

uninhibited formalin solution (thirty-seven percent formaldehyde, no methanol stabilizer).

It is designed to inform employees at the production level of their rights and duties under

the formaldehyde standard whether their job title defines them as workers or supervisors.

Much of the information provided is general; however, some information is specific for

formalin. When employee exposure to formaldehyde is from resins capable of releasing

formaldehyde, the resin itself and other impurities or decomposition products may also be

toxic, and employers should include this information as well when informing employees of

the hazards associated with the materials they handle. The precise hazards associated with

exposure to formaldehyde depend both on the form (solid, liquid, or gas) of the material

and the concentration of formaldehyde present. For example, thirty-seven to fifty percent

solutions of formaldehyde present a much greater hazard to the skin and eyes from spills or

splashes than solutions containing less than one percent formaldehyde. Individual

substance technical guidelines used by the employer for training employees should be

modified to properly give information on the material actually being used.

(a) Substance identification.

Chemical name: Formaldehyde.

Chemical family: Aldehyde.

Chemical formula: HCHO.

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Molecular weight: 30.03.

Chemical abstracts service number (CAS number): 50-00-0.

Synonyms: Formalin; Formic Aldehyde; Paraform; Formol; Formalin

(Methanol-free); Fyde; Formalith; Methanal; Methyl Aldehyde; Methylene

Glycol; Methylene Oxide; Tetraoxymethalene; Oxomethane; Oxymethylene.

(b) Components and contaminants.

Percent: 37.0 Formaldehyde.

Percent: 63.0 water.

Note: Inhibited solutions contain methanol.

Other contaminants: Formic acid (alcohol free).

Exposure limits:

(A) WISHA TWA-0.75 ppm.

(B) WISHA STEL-2 ppm.

Description: Colorless liquid, pungent odor.

Boiling point: 214°F (101°C).

Specific gravity: 1.08 (H2O = 1 @ 20 C).

pH: 2.8-4.0.

Solubility in water: Miscible.

Solvent solubility: Soluble in alcohol and acetone.

Vapor density: 1.04 (Air = 1 @ 20 C).

Odor threshold: 0.8-1 ppm.

(d) Fire and explosion hazard.

Moderate fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame.

The flash point of thirty-seven percent formaldehyde solutions is above normal

room temperature, but the explosion range is very wide, from seven to seventy-

three percent by volume in air.

Reaction of formaldehyde with nitrogen dioxide, nitromethane, perchloric acid

and aniline, or peroxyformic acid yields explosive compounds.

Flash point: 185°F (85°C) closed cup.

Lower explosion limit: Seven percent.

Upper explosion limit: Seventy-three percent.

Autoignition temperature: 806°F (430°C).

Flammable class (WISHA): III A.

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Extinguishing media:

(I) Use dry chemical, “alcohol foam,” carbon dioxide, or water in

flooding amounts as fog. Solid streams may not be effective. Cool

fire-exposed containers with water from side until well after fire is

out.

(II) Use of water spray to flush spills can also dilute the spill to produce

nonflammable mixtures. Water runoff, however, should be

contained for treatment.

National Fire Protection Association Section 325M Designation:

(A) Health: 2-Materials hazardous to health, but areas may be entered with

full-faced mask self-contained breathing apparatus which provides eye

protection.

(B) Flammability: 2-Materials which must be moderately heated before

ignition will occur. Water spray may be used to extinguish the fire

because the material can be cooled below its flash point.

under fire exposure conditions and which are not reactive with water.

Normal firefighting procedures may be used.

(e) Reactivity.

(i) Stability: Formaldehyde solutions may self-polymerize to form

paraformaldehyde which precipitates.

(ii) Incompatibility (materials to avoid):

(A) Strong oxidizing agents, caustics, strong alkalies, isocyanates, anhydrides,

oxides, and inorganic acids.

(B) Formaldehyde reacts with hydrochloric acid to form the potent

carcinogen, bis-chloromethyl ether. Formaldehyde reacts with nitrogen

dioxide, nitromethane, perchloric acid and aniline, or peroxyformic acid to

yield explosive compounds. A violent reaction occurs when

formaldehyde is mixed with strong oxidizers.

can oxidize formaldehyde to formic acid, especially when heated. Formic

acid is corrosive.

(f) Health hazard data.

(i) Acute effects of exposure.

(A) Ingestion (swallowing): Liquids containing ten to forty percent

formaldehyde cause severe irritation and inflammation of the mouth,

throat, and stomach. Severe stomach pains will follow ingestion with

possible loss of consciousness and death. Ingestion of dilute

formaldehyde solutions (0.03-0.04%) may cause discomfort in the

stomach and pharynx.

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(B) Inhalation (breathing):

(I) Formaldehyde is highly irritating to the upper respiratory tract and

eyes. Concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 ppm may irritate the eyes, nose,

and throat of some individuals.

(II) Concentrations of 3 to 5 ppm also cause tearing of the eyes and are

intolerable to some persons.

(III) Concentrations of 10 to 20 ppm cause difficulty in breathing,

burning of the nose and throat, coughing, and heavy tearing of the

eyes, and 25 to 30 ppm causes severe respiratory tract injury leading

to pulmonary edema and pneumonitis. A concentration of 100 ppm

is immediately dangerous to life and health. Deaths from accidental

exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde have been

reported.

with formalin causes white discoloration, smarting, drying, cracking, and

scaling. Prolonged and repeated contact can cause numbness and a

hardening or tanning of the skin. Previously exposed persons may react to

future exposure with an allergic eczematous dermatitis or hives.

(D) Eye contact: Formaldehyde solutions splashed in the eye can cause

injuries ranging from transient discomfort to severe, permanent corneal

clouding and loss of vision. The severity of the effect depends on the

concentration of formaldehyde in the solution and whether or not the eyes

are flushed with water immediately after the accident.

Note: The perception of formaldehyde by odor and eye irritation becomes less

sensitive with time as one adapts to formaldehyde. This can lead to

overexposure if a worker is relying on formaldehyde's warning

properties to alert him or her to the potential for exposure.

(E) Acute animal toxicity:

(I) Oral, rats: LD50 = 800 mg/kg.

(II) Oral, mouse: LD50 = 42 mg/kg.

(III) Inhalation, rats: LC50 = 250 mg/kg.

(IV) Inhalation, mouse: LC50 = 900 mg/kg.

(V) Inhalation, rats: LC50 = 590 mg/kg.

(g) Chronic effects of exposure.

(i) Carcinogenicity: Formaldehyde has the potential to cause cancer in humans.

Repeated and prolonged exposure increases the risk. Various animal

experiments have conclusively shown formaldehyde to be a carcinogen in rats.

In humans, formaldehyde exposure has been associated with cancers of the

lung, nasopharynx and oropharynx, and nasal passages.

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(ii) Mutagenicity: Formaldehyde is genotoxic in several in vitro test systems

showing properties of both an initiator and a promoter.

(iii) Toxicity: Prolonged or repeated exposure to formaldehyde may result in

respiratory impairment. Rats exposed to formaldehyde at 2 ppm developed

benign nasal tumors and changes of the cell structure in the nose as well as

inflamed mucous membranes of the nose. Structural changes in the epithelial

cells in the human nose have also been observed. Some persons have developed

asthma or bronchitis following exposure to formaldehyde, most often as the

result of an accidental spill involving a single exposure to a high concentration

of formaldehyde.

(h) Emergency and first-aid procedures.

Ingestion (swallowing): If the victim is conscious, dilute, inactivate, or absorb the

ingested formaldehyde by giving milk, activated charcoal, or water. Any organic

material will inactivate formaldehyde. Keep affected person warm and at rest.

Get medical attention immediately. If vomiting occurs, keep head lower than

hips.

Inhalation (breathing): Remove the victim from the exposure area to fresh air

immediately. Where the formaldehyde concentration may be very high, each

rescuer must put on a self-contained breathing apparatus before attempting to

remove the victim, and medical personnel should be informed of the

formaldehyde exposure immediately. If breathing has stopped, give artificial

respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Qualified first-aid or

medical personnel should administer oxygen, if available, and maintain the

patient's airways and blood pressure until the victim can be transported to a

medical facility. If exposure results in a highly irritated upper respiratory tract

and coughing continues for more than ten minutes, the worker should be

hospitalized for observation and treatment.

Skin contact: Remove contaminated clothing (including shoes) immediately.

Wash the affected area of your body with soap or mild detergent and large

amounts of water until no evidence of the chemical remains (at least fifteen to

twenty minutes). If there are chemical burns, get first aid to cover the area with

sterile, dry dressing, and bandages. Get medical attention if you experience

appreciable eye or respiratory irritation.

Eye contact: Wash the eyes immediately with large amounts of water

occasionally lifting lower and upper lids, until no evidence of chemical remains

(at least fifteen to twenty minutes). In case of burns, apply sterile bandages

loosely without medication. Get medical attention immediately. If you have

experienced appreciable eye irritation from a splash or excessive exposure, you

should be referred promptly to an ophthalmologist for evaluation.

(b) Emergency procedures.

(i) Emergencies:

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(A) If you work in an area where a large amount of formaldehyde could be

released in an accident or from equipment failure, your employer must

develop procedures to be followed in event of an emergency. You should

be trained in your specific duties in the event of an emergency, and it is

important that you clearly understand these duties. Emergency equipment

must be accessible and you should be trained to use any equipment that

you might need. Formaldehyde contaminated equipment must be cleaned

before reuse.

(B) If a spill of appreciable quantity occurs, leave the area quickly unless you

have specific emergency duties. Do not touch spilled material.

Designated persons may stop the leak and shut off ignition sources if these

procedures can be done without risk. Designated persons should isolate

the hazard area and deny entry except for necessary people protected by

suitable protective clothing and respirators adequate for the exposure.

Use water spray to reduce vapors. Do not smoke, and prohibit all flames

or flares in the hazard area.

(ii) Special firefighting procedures:

(A) Learn procedures and responsibilities in the event of a fire in your

workplace.

(B) Become familiar with the appropriate equipment and supplies and their

location.

safety device or any discoloration of storage tank due to fire.

Occupational spill: For small containers, place the leaking container in a well-

ventilated area. Take up small spills with absorbent material and place the waste

into properly labeled containers for later disposal. For larger spills, dike the spill

to minimize contamination and facilitate salvage or disposal. You may be able to

neutralize the spill with sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfite. Your employer must

comply with EPA rules regarding the clean-up of toxic waste and notify state and

local authorities, if required. If the spill is greater than 1,000 lb/day, it is

reportable under EPA's superfund legislation.

Waste disposal: Your employer must dispose of waste containing formaldehyde

in accordance with applicable local, state, and federal law and in a manner that

minimizes exposure of employees at the site and of the clean-up crew.

(d) Monitoring and measurement procedures.

Monitoring requirements: If your exposure to formaldehyde exceeds the 0.5 ppm

action level or the 2 ppm STEL, your employer must monitor your exposure.

Your employer need not measure every exposure if a “high exposure” employee

can be identified. This person usually spends the greatest

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amount of time nearest the process equipment. If you are a “representative

employee,” you will be asked to wear a sampling device to collect

formaldehyde. This device may be a passive badge, a sorbent tube attached to a

pump, or an impinger containing liquid. You should perform your work as

usual, but inform the person who is conducting the monitoring of any

difficulties you are having wearing the device.

(ii) Evaluation of 8-hour exposure: Measurements taken for the purpose of

determining time-weighted average (TWA) exposures are best taken with

samples covering the full shift. Samples collected must be taken from the

employee's breathing zone air.

Short-term exposure evaluation: If there are tasks that involve brief but intense

exposure to formaldehyde, employee exposure must be measured to assure

compliance with the STEL. Sample collections are for brief periods, only fifteen

minutes, but several samples may be needed to identify the peak exposure.

Monitoring techniques: WISHA's only requirement for selecting a method for

sampling and analysis is that the methods used accurately evaluate the

concentration of formaldehyde in employees' breathing zones. Sampling and

analysis may be performed by collection of formaldehyde on liquid or solid

sorbents with subsequent chemical analysis. Sampling and analysis may also be

performed by passive diffusion monitors and short-term exposure may be

measured by instruments such as real-time continuous monitoring systems and

portable direct reading instruments.

Notification of results: Your employer must inform you of the results of exposure

monitoring representative of your job. You may be informed in writing, but

posting the results where you have ready access to them constitutes compliance

with the standard.

(e) Protective equipment and clothing.

(Material impervious to formaldehyde is needed if the employee handles

formaldehyde solutions of one percent or more. Other employees may also require

protective clothing or equipment to prevent dermatitis.)

Respiratory protection. Use NIOSH-approved full facepiece negative pressure

respirators equipped with approved cartridges or canisters within the use

limitations of these devices. (Present restrictions on cartridges and canisters do

not permit them to be used for a full workshift.) In all other situations, use

positive pressure respirators such as the positive-pressure air purifying respirator

or the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Protective gloves:

(A) Wear protective (impervious) gloves provided by your employer, at no

cost, to prevent contact with formalin.

(B) Your employer should select these gloves based on the results of

permeation testing and in accordance with the ACGIH guidelines for

selection of chemical protective clothing.

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Eye protection:

(A) If you might be splashed in the eyes with formalin, it is essential that you

wear goggles or some other type of complete protection for the eye.

(B) You may also need a face shield if your face is likely to be splashed with

formalin, but you must not substitute face shields for eye protection.

(This section pertains to formaldehyde solutions of one percent or more.)

Other protective equipment:

(A) You must wear protective (impervious) clothing and equipment provided

by your employer at no cost to prevent repeated or prolonged contact with

formaldehyde liquids.

(B) If you are required to change into whole-body chemical protective

clothing, your employer must provide a change room for your privacy and

for storage of your normal clothing.

eyewash fountains provided by your employer immediately to prevent

serious injury. Report the incident to your supervisor and obtain

necessary medical support.

(2) Entry into an IDLH atmosphere. Enter areas where the formaldehyde concentration

might be 100 ppm or more only with complete body protection including a self-contained

breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in a positive pressure mode or a

supplied-air respirator with full facepiece and operated in a positive pressure mode. This

equipment is essential to protect your life and health under such extreme conditions.

(a) Engineering controls.

Ventilation is the most widely applied engineering control method for reducing

the concentration of airborne substances in the breathing zones of workers.

There are two distinct types of ventilation.

(ii) Local exhaust: Local exhaust ventilation is designed to capture airborne

contaminants as near to the point of generation as possible. To protect you, the

direction of contaminant flow must always be toward the local exhaust system

inlet and away from you.

(iii) General (mechanical):

(A) General dilution ventilation involves continuous introduction of fresh air

into the workroom to mix with the contaminated air and lower your

breathing zone concentration of formaldehyde. Effectiveness depends on

the number of air changes per hour.

(B) Where devices emitting formaldehyde are spread out over a large area,

general dilution ventilation may be the only practical method of control.

(iv) Work practices: Work practices and administrative procedures are an important

part of a control system. If you are asked to perform a task in a certain manner

to limit your exposure to formaldehyde, it is extremely important that you

follow these procedures.

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(b) Medical surveillance.

Medical surveillance helps to protect employees' health. You are encouraged

strongly to participate in the medical surveillance program.

Your employer must make a medical surveillance program available at no

expense to you and at a reasonable time and place if you are exposed to

formaldehyde at concentrations above 0.5 ppm as an 8-hour average or 2 ppm

over any fifteen-minute period.

(A) You will be offered medical surveillance at the time of your initial

assignment and once a year afterward as long as your exposure is at least

0.5 ppm (action level) or 2 ppm (STEL).

(B) Even if your exposure is below these levels, you should inform your

employer if you have signs and symptoms that you suspect, through your

training, are related to your formaldehyde exposure because you may need

medical surveillance to determine if your health is being impaired by your

exposure.

The surveillance plan includes:

(A) A medical disease questionnaire.

(B) A physical examination if the physician determines this is necessary.

If you are required to wear a respirator, your employer must offer you a

physical examination and a pulmonary function test every year.

The physician must collect all information needed to determine if you are at

increased risk from your exposure to formaldehyde. At the physician's

discretion, the medical examination may include other tests, such as a chest x-

ray, to make this determination.

After a medical examination the physician will provide your employer with a

written opinion which includes any special protective measures recommended

and any restrictions on your exposure. The physician must inform you of any

medical conditions you have which would be aggravated by exposure to

formaldehyde. All records from your medical examinations, including disease

surveys, must be retained at your employer's expense.

If you are exposed to formaldehyde in an emergency and develop signs or

symptoms associated with acute toxicity from formaldehyde exposure, your

employer must provide you with a medical examination as soon as possible.

This medical examination will include all steps necessary to stabilize your

health.

You may be kept in the hospital for observation if your symptoms are severe to

ensure that any delayed effects are recognized and treated.

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WAC 296-62-07544 Appendix B--Sampling strategy and analytical methods for

formaldehyde.

(1) To protect the health of employees, exposure measurements must be unbiased and

representative of employee exposure. The proper measurement of employee exposure

requires more than a token commitment on the part of the employer. WISHA's mandatory

requirements establish a baseline; under the best of circumstances all questions regarding

employee exposure will be answered. Many employers, however, will wish to conduct

more extensive monitoring before undertaking expensive commitments, such as

engineering controls to ensure that the modifications are truly necessary. The following

sampling strategy, which was developed at NIOSH by Nelson A. Leidel, Kenneth A.

Busch, and Jeremiah R. Lynch and described in NIOSH publication No. 77-173

(Occupational Exposure Sampling Strategy Manual) will assist the employer in developing

a strategy for determining the exposure of their employees.

(2) There is no one correct way to determine employee exposure. Obviously, measuring the

exposure of every employee exposed to formaldehyde will provide the most information on

any given day. Where few employees are exposed, this may be a practical solution. For

most employers, however, use of the following strategy will give just as much information

at less cost.

(3) Exposure data collected on a single day will not automatically guarantee the employer that

their workplace is always in compliance with the formaldehyde standard. This does not

imply, however, that it is impossible for an employer to be sure that their worksite is in

compliance with the standard. Indeed, a properly designed sampling strategy showing that

all employees are exposed below the PELs, at least with a ninety-five percent certainty, is

compelling evidence that the exposure limits are being achieved provided that

measurements are conducted using valid sampling strategy and approved analytical

methods.

(4) There are two PELs, the TWA concentration and the STEL.

(a) Most employers will find that one of these two limits is more critical in the control of

their operations, and WISHA expects that the employer will concentrate monitoring

efforts on the critical component.

(b) If the more difficult exposure is controlled, this information, along with calculations

to support the assumptions, should be adequate to show that the other exposure limit

is also being achieved.

(5) Sampling strategy.

(a) Determination of the need for exposure measurements.

(b) The employer must determine whether employees may be exposed to concentrations

in excess of the action level. This determination becomes the first step in an

employee exposure monitoring program that minimizes employer sampling burdens

while providing adequate employee protection.

exposure. Otherwise, an objective determination that employee exposure is low

provides adequate evidence that exposure potential has been examined.

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(d) The employer should examine all available relevant information, e.g., insurance

company and trade association data and information from suppliers or exposure data

collected from similar operations.

(e) The employer may also use previously-conducted sampling including area

monitoring. The employer must make a determination relevant to each operation

although this need not be on a separate piece of paper.

(f) If the employer can demonstrate conclusively that no employee is exposed above the

action level or the STEL through the use of objective data, the employer need proceed

no further on employee exposure monitoring until such time that conditions have

changed and the determination is no longer valid.

(g) If the employer cannot determine that employee exposure is less than the action level

and the STEL, employee exposure monitoring will have to be conducted.

(6) Workplace material survey.

(a) The primary purpose of a survey of raw material is to determine if formaldehyde is

being used in the work environment and if so, the conditions under which

formaldehyde is being used.

(b) The first step is to tabulate all situations where formaldehyde is used in a manner

such that it may be released into the workplace atmosphere or contaminate the skin.

This information should be available through analysis of company records and

information on the SDS available through provisions of this standard and the hazard

communication standard.

formaldehyde is being used in the following types of processes or work operations,

there may be a potential for releasing formaldehyde into the workplace atmosphere:

Any operation that involves grinding, sanding, sawing, cutting, crushing,

screening, sieving, or any other manipulation of material that generates

formaldehyde-bearing dust.

Any processes where there have been employee complaints or symptoms

indicative of exposure to formaldehyde.

Any liquid or spray process involving formaldehyde.

Any process that uses formaldehyde in preserved tissue.

Any process that involves the heating of a formaldehyde-bearing resin.

Processes and work operations that use formaldehyde in these manners will

probably require further investigation at the worksite to determine the extent of

employee monitoring that should be conducted.

(7) Workplace observations.

(a) To this point, the only intention has been to provide an indication as to the existence

of potentially exposed employees. With this information, a visit to the workplace is

needed to observe work operations, to identify potential health hazards, and to

determine whether any employees may be exposed to hazardous concentrations of

formaldehyde.

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(b) In many circumstances, sources of formaldehyde can be identified through the sense

of smell. However, this method of detection should be used with caution because of

olfactory fatigue.

if an employee may be significantly exposed to formaldehyde. In most instances, the

closer a worker is to the source, the higher the probability that a significant exposure

will occur.

(d) Other characteristics should be considered. Certain high temperature operations give

rise to higher evaporation rates. Locations of open doors and windows provide

natural ventilation that tend to dilute formaldehyde emissions. General room

ventilation also provides a measure of control.

(8) Calculation of potential exposure concentrations.

(a) By knowing the ventilation rate in a workplace and the quantity of formaldehyde

generated, the employer may be able to determine by calculation if the PELs might be

exceeded.

(b) To account for poor mixing of formaldehyde into the entire room, locations of fans

and proximity of employees to the work operation, the employer must include a

safety factor.

downwind, a safety factor of one hundred may be necessary.

(d) For other situations, a factor of ten may be acceptable. If the employer can

demonstrate through such calculations that employee exposure does not exceed the

action level or the STEL, the employer may use this information as objective data to

demonstrate compliance with the standard.

(9) Sampling strategy.

(a) Once the employer determines that there is a possibility of substantial employee

exposure to formaldehyde, the employer is obligated to measure employee exposure.

(b) The next step is selection of a maximum risk employee. When there are different

processes where employees may be exposed to formaldehyde, a maximum risk

employee should be selected for each work operation.

procedure for selecting the maximum risk employee is to observe employees and

select the person closest to the source of formaldehyde. Employee mobility may

affect this selection; e.g., if the closest employee is mobile in their tasks, they may not

be the maximum risk employee. Air movement patterns and differences in work

habits will also affect selection of the maximum risk employee.

(d) When many employees perform essentially the same task, a maximum risk employee

cannot be selected. In this circumstance, it is necessary to resort to random sampling

of the group of workers. The objective is to select a subgroup of adequate size so that

there is a high probability that the random sample will contain at least one worker

with high exposure of one exists.

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The number of persons in the group influences the number that need to be sampled to

ensure that at least one individual from the highest ten percent exposure group is

contained in the sample. For example, to have ninety percent confidence in the

results, if the group size is ten, nine should be sampled; for fifty, only eighteen need

to be sampled.

(e) If measurement shows exposure to formaldehyde at or above the action level or the

STEL, the employer needs to identify all other employees who may be exposed at or

above the action level or STEL and measure or otherwise accurately characterize the

exposure of these employees.

(f) Whether representative monitoring or random sampling are conducted, the purpose

remains the same to determine if the exposure of any employee is above the action

level. If the exposure of the most exposed employee is less than the action level and

the STEL, regardless of how the employee is identified, then it is reasonable to

assume that measurements of exposure of the other employees in that operation

would be below the action level and the STEL.

(10) Exposure measurements.

(a) There is no “best” measurement strategy for all situations. Some elements to

consider in developing a strategy are:

Availability and cost of sampling equipment;

Availability and cost of analytic facilities;

Availability and cost of personnel to take samples;

Location of employees and work operations;

Intraday and interday variations in the process;

Precision and accuracy of sampling and analytic methods; and

Number of samples needed.

(b) Samples taken for determining compliance with the STEL differ from those that

measure the TWA concentration in important ways. STEL samples are best taken in

a nonrandom fashion using all available knowledge relating to the area, the

individual, and the process to obtain samples during periods of maximum expected

concentrations. At least three measurements on a shift are generally needed to spot

gross errors or mistakes; however, only the highest value represents the STEL.

samples would need to be taken over the thirty-two discrete nonoverlapping periods

in an 8-hour workshift to verify compliance with a STEL. If employee exposure is

truly uniform throughout the workshift, however, an employer in compliance with the

1 ppm TWA would be in compliance with the 2 ppm STEL, and this determination

can probably be made using objective data.

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(11) Need to repeat the monitoring strategy.

(a) Interday and intraday fluctuations in employee exposure are mostly influenced by the

physical processes that generate formaldehyde and the work habits of the employee.

Hence, in-plant process variations influence the employer's determination of whether

or not additional controls need to be imposed. Measurements that employee exposure

is low on a day that is not representative of worst conditions may not provide

sufficient information to determine whether or not additional engineering controls

should be installed to achieve the PELs.

(b) The person responsible for conducting sampling must be aware of systematic changes

which will negate the validity of the sampling results. Systematic changes in

formaldehyde exposure concentration for an employee can occur due to:

The employee changing patterns of movement in the workplace;

Closing of plant doors and windows;

Changes in ventilation from season to season;

Decreases in ventilation efficiency or abrupt failure of engineering control

equipment; and

Changes in the production process or work habits of the employee.

level of action (i.e., 0.5 or 1.0 ppm as an 8-hour average or 2 ppm over fifteen

minutes) require the employer to perform additional monitoring to reassess employee

exposure.

(d) A number of methods are suitable for measuring employee exposure to formaldehyde

or for characterizing emissions within the worksite. The preamble to this standard

describes some methods that have been widely used or subjected to validation testing.

A detailed analytical procedure derived from the WISHA Method A.C.R.O. for

acrolein and formaldehyde is presented below for informational purposes.

(e) Inclusion of WISHA's method in this appendix in no way implies that it is the only

acceptable way to measure employee exposure to formaldehyde. Other methods that

are free from significant interferences and that can determine formaldehyde at the

permissible exposure limits within .±25 percent of the “true” value at the ninety-five

percent confidence level are also acceptable. Where applicable, the method should

also be capable of measuring formaldehyde at the action level to ±35 percent of the

“true” value with a ninety-five percent confidence level. WISHA encourages

employers to choose methods that will be best for their individual needs. The

employer must exercise caution, however, in choosing an appropriate method since

some techniques suffer from interferences that are likely to be present in workplaces

of certain industry sectors where formaldehyde is used.

(12) WISHA's analytical laboratory method.

A.C.R.O. (also use methods F.O.R.M. and F.O.R.M. 2 when applicable).

(a) Matrix: Air.

(b) Target concentration: 1 ppm (1.2 mg/m

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sampling tubes containing XAD-2 adsorbent which have been coated with 2-

(hydroxymethyl) piperidine. The samples are desorbed with toluene and then

analyzed by gas chromatography using a nitrogen selective detector.

(d) Recommended sampling rate and air volumes: 0.1 L/min and 24 L.

(e) Reliable quantitation limit: 16 ppb (20 µg/m3).

(f) Standard error of estimate at the target concentration: 7.3%.

(g) Status of the method: A sampling and analytical method that has been subjected to

the established evaluation procedures of the organic methods evaluation branch.

(h) Date: March, 1985.

(13) General discussion.

(a) Background: The current WISHA method for collecting acrolein vapor recommends

the use of activated 13X molecular sieves. The samples must be stored in an ice bath

during and after sampling and also they must be analyzed within forty-eight hours of

collection. The current WISHA method for collecting formaldehyde vapor

recommends the use of bubblers containing ten percent methanol in water as the

trapping solution.

(b) This work was undertaken to resolve the sample stability problems associated with

acrolein and also to eliminate the need to use bubblers to sample formaldehyde. A

goal of this work was to develop and/or to evaluate a common sampling and

analytical procedure for acrolein and formaldehyde.

which recommend the use of reagent-coated adsorbent tubes to collect the aldehydes

as stable derivatives. The formaldehyde sampling tubes contain Chromosorb 102

adsorbent coated with N-benzylethanolamine (BEA) which reacts with formaldehyde

vapor to form a stable oxazolidine compound. The acrolein sampling tubes contain

XAD-2 adsorbent coated with 2-(hydroxymethyl) piperidine (2-HMP) which reacts

with acrolein vapor to form a different, stable oxazolidine derivative. Acrolein does

not appear to react with BEA to give a suitable reaction product. Therefore, the

formaldehyde procedure cannot provide a common method for both aldehydes.

However, formaldehyde does react with 2-HMP to form a very suitable reaction

product. It is the quantitative reaction of acrolein and formaldehyde with 2-HMP that

provides the basis for this evaluation.

(d) This sampling and analytical procedure is very similar to the method recommended

by NIOSH for acrolein. Some changes in the NIOSH methodology were necessary to

permit the simultaneous determination of both aldehydes and also to accommodate

WISHA laboratory equipment and analytical techniques.

(14) Limit-defining parameters: The analyte air concentrations reported in this method are

based on the recommended air volume for each analyte collected separately and a

desorption volume of 1 mL. The amounts are presented as acrolein and/or formaldehyde,

even though the derivatives are the actual species analyzed.

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(15) Detection limits of the analytical procedure: The detection limit of the analytical

procedure was 386 pg per injection for formaldehyde. This was the amount of analyte

which gave a peak whose height was about five times the height of the peak given by the

residual formaldehyde derivative in a typical blank front section of the recommended

sampling tube.

(16) Detection limits of the overall procedure: The detection limits of the overall procedure

were 482 ng per sample (16 ppb or 20 µg/m

for formaldehyde). This was the amount of

analyte spiked on the sampling device which allowed recoveries approximately equal to the

detection limit of the analytical procedure.

(17) Reliable quantitation limits:

(a) The reliable quantitation limit was 482 ng per sample (16 ppb or 20 µg/m3) for

formaldehyde. These were the smallest amounts of analyte which could be

quantitated within the limits of a recovery of at least seventy-five percent and a

precision (±1.96 SD) of ±25% or better.

(b) The reliable quantitation limit and detection limits reported in the method are based

upon optimization of the instrument for the smallest possible amount of analyte.

When the target concentration of an analyte is exceptionally higher than these limits,

they may not be attainable at the routine operating parameters.

(18) Sensitivity: The sensitivity of the analytical procedure over concentration ranges

representing 0.4 to 2 times the target concentration, based on the recommended air

volumes, was seven thousand five hundred eighty-nine area units per µg/mL for

formaldehyde. This value was determined from the slope of the calibration curve. The

sensitivity may vary with the particular instrument used in the analysis.

(19) Recovery: The recovery of formaldehyde from samples used in an eighteen-day storage

test remained above ninety-two percent when the samples were stored at ambient

temperature. These values were determined from regression lines which were calculated

from the storage data. The recovery of the analyte from the collection device must be at

least seventy-five percent following storage.

(20) Precision (analytical method only): The pooled coefficient of variation obtained from

replicate determinations of analytical standards over the range of 0.4 to 2 times the target

concentration was 0.0052 for formaldehyde ((d)(C)(iii) of this subsection).

(21) Precision (overall procedure): The precision at the ninety-five percent confidence level

for the ambient temperature storage tests was ±14.3% for formaldehyde. These values

each include an additional ±5% for sampling error. The overall procedure must provide

results at the target concentrations that are ±25% at the ninety-five percent confidence

level.

(22) Reproducibility: Samples collected from controlled test atmospheres and a draft copy of

this procedure were given to a chemist unassociated with this evaluation. The

formaldehyde samples were analyzed following fifteen days storage. The average recovery

was 96.3% and the standard deviation was 1.7%.

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(23) Advantages:

(a) The sampling and analytical procedures permit the simultaneous determination of

acrolein and formaldehyde.

(b) Samples are stable following storage at ambient temperature for at least eighteen

days.

(24) Disadvantages: None.

(25) Sampling procedure.

(a) Apparatus:

Samples are collected by use of a personal sampling pump that can be

calibrated to within ±5% of the recommended 0.1 L/min sampling rate with the

sampling tube in line.

Samples are collected with laboratory prepared sampling tubes. The sampling

tube is constructed of silane treated glass and is about 8-cm long. The ID is 4

mm and the OD is 6 mm. One end of the tube is tapered so that a glass wool

end plug will hold the contents of the tube in place during sampling. The other

end of the sampling tube is open to its full 4-mm ID to facilitate packing of the

tube. Both ends of the tube are fire-polished for safety. The tube is packed

with a 75-mg backup section, located nearest the tapered end and a 150-mg

sampling section of pretreated XAD-2 adsorbent which has been coated with 2-

HMP. The two sections of coated adsorbent are separated and retained with

small plugs of silanized glass wool. Following packing, the sampling tubes are

sealed with two 7/32 inch OD plastic and caps. Instructions for the

pretreatment and the coating of XAD-2 adsorbent are presented in (d) of this

subsection.

(b) Sampling tubes, similar to those recommended in this method, are marketed by

Supelco, Inc. These tubes were not available when this work was initiated; therefore,

they were not evaluated.

(26) Reagents: None required.

(27) Technique:

(a) Properly label the sampling tube before sampling and then remove the plastic end

caps.

(b) Attach the sampling tube to the pump using a section of flexible plastic tubing such

that the large, front section of the sampling tube is exposed directly to the

atmosphere. Do not place any tubing ahead of the sampling tube. The sampling tube

should be attached in the worker's breathing zone in a vertical manner such that it

does not impede work performance.

and then seal the tube with plastic end caps.

(d) Include at least one blank for each sampling set. The blank should be handled in the

same manner as the samples with the exception that air is not drawn through it.

(e) List any potential interferences on the sample data sheet.

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(28) Breakthrough:

(a) Breakthrough was defined as the relative amount of analyte found on a backup

sample in relation to the total amount of analyte collected on the sampling train.

(b) For formaldehyde collected from test atmospheres containing six times the PEL, the

average five percent breakthrough air volume was 41 L. The sampling rate was 0.1

L/min and the average mass of formaldehyde collected was 250 µg.

(29) Desorption efficiency: No desorption efficiency corrections are necessary to compute air

sample results because analytical standards are prepared using coated adsorbent.

Desorption efficiencies were determined, however, to investigate the recoveries of the

analytes from the sampling device. The average recovery over the range of 0.4 to 2 times

the target concentration, based on the recommended air volumes, was 96.2% for

formaldehyde. Desorption efficiencies were essentially constant over the ranges studied.

(30) Recommended air volume and sampling rate:

(a) The recommended air volume for formaldehyde is 24 L.

(b) The recommended sampling rate is 0.1 L/min.

(31) Interferences:

(a) Any collected substance that is capable of reacting with 2-HMP and thereby depleting

the derivatizing agent is a potential interference. Chemicals which contain a carbonyl

group, such as acetone, may be capable of reacting with 2-HMP.

(b) There are no other known interferences to the sampling method.

(32) Safety precautions:

(a) Attach the sampling equipment to the worker in such a manner that it will not

interfere with work performance or safety.

(b) Follow all safety practices that apply to the work area being sampled.

(33) Analytical procedure.

(a) Apparatus:

A gas chromatograph (GC), equipped with a nitrogen selective detector. A

Hewlett-Packard model 5840A GC fitted with a nitrogen phosphorus flame

ionization detector (NPD) was used for this evaluation. Injections were

performed using a Hewlett-Packard model 7671A automatic sampler.

A GC column capable of resolving the analytes from any interference. A 6 ft x

1/4 in OD (2mm ID) glass GC column containing 10% UCON 50-HB-5100 +

2% KOH on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W-AW was used for the evaluation.

Injections were performed on-column.

Vials, glass 2-mL with Teflon-lined caps.

Volumetric flasks, pipets, and syringes for preparing standards, making

dilutions, and performing injections.

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(b) Reagents:

Toluene and dimethylformamide. Burdick and Jackson solvents were used in

this evaluation.

Helium, hydrogen, and air, GC grade.

Formaldehyde, thirty-seven percent by weight, in water. Aldrich Chemical,

ACS Reagent Grade formaldehyde was used in this evaluation.

Amberlite XAD-2 adsorbent coated with 2-(hydroxymethyl) piperidine (2-

HMP), 10% by weight ((d) of this subsection).

Desorbing solution with internal standard. This solution was prepared by

adding 20 µL of dimethylformamide to 100 mL of toluene.

Formaldehyde: Prepare stock standards by diluting known volumes of thirty-

seven percent formaldehyde solution with methanol. A procedure to determine

the formaldehyde content of these standards is presented in (d) of this

subsection. A standard containing 7.7 mg/mL formaldehyde was prepared by

diluting 1 mL of the thirty-seven percent reagent to 50 mL with methanol.

It is recommended that analytical standards be prepared about sixteen hours

before the air samples are to be analyzed in order to ensure the complete

reaction of the analytes with 2-HMP. However, rate studies have shown the

reaction to be greater than ninety-five percent complete after four hours.

Therefore, one or two standards can be analyzed after this reduced time if

sample results are outside the concentration range of the prepared standards.

Place 150-mg portions of coated XAD-2 adsorbent, from the same lot number

as used to collect the air samples, into each of several glass 2-mL vials. Seal

each vial with a Teflon-lined cap.

Prepare fresh analytical standards each day by injecting appropriate amounts of

the diluted analyte directly onto 150-mg portions of coated adsorbent. It is

permissible to inject both acrolein and formaldehyde on the same adsorbent

portion. Allow the standards to stand at room temperature. A standard,

approximately the target levels, was prepared by injecting 11 µL of the acrolein

and 12 µL of the formaldehyde stock standards onto a single coated XAD-2

adsorbent portion.

Prepare a sufficient number of standards to generate the calibration curves.

Analytical standard concentrations should bracket sample concentrations. Thus,

if samples are not in the concentration range of the prepared standards,

additional standards must be prepared to determine detector response.

Desorb the standards in the same manner as the samples following the sixteen-

hour reaction time.

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(d) Sample preparation:

Transfer the 150-mg section of the sampling tube to a 2-mL vial. Place the 75-

mg section in a separate vial. If the glass wool plugs contain a significant

number of adsorbent beads, place them with the appropriate sampling tube

section. Discard the glass wool plugs if they do not contain a significant

number of adsorbent beads.

Add 1 mL of desorbing solution to each vial.

Seal the vials with Teflon-lined caps and then allow them to desorb for one

hour. Shake the vials by hand with vigorous force several times during the

desorption time.

Save the used sampling tubes to be cleaned and recycled.

(e) Analysis:

(f) GC conditions.

(34) Column temperature:

(a) Bi-level temperature program.

First level: 100°C to 140C at 4°C/min following completion of the first level.

Second level: 140°C to 180°C at 20°C/min following completion of the first

level.

(b) Isothermal period: Hold column at 180°C until the recorder pen returns to baseline

(usually about twenty-five minutes after injection).

(d) Helium flow rate: 30 mL/min (detector response will be reduced if nitrogen is

substituted for helium carrier gas).

(e) Injection volume: 51 0.8 µL.

(f) GC column: Six-ft x 1/4-in OD (2 mm ID) glass GC column containing 10% UCON

50-HB-5100NZG651+512% KOH on 80/100 Chromosorb W-AW.

(g) NPD conditions:

Hydrogen flow rate: 3 mL/min.

Air flow rate: 50 mL/min.

(h) Detector temperature: 275 5151C.

Use a suitable method, such as electronic integration, to measure detector

response.

Use an internal standard method to prepare the calibration curve with several

standard solutions of different concentrations. Prepare the calibration curve

daily. Program the integrator to report results in µg/mL.

Bracket sample concentrations with standards.

Interferences (analytical).

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(A) Any compound with the same general retention time as the analytes and

which also gives a detector response is a potential interference. Possible

interferences should be reported to the laboratory with submitted samples

by the industrial hygienist.

(B) GC parameters (temperature, column, etc.), may be changed to

circumvent interferences.

this procedure be used to confirm samples whenever possible.

(D) The coated adsorbent usually contains a very small amount of residual

formaldehyde derivative.

(i) Calculations:

Results are obtained by use of calibration curves. Calibration curves are

prepared by plotting detector response against concentration for each standard.

The best line through the data points is determined by curve fitting.

The concentration, in µg/mL, for a particular sample is determined by

comparing its detector response to the calibration curve. If either of the

analytes is found on the backup section, it is added to the amount found on the

front section. Blank corrections should be performed before adding the results

together.

The acrolein and/or formaldehyde air concentration can be expressed using the

following equation:

Mg/m

=(A)(B)/C.

where A = µg/mL from 3.7.2, B = desorption volume, and C = L of air sampled.

No desorption efficiency corrections are required.

The following equation can be used to convert results in mg/m51351 to ppm.

ppm = (mg/m

)(24.45)/MW

where mg/m

= result from 3.7.3, 24.45 = molar volume of an ideal gas at 760

mm Hg and 25 5151C, MW = molecular weight (Formaldehyde = 30.0).

(j) Backup data. Backup data on detection limits, reliable quantitation limits, sensitivity

and precision of the analytical method, breakthrough, desorption efficiency, storage,

reproducibility, and generation of test atmospheres are available in OSHA Method

52, developed by the Organics Methods Evaluation Branch, OSHA Analytical

Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah.

(k) Procedure to coat XAD-2 adsorbent with 2-HMP:

Apparatus: Soxhlet extraction apparatus, rotary evaporation apparatus, vacuum

dessicator, 1-L vacuum flask, 1-L round-bottomed evaporative flask, 1-L

Erlenmeyer flask, 250-mL Buchner funnel with a coarse fritted disc, etc.

Reagents:

(A) Methanol, isooctane, and toluene.

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(B) (Hydroxymethyl) piperidine.

Aldrich Chemical XAD-2 was used in this evaluation.

(l) Procedure: Weigh 125 g of crude XAD-2 adsorbent into a 1-L Erlenmeyer flask.

Add about 200 mL of water to the flask and then swirl the mixture to wash the

adsorbent. Discard any adsorbent that floats to the top of the water and then filter the

mixture using a fritted Buchner funnel. Air dry the adsorbent for two minutes.

Transfer the adsorbent back to the Erlenmeyer flask and then add about 200 mL of

methanol to the flask. Swirl and then filter the mixture as before. Transfer the

washed adsorbent back to the Erlenmeyer flask and then add about 200 mL of

methanol to the flask. Swirl and then filter the mixture as before. Transfer the

washed adsorbent to a 1-L round-bottomed evaporative flask, add 13 g of 2-HMP and

then 200 mL of methanol, swirl the mixture and then allow it to stand for one hour.

Remove the methanol at about 40

C and reduced pressure using a rotary evaporation

apparatus. Transfer the coated adsorbent to a suitable container and store it in a

vacuum desiccator at room temperature overnight. Transfer the coated adsorbent to a

Soxhlet extractor and then extract the material with toluene for about twenty-four

hours. Discard the contaminated toluene, add methanol in its place and then continue

the Soxhlet extraction for an additional four hours. Transfer the adsorbent to a

weighted 1-L round-bottom evaporative flask and remove the methanol using the

rotary evaporation apparatus. Determine the weight of the adsorbent and then add an

amount of 2-HMP, which is ten percent by weight of the adsorbent. Add 200 mL of

methanol and then swirl the mixture. Allow the mixture to stand for one hour.

Remove the methanol by rotary evaporation. Transfer the coated adsorbent to a

suitable container and store it in a vacuum dessicator until all traces of solvents are

gone. Typically, this will take two to three days. The coated adsorbent should be

protected from contamination. XAD-2 adsorbent treated in this manner will probably

not contain residual acrolein derivative. However, this adsorbent will often contain

residual formaldehyde derivative levels of about 0.1 µg per 150 mg of adsorbent. If

the blank values for a batch of coated adsorbent are too high, then the batch should be

returned to the Soxhlet extractor, extracted with toluene again and then recoated.

This process can be repeated until the desired blank levels are attained. The coated

adsorbent is now ready to be packed into sampling tubes. The sampling tubes should

be stored in a sealed container to prevent contamination. Sampling tubes should be

stored in the dark at room temperature. The sampling tubes should be segregated by

coated adsorbent lot number. A sufficient amount of each lot number of coated

adsorbent should be retained to prepare analytical standards for use with air samples

from that lot number.

(m) A procedure to determine formaldehyde by acid titration:

(i) Standardize the 0.1 N HC1 solution using sodium carbonate and methyl orange

indicator.

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(ii) Place 50 mL of 0.1 M sodium sulfite and three drops of thymophthalein

indicator into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Titrate the contents of the flask to

a colorless endpoint with 0.1 N HC1 (usually one or two drops is sufficient).

Transfer 10 mL of the formaldehyde/methanol solution ((b)(iii)(A) of this

subsection) into the same flask and titrate the mixture with 0.1 N HC1, again,

to a colorless endpoint. The formaldehyde concentration of the standard may

be calculated by the following equation:

acid titer x acid normality x 30.0

Formaldehyde, mg/mL =

_____________________________________________

mL of Sample

This method is based on the quantitative liberation of sodium hydroxide when

formaldehyde reacts with sodium sulfite to form the formaldehyde-bisulfite

addition product. The volume of sample may be varied depending on the

formaldehyde content but the solution to be titrated must contain excess sodium

sulfite. Formaldehyde solutions containing substantial amounts of acid or base

must be neutralized before analysis.

WAC 296-62-07546 Appendix C medical surveillance--Formaldehyde.

(1) Health hazards. The occupational health hazards of formaldehyde are primarily due to its

toxic effects after inhalation, after direct contact with the skin or eyes by formaldehyde in

liquid or vapor form, and after ingestion.

(2) Toxicology.

(a) Acute effects of exposure.

Inhalation (breathing): Formaldehyde is highly irritating to the upper airways.

The concentration of formaldehyde that is immediately dangerous to life and

health is 100 ppm. Concentrations above 50 ppm can cause severe pulmonary

reactions within minutes. These include pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and

bronchial irritation which can result in death. Concentrations above 5 ppm

readily cause lower airway irritation characterized by cough, chest tightness,

and wheezing. There is some controversy regarding whether formaldehyde gas

is a pulmonary sensitizer which can cause occupational asthma in a previously

normal individual. Formaldehyde can produce symptoms of bronchial asthma

in humans. The mechanism may be either sensitization of the individual by

exposure to formaldehyde or direct irritation by formaldehyde in persons with

preexisting asthma.

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Upper airway irritation is the most common respiratory effect reported by

workers and can occur over a wide range of concentrations, most frequently

above 1 ppm. However, airway irritation has occurred in some workers with

exposures to formaldehyde as low as 0.1 ppm. Symptoms of upper airway

irritation include dry or sore throat, itching and burning sensations of the nose,

and nasal congestion. Tolerance to this level of exposure may develop within

one to two hours. This tolerance can permit workers remaining in an

environment of gradually increasing formaldehyde concentrations to be

unaware of their increasingly hazardous exposure.

Eye contact: Concentrations of formaldehyde between 0.05 ppm and 0.5 ppm

produce a sensation of irritation in the eyes with burning, itching, redness, and

tearing. Increased rate of blinking and eye closure generally protects the eye

from damage at these low levels, but these protective mechanisms may interfere

with some workers' work abilities. Tolerance can occur in workers

continuously exposed to concentrations of formaldehyde in this range.

Accidental splash injuries of human eyes to aqueous solutions of formaldehyde

(formalin) have resulted in a wide range of ocular injuries including corneal

opacities and blindness. The severity of the reactions have been directly

dependent on the concentration of formaldehyde in solution and the amount of

time lapsed before emergency and medical intervention.

Skin contact: Exposure to formaldehyde solutions can cause irritation of the

skin and allergic contact dermatitis. These skin diseases and disorders can

occur at levels well below those encountered by many formaldehyde workers.

Symptoms include erythema, edema, and vesiculation or hives. Exposure to

liquid formalin or formaldehyde vapor can provoke skin reactions in sensitized

individuals even when airborne concentrations of formaldehyde are well below

1 ppm.

Ingestion: Ingestion of as little as 30 ml of a thirty-seven percent solution of

formaldehyde (formalin) can result in death. Gastrointestinal toxicity after

ingestion is most severe in the stomach and results in symptoms which can

include nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain. Diverse damage to other

organ systems including the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, brain, and central

nervous systems can occur from the acute response to ingestion of

formaldehyde.

(b) Chronic effects of exposure. Long-term exposure to formaldehyde has been shown to

be associated with an increased risk of cancer of the nose and accessory sinuses,

nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancer, and lung cancer in humans. Animal

experiments provide conclusive evidence of a causal relationship between nasal

cancer in rats and formaldehyde exposure. Concordant evidence of carcinogenicity

includes DNA binding, genotoxicity in short-term tests, and cytotoxic changes in the

cells of the target organ suggesting both preneoplastic changes and a dose-rate effect.

Formaldehyde is a complete carcinogen and appears to exert an effect on at least two

stages of the carcinogenic process.

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(3) Surveillance considerations.

(a) History.

Medical and occupational history: Along with its acute irritative effects,

formaldehyde can cause allergic sensitization and cancer. One of the goals of

the work history should be to elicit information on any prior or additional

exposure to formaldehyde in either the occupational or the nonoccupational

setting.

Respiratory history: As noted above, formaldehyde has recognized properties

as an airway irritant and has been reported by some authors as a cause of

occupational asthma. In addition, formaldehyde has been associated with

cancer of the entire respiratory system of humans. For these reasons, it is

appropriate to include a comprehensive review of the respiratory system in the

medical history. Components of this history might include questions regarding

dyspnea on exertion, shortness of breath, chronic airway complaints,

hyperreactive airway disease, rhinitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, asthma,

emphysema, respiratory allergic reaction, or other preexisting pulmonary

disease.

In addition, generalized airway hypersensitivity can result from exposures to a

single sensitizing agent. The examiner should, therefore, elicit any prior history

of exposure to pulmonary irritants, and any short-term or long-term effects of

that exposure.

Smoking is known to decrease mucociliary clearance of materials deposited

during respiration in the nose and upper airways. This may increase a worker's

exposure to inhaled materials such as formaldehyde vapor. In addition,

smoking is a potential confounding factor in the investigation of any chronic

respiratory disease, including cancer. For these reasons, a complete smoking

history should be obtained.

Skin disorders: Because of the dermal irritant and sensitizing effects of

formaldehyde, a history of skin disorders should be obtained. Such a history

might include the existence of skin irritation, previously documented skin

sensitivity, and other dermatologic disorders. Previous exposure to

formaldehyde and other dermal sensitizers should be recorded.

History of atopic or allergic diseases: Since formaldehyde can cause allergic

sensitization of the skin and airways, it might be useful to identify individuals

with prior allergen sensitization. A history of atopic disease and allergies to

formaldehyde or any other substances should also be obtained. It is not

definitely known at this time whether atopic diseases and allergies to

formaldehyde or any other substances should also be obtained. Also it is not

definitely known at this time whether atopic individuals have a greater

propensity to develop formaldehyde sensitivity than the general population, but

identification of these individuals may be useful for ongoing surveillance.

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Use of disease questionnaires: Comparison of the results from previous years

with present results provides the best method for detecting a general

deterioration in health when toxic signs and symptoms are measured

subjectively. In this way recall bias does not affect the results of the analysis.

Consequently, WISHA has determined that the findings of the medical and

work histories should be kept in a standardized form for comparison of the

year-to-year results.

(b) Physical examination.

Mucosa of eyes and airways: Because of the irritant effects of formaldehyde,

the examining physician should be alert to evidence of this irritation. A

speculum examination of the nasal mucosa may be helpful in assessing possible

irritation and cytotoxic changes, as may be indirect inspection of the posterior

pharynx by mirror.

Pulmonary system: A conventional respiratory examination, including

inspection of the thorax and auscultation and percussion of the lung fields

should be performed as part of the periodic medical examination. Although

routine pulmonary function testing is only required by the standard once every

year for persons who are exposed over the TWA concentration limit, these tests

have an obvious value in investigating possible respiratory dysfunction and

should be used wherever deemed appropriate by the physician. In cases of

alleged formaldehyde-induced airway disease, other possible causes of

pulmonary dysfunction (including exposures to other substances) should be

ruled out. A chest radiograph may be useful in these circumstances. In cases of

suspected airway hypersensitivity or allergy, it may be appropriate to use

bronchial challenge testing with formaldehyde or methacholine to determine the

nature of the disorder. Such testing should be performed by or under the

supervision of a physician experienced in the procedures involved.

Skin: The physician should be alert to evidence of dermal irritation of

sensitization, including reddening and inflammation, urticaria, blistering,

scaling, formation of skin fissures, or other symptoms. Since the integrity of

the skin barrier is compromised by other dermal diseases, the presence of such

disease should be noted. Skin sensitivity testing carries with it some risk of

inducing sensitivity, and therefore, skin testing for formaldehyde sensitivity

should not be used as a routine screening test. Sensitivity testing may be

indicated in the investigation of a suspected existing sensitivity. Guidelines for

such testing have been prepared by the North American Contact Dermatitis

Group.

(4) Additional examinations or tests. The physician may deem it necessary to perform other

medical examinations or tests as indicated. The standard provides a mechanism whereby

these additional investigations are covered under the standard for occupational exposure to

formaldehyde.

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(5) Emergencies. The examination of workers exposed in an emergency should be directed at

the organ systems most likely to be affected. Much of the content of the examination will

be similar to the periodic examination unless the patient has received a severe acute

exposure requiring immediate attention to prevent serious consequences. If a severe

overexposure requiring medical intervention or hospitalization has occurred, the physician

must be alert to the possibility of delayed symptoms. Follow-up nonroutine examinations

may be necessary to ensure the patient's well-being.

(6) Employer obligations. The employer is required to provide the physician with the

following information: A copy of this standard and appendices A, C, D, and E; a

description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to their exposure concentration;

an estimate of the employee's exposure including duration (e.g., fifteen hr./wk., three eight-

hour shifts, full-time); a description of any personal protective equipment, including

respirators, used by the employee; and the results of any previous medical determinations

for the affected employee related to formaldehyde exposure to the extent that this

information is within the employer's control.

(7) Physician's obligations. The standard requires the employer to obtain a written statement

from the physician. This statement must contain the physician's opinion as to whether the

employee has any medical condition which would place them at increased risk of impaired

health from exposure to formaldehyde or use of respirators, as appropriate. The physician

must also state his opinion regarding any restrictions that should be placed on the

employee's exposure to formaldehyde or upon the use of protective clothing or equipment

such as respirators. If the employee wears a respirator as a result of their exposure to

formaldehyde, the physician's opinion must also contain a statement regarding the

suitability of the employee to wear the type of respirator assigned. Finally, the physician

must inform the employer that the employee has been told the results of the medical

examination and of any medical conditions which require further explanation or treatment.

This written opinion is not to contain any information on specific findings or diagnoses

unrelated to occupational exposure to formaldehyde.

The purpose in requiring the examining physician to supply the employer with a written

opinion is to provide the employer with a medical basis to assist the employer in placing

employees initially, in ensuring that their health is not being impaired by formaldehyde,

and to assess the employee's ability to use any required protective equipment.

WAC 296-62-07548 Appendix D--Nonmandatory medical disease questionnaire.

(1) Identification.

(a) Plant name:

(b) Date:

(d) Social Security number:

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(e) Job title:

(f) Birthdate:

(g) Age:

(h) Sex:

(i) Height:

(j) Weight:

(2) Medical history.

(a) Have you ever been in the hospital as a patient? Yes No

If yes, what kind of problem were you having?

(b) Have you ever had any kind of operation? Yes No

If yes, what kind?

(d) Are you allergic to any drugs, foods, or chemicals? Yes No

If yes, what kind of allergy is it?

What causes the allergy?

(e) Have you ever been told that you have asthma, hayfever, or sinusitis? Yes No

(f) Have you ever been told that you have emphysema, bronchitis, or any other

respiratory problems? Yes No

(g) Have you ever been told you had hepatitis? Yes No

(h) Have you ever been told that you have cirrhosis? Yes No

(i) Have you ever been told that you had cancer? Yes No

(j) Have you ever had arthritis or joint pain?Yes No

(k) Have you ever been told that you had high blood pressure? Yes No

(l) Have you ever had a heart attack or heart trouble? Yes No

(3) Medical history update.

(a) Have you been in the hospital as a patient any time within the past year? Yes

If so, for what condition?

(b) Have you been under the care of a physician during the past year? Yes No

If so, for what condition?

Better?

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Worse?

No change?

If change, do you know why?

(d) Is your general health different this year from last year? Yes No

If different, in what way?

(e) Have you in the past year or are you now taking any medication on a regular basis?

Yes No

Name Rx

Condition being treated

(4) Occupational history.

(a) How long have you worked for your present employer?

(b) What jobs have you held with this employer? Include job title and length of time in

each job.

(d) What chemicals have you worked with most of the time?

(e) Have you ever noticed any type of skin rash you feel was related to your work?

Yes No

(f) Have you ever noticed that any kind of chemical makes you cough? Yes No

Wheeze: Yes No

Become short of breath or cause your chest to become tight? Yes No

(g) Are you exposed to any dust or chemicals at home? Yes No

If yes, explain:

(h) In other jobs, have you ever had exposure to:

Wood dust? Yes No

Nickel or chromium? Yes No

Silica (foundry, sand blasting)? Yes No

Arsenic or asbestos? Yes No

Organic solvents? Yes No

Urethane foams? Yes No

(5) Occupational history update.

(a) Are you working on the same job this year as you were last year? Yes No

If not, how has your job changed?

(b) What chemicals are you exposed to on your job?

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(d) Have you noticed any skin rash within the past year you feel was related to your

work? Yes No

If so, explain circumstances:

(e) Have you noticed that any chemical makes you cough, be short of breath, or wheeze?

Yes No

If so, can you identify it?

(6) Miscellaneous.

(a) Do you smoke? Yes No

If so, how much and for how long?

(i) Pipe Cigars (ii) (iii) Cigarettes

(b) Do you drink alcohol in any form? Yes No

If so, how much, how long, and how often?

(d) Do you get any physical exercise other than that required to do your job?

Yes No

If so, explain:

(e) Do you have any hobbies or “side jobs” that require you to use chemicals, such as

furniture stripping, sand blasting, insulation or manufacture of urethane foam,

furniture, etc.? Yes No

If so, please describe, giving type of business or hobby, chemicals used and length of

exposures.

(7) Symptoms questionnaire.

(a) Do you ever have any shortness of breath? Yes No

If yes, do you have to rest after climbing several flights of stairs? Yes No

If yes, if you walk on the level with people your own age, do you walk slower

than they do? Yes No

If yes, if you walk slower than a normal pace, do you have to limit the

distance that you walk? Yes No

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If yes, do you have to stop and rest while bathing or dressing? Yes No

(b) Do you cough as much as three months out of the year? Yes No

If yes, have you had this cough for more than two years? Yes No

If yes, do you ever cough anything up from the chest? Yes No

in your chest? Yes No

If yes, do you notice that this occurs on any particular day of the week? Yes

If yes, what day of the week?

If yes, do you notice that this occurs at any particular place? Yes No

If yes, do you notice that this is worse after you have returned to work after

being off for several days? Yes No

(d) Have you ever noticed any wheezing in your chest? Yes No

If yes, is this only with colds or other infections? Yes No

Is this caused by exposure to any kind of dust or other material?

Yes No

If yes, what kind?

(e) Have you noticed any burning, tearing, or redness of your eyes when you are at

work? Yes No

If so, explain circumstances:

(f) Have you noticed any sore or burning throat or itchy or burning nose when you are at

work? Yes No

If so, explain circumstances:

(g) Have you noticed any stuffiness or dryness of your nose? Yes No

(h) Do you ever have swelling of the eyelids or face? Yes No

(i) Have you ever been jaundiced? Yes No

If yes, was this accompanied by any pain? Yes No

(j) Have you ever had a tendency to bruise easily or bleed excessively? Yes No

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(k) Do you have frequent headaches that are not relieved by aspirin or Tylenol?

Yes No

If yes, do they occur at any particular time of the day or week? Yes No

If yes, when do they occur?

(l) Do you have frequent episodes of nervousness or irritability? Yes No

(m) Do you tend to have trouble concentrating or remembering? Yes No

(n) Do you ever feel dizzy, light-headed, excessively drowsy, or like you have been

drugged? Yes No

(o) Does your vision ever become blurred? Yes No

(p) Do you have numbness or tingling of the hands or feet or other parts of your body?

Yes No

(q) Have you ever had chronic weakness or fatigue? Yes No

(r) Have you ever had any swelling of your feet or ankles to the point where you could

not wear your shoes? Yes No

(s) Are you bothered by heartburn or indigestion? Yes No

(t) Do you ever have itching, dryness, or peeling and scaling of the hands?

Yes No

(u) Do you ever have a burning sensation in the hands, or reddening of the skin?

Yes No

(v) Do you ever have cracking or bleeding of the skin on your hands? Yes No

(w) Are you under a physician's care? Yes No

If yes, for what are you being treated?

(x) Do you have any physical complaints today? Yes No

If yes, explain:

(y) Do you have other health conditions not covered by these questions? Yes No

If yes, explain:

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WAC 296-62-076 Methylenedianiline.

WAC 296-62-07601 Scope and application.

(1) WAC 296-62-076 applies to all occupational exposures to MDA, Chemical Abstracts

Service Registry No. 101-77-9, except as provided in subsections (2) through (7) of this

section.

(2) Except as provided in subsection (8) of this section and WAC 296-62-07609(5), this

section does not apply to the processing, use, and handling of products containing MDA

where initial monitoring indicates that the product is not capable of releasing MDA in

excess of the action level under the expected conditions of processing, use, and handling

which will cause the greatest possible release; and where no “dermal exposure to MDA”

can occur.

(3) Except as provided in subsection (8) of this section, WAC 296-62-076 does not apply to

the processing, use, and handling of products containing MDA where objective data are

reasonably relied upon which demonstrate the product is not capable of releasing MDA

under the expected conditions of processing, use, and handling which will cause the

greatest possible release; and where no “dermal exposure to MDA” can occur.

(4) WAC 296-62-076 does not apply to the storage, transportation, distribution, or sale of

MDA in intact containers sealed in such a manner as to contain the MDA dusts, vapors, or

liquids, except for the provisions of WAC 296-62-07607 and 296-901-140.

(5) WAC 296-62-076 does not apply to the construction industry as defined in WAC 296-155-

012. (Exposure to MDA in the construction industry is covered by WAC 296-155-173.)

(6) Except as provided in subsection (8) of this section, WAC 296-62-076 does not apply to

materials in any form which contain less than 0.1% MDA by weight or volume.

(7) Except as provided in subsection (8) of this section, WAC 296-62-076 does not apply to

“finished articles containing MDA.”

(8) Where products containing MDA are exempted under subsections (2) through (7) of this

section, the employer must maintain records of the initial monitoring results or objective

data supporting that exemption and the basis for the employer's reliance on the data, as

provided in the recordkeeping provision of WAC 296-62-07631.

WAC 296-62-07603 Definitions.

For the purpose of WAC 296-62-076, the following definitions shall apply:

Action level. A concentration of airborne MDA of 5 ppb as an 8-hour time-weighted average.

Authorized person. Any person specifically authorized by the employer whose duties require

the person to enter a regulated area, or any person entering such an area as a designated

representative of employees, for the purpose of exercising the right to observe monitoring and

measuring procedures under WAC 296-62-07633 of WAC 296-62-076, or any other person

authorized by WISHA or regulations issued by WISHA.

Container. Any barrel, bottle, can, cylinder, drum, reaction vessel, storage tank, commercial

packaging, or the like, but does not include piping systems.

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Dermal exposure to MDA. Occurs where employees are engaged in the handling, application,

or use of mixtures or materials containing MDA, with any of the following nonairborne forms of

MDA:

(a) Liquid, powdered, granular, or flaked mixtures containing MDA in concentrations

greater than 0.1% by weight or volume; and

(b) Materials other than “finished articles” containing MDA in concentrations greater

than 0.1% by weight or volume.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries, or their designated

representative.

Emergency. Any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of

containers, or failure of control equipment which results in an unexpected and potentially

hazardous release of MDA.

Employee exposure. Exposure to MDA which would occur if the employee were not using

respirators or protective work clothing and equipment.

Finished article containing MDA. Defined as a manufactured item:

(a) Which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture;

(b) Which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or part upon its shape or design

during end use; and

to the conditions (temperature, time) necessary to complete the desired chemical

reaction.

4,4' methylenedianiline or MDA. The chemical 4,4'- diaminodiphenylmethane, Chemical

Abstract Service Registry number 101-77-9, in the form of a vapor, liquid, or solid. The

definition also includes the salts of MDA.

Regulated areas. Areas where airborne concentrations of MDA exceed or can reasonably be

expected to exceed, the permissible exposure limits, or where dermal exposure to MDA can

occur.

STEL. Short-term exposure limit as determined by any 15 minute sample period.

WAC 296-62-07605 Permissible exposure limits (PEL).

The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of MDA in

excess of ten parts per billion (10 ppb) as an 8-hour time-weighted average or a STEL of 100

ppb.

WAC 296-62-07607 Emergency situations.

(1) Written plan.

(a) A written plan for emergency situations must be developed for each workplace where

there is a possibility of an emergency. Appropriate portions of the plan must be

implemented in the event of an emergency.

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(b) The plan must specifically provide that employees engaged in correcting emergency

conditions must be equipped with the appropriate personal protective equipment and

clothing as required in WAC 296-62-07615 and 296-62-07617 until the emergency is

abated.

employees as well as the elements prescribed in chapter 296-24 WAC, Part G-1,

“Employee emergency plans and fire prevention plans.”

(2) Alerting employees. Where there is the possibility of employee exposure to MDA due to

an emergency, means must be developed to alert promptly those employees who have the

potential to be directly exposed. Affected employees not engaged in correcting emergency

conditions shall be evacuated immediately in the event that an emergency occurs. Means

must also be developed and implemented for alerting other employees who may be

exposed as a result of the emergency.

WAC 296-62-07609 Exposure monitoring.

(1) General.

(a) Determinations of employee exposure must be made from breathing zone air samples

that are representative of each employee's exposure to airborne MDA over an 8-hour

period. Determination of employee exposure to the STEL must be made from

breathing zone air samples collected over a 15 minute sampling period.

(b) Representative employee exposure must be determined on the basis of one or more

samples representing full shift exposure for each shift for each job classification in

each work area where exposure to MDA may occur.

operations in different work shifts, the employer shall only be required to determine

representative employee exposure for that operation during one shift.

(2) Initial monitoring. Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by

this standard must perform initial monitoring to determine accurately the airborne

concentrations of MDA to which employees may be exposed.

(3) Periodic monitoring and monitoring frequency.

(a) If the monitoring required by subsection (2) of this section reveals employee

exposure at or above the action level, but at or below the PELs, the employer must

repeat such representative monitoring for each such employee at least every six

months.

(b) If the monitoring required by subsection (2) of this section reveals employee

exposure above the PELs, the employer must repeat such monitoring for each such

employee at least every three months.

six months for any employee for whom two consecutive measurements taken at least

7 days apart indicate that the employee exposure has decreased to below the TWA

but above the action level.

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(4) Termination of monitoring.

(a) If the initial monitoring required by subsection (2) of this section reveals employee

exposure to be below the action level, the employer may discontinue the monitoring

for that employee, except as otherwise required by subsection (5) of this section.

(b) If the periodic monitoring required by subsection (3) of this section reveals that

employee exposures, as indicated by at least two consecutive measurements taken at

least 7 days apart, are below the action level the employer may discontinue the

monitoring for that employee, except as otherwise required by subsection (5) of this

section.

(5) Additional monitoring. The employer must institute the exposure monitoring required

under subsections (2) and (3) of this section when there has been a change in production

process, chemicals present, control equipment, personnel, or work practices which may

result in new or additional exposures to MDA, or when the employer has any reason to

suspect a change which may result in new or additional exposures.

(6) Accuracy of monitoring. Monitoring must be accurate, to a confidence level of 95

percent, to within plus or minus 25 percent for airborne concentrations of MDA.

(7) Employee notification of monitoring results.

(a) The employer must, within 15 working days after the receipt of the results of any

monitoring performed under this standard, notify each employee of these results, in

writing, either individually or by posting of results in an appropriate location that is

accessible to affected employees.

(b) The written notification required by subdivision (a) of this subsection must contain

the corrective action being taken by the employer to reduce the employee exposure to

or below the PELs, wherever the PELs are exceeded.

(8) Visual monitoring. The employer must make routine inspections of employee hands,

face, and forearms potentially exposed to MDA. Other potential dermal exposures reported

by the employee must be referred to the appropriate medical personnel for observation. If

the employer determines that the employee has been exposed to MDA the employer must:

(a) Determine the source of exposure;

(b) Implement protective measures to correct the hazard; and

WAC 296-62-07611 Regulated areas.

(1) Establishment.

(a) Airborne exposures. The employer must establish regulated areas where airborne

concentrations of MDA exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed, the

permissible exposure limits.

(b) Dermal exposures. Where employees are subject to dermal exposure to MDA the

employer must establish those work areas as regulated areas.

(2) Demarcation. Regulated areas must be demarcated from the rest of the workplace in a

manner that minimizes the number of persons potentially exposed.

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(3) Access. Access to regulated areas must be limited to authorized persons.

(4) Personal protective equipment and clothing. Each person entering a regulated area must

be supplied with, and required to use, the appropriate personal protective clothing and

equipment in accordance with WAC 296-62-07615 and 296-62-07617.

(5) Prohibited activities. The employer must ensure that employees do not eat, drink, smoke,

chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in regulated areas.

WAC 296-62-07613 Methods of compliance.

(1) Engineering controls and work practices.

(a) The employer must institute engineering controls and work practices to reduce and

maintain employee exposure to MDA at or below the PELs except to the extent that

the employer can establish that these controls are not feasible or where the provisions

of subdivision (b) of this subsection or WAC 296-62-07615(1) apply.

(b) Wherever the feasible engineering controls and work practices which can be

instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs, the

employer must use them to reduce employee exposure to the lowest levels achievable

by these controls and must supplement them by the use of respiratory protective

devices which comply with the requirements of WAC 296-62-07615.

(2) Compliance program.

(a) The employer must establish and implement a written program to reduce employee

exposure to or below the PELs by means of engineering and work practice controls,

as required by subsection (1) of this section, and by use of respiratory protection

where permitted under WAC 296-62-076. The program must include a schedule for

periodic maintenance (e.g., leak detection) and must include the written plan for

emergency situations as specified in WAC 296-62-07607.

(b) Upon request this written program must be furnished for examination and copying to

the director, affected employees, and designated employee representatives. The

employer must review and, as necessary, update such plans at least once every 12

months to make certain they reflect the current status of the program.

(3) Employee rotation. Employee rotation must not be permitted as a means of reducing

exposure.

WAC 296-62-07615 Respiratory protection.

(1) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer must

provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with the requirements of this

subsection. Respirators must be used during:

(a) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-practice

controls;

(b) Work operations for which the employer establishes that engineering and work-

practice controls are not feasible;

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yet sufficient to reduce exposure to or below the PEL;

(d) Emergencies.

(2) Respirator program. The employer must develop, implement and maintain a respiratory

protection program as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each

employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

(3) Respirator selection.

(a) The employer must select and provide to employees appropriate respirators as

specified in this section and WAC 296-842-13005 in the respirator rule.

(b) Any employee who cannot use a negative-pressure respirator must be given the

option of using a positive-pressure respirator, or a supplied-air respirator operated in

the continuous-flow or pressure-demand mode.

respirators (PAPRs) and negative-pressure air-purifying respirators.

(d) Provide to employees, for escape, one of the following respirator options:

Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full-facepiece or hood, operated

in the positive-pressure or continuous-flow mode ;or

A full-facepiece air-purifying respirator.

(e) Provide a combination HEPA filter (or N-, R-, or P-100 filter) and organic vapor

canister or cartridge with air-purifying respirators when MDA is in liquid form or

used as part of a process requiring heat.

WAC 296-62-07617 Protective work clothing and equipment.

(1) Provision and use. Where employees are subject to dermal exposure to MDA, where

liquids containing MDA can be splashed into the eyes, or where airborne concentrations of

MDA are in excess of the PEL, the employer must provide, at no cost to the employee, and

ensure that the employee uses, appropriate protective work clothing and equipment which

prevent contact with MDA such as, but not limited to:

(a) Aprons, coveralls, or other full-body work clothing;

(b) Gloves, head coverings, and foot coverings; and

(d) Other appropriate protective equipment which comply with WAC 296-800-160.

(2) Removal and storage.

(a) The employer must ensure that, at the end of their work shift, employees remove

MDA-contaminated protective work clothing and equipment that is not routinely

removed throughout the day in change rooms provided in accordance with the

provisions established for change rooms.

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(b) The employer must ensure that, during their work shift, employees remove all other

MDA-contaminated protective work clothing or equipment before leaving a regulated

area.

or equipment out of the change room, except those employees authorized to do so for

the purpose of laundering, maintenance, or disposal.

(d) MDA-contaminated work clothing or equipment must be placed and stored in closed

containers which prevent dispersion of the MDA outside the container.

(e) Containers of MDA-contaminated protective work clothing or equipment which are

to be taken out of change rooms or the workplace for cleaning, maintenance, or

disposal must bear labels warning of the hazards of MDA.

(3) Cleaning and replacement.

(a) The employer must provide the employee with clean protective clothing and

equipment. The employer must ensure that protective work clothing or equipment

required by this paragraph is cleaned, laundered, repaired, or replaced at intervals

appropriate to maintain its effectiveness.

(b) The employer must prohibit the removal of MDA from protective work clothing or

equipment by blowing, shaking, or any methods which allow MDA to reenter the

workplace.

done so as to prevent the release of MDA in the workplace.

(d) Any employer who gives MDA-contaminated clothing to another person for

laundering must inform such person of the requirement to prevent the release of

MDA.

(e) The employer must inform any person who launders or cleans protective clothing or

equipment contaminated with MDA of the potentially harmful effects of exposure.

(f) MDA-contaminated clothing must be transported in properly labeled, sealed,

impermeable bags or containers.

WAC 296-62-07619 Hygiene facilities and practices.

(1) Change rooms.

(a) The employer must provide clean change rooms for employees, who must wear

protective clothing, or who must use protective equipment because of their exposure

to MDA.

(b) Change rooms must be equipped with separate storage for protective clothing and

equipment and for street clothes which prevents MDA contamination of street

clothes.

(2) Showers.

(a) The employer must ensure that employees, who work in areas where there is the

potential for exposure resulting from airborne MDA (e.g., particulates or vapors)

above the action level, shower at the end of the work shift.

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Shower facilities required by this section must comply with WAC 296-800-

23065.

The employer must ensure that employees who are required to shower pursuant

to the provisions contained herein do not leave the workplace wearing any

protective clothing or equipment worn during the work shift.

(b) Where dermal exposure to MDA occurs, the employer must ensure that materials

spilled or deposited on the skin are removed as soon as possible by methods which do

not facilitate the dermal absorption of MDA.

(3) Lunch facilities.

(a) Availability and construction.

Whenever food or beverages are consumed at the worksite and employees are

exposed to MDA at or above the PEL or are subject to dermal exposure to

MDA the employer must provide readily accessible lunch areas.

Lunch areas located within the workplace and in areas where there is the

potential for airborne exposure to MDA at or above the PEL must have a

positive pressure, temperature controlled, filtered air supply.

Lunch areas may not be located in areas within the workplace where the

potential for dermal exposure to MDA exists.

(b) The employer must ensure that employees who have been subjected to dermal

exposure to MDA or who have been exposed to MDA above the PEL wash their

hands and faces with soap and water prior to eating, drinking, smoking, or applying

cosmetics.

facilities with MDA-contaminated protective work clothing or equipment.

WAC 296-62-07621 Communication of hazards.

(1) Hazard communication-General.

(a) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, and employers must comply with all

requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC 296-901-140 for

MDA.

(b) In classifying the hazards of MDA at least the following hazards are to be addressed:

Cancer; liver effects; and skin sensitization.

comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers shall ensure that each

employee has access to labels on containers of MDA and to safety data sheets, and is

trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS and subsection (4) of this

section.

(2) Signs and labels.

The employer must post and maintain legible signs demarcating regulated areas and

entrances or accessways to regulated areas that bear the following legend:

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DANGER MDA MAY CAUSE CANCER

CAUSES DAMAGE TO THE LIVER

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

MAY BE REQUIRD TO BE WORN IN THIS AREA

(3) Safety data sheets (SDS). In meeting the obligation to provide safety data sheets,

employers must make appropriate use of the information found in Appendices A and B to

WAC 296-62-076.

(4) Information and training.

(a) The employer must provide employees with information and training on MDA, in

accordance with WAC 296-901-14016, at the time of initial assignment and at least

annually thereafter.

(b) In addition to the information required under WAC 296-901-140, the employer must:

Provide an explanation of the contents of WAC 296-62-076, including

Appendices A and B, and indicate to employees where a copy of the standard is

available;

Describe the medical surveillance program required under WAC 296-62-07625,

and explain the information contained in Appendix C; and

Describe the medical removal provision required under WAC 296-62-07627

and WAC 296-62-07629.

(5) Access to training materials.

(a) The employer must make readily available to all affected employees, without cost, all

written materials relating to the employee training program, including a copy of this

regulation.

(b) The employer must provide to the director, upon request, all information and training

materials relating to the employee information and training program.

WAC 296-62-07623 Housekeeping.

(1) All surfaces must be maintained as free as practicable of visible accumulations of MDA.

(2) The employer must institute a program for detecting MDA leaks, spills, and discharges,

including regular visual inspections of operations involving liquid or solid MDA.

(3) All leaks must be repaired and liquid or dust spills cleaned up promptly.

(4) Surfaces contaminated with MDA may not be cleared by the use of compressed air.

(5) Shoveling, dry sweeping, and other methods of dry clean-up of MDA may be used where

HEPA-filtered vacuuming and/or wet cleaning are not feasible or practical.

(6) Waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equipment, and clothing contaminated with MDA

must be collected and disposed of in a manner to prevent the reentry of MDA into the

workplace.

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WAC 296-62-07625 Medical surveillance.

(1) General.

(a) The employer must make available a medical surveillance program for employees

exposed to MDA:

Employees exposed at or above the action level for 30 or more days per year;

Employees who are subject to dermal exposure to MDA for 15 or more days per

year;

Employees who have been exposed in an emergency situation;

Employees whom the employer, based on results from compliance with WAC

296-62-07609(8), has reason to believe are being dermally exposed; and

Employees who show signs or symptoms of MDA exposure.

(b) The employer must ensure that all medical examinations and procedures are

performed by, or under the supervision of, a licensed physician, at a reasonable time

and place, and provided without cost to the employee.

(2) Initial examinations.

(a) Within 150 days of the effective date of this standard, or before the time of initial

assignment, the employer must provide each employee covered by subdivision (1)(a)

of this section with a medical examination including the following elements:

A detailed history which includes:

(A) Past work exposure to MDA or any other toxic substances;

(B) A history of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and medication routinely taken

(duration and quantity); and

disease.

A physical examination which includes all routine physical examination

parameters, skin examination, and signs of liver disease.

Laboratory tests including:

(A) Liver function tests; and

(B) Urinalysis.

Additional tests as necessary in the opinion of the physician.

(b) No initial medical examination is required if adequate records show that the

employee has been examined in accordance with the requirements of WAC 296-62-

076 within the previous six months prior to the effective date of this standard or prior

to the date of initial assignment.

(3) Periodic examinations.

(a) The employer must provide each employee covered by WAC 296-62-076 with a

medical examination at least annually following the initial examination. These

periodic examinations must include at least the following elements:

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A brief history regarding any new exposure to potential liver toxins, changes in

drug, tobacco, and alcohol intake, and the appearance of physical signs relating

to the liver and the skin;

The appropriate tests and examinations including liver function tests and skin

examinations; and

Appropriate additional tests or examinations as deemed necessary by the

physician.

(b) If in the physicians' opinion the results of liver function tests indicate an abnormality,

the employee must be removed from further MDA exposure in accordance with

WAC 296-62-07627 and 296-62-07629. Repeat liver function tests must be

conducted on advice of the physician.

(4) Emergency examinations. If the employer determines that the employee has been

exposed to a potentially hazardous amount of MDA in an emergency situation as addressed

in WAC 296-62-07607, the employer must provide medical examinations in accordance

with subsection (3) of this section. If the results of liver function testing indicate an

abnormality, the employee must be removed in accordance with WAC 296-62-07627 and

296-62-07629. Repeat liver function tests must be conducted on the advice of the

physician. If the results of the tests are normal, tests must be repeated two to three weeks

from the initial testing. If the results of the second set of tests are normal and on the advice

of the physician, no additional testing is required.

(5) Additional examinations. Where the employee develops signs and symptoms associated

with exposure to MDA, the employer shall provide the employee with an additional

medical examination including a liver function test. Repeat liver function tests must be

conducted on the advice of the physician. If the results of the tests are normal, tests must

be repeated two to three weeks from the initial testing. If the results of the second set of

tests are normal and, on the advice of the physician, no additional testing is required.

(6) Multiple physician review mechanism.

(a) If the employer selects the initial physician who conducts any medical examination or

consultation provided to an employee under WAC 296-62-076, and the employee has

signs or symptoms of occupational exposure to MDA (which could include an

abnormal liver function test), and the employee disagrees with the opinion of the

examining physician, and this opinion could affect the employee's job status, the

employee may designate an appropriate, mutually acceptable second physician:

To review any findings, determinations, or recommendations of the initial

physician; and

To conduct such examinations, consultations, and laboratory tests as the second

physician deems necessary to facilitate this review.

(b) The employer must promptly notify an employee of the right to seek a second

medical opinion after each occasion that an initial physician conducts a medical

examination or consultation pursuant to WAC 296-62-076. The employer may

condition its participation in, and payment for, the multiple physician review

mechanism upon the employee doing the following within fifteen days after receipt of

the foregoing notification, or receipt of the initial physician's written opinion,

whichever is later:

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The employee informing the employer that he or she intends to seek a second

medical opinion; and

The employee initiating steps to make an appointment with a second physician.

from those of the initial physician, then the employer and the employee must ensure

that efforts are made for the two physicians to resolve any disagreement.

(d) If the two physicians have been unable to resolve quickly their disagreement, then the

employer and the employee through their respective physicians must designate a third

physician:

To review any findings, determinations, or recommendations of the prior

physicians; and

To conduct such examinations, consultations, laboratory tests, and discussions

with the prior physicians as the third physician deems necessary to resolve the

disagreement of the prior physicians.

(e) The employer must act consistent with the findings, determinations, and

recommendations of the third physician, unless the employer and the employee reach

an agreement which is otherwise consistent with the recommendations of at least one

of the three physicians.

(7) Information provided to the examining and consulting physicians.

(a) The employer must provide the following information to the examining physician:

A copy of this regulation and its appendices;

A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's

potential exposure to MDA;

The employee's current actual or representative MDA exposure level;

A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used; and

Information from previous employment-related medical examinations of the

affected employee.

(b) The employer must provide the foregoing information to a second physician under

this section upon request either by the second physician or by the employee.

(8) Physician's written opinion.

(a) For each examination under WAC 296-62-076, the employer must obtain, and

provide the employee with a copy of, the examining physician's written opinion

within 15 days of its receipt. The written opinion must include the following:

The occupationally-pertinent results of the medical examination and tests;

The physician's opinion concerning whether the employee has any detected

medical conditions which would place the employee at increased risk of

material impairment of health from exposure to MDA;

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The physician's recommended limitations upon the employee's exposure to

MDA or upon the employee's use of protective clothing or equipment and

respirators; and

A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results

of the medical examination and any medical conditions resulting from MDA

exposure which require further explanation or treatment.

(b) The written opinion obtained by the employer must not reveal specific findings or

diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposures.

WAC 296-62-07627 Medical removal--Temporary medical removal of an

employee.

Temporary medical removal of an employee.

(1) Temporary removal resulting from occupational exposure. The employee must be

removed from work environments in which exposure to MDA is at or above the action

level or where dermal exposure to MDA may occur, following an initial examination

(WAC 296-62-07625(2)), periodic examinations (WAC 296-62-07625(3)), an emergency

situation (WAC 296-62-07625(4)), or an additional examination (WAC 296-62-07625(5))

in the following circumstances:

(a) When the employee exhibits signs and/or symptoms indicative of acute exposure to

MDA; or

(b) When the examining physician determines that an employee's abnormal liver function

tests are not associated with MDA exposure but that the abnormalities may be

exacerbated as a result of occupational exposure to MDA.

The employer must remove an employee from work environments in which

exposure to MDA is at or above the action level or where dermal exposure to

MDA may occur, on each occasion that there is a final medical determination or

opinion that the employee has a detected medical condition which places the

employee at increased risk of material impairment to health from exposure to

MDA.

For the purposes of WAC 296-62-076, the phrase “final medical determination”

shall mean the outcome of the physician review mechanism used pursuant to the

medical surveillance provisions of this section.

Where a final medical determination results in any recommended special

protective measures for an employee, or limitations on an employee's exposure

to MDA, the employer must implement and act consistent with the

recommendation.

(2) Return of the employee to former job status.

(a) The employer must return an employee to their former job status:

When the employee no longer shows signs or symptoms of exposure to MDA

or upon the advice of the physician.

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When a subsequent final medical determination results in a medical finding,

determination, or opinion that the employee no longer has a detected medical

condition which places the employee at increased risk of material impairment to

health from exposure to MDA.

(b) For the purposes of this section, the requirement that an employer return an employee

to their former job status is not intended to expand upon or restrict any rights an

employee has or would have had, absent temporary medical removal, to a specific job

classification or position under the terms of a collective bargaining agreement.

(3) Removal of other employee special protective measure or limitations. The employer

must remove any limitations placed on an employee, or end any special protective

measures provided to an employee, pursuant to a final medical determination, when a

subsequent final medical determination indicates that the limitations or special protective

measures are no longer necessary.

(4) Employer options pending a final medical determination. Where the physician review

mechanism used pursuant to the medical surveillance provisions of WAC 296-62-076, has

not yet resulted in a final medical determination with respect to an employee, the employer

must act as follows:

(a) Removal. The employer may remove the employee from exposure to MDA, provide

special protective measures to the employee, or place limitations upon the employee,

consistent with the medical findings, determinations, or recommendations of any of

the physicians who have reviewed the employee's health status.

(b) Return. The employer may return the employee to their former job status, and end

any special protective measures provided to the employee, consistent with the

medical findings, determinations, or recommendations of any of the physicians who

have reviewed the employee's health status, with two exceptions.

If the initial removal, special protection, or limitation of the employee resulted

from a final medical determination which differed from the findings,

determinations, or recommendations of the initial physician; or

If the employee has been on removal status for the preceding six months as a

result of exposure to MDA, then the employer must await a final medical

determination.

WAC 296-62-07629 Medical removal protection benefits.

(1) Provisions of medical removal protection benefits. The employer must provide to an

employee up to six months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an

employee is removed from exposure to MDA or otherwise limited pursuant to this section.

(2) Definition of medical removal protection benefits. For the purposes of this section, the

requirement that an employer provide medical removal protection benefits means that the

employer must maintain the earnings, seniority, and other employment rights and benefits

of an employee as though the employee had not been removed from normal exposure to

MDA or otherwise limited.

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(3) Follow-up medical surveillance during the period of employee removal or limitations.

During the period of time that an employee is removed from normal exposure to MDA or

otherwise limited, the employer may condition the provision of medical removal protection

benefits upon the employee's participation in follow-up medical surveillance made

available pursuant to WAC 296-62-076.

(4) Workers' compensation claims. If a removed employee files a claim for workers'

compensation payments for an MDA-related disability, then the employer must continue to

provide medical removal protection benefits pending disposition of the claim. To the

extent that an award is made to the employee for earnings lost during the period of

removal, the employer's medical removal protection obligation must be reduced by such

amount. The employer must receive no credit for workers' compensation payments

received by the employee for treatment-related expenses.

(5) Other credits. The employer's obligation to provide medical removal protection benefits

to a removed employee must be reduced to the extent that the employee receives

compensation for earnings lost during the period of removal either from a publicly or

employer-funded compensation program, or receives income from non-MDA-related

employment with any employer made possible by virtue of the employee's removal.

(6) Employees who do not recover within the 6 months of removal. The employer must

take the following measures with respect to any employee removed from exposure to

MDA:

(a) The employer must make available to the employee a medical examination pursuant

to this section to obtain a final medical determination with respect to the employee;

(b) The employer must ensure that the final medical determination obtained indicates

whether or not the employee may be returned to their former job status, and, if not,

what steps should be taken to protect the employee's health;

indicates that the employee may not yet be returned to their former job status, the

employer must continue to provide medical removal protection benefits to the

employee until either the employee is returned to former job status, or a final medical

determination is made that the employee is incapable of ever safely returning to their

former job status; and

(d) Where the employer acts pursuant to a final medical determination which permits the

return of the employee to their former job status, despite what would otherwise be an

abnormal liver function test, later questions concerning removing the employee again

must be decided by a final medical determination. The employer need not

automatically remove such an employee pursuant to the MDA removal criteria

provided by WAC 296-62-076.

(7) Voluntary removal or restriction of an employee. Where an employer, although not

required by WAC 296-62-076 to do so, removes an employee from exposure to MDA or

otherwise places limitations on an employee due to the effects of MDA exposure on the

employee's medical condition, the employer must provide medical removal protection

benefits to the employee equal to that required by this section.

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WAC 296-62-07631 Recordkeeping.

(1) Monitoring data for exempted employers.

(a) Where as a result of the initial monitoring the processing, use, or handling of products

made from or containing MDA are exempted from other requirements of this section

under WAC 296-62-07601(2), the employer must establish and maintain an accurate

record of monitoring relied on in support of the exemption.

(b) This record shall include at least the following information:

he product qualifying for exemption;

The source of the monitoring data (e.g., was monitoring performed by the

employer or a private contractor);

The testing protocol, results of testing, and/or analysis of the material for the

release of MDA;

A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the

exemption (e.g., are the monitoring data representative of the conditions at the

affected facility); and

Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee

exposures covered by the exemption.

upon such objective data.

(2) Objective data for exempted employers.

(a) Where the processing, use, or handling of products made from or containing MDA

are exempted from other requirements of WAC 296-62-076 under WAC 296-62-

07601, the employer must establish and maintain an accurate record of objective data

relied upon in support of the exemption.

(b) This record must include at least the following information:

The product qualifying for exemption;

The source of the objective data;

The testing protocol, results of testing, and/or analysis of the material for the

release of MDA;

A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the

exemption; and

Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee

exposures covered by the exemption.

upon such objective data.

(3) Exposure measurements.

(a) The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record of all measurements

required by WAC 296-62-07609, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

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(b) This record shall include:

The dates, number, duration, and results of each of the samples taken, including

a description of the procedure used to determine representative employee

exposures;

Identification of the sampling and analytical methods used;

A description of the type of respiratory protective devices worn, if any; and

The name, Social Security number, job classification, and exposure levels of the

employee monitored and all other employees whose exposure the measurement

is intended to represent.

WAC 296-802-20010.

(4) Medical surveillance.

(a) The employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

subject to medical surveillance required by WAC 296-62-07625, 296-62-07627, and

296-62-07629, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

This record must include:

The name, Social Security number, and description of the duties of the

employee;

The employer's copy of the physician's written opinion on the initial, periodic,

and any special examinations, including results of medical examination and all

tests, opinions, and recommendations;

Results of any airborne exposure monitoring done for that employee and the

representative exposure levels supplied to the physician; and

Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to MDA.

(b) The employer must keep, or assure that the examining physician keeps, the following

medical records:

A copy of this standard and its appendices, except that the employer may keep

one copy of the standard and its appendices for all employees provided the

employer references the standard and its appendices in the medical surveillance

record of each employee;

A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by any sections

in the regulatory text;

A description of the laboratory procedures and a copy of any standards or

guidelines used to interpret the test results or references to the information;

A copy of the employee's medical and work history related to exposure to

MDA.

30 years, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

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(5) Medical removals.

(a) The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

removed from current exposure to MDA pursuant to WAC 296-62-07625, 296-62-

07627, and 296-62-07629.

(b) Each record must include:

The name and Social Security number of the employee;

The date of each occasion that the employee was removed from current

exposure to MDA as well as the corresponding date on which the employee was

returned to their former job status;

A brief explanation of how each removal was or is being accomplished; and

A statement with respect to each removal indicating the reason for the removal.

an employee's employment plus 30 years.

(6) Availability.

(a) The employer must ensure that records required to be maintained by chapter 296-802

WAC must be made available, upon request, to the director for examination and

copying.

(b) Employee exposure monitoring records required by WAC 296-62-076 must be

provided upon request for examination and copying to employees, employee

representatives, and the director in accordance with the applicable sections of chapter

296-800 WAC.

examination and copying, to the subject employee, to anyone having the specific

written consent of the subject employee, and to the director in accordance with

chapter 296-802 WAC.

(7) Transfer of records. The employer must comply with the requirements involving transfer

of records set forth in chapter 296-802 WAC.

WAC 296-62-07633 Observation of monitoring.

(1) Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees, or their

designated representatives, an opportunity to observe the measuring or monitoring of

employee exposure to MDA conducted pursuant to WAC 296-62-07609.

(2) Observation procedures. When observation of the measuring or monitoring of employee

exposure to MDA requires entry into areas where the use of protective clothing and

equipment or respirators is required, the employer must provide the observer with personal

protective clothing and equipment or respirators required to be worn by employees working

in the area, ensure the use of such clothing and equipment or respirators, and require the

observer to comply with all other applicable safety and health procedures.

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WAC 296-62-07637 Appendices.

The information contained in Appendices A, B, C, and D of WAC 296-62-076 is not intended by

itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed by this standard nor detract

from any existing obligation.

WAC 296-62-07654 Appendix A to WAC 296-62-076--Substance data sheet, for

4,4'-methylenedianiline.

(1) Substance identification.

(a) Substance: Methylenedianiline (MDA).

(b) Permissible exposure:

Airborne: Ten parts per billion parts of air (10 ppb), time-weighted average

(TWA) for an 8-hour workday and an action level of five parts per billion parts

of air (5 ppb).

Dermal: Eye contact and skin contact with MDA are not permitted.

(2) Health hazard data.

(a) Ways in which MDA affects your health. MDA can affect your health if you inhale

it, or if it comes in contact with your skin or eyes. MDA is also harmful if you

happen to swallow it. Do not get MDA in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.

(b) Effects of overexposure.

Short-term (acute) overexposure: Overexposure to MDA may produce fever,

chills, loss of appetite, vomiting, jaundice. Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and

mucous membranes. Sensitization may occur.

Long-term (chronic) exposure. Repeated or prolonged exposure to MDA, even

at relatively low concentrations, may cause cancer. In addition, damage to the

liver, kidneys, blood, and spleen may occur with long-term exposure.

Reporting signs and symptoms: You should inform your employer if you

develop any signs or symptoms which you suspect are caused by exposure to

MDA including yellow staining of the skin.

(3) Protective clothing and equipment.

(a) Respirators. Respirators are required for those operations in which engineering

controls or work practice controls are not adequate or feasible to reduce exposure to

the permissible limit. If respirators are worn, they must have the joint Mine Safety

and Health Administration and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH) seal of approval, and cartridges or canisters must be replaced as necessary

to maintain the effectiveness of the respirator.

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If you experience difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator, you may request a

positive pressure respirator from your employer. You must be thoroughly trained to

use the assigned respirator, and the training will be provided by your employer.

MDA does not have a detectable odor except at levels well above the permissible

exposure limits. Do not depend on odor to warn you when a respirator canister is

exhausted. If you can smell MDA while wearing a respirator, proceed immediately

to fresh air. If you experience difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator, tell

your employer.

(b) Protective clothing. You may be required to wear coveralls, aprons, gloves, face

shields, or other appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin contact with MDA.

Where protective clothing is required, your employer is required to provide clean

garments to you, as necessary, to assure that the clothing protects you adequately.

Replace or repair impervious clothing that has developed leaks. MDA should never

be allowed to remain on the skin. Clothing and shoes which are not impervious to

MDA should not be allowed to become contaminated with MDA, and if they do, the

clothing and shoes should be promptly removed and decontaminated. The clothing

should be laundered to remove MDA or discarded. Once MDA penetrates shoes or

other leather articles, they should not be worn again.

MDA may contact your eyes. Contact lenses should not be worn in areas where eye

contact with MDA can occur. In addition, you must wear a face shield if your face

could be splashed with MDA liquid.

(4) Emergency and first aid procedures.

(a) Eye and face exposure. If MDA is splashed into the eyes, wash the eyes for at least

15 minutes. See a doctor as soon as possible.

(b) Skin exposure. If MDA is spilled on your clothing or skin, remove the contaminated

clothing and wash the exposed skin with large amounts of soap and water

immediately. Wash contaminated clothing before you wear it again.

exposed person to fresh air at once. Apply artificial respiration if breathing has

stopped. Call for medical assistance or a doctor as soon as possible. Never enter any

vessel or confined space where the MDA concentration might be high without proper

safety equipment and at least one other person present who will stay outside. A life

line should be used.

(d) Swallowing. If MDA has been swallowed and the patient is conscious, do not induce

vomiting. Call for medical assistance or a doctor immediately.

(5) Medical requirements. If you are exposed to MDA at a concentration at or above the

action level for more than 30 days per year, or exposed to liquid mixtures more than 15

days per year, your employer is required to provide a medical examination, including a

medical history and laboratory tests, within 60 days of the effective date of this standard

and annually thereafter. These tests shall be provided without cost to you. In addition, if

you are accidentally exposed to MDA (either by ingestion, inhalation, or skin/eye contact)

under conditions known or suspected to constitute toxic exposure to MDA, your employer

is required to make special examinations and tests available to you.

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(6) Observation of monitoring. Your employer is required to perform measurements that are

representative of your exposure to MDA and you or your designated representative are

entitled to observe the monitoring procedure. You are entitled to observe the steps taken in

the measurement procedure and to record the results obtained. When the monitoring

procedure is taking place in an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and

equipment are required to be worn, you and your representative must also be provided

with, and must wear, the protective clothing and equipment.

(7) Access to records. You or your representative are entitled to see the records of

measurements of your exposure to MDA upon written request to your employer. Your

medical examination records can be furnished to your physician or designated

representative upon request by you to your employer.

(8) Precautions for safe use, handling, and storage.

(a) Material is combustible. Avoid strong acids and their anhydrides. Avoid strong

oxidants. Consult supervisor for disposal requirements.

(b) Emergency clean-up. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and fully clothe the

body in the appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment.

WAC 296-62-07656 Appendix B to WAC 296-62-076--Substance technical

guidelines, MDA.

(1) Identification.

(a) Substance identification. Synonyms: CAS No. 101-77-9. 4,4'-methylenedianiline;

4,4'-methylenebisaniline; methylenedianiline; dianilinomethane.

(b) Formula: C

(2) Physical data.

(a) Appearance and odor: White to tan solid; amine odor.

(b) Molecular weight: 198.26.

(d) Melting point: 88-93 degrees C. (190-100 degrees F.).

(e) Vapor pressure: 9 mmHg at 232 degrees C.

(f) Evaporation rate (n-butyl acetate = 1): Negligible.

(g) Vapor density (Air = 1): Not applicable.

(h) Volatile fraction by weight: Negligible.

(i) Specific gravity (Water = 1): Slight.

(j) Heat of combustion: -8.40 kcal/g.

(k) Solubility in water: Slightly soluble in cold water, very soluble in alcohol, benzene,

ether, and many organic solvents.

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(3) Fire, explosion, and reactivity hazard data.

(a) Flash point: 190 degrees C. (374 degrees F.) Setaflash closed cup.

(b) Flash point: 226 degrees C. (439 degrees F.) Cleveland open cup.

(d) Special firefighting procedures: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and

protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes.

(e) Unusual fire and explosion hazards: Fire or excessive heat may cause production of

hazardous decomposition products.

(f) Hazardous polymerization: Will not occur.

(4) Reactivity data.

(a) Stability: Stable

(b) Incompatibility: Strong oxidizers.

may produce carbon monoxide. Oxides of nitrogen may also be present.

(5) Spill and leak procedures.

(a) Sweep material onto paper and place in fiber carton.

(b) Package appropriately for safe feed to an incinerator or dissolve in compatible waste

solvents prior to incineration.

contract with licensed chemical waste disposal service.

(d) Discharge treatment or disposal may be subject to federal, state, or local laws.

(e) Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

(6) Special storage and handling precautions.

(a) High exposure to MDA can occur when transferring the substance from one container

to another. Such operations should be well ventilated and good work practices must

be established to avoid spills.

(b) Pure MDA is a solid with a low vapor pressure. Grinding or heating operations

increase the potential for exposure.

(d) Employers shall advise employees of all areas and operations where exposure to

MDA could occur.

(7) Housekeeping and hygiene facilities.

(a) The workplace should be kept clean, orderly, and in a sanitary condition. The

employer should institute a leak and spill detection program for operations involving

MDA in order to detect sources of fugitive MDA emissions.

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(b) Adequate washing facilities with hot and cold water are to be provided and

maintained in a sanitary condition. Suitable cleansing agents should also be provided

to assure the effective removal of MDA from the skin.

(8) Common operations. Common operations in which exposure to MDA is likely to occur

include the following: Manufacture of MDA; manufacture of methylene diisocyanate;

curing agent for epoxy resin structures; wire coating operations; and filament winding.

WAC 296-62-07658 Appendix C to WAC 296-62-076--Medical surveillance

guidelines for MDA.

(1) Route of entry:

Inhalation; skin absorption; ingestion. MDA can be inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or

ingested.

(2) Toxicology:

MDA is a suspect carcinogen in humans. There are several reports of liver disease in

humans and animals resulting from acute exposure to MDA. A well-documented case of

an acute cardiomyopathy secondary to exposure to MDA is on record. Numerous human

cases of hepatitis secondary to MDA are known. Upon direct contact MDA may also cause

damage to the eyes. Dermatitis and skin sensitization have been observed. Almost all

forms of acute environmental hepatic injury in humans involve the hepatic parenchyma and

produce hepatocellular jaundice. This agent produces intrahepatic cholestasis. The clinical

picture consists of cholestatic jaundice, preceded or accompanied by abdominal pain, fever,

and chills. Onset in about 60 percent of all observed cases is abrupt with severe abdominal

pain. In about 30 percent of observed cases, the illness presented and evolved more slowly

and less dramatically, with only slight abdominal pain. In about 10 percent of the cases

only jaundice was evident. The cholestatic nature of the jaundice is evident in the

prominence of itching, the histologic predominance of bile stasis, and portal inflammatory

infiltration, accompanied by only slight parenchymal injury in most cases, and by the

moderately elevated transaminase values. Acute, high doses, however, have been known to

cause hepatocellular damage resulting in elevated SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, and

bilirubin.

Absorption through the skin is rapid. MDA is metabolized and excreted over a 48-hour

period. Direct contact may be irritating to the skin, causing dermatitis. Also MDA which

is deposited on the skin is not thoroughly removed through washing.

MDA may cause bladder cancer in humans. Animal data supporting this assumption is not

available nor is conclusive human data. However, human data collected on workers at a

helicopter manufacturing facility where MDA is used suggests a higher incidence of

bladder cancer among exposed workers.

(3) Signs and symptoms:

Skin may become yellow from contact with MDA.

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Repeated or prolonged contact with MDA may result in recurring dermatitis (red-itchy,

cracked skin) and eye irritation. Inhalation, ingestion, or absorption through the skin at

high concentrations may result in hepatitis, causing symptoms such as fever and chills,

nausea and vomiting, dark urine, anorexia, rash, right upper quadrant pain, and jaundice.

Corneal burns may occur when MDA is splashed in the eyes.

(4) Treatment of acute toxic effects/emergency situation:

If MDA gets into the eyes, immediately wash eyes with large amounts of water. If MDA is

splashed on the skin, immediately wash contaminated skin with mild soap or detergent.

Employee should be removed from exposure and given proper medical treatment. Medical

tests required under the emergency section of the medical surveillance subsection (13)(d)

must be conducted. If the chemical is swallowed do not induce vomiting but remove by

gastric lavage.

WAC 296-62-07660 Appendix D to WAC 296-62-076--Sampling and analytical

methods for MDA monitoring and measurement procedures.

Measurements taken for the purpose of determining employee exposure to MDA are best taken

so that the representative average 8-hour exposure may be determined from a single 8-hour

sample or two 4-hour samples. Short-time interval samples (or grab samples) may also be used

to determine average exposure level if a minimum of five measurements are taken in a random

manner over the 8-hour work shift.

Random sampling means that any portion of the work shift has the same chance of being

sampled as any other. The arithmetic average of all such random samples taken on one work

shift is an estimate of an employee's average level of exposure for that work shift. Air samples

should be taken in the employee's breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that

inhaled by the employee).

There are a number of methods available for monitoring employee exposures to MDA. The

method WISHA currently uses is included below.

The employer, however, has the obligation of selecting any monitoring method which meets the

accuracy and precision requirements of the standard under their unique field conditions. The

standard requires that the method of monitoring must have an accuracy, to a 95 percent

confidence level, of not less than plus or minus 25 percent for the select PEL.

WISHA methodology.

Sampling procedure.

Apparatus:

Samples are collected by use of a personal sampling pump that can be calibrated within

+5 percent of the recommended flow rate with the sampling filter in line.

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Samples are collected on 37 mm Gelman type A/E glass fiber filters treated with sulfuric

acid. The filters are prepared by soaking each filter with 0.5 mL of 0.26N H

. (0.26

N H

can be prepared by diluting 1.5 mL of 36N H

to 200 mL with deionized

water.) The filters are dried in an oven at 100 degrees C. for one hour and then assembled

into three-piece 37 mm polystyrene cassettes without backup pads. The front filter is

separated from the back filter by a polystyrene spacer. The cassettes are sealed with

shrink bands and the ends are plugged with plastic plugs.

After sampling, the filters are carefully removed from the cassettes and individually

transferred to small vials containing approximately 2 mL deionized water. The vials

must be tightly sealed. The water can be added before or after the filters are transferred.

The vials must be sealable and capable of holding at least 7 mL of liquid. Small glass

scintillation vials with caps containing Teflon liners are recommended.

Reagents:

Deionized water is needed for addition to the vials.

Sampling technique:

Immediately before sampling, remove the plastic plugs from the filter cassettes.

Attach the cassette to the sampling pump with flexible tubing and place the cassette in the

employee's breathing zone.

After sampling, seal the cassettes with plastic plugs until the filters are transferred to the

vials containing deionized water.

At some convenient time within 10 hours of sampling, transfer the sample filters to vials.

Seal the small vials lengthwise.

Submit at least one blank filter with each sample set. Blanks should be handled in the

same manner as samples, but no air is drawn through them.

Record sample volumes (in L of air) for each sample, along with any potential

interferences.

Retention efficiency:

A retention efficiency study was performed by drawing 100 L of air (80 percent relative

humidity) at 1 L/min through sample filters that had been spiked with 0.814 microgram

MDA. Instead of using backup pads, blank acid-treated filters were used as backups in

each cassette. Upon analysis, the top filters were found to have an average of 91.8

percent of the spiked amount. There was no MDA found on the bottom filters, so the

amount lost was probably due to the slight instability of the MDA salt.

Extraction efficiency:

The average extraction efficiency for six filters spiked at the target concentration is 99.6

percent.

The stability of extracted and derivatized samples was verified by reanalyzing the above

six samples the next day using fresh standards. The average extraction efficiency for the

reanalyzed samples is 98.7 percent.

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Recommended air volume and sampling rate:

The recommended air volume is 100 L.

The recommended sampling rate is 1 L/min.

Interferences (sampling):

MDI appears to be a positive interference. It was found that when MDI was spiked onto

an acid-treated filter, the MDI converted to MDA after air was drawn through it.

Suspected interferences should be reported to the laboratory with submitted samples.

Safety precautions (sampling):

Attach the sampling equipment to the employees so that it will not interfere with work

performance or safety.

Follow all safety procedures that apply to the work area being sampled.

Analytical procedure:

Apparatus: The following are required for analysis.

A GC equipped with an electron capture detector. For this evaluation a Hewlett Packard

5880 Gas Chromatograph equipped with a Nickel 63 High Temperature Electron Capture

Detector and a Linearizer was used.

A GC column capable of separating the MDA derivative from the solvent and

interferences. A 6 ft X 2 mm ID glass column packed with 3 percent OV-101 coated on

100/120 Gas Chrom Q or a 25 meter DB-1 or DB-5 capillary column is recommended for

this evaluation.

A electronic integrator or some other suitable means of measuring peak areas or heights.

Small resealable vials with Teflon-lined caps capable of holding 4 mL.

A dispenser or pipet for toluene capable of delivering 2.0 mL.

Pipets (or repipets with plastic or Teflon tips) capable of delivering 1 mL for the sodium

hydroxide and buffer solutions.

A repipet capable of delivering 25 micro-L HFAA.

Syringes for preparation of standards and injection of standards and samples into a GC.

Volumetric flasks and pipets to dilute the pure MDA in preparation of standards.

Disposable pipets to transfer the toluene layers after the samples are extracted.

Reagents:

0.5 NaOH prepared from reagent grade NaOH.

Toluene, pesticide grade. Burdick and Jackson distilled in glass toluene was used.

Heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride (HFAA). HFAA from Pierce Chemical Company was

used.

pH 7.0 phosphate buffer, prepared from 136 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1L

deionized water. The pH is adjusted to 7.0 with saturated sodium hydroxide solution.

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4,4'-Methylenedianiline (MDA), reagent grade.

Standard preparation:

Concentrated stock standards are prepared by diluting pure MDA with toluene.

Analytical standards are prepared by injecting µL amounts of diluted stock standards into

vials that contain 2.0 mL toluene.

25 µL HFAA are added to each vial and the vials are capped and shaken for 10 seconds.

After 10 min, 1 mL of buffer is added to each vial.

The vials are recapped and shaken for 10 seconds.

After allowing the layers to separate, aliquots of the toluene (upper) layers are removed

with a syringe and analyzed by GC.

Analytical standard concentrations should bracket sample concentrations. Thus, if

samples fall out of the range of prepared standards, additional standards must be prepared

to ascertain detector response.

Sample preparation:

The sample filters are received in vials containing deionized water.

1 mL of 0.5N NaOH and 2.0 mL toluene are added to each vial.

The vials are recapped and shaken for 10 min.

After allowing the layers to separate, approximately 1 mL aliquots of the toluene (upper)

layers are transferred to separate vials with clean disposable pipets.

The toluene layers are treated and analyzed.

Analysis:

GC conditions

Zone temperatures:

Column--220 degrees C.

Injector--235 degrees C.

Detector--335 degrees C.

C Gas flows, N

Column--30 mL/min

He Column 0.9 mL/min. (capillary) with 30 mL/min. A

(95/5) makeup gas

Injection volume: 5.0 µL.

Column: 6 ft X 1/8 in ID glass, 3% OV-101 on 100/120 Gas Chrom Q or 25 meter x

.25 mm DB-1 or DB-5 capillary

Retention time of MDA derivative: 2.5 to 3.5, depending on column and flow

Chromatogram:

Peak areas or heights are measured by an integrator or other suitable means.

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A calibration curve is constructed by plotting response (peak areas or heights) of standard

injections versus µg of MDA per sample. Sample concentrations must be bracketed by

standards.

Interferences (analytical):

Any compound that gives an electron capture detector response and has the same general

retention time as the HFAA derivative of MDA is a potential interference. Suspected

interferences reported to the laboratory with submitted samples by the industrial hygienist

must be considered before samples are derivatized.

GC parameters may be changed to possibly circumvent interferences.

Retention time on a single column is not considered proof of chemical identity. Analyte

identity should be confirmed by GC/MS if possible.

Calculations:

The analyte concentration for samples is obtained from the calibration curve in terms of

µg MDA per sample. The extraction efficiency is 100 percent. If any MDA is found on

the blank, that amount is subtracted from the sample amounts. The air concentrations are

calculated using the following formulae: Microgram/m

= (microgram MDA per sample)

(1000)/(L of air sampled) ppb = (microgram/m

) (24.46)/(198.3) =

(microgram/m

)(0.1233) where 24.46 is the molar volume at 25 degrees C. and 760 mm

Hg.

Safety precautions (analytical):

Avoid skin contact and inhalation of all chemicals.

Restrict the use of all chemicals to a fume hood if possible.

Wear safety glasses and a lab coat at all times while in the lab area.

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PART I-1

ASBESTOS, TREMOLITE, ANTHOPHYLLITE,

AND ACTINOLITE

WAC .......................................................................................................................... Page

WAC 296-62-077 Asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and

actinolite ...................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-07701 Scope and application. .................................................................. 1

WAC 296-62-07703 Definitions. ..................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-07705 Permissible exposure limits (PEL) ................................................. 4

WAC 296-62-07706 Multi-employer worksites ............................................................... 5

WAC 296-62-07709 Exposure assessment and monitoring. .......................................... 5

WAC 296-62-07711 Regulated areas. ......................................................................... 10

WAC 296-62-07712 Requirements for asbestos activities in construction and shipyard

work. ............................................................................................. 11

WAC 296-62-07713 Methods of compliance for asbestos activities in general

industry. ........................................................................................ 22

WAC 296-62-07715 Respiratory protection. ................................................................. 25

WAC 296-62-07717 Protective work clothing and equipment. ..................................... 27

WAC 296-62-07719 Hygiene facilities and practices. .................................................. 29

WAC 296-62-07721 Communication of hazards. ......................................................... 32

WAC 296-62-07722 Employee information and training. ............................................. 39

WAC 296-62-07723 Housekeeping. ............................................................................. 42

WAC 296-62-07725 Medical surveillance. ................................................................... 43

WAC 296-62-07727 Recordkeeping............................................................................. 46

WAC 296-62-07728 Competent person. ...................................................................... 48

WAC 296-62-07733 Appendices. ................................................................................. 50

WAC 296-62-07735 Appendix A. WISHA reference method-Mandatory ..................... 50

WAC 296-62-07737 Appendix B--Detailed procedure for asbestos sampling and

analysis--Nonmandatory. .............................................................. 53

WAC 296-62-07741 Appendix D--Medical questionnaires--Mandatory. ....................... 69

WAC 296-62-07743 Appendix E--Interpretation and classification of chest

roentgenograms--Mandatory. ........................................................ 81

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WAC .......................................................................................................................... Page

WAC 296-62-07745 Appendix F--Work practices and engineering controls for

automotive brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair and

assembly-Mandatory. .................................................................... 81

WAC 296-62-07747 Appendix G--Substance technical information for asbestos--

Nonmandatory............................................................................... 83

WAC 296-62-07749 Appendix H--Medical surveillance guidelines for asbestos--

Nonmandatory............................................................................... 86

WAC 296-62-07751 Appendix I--Work practices and engineering controls for Class I

asbestos operations--Nonmandatory. ........................................... 88

WAC 296-62-07753 Appendix J--Polarized light microscopy of asbestos--

Nonmandatory............................................................................... 94

WAC 296-62-07755 Appendix K--Smoking cessation program information for asbestos,

tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite--Nonmandatory. .............. 117

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part I-1

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Part I-1, Page 1

WAC 296-62-077 Asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and

actinolite.

WAC 296-62-07701 Scope and application.

(1) WAC 296-62-07701 through 296-62-07753 applies to all occupational exposures to

asbestos in all industries covered by chapter 49.17 RCW, Washington Industrial Safety

and Health Act and chapter 49.26 RCW, Health and Safety--Asbestos.

(2) This part applies to construction work as defined in WAC 296-155-012 except for work

involving asbestos-containing asphalt roof coatings, cements, and mastics. The exception

for roofing materials does not apply to asphalt coated asbestos felting and similar built-up

roofing.

(3) This part applies to ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking employments and related

employments as defined in WAC 296-304-01001 except for work involving asbestos-

containing asphalt roof coatings, cements, and mastics. The exception for roofing

materials does not apply to asphalt coated asbestos felting and similar built-up roofing.

WAC 296-62-07703 Definitions.

For the purpose of WAC 296-62-07701 through 296-62-07753:

Accredited inspector. Any person meeting the accreditation requirements of the Federal Toxic

Substance Control Act, Section 206(a)(1) and (3). 15 U.S.C. 2646(a)(1) and (3).

Aggressive method. Removal or disturbance of building material by sanding, abrading,

grinding or other method that breaks, crumbles, or disintegrates intact ACM.

Amended water. Water to which surfactant (wetting agent) has been added to increase the

ability of the liquid to penetrate ACM.

Asbestos. Includes chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite asbestos, anthophyllite asbestos,

actinolite asbestos, and any of these minerals that have been chemically treated and/or altered.

For purposes of this standard, “asbestos” includes PACM, as defined below.

Asbestos abatement project. An asbestos project involving three square feet or three linear

feet, or more, of asbestos-containing material.

Asbestos-containing material (ACM). Any material containing more than 1% asbestos.

Asbestos project. Includes the construction, demolition, repair, remodeling, maintenance or

renovation of any public or private building or structure, mechanical piping equipment or system

involving the demolition, removal, encapsulation, salvage, or disposal of material or outdoor

activity releasing or likely to release asbestos fibers into the air.

Authorized person. Any person authorized by the employer and required by work duties to be

present in regulated areas.

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Building/facility/vessel owner. Any legal entity or person who owns any public or private

building, vessel, structure, facility, or mechanical system or the remnants thereof, including the

agent of such person, but does not include individuals who work on asbestos projects in their

own single-family residences, no part of which is used for commercial purposes. Also included

is any lessee, who exercises control over management and recordkeeping functions relating to a

building, vessel, and/or facility in which activities covered by this standard takes place.

Certified asbestos supervisor. An individual certified by the department under WAC 296-65-

012.

Certified asbestos worker. An individual certified by the department under WAC 296-65-010.

Certified industrial hygienist (CIH). One certified in the practice of industrial hygiene by the

American Board of Industrial Hygiene.

Class I asbestos work. Activities involving the removal of thermal system insulation or

surfacing ACM/PACM.

Class II asbestos work. Activities involving the removal of ACM which is not thermal system

insulation or surfacing material. This includes, but is not limited to, the removal of asbestos-

containing wallboard, floor tile and sheeting, roofing and siding shingles, and construction

mastics.

Class III asbestos work. Repair and maintenance operations where “ACM,” including TSI and

surfacing ACM and PACM, may be disturbed.

Class IV asbestos work. Maintenance and custodial activities during which employees contact

but do not disturb ACM or PACM and activities to clean up dust, waste and debris resulting from

Class I, II, and III activities.

Clean room. An uncontaminated room having facilities for the storage of employees' street

clothing and uncontaminated materials and equipment.

Closely resemble. The major workplace conditions which have contributed to the levels of

historic asbestos exposure, are no more protective than conditions of the current workplace.

Competent person. In addition to the definition in WAC 296-62-07728, one who is capable of

identifying existing asbestos, hazards in the workplace and selecting the appropriate control

strategy for asbestos exposure, who has the authority to take prompt corrective measures to

eliminate them as specified in WAC 296-62-07728. The competent person shall be certified as

an asbestos supervisor in compliance with WAC 296-65-030(3) and 296-65-012 for Class I and

Class II work, and for Class III and Class IV work involving 3 square feet or 3 linear feet or

more of asbestos-containing material. For Class III and Class IV work, involving less than 3

square feet or 3 linear feet, the competent person shall be trained in an operations and

maintenance (O&M) course which meets the criteria of EPA (40 CFR 763.92(a)(2)).

Critical barrier. One or more layers of plastic sealed over all openings into a work area or any

other similarly placed physical barrier sufficient to prevent airborne asbestos in a work area from

migrating to an adjacent area.

Decontamination area. An enclosed area adjacent and connected to the regulated area and

consisting of an equipment room, shower area, and clean room, which is used for the

decontamination of workers, materials, and equipment contaminated with asbestos.

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Part I-1, Page 3

Demolition. The wrecking or taking out of any load-supporting structural member and any

related razing, removing, or stripping of asbestos products. Where feasible, asbestos-containing

materials shall be removed from all structures prior to the commencement of any demolition

activity as per WAC 296-155-775(9).

Department. The department of labor and industries.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries or their authorized

representative.

Director of NIOSH. The Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services, or designee.

Disturb or disturbance. Refers to activities that disrupt the matrix of ACM or PACM, crumble

or pulverize ACM or PACM, or generate visible debris from ACM or PACM. This term

includes activities that disrupt the matrix of ACM or PACM, render ACM or PACM friable, or

generate visible debris. Disturbance includes cutting away small amounts of ACM or PACM, no

greater than the amount that can be contained in one standard size glove bag or waste bag in

order to access a building or vessel component. In no event shall the amount of ACM or PACM

so disturbed exceed that which can be contained in one glove bag or waste bag which shall not

exceed 60 inches in length and width.

Employee exposure. That exposure to airborne asbestos that would occur if the employee were

not using respiratory protective equipment.

Equipment room (change room). A contaminated room located within the decontamination

area that is supplied with impermeable bags or containers for the disposal of contaminated

protective clothing and equipment.

Fiber. A particulate form of asbestos, five micrometers or longer, with a length-to-diameter

ratio of at least three to one.

Glove bag. Not more than a 60 x 60 inch impervious plastic bag-like enclosure affixed around

an asbestos-containing material, with glove-like appendages through which material and tools

may be handled.

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. A filter capable of trapping and retaining at

least 99.97 percent of all monodispersed particles of 0.3 micrometers mean aerodynamic

diameter or larger.

Homogeneous area. An area of surfacing material or thermal system insulation that is uniform

in color and texture.

Industrial hygienist. A professional qualified by education, training, and experience to

anticipate, recognize, evaluate and develop controls for occupational health hazards.

Intact. The ACM has not crumbled, been pulverized, or otherwise deteriorated so that the

asbestos is no longer likely to be bound with its matrix. Friable ACM that is disturbed, as

defined in this part, is presumed to be no longer intact.

Modification. For the purpose of WAC 296-62-07712, “modification” means a changed or

altered procedure, material or component of a control system, which replaces a procedure,

material or component of a required system. Omitting a procedure or component, or reducing or

diminishing the stringency or strength of a material or component of the control system is not a

“modification” for the purposes of WAC 296-62-07712.

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Negative initial exposure assessment. A demonstration by the employer (which complies with

the criteria in WAC 296-62-07709) that employee exposure during an operation is expected to be

consistently below the PELs.

PACM. Presumed asbestos-containing material.

Presumed asbestos-containing material. Thermal system insulation and surfacing material

found in buildings, vessels, and vessel sections constructed no later than 1980. The designation

of a material as “PACM” may be rebutted pursuant to WAC 296-62-07721.

Project designer. A person who has successfully completed the training requirements for an

abatement project designer established by 40 U.S.C. 763.90(g).

Regulated area. An area established by the employer to demarcate areas where Class I, II, and

III asbestos work is conducted, and any adjoining area where debris and waste from such

asbestos work accumulate; and a work area within which airborne concentrations of asbestos,

exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the permissible exposure limit. Requirements

for regulated areas are set out in WAC 296-62-07711.

Removal. All operations where ACM and/or PACM is taken out or stripped from structures or

substrates, and includes demolition operations.

Renovation. The modifying of any existing vessel, vessel section, structure, or portion thereof.

Repair. Overhauling, rebuilding, reconstructing, or reconditioning of vessels, vessel sections,

structures or substrates, including encapsulation or other repair of ACM or PACM attached to

vessels, vessel sections, structures or substrates.

Surfacing ACM. Surfacing material which contains more than 1% asbestos.

Surfacing material. Material that is sprayed, troweled-on or otherwise applied to surfaces (such

as acoustical plaster on ceilings and fireproofing materials on structural members, or other

materials on surfaces for acoustical , fireproofing, and other purposes).

Thermal system insulation (TSI). ACM applied to pipes, fittings, boilers, breaching, tanks,

ducts, or other structural components to prevent heat loss or gain.

Thermal system insulation ACM. Thermal system insulation which contains more than 1%

asbestos.

WAC 296-62-07705 Permissible exposure limits (PEL).

(1) Time weighted average (TWA). The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed

to an airborne concentration of asbestos in excess of 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter (0.1

f/cc) of air as an eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) as determined by the method

prescribed in Appendix A of this part, or by an equivalent method recognized by the

department.

(2) Excursion limit. The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne

concentration of asbestos in excess of 1.0 fiber per cubic centimeter of air (1 f/cc) as

averaged over a sampling period of thirty minutes, as determined by the method prescribed

in Appendix A of this part, or by an equivalent method recognized by the department.

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WAC 296-62-07706 Multi-employer worksites.

(1) On multi-employer worksites, an employer performing work requiring the establishment of

a regulated area must inform other employers on the site of the nature of the employer's

work with asbestos and/or PACM, of the existence of and requirements pertaining to

regulated areas, and the measures taken to ensure that employees of such other employers

are not exposed to asbestos.

(2) Asbestos hazards at a multi-employer worksite must be abated by the employer who

created or controls the source of asbestos contamination. For example, if there is a

significant breach of an enclosure containing Class I work, the employer responsible for

erecting the enclosure must repair the breach immediately.

(3) In addition, all employers of employees exposed to asbestos hazards must comply with

applicable protective provisions to protect their employees. For example, if employees

working immediately adjacent to a Class I asbestos job are exposed to asbestos due to the

inadequate containment of such jobs, their employer must either remove the employees

from the area until the enclosure breach is repaired; or perform an initial exposure

assessment pursuant to WAC 296-62-07709.

(4) All employers of employees working adjacent to regulated areas established by another

employer on a multi-employer worksite, must take steps on a daily basis to ascertain the

integrity of the enclosure and/or the effectiveness of the control method relied on by the

primary asbestos contractor to ensure that asbestos fibers do not migrate to such adjacent

areas.

(5) All general contractors on a construction project which includes work covered by this

standard must be deemed to exercise general supervisory authority over the work covered

by this standard, even though the general contractor is not qualified to serve as the asbestos

“competent person” as defined by WAC 296-62-07703. As supervisor of the entire project,

the general contractor must ascertain whether the asbestos contractor is in compliance with

this standard, and must require such contractor to come into compliance with this standard

when necessary.

WAC 296-62-07709 Exposure assessment and monitoring.

(1) General monitoring criteria.

(a) Each employer who has a workplace or work operation where exposure monitoring is

required under this part must perform monitoring to determine accurately the airborne

concentrations of asbestos to which employees may be exposed.

(b) Determinations of employee exposure must be made from breathing zone air samples

that are representative of the eight-hour TWA and thirty minute short-term exposures

of each employee.

of one or more samples representing full-shift exposure for each shift for each

employee in each job classification in each work area.

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(d) Representative thirty minute short-term employee exposures must be determined on

the basis of one or more samples representing thirty minute exposures associated with

operations that are most likely to produce exposures above the excursion limit for

each shift for each job classification in each work area.

(2) Exposure monitoring requirements for all occupational exposures to asbestos in all

industries covered by the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act except construction

work, as defined in WAC 296-155-012, and except ship repairing, shipbuilding and

shipbreaking employments and related employments as defined in WAC 296-304-01001.

(a) Initial monitoring.

Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this

standard, except as provided for in (a)(ii) and (iii) of this subsection, must

perform initial monitoring of employees who are, or may reasonably be

expected to be exposed to airborne concentrations at or above the TWA

permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit. The initial monitoring must

be at the initiation of each asbestos job to accurately determine the airborne

concentration of asbestos to which employees may be exposed.

Where the employer or their representative has monitored after March 31, 1992,

for the TWA permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit, and the

monitoring satisfies all other requirements of this section, and the monitoring

data was obtained during work operations conducted under workplace

conditions closely resembling the processes, type of material including

percentage of asbestos, control methods, work practices, and environmental

conditions used and prevailing in the employer's current operations, the

employer may rely on such earlier monitoring results to satisfy the requirements

of (a)(i) of this subsection.

Where the employer has relied upon objective data that demonstrates that

asbestos is not capable of being released in airborne concentrations at or above

the TWA permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit under those work

conditions of processing, use, or handling expected to have the greatest

potential for releasing asbestos, then no initial monitoring is required.

(b) Monitoring frequency (periodic monitoring) and patterns. After the initial

determinations required by subsection (2)(a)(i) of this section, samples must be of

such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of

exposure of the employees. Sampling must not be at intervals greater than six months

for employees whose exposures may reasonably be foreseen to exceed the TWA

permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit.

monitoring that is representative of the exposure of each employee who is assigned to

work within a regulated area. Exception: When all employees within a regulated

area are equipped with full facepiece supplied-air respirators operated in the pressure-

demand mode equipped with either an auxiliary positive pressure self-contained

breathing apparatus or a HEPA filter, the employer may dispense with the daily

monitoring required by this subsection.

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(d) Changes in monitoring frequency. If either the initial or the periodic monitoring

required by subsection (2)(a) and (b) of this section statistically indicates that

employee exposures are below the TWA permissible exposure limit and/or excursion

limit, the employer may discontinue the monitoring for those employees whose

exposures are represented by such monitoring.

(e) Additional monitoring. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2)(a)(ii) and

under subsection (2)(a)(i) and (ii) of this section whenever there has been a change in

the production, process, control equipment, personnel, or work practices that may

result in new or additional exposures above the TWA permissible exposure limit

and/or excursion limit, or when the employer has any reason to suspect that a change

may result in new or additional exposures above the TWA permissible exposure limit

and/or excursion limit.

(3) Exposure assessment monitoring requirements for all construction work as defined in

WAC 296-155-012 and for all ship repairing, shipbuilding and shipbreaking employments

and related employments as defined in WAC 296-304-01001.

(a) Initial exposure assessment.

Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this standard

must ensure that a “competent person” conducts an exposure assessment

immediately before or at the initiation of the operation to ascertain expected

exposures during that operation or workplace. The assessment must be

completed in time to comply with the requirements which are triggered by

exposure data or lack of a “negative exposure assessment,” and to provide

information necessary to ensure that all control systems planned are appropriate

for that operation and will work properly.

Basis of initial exposure assessment: Unless a negative exposure assessment

has been made according to (b) of this subsection, the initial exposure

assessment must, if feasible, be based on monitoring conducted according to (b)

of this subsection. The assessment must take into consideration both the

monitoring results and all observations, information or calculations which

indicate employee exposure to asbestos, including any previous monitoring

conducted in the workplace, or of the operations of the employer which indicate

the levels of airborne asbestos likely to be encountered on the job. For Class I

asbestos work, until the employer conducts exposure monitoring and documents

that employees on that job will not be exposed in excess of the PELs, or

otherwise makes a negative exposure assessment according to (b) of this

subsection, the employer must presume that employees are exposed in excess of

the TWA and excursion limit.

(b) Negative exposure assessment: For any one specific asbestos job which will be

performed by employees who have been trained in compliance with the standard, the

employer may demonstrate that employee exposures will be below the PELs by data

which conform to the following criteria:

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Objective data demonstrating that the products or material containing asbestos

minerals or the activity involving such product or material cannot release

airborne fibers in concentrations exceeding the TWA and excursion limit under

those work conditions having the greatest potential for releasing asbestos; or

Where the employer has monitored prior asbestos jobs for the PEL and the

excursion limit within 12 months of the current or projected job, the monitoring

and analysis were performed in compliance with the asbestos standard in effect;

and the data was obtained during work operations conducted under workplace

conditions “closely resembling” the processes, type of material including

percentage of asbestos, control methods, work practices, and environmental

conditions used and prevailing in the employer's current operations, the

operations were conducted by employees whose training and experience are no

more extensive than that of employees performing the current job, and these

data show that under the conditions prevailing and which will prevail in the

current workplace there is a high degree of certainty that employee exposures

will not exceed the TWA or excursion limit; or

The results of initial exposure monitoring of the current job made from

breathing zone samples that are representative of the 8-hour TWA and 30-

minute short-term exposures of each employee covering operations which are

most likely during the performance of the entire asbestos job to result in

exposures over the PELs.

Class I and Class II operations. The employer must conduct daily monitoring

that is representative of the exposure of each employee who is assigned to work

within a regulated area who is performing Class I or II work, unless the

employer according to (b) of this subsection, has made a negative exposure

assessment for the entire operation.

All operations under the standard other than Class I and II operations. The

employer must conduct periodic monitoring of all work where exposures are

expected to exceed a PEL, at intervals sufficient to document the validity of the

exposure prediction.

Exception. When all employees required to be monitored daily are equipped

with supplied-air respirators operated in the pressure demand mode, the

employer may dispense with the daily monitoring required by subsection (2)(c)

of this section. However, employees performing Class I work using a control

method which is not listed in WAC 296-62-07712 or using a modification of a

listed control method, must continue to be monitored daily even if they are

equipped with supplied-air respirators.

(d) Termination of monitoring. If the periodic monitoring required by (c) of this

subsection reveals that employee exposures, as indicated by statistically reliable

measurements, are below the permissible exposure limit and excursion limit the

employer may discontinue monitoring for those employees whose exposures are

represented by such monitoring.

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(e) Monitoring outside negative-pressure enclosures: The employer must conduct

representative area monitoring of the airborne fiber levels at least every other day at

the HEPA machine exhaust and entrance to the decontamination area.

(f) Additional monitoring. Notwithstanding the provisions of (b), (c), and (d) of this

subsection, the employer must institute the exposure monitoring required under (c) of

this subsection whenever there has been a change in process, control equipment,

personnel or work practices that may result in new or additional exposures above the

permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit or when the employer has any

reason to suspect that a change may result in new or additional exposures above the

permissible exposure limit and/or excursion limit. Such additional monitoring is

required regardless of whether a “negative exposure assessment” was previously

produced for a specific job.

(g) Preabatement monitoring. Prior to the start of asbestos work, representative area

monitoring must be conducted for comparison to clearance monitoring as required by

subsection (3)(h) of this section. Preabatement air monitoring is not required for

outdoor work.

(h) Clearance monitoring. Representative area air monitoring must be taken at the

completion of the asbestos work. Air sample results must be obtained before removal

or reoccupancy of the regulated area. Clearance air monitoring is not required for

outdoor asbestos work. The employer must demonstrate by monitoring that the

airborne concentration is below:

The permissible exposure limit; or

At or below the airborne fiber level existing prior to the start of the asbestos

work, whichever level is lower.

(4) Method of monitoring.

(a) All samples taken to satisfy the employee exposure monitoring requirements of this

section must be personal samples collected following the procedures specified in

WAC 296-62-07735, Appendix A.

(b) Monitoring must be performed by persons having a thorough understanding of

monitoring principles and procedures and who can demonstrate proficiency in

sampling techniques.

evaluated using the WISHA reference method specified in WAC 296-62-07735,

Appendix A, or an equivalent counting method recognized by the department.

(d) If an equivalent method to the WISHA reference method is used, the employer must

ensure that the method meets the following criteria:

Replicate exposure data used to establish equivalency are collected in side-by-

side field and laboratory comparisons; and

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The comparison indicates that ninety percent of the samples collected in the

range 0.5 to 2.0 times the permissible limit have an accuracy range of plus or

minus twenty-five percent of the WISHA reference method results at a ninety-

five percent confidence level as demonstrated by a statistically valid protocol;

and

The equivalent method is documented and the results of the comparison testing

are maintained.

(e) To satisfy the monitoring requirements of this section, employers must use the results

of monitoring analysis performed by laboratories which have instituted quality

assurance programs that include the elements as prescribed in WAC 296-62-07735,

Appendix A.

(5) Employee notification of monitoring results.

(a) The employer must, as soon as possible but no later than within five days for

construction and shipyard industries and fifteen working days for other industries,

after the receipt of the results of any monitoring performed under the standard, notify

the affected employees of these results in writing either individually or by posting of

results in an appropriate location that is accessible to affected employees.

(b) The written notification required by (a) of this subsection must contain the corrective

action being taken by the employer to reduce employee exposure to or below the

TWA and/or excursion exposure limits, wherever monitoring results indicated that

the TWA and/or excursion exposure limits had been exceeded.

(6) Observation of monitoring.

(a) The employer must provide affected employees or their designated representatives an

opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee exposure to asbestos conducted

in accordance with this section.

(b) When observation of the monitoring of employee exposure to asbestos requires entry

into an area where the use of protective clothing or equipment is required, the

observer must be provided with and be required to use such clothing and equipment

and must comply with all other applicable safety and health procedures.

WAC 296-62-07711 Regulated areas.

(1) General. The employer must establish a regulated area in work areas where airborne

concentrations of asbestos exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed the permissible

exposure limits prescribed in WAC 296-62-07705. All Class I, II and III asbestos work

must be conducted within regulated areas. All other operations covered by this standard

must be conducted within the regulated area where airborne concentrations of asbestos

exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed permissible exposure limits. Regulated

areas must comply with the requirements of subsections (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), and (8) of

this section.

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(2) Demarcation. The regulated area must be demarcated in any manner that minimizes the

number of persons within the area and protects persons outside the area from exposure to

airborne asbestos. Where critical barriers or negative pressure enclosures are used, they

may demarcate the regulated area. Signs must be provided and displayed pursuant to the

requirements of WAC 296-62-07721.

(3) Access. Access to regulated areas must be limited to authorized persons or to persons

authorized by the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act or regulations issued

pursuant thereto.

(4) Provision of respirators. Each person entering a regulated area where employees are

required in WAC 296-62-07715(1) to wear respirators must be supplied with and required

to use a respirator, selected in accordance with WAC 296-62-07715(2).

(5) Protective clothing. All persons entering a regulated area must be supplied with and

required to wear protective clothing, selected in accordance with WAC 296-62-07717.

(6) Prohibited activities. The employer must ensure that employees do not eat, drink, smoke,

chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in the regulated areas.

(7) Permit-required confined space. The employer must determine if a permit-required

confined space hazard exists and must take any necessary precautions in accordance with

chapter 296-809 WAC.

(8) Competent persons. For construction and shipyard work the employer must ensure that

all asbestos work performed within regulated areas is supervised by a competent person, as

defined in WAC 296-62-07703. The duties of the competent person are set out in WAC

296-62-07728.

WAC 296-62-07712 Requirements for asbestos activities in construction and

shipyard work.

(1) Methods of compliance, the following engineering controls and work practices of this

section must be used for construction work defined in WAC 296-155-012 and for all ship

repair defined in WAC 296-304-010.

(2) Engineering controls and work practices for all operations covered by this section. The

employer must use the following engineering controls and work practices in all operations

covered by this section, regardless of the levels of exposure:

(a) Vacuum cleaners equipped with HEPA filters to collect all debris and dust containing

ACM and PACM, except as provided in subsection (10)(b) of this section in the case

of roofing material.

(b) Wet methods, or wetting agents, to control employee exposures during asbestos

handling, mixing, removal, cutting, application, and cleanup, except where employers

demonstrate that the use of wet methods is infeasible due to, for example, the creation

of electrical hazards, equipment malfunction, and, in roofing, except as provided in

subsection (10)(b) of this section.

in a wet saturated state to prevent the emission of airborne fibers unless the

usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby.

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(d) Prompt cleanup and disposal of wastes and debris contaminated with asbestos in leak-

tight containers except in roofing operations, where the procedures specified in this

section apply.

(3) In addition to the requirements of subsection (2) of this section, the employer must use the

following control methods to achieve compliance with the TWA permissible exposure limit

and excursion limit prescribed by WAC 296-62-07705:

(a) Local exhaust ventilation equipped with HEPA filter dust collection systems;

(b) Enclosure or isolation of processes producing asbestos dust;

zone of employees and toward a filtration or collection device equipped with a HEPA

filter;

(d) Use of other work practices and engineering controls that the department can show to

be feasible;

(e) Wherever the feasible engineering and work practice controls described above are not

sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure limit

and/or excursion limit prescribed in WAC 296-62-07705, the employer must use

them to reduce employee exposure to the lowest levels attainable by these controls

and must supplement them by the use of respiratory protection that complies with the

requirements of WAC 296-62-07715.

(4) Prohibitions. The following work practices and engineering controls must not be used for

work related to asbestos or for work which disturbs ACM or PACM, regardless of

measured levels of asbestos exposure or the results of initial exposure assessments:

(a) High-speed abrasive disc saws that are not equipped with point or cut ventilator or

enclosures with HEPA filtered exhaust air;

(b) Compressed air used to remove asbestos, or materials containing asbestos, unless the

compressed air is used in conjunction with an enclosed ventilation system designed to

capture the dust cloud created by the compressed air;

PACM;

(d) Employee rotation as a means of reducing employee exposure to asbestos.

(5) Cleanup.

(a) After completion of asbestos work (removal, demolition, and renovation operations),

all surfaces in and around the work area must be cleared of any asbestos debris.

(b) Encapsulant must be applied to all areas where asbestos has been removed to ensure

binding of any remaining fibers.

(6) Class I requirements. The following engineering controls and work practices and

procedures must be used:

(a) All Class I work, including the installation and operation of the control system must

be supervised by a competent person as defined in WAC 296-62-07703;

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(b) For all Class I jobs involving the removal of more than 25 linear or 10 square feet of

thermal system insulation or surfacing material; for all other Class I jobs, where the

employer cannot produce a negative exposure assessment according to WAC 296-62-

07709(3), or where employees are working in areas adjacent to the regulated area,

while the Class I work is being performed, the employer must use one of the

following methods to ensure that airborne asbestos does not migrate from the

regulated area:

Critical barriers must be placed over all the openings to the regulated area,

except where activities are performed outdoors; or

The employer must use another barrier or isolation method which prevents the

migration of airborne asbestos from the regulated area, as verified by perimeter

area surveillance during each work shift at each boundary of the regulated area,

showing no visible asbestos dust; and perimeter area monitoring showing that

clearance levels contained in 40 CFR Part 763, Subpart E, of the EPA Asbestos

in Schools Rule are met, or that perimeter area levels, measured by Phase

Contrast Microscopy (PCM) are no more than background levels representing

the same area before the asbestos work began. The results of such monitoring

must be made known to the employer no later than 24 hours from the end of the

work shift represented by such monitoring. Exception: For work completed

outdoors where employees are not working in areas adjacent to the regulated

areas, (a) of this subsection is satisfied when the specific control methods in

subsection (7) of this section are used;

with a double layer of 6 mil plastic or the equivalent;

(d) For all Class I jobs, impermeable dropcloths must be placed on surfaces beneath all

removal activity;

(e) For all Class I jobs, all objects within the regulated area must be covered with

impermeable dropcloths or plastic sheeting which is secured by duct tape or an

equivalent;

(f) For all Class I jobs where the employer cannot produce a negative exposure

assessment, or where exposure monitoring shows that a PEL is exceeded, the

employer must ventilate the regulated area to move contaminated air away from the

breathing zone of employees toward a HEPA filtration or collection device.

(7) Specific control methods for Class I work. In addition, Class I asbestos work must be

performed using one or more of the following control methods according to the limitations

stated below:

(a) Negative pressure enclosure (NPE) systems: NPE systems may be used where the

configuration of the work area does not make the erection of the enclosure infeasible,

with the following specifications and work practices:

Specifications:

(A) The negative pressure enclosure (NPE) may be of any configuration;

(B) At least 4 air changes per hour must be maintained in the NPE;

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to outside pressure, must be maintained within the NPE as evidenced by

manometric measurements;

(D) The NPE must be kept under negative pressure throughout the period of

its use; and

(E) Air movement must be directed away from employees performing

asbestos work within the enclosure, and toward a HEPA filtration or

collection device.

Work practices:

(A) Before beginning work within the enclosure and at the beginning of each

shift, the NPE must be inspected for breaches and smoke-tested for leaks,

and any leaks sealed.

(B) Electrical circuits in the enclosure must be deactivated, unless equipped

with ground-fault circuit interrupters.

(b) Glove bag systems may be used to remove PACM and/or ACM from straight runs of

piping and elbows and other connections with the following specifications and work

practices:

Specifications:

(A) Glove bags must be made of 6 mil thick plastic and must be seamless at

the bottom.

(B) Glove bags used on elbows and other connections must be designed for

that purpose and used without modifications.

Work practices:

(A) Each glove bag must be installed so that it completely covers the

circumference of pipe or other structure where the work is to be done.

(B) Glove bags must be smoke-tested for leaks and any leaks sealed prior to

use.

(D) Glove bags must not be used on surfaces whose temperature exceeds

150oF.

(E) Prior to disposal, glove bags must be collapsed by removing air within

them using a HEPA vacuum.

(F) Before beginning the operation, loose and friable material adjacent to the

glove bag/box operation must be wrapped and sealed in two layers of six

mil plastic or otherwise rendered intact.

(G) Where system uses attached waste bag, such bag must be connected to

collection bag using hose or other material which must withstand pressure

of ACM waste and water without losing its integrity.

(H) Sliding valve or other device must separate waste bag from hose to ensure

no exposure when waste bag is disconnected.

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(I) At least two persons must perform Class I glove bag removal operations.

used to remove ACM or PACM from piping.

Specifications: In addition to specifications for glove bag systems above,

negative pressure glove bag systems must attach HEPA vacuum systems or

other devices to bag during removal.

Work practices:

(A) The employer must comply with the work practices for glove bag systems

in this section.

(B) The HEPA vacuum cleaner or other device used during removal must run

continually during the operation until it is completed at which time the

bag must be collapsed prior to removal of the bag from the pipe.

discarded after one use, the collection bag may be reused if rinsed clean

with amended water before reuse.

(d) Negative pressure glove box systems: Negative pressure glove boxes may be used to

remove ACM or PACM from pipe runs with the following specifications and work

practices:

Specifications:

(A) Glove boxes must be constructed with rigid sides and made from metal or

other material which can withstand the weight of the ACM and PACM

and water used during removal.

(B) A negative pressure generator must be used to create negative pressure in

the system.

(D) The box must be fitted with gloved apertures.

(E) An aperture at the base of the box must serve as a bagging outlet for waste

ACM and water.

(F) A back-up generator must be present on site.

(G) Waste bags must consist of 6 mil thick plastic double-bagged before they

are filled or plastic thicker than 6 mil.

Work practices:

(A) At least two persons must perform the removal.

(B) The box must be smoke-tested for leaks and any leaks sealed prior to each

use.

in two layers of 6 mil plastic prior to the job, or otherwise made intact

prior to the job.

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(D) A HEPA filtration system must be used to maintain pressure barrier in

box.

(e) Water spray process system. A water spray process system may be used for removal

of ACM and PACM from cold line piping if, employees carrying out such process

have completed a 40-hour separate training course in its use, in addition to training

required for employees performing Class I work. The system must meet the

following specifications and must be performed by employees using the following

work practices:

Specifications:

(A) Piping must be surrounded on 3 sides by rigid framing.

(B) A 360 degree water spray, delivered through nozzles supplied by a high

pressure separate water line, must be formed around the piping.

barrier between workers and the ACM and PACM.

Work practices:

(A) The system must be run for at least 10 minutes before removal begins.

(B) All removal must take place within the water barrier.

perform removal, but must check equipment, and ensure proper operation of the

system.

(D) After removal, the ACM and PACM must be bagged while still inside the water

barrier.

(f) A small walk-in enclosure which accommodates no more than two persons (mini-

enclosure) may be used if the disturbance or removal can be completely contained by

the enclosure with the following specifications and work practices:

Specifications:

(A) The fabricated or job-made enclosure must be constructed of 6 mil plastic

or equivalent.

(B) The enclosure must be placed under negative pressure by means of a

HEPA filtered vacuum or similar ventilation unit.

plastic should be contiguous to the mini-enclosure, and is necessary to

allow the worker to vacuum off their protective coveralls and remove

them before leaving the work area. While inside the enclosure, the worker

should wear Tyvek disposable coveralls or equivalent and must use the

appropriate HEPA-filtered dual cartridge respiratory protection. The

advantages of mini-enclosures are that they limit the spread of asbestos

contamination, reduce the potential exposure of bystanders and other

workers who may be working in adjacent areas, and are quick and easy to

install.

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The disadvantage of mini-enclosures is that they may be too small to

contain the equipment necessary to create a negative-pressure within the

enclosure; however, the double layer of plastic sheeting will serve to

restrict the release of asbestos fibers to the area outside the enclosure.

Work practices:

(A) Before use, the mini-enclosure must be inspected for leaks and smoke-

tested to detect breaches, and any breaches sealed.

(B) Before reuse, the interior must be completely washed with amended water

and HEPA-vacuumed.

breathing zone within the mini-enclosure.

(8) Alternative control methods for Class I work. Class I work may be performed using a

control method which is not referenced in subsection (2)(a) through (3)(e) of this section,

or which modifies a control method referenced in subsection (2)(a) through (3)(e) of this

section, if the following provisions are complied with:

(a) The control method must enclose, contain or isolate the processes or source of

airborne asbestos dust, before it enters the breathing zone of employees.

(b) A certified industrial hygienist or licensed professional engineer who is also qualified

as a project designer as defined in WAC 296-62-07703, must evaluate the work area,

the projected work practices and the engineering controls and must certify in writing

that the planned control method is adequate to reduce direct and indirect employee

exposure to below the PELs under worst-case conditions of use, and that the planned

control method will prevent asbestos contamination outside the regulated area, as

measured by clearance sampling which meets the requirements of EPA's Asbestos in

Schools rule issued under AHERA, or perimeter monitoring which meets the criteria

in subsection (6)(b)(ii) of this section. Where the TSI or surfacing material to be

removed is 25 linear or 10 square feet or less, the evaluation required in subsection

(8)(b) of this section may be performed by a competent person.

thermal system insulation or surfacing material is begun using an alternative method

which has been the subject of subsection (2)(a) through (3)(e) of this section required

evaluation and certification, the employer must include a copy of such evaluation and

certification with notifications required by WAC 296-65-020, Notification

requirements. The submission must not constitute approval by WISHA.

(d) The evaluation of employee exposure required in WAC 296-62-07712(8) must

include and be based on sampling and analytical data representing employee exposure

during the use of such method under the worst-case conditions and by employees

whose training and experiences are equivalent to employees who are to perform the

current job.

(9) Work practices and engineering controls for Class II work.

(a) All Class II work must be supervised by a competent person as defined in WAC 296-

62-07703.

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(b) For all indoor Class II jobs, where the employer has not produced a negative exposure

assessment according to WAC 296-62-07709(3), or where during the job, changed

conditions indicate there may be exposure above the PEL or where the employer does

not remove the ACM in a substantially intact state, the employer must use one of the

following methods to ensure that airborne asbestos does not migrate from the

regulated area:

Critical barriers must be placed over all openings to the regulated area; or

The employer must use another barrier or isolation method which prevents the

migration of airborne asbestos from the regulated area, as verified by perimeter

area monitoring or clearance monitoring which meets the criteria set out in

subsection (6)(b)(ii) of this section.

(d) All Class II asbestos work must be performed using the work practices and

requirements set out above in subsection (2) of this section.

(10) Additional controls for Class II work. Class II asbestos work must also be performed by

complying with the work practices and controls designated for each type of asbestos work

to be performed, set out in this paragraph. Where more than one control method may be

used for a type of asbestos work, the employer may choose one or a combination of

designated control methods. Class II work also may be performed using a method allowed

for Class I work, except that glove bags and glove boxes are allowed if they fully enclose

the Class II material to be removed.

(a) For removing vinyl and asphalt flooring materials which contain ACM or for which

in buildings constructed no later than 1980, the employer has not verified the absence

of ACM according to WAC 296-62-07712 (10)(a)(ix). The employer must ensure

that employees comply with the following work practices and that employees are

trained in these practices according to WAC 296-62-07722.

Flooring or its backing must not be sanded.

Vacuums equipped with HEPA filter, disposable dust bag, and metal floor tool

(no brush) must be used to clean floors.

Resilient sheeting must be removed by cutting with wetting of the snip point

and wetting during delamination. Rip-up of resilient sheet floor material is

prohibited.

All scraping of residual adhesive and/or backing must be performed using wet

methods.

Dry sweeping is prohibited.

Mechanical chipping is prohibited unless performed in a negative pressure

enclosure which meets the requirements of subsection (7)(a) of this section.

Tiles must be removed intact, unless the employer demonstrates that intact

removal is not possible.

When tiles are heated and can be removed intact, wetting may be omitted.

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Resilient flooring material including associated mastic and backing must be

assumed to be asbestos-containing unless an industrial hygienist determines that

it is asbestos-free using recognized analytical techniques.

(b) For removing roofing material which contains ACM the employer must ensure that

the following work practices are followed:

Roofing material must be removed in an intact state to the extent feasible.

Wet methods must be used to remove roofing materials that are not intact, or

that will be rendered not intact during removal, unless such wet methods are not

feasible or will create safety hazards.

Cutting machines must be continuously misted during use, unless a competent

person determines that misting substantially decreases worker safety.

When removing built-up roofs with asbestos-containing roofing felts and an

aggregate surface using a power roof cutter, all dust resulting from the cutting

operation must be collected by a HEPA dust collector, or must be HEPA

vacuumed by vacuuming along the cut line. When removing built-up roofs

with asbestos-containing roofing felts and a smooth surface using a power roof

cutter, the dust resulting from the cutting operation must be collected either by a

HEPA dust collector or HEPA vacuuming along the cut line, or by gently

sweeping and then carefully and completely wiping up the still wet dust and

debris left along the cut line. The dust and debris must be immediately bagged

or placed in covered containers.

Asbestos-containing material that has been removed from a roof must not be

dropped or thrown to the ground. Unless the material is carried or passed to the

ground by hand, it must be lowered to the ground via covered, dust-tight chute,

crane or hoist:

(A) Any ACM that is not intact must be lowered to the ground as soon as is

practicable, but in any event no later than the end of the work shift. While

the material remains on the roof it must either be kept wet, placed in an

impermeable waste bag, or wrapped in plastic sheeting.

(B) Intact ACM must be lowered to the ground as soon as is practicable, but

in any event no later than the end of the work shift.

Upon being lowered, unwrapped material must be transferred to a closed

receptacle in such manner so as to preclude the dispersion of dust.

Roof level heating and ventilation air intake sources shall be isolated or the

ventilation system must be shut down.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, removal or repair of

sections of intact roofing less than 25 square feet in area does not require use of

wet methods or HEPA vacuuming as long as manual methods which do not

render the material nonintact are used to remove the material and no visible dust

is created by the removal method used. In determining whether a job involves

less than 25 square feet, the employer must include all removal and repair work

performed on the same roof on the same day.

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panels containing ACM on building exteriors (other than roofs, where subsection

(10)(b) of this section applies) the employer must ensure that the following work

practices are followed:

Cutting, abrading or breaking siding, shingles, or transite panels, must be

prohibited unless the employer can demonstrate that methods less likely to

result in asbestos fiber release cannot be used.

Each panel or shingle must be sprayed with amended water prior to removal.

Unwrapped or unbagged panels or shingles must be immediately lowered to the

ground via covered dust-tight chute, crane or hoist, or placed in an impervious

waste bag or wrapped in plastic sheeting and lowered to the ground no later

than the end of the work shift.

Nails must be cut with flat, sharp instruments.

(d) When removing gaskets containing ACM, the employer must ensure that the

following work practices are followed:

If a gasket is visibly deteriorated and unlikely to be removed intact, removal

must be undertaken within a glove bag as described in subsection (7)(b) of this

section.

(Reserved.)

The gasket must be immediately placed in a disposal container.

Any scraping to remove residue must be performed wet.

(e) When performing any other Class II removal of asbestos-containing material for

which specific controls have not been listed in subsection (10) of this section, the

employer must ensure that the following work practices are complied with.

The material must be thoroughly wetted with amended water prior to and during

its removal.

The material must be removed in an intact state unless the employer

demonstrates that intact removal is not possible.

Cutting, abrading or breaking the material must be prohibited unless the

employer can demonstrate that methods less likely to result in asbestos fiber

release are not feasible.

Asbestos-containing material removed, must be immediately bagged or

wrapped, or kept wet until transferred to a closed receptacle, no later than the

end of the work shift.

(f) Alternative work practices and controls. Instead of the work practices and controls

listed in subsection (10) of this section, the employer may use different or modified

engineering and work practice controls if the following provisions are complied with.

The employer must demonstrate by data representing employee exposure during

the use of such method under conditions which closely resemble the conditions

under which the method is to be used, that employee exposure will not exceed

the PELs under any anticipated circumstances.

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A competent person must evaluate the work area, the projected work practices

and the engineering controls, and must certify in writing, that the different or

modified controls are adequate to reduce direct and indirect employee exposure

to below the PELs under all expected conditions of use and that the method

meets the requirements of this standard. The evaluation must include and be

based on data representing employee exposure during the use of such method

under conditions which closely resemble the conditions under which the method

is to be used for the current job, and by employees whose training and

experience are equivalent to employees who are to perform the current job.

(11) Work practices and engineering controls for Class III asbestos work. Class III

asbestos work must be conducted using engineering and work practice controls which

minimize the exposure to employees performing the asbestos work and to bystander

employees.

(a) The work must be performed using wet methods.

(b) To the extent feasible, the work must be performed using local exhaust ventilation.

Where the disturbance involves drilling, cutting, abrading, sanding, chipping,

braking, or sawing of thermal system insulation or surfacing material, the employer

must use impermeable dropcloths, and must isolate the operation using mini-

enclosures or glove bag systems according to subsection (7) of this section or another

isolation method.

where monitoring results show the PEL has been exceeded, the employer must

contain the area using impermeable dropcloths and plastic barriers or their equivalent,

or must isolate the operation using a control system listed in and in compliance with

subsection (7) of this section.

(d) Employees performing Class III jobs, which involve the disturbance of thermal

system insulation or surfacing material, or where the employer does not produce a

“negative exposure assessment” or where monitoring results show a PEL has been

exceeded, must wear respirators which are selected, used and fitted according to

provisions of WAC 296-62-07715.

(12) Class IV asbestos work. Class IV asbestos jobs must be conducted by employees trained

according to the asbestos awareness training program set out in WAC 296-62-07722. In

addition, all Class IV jobs must be conducted in conformity with the requirements set out

in this section, mandating wet methods, HEPA vacuums, and prompt cleanup of debris

containing ACM and PACM.

(a) Employees cleaning up debris and waste in a regulated area where respirators are

required must wear respirators which are selected, used and fitted according to

provisions of WAC 296-62-07715.

(b) Employers of employees who clean up waste and debris in, and employers in control

of, areas where friable thermal system insulation or surfacing material is accessible,

must assume that such waste and debris contain asbestos.

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(13) Alternative methods of compliance for installation, removal, repair, and maintenance of

certain roofing and pipeline coating materials. Notwithstanding any other provision of this

section, an employer who complies with all provisions of subsection (10)(a) and (b) of this

section when installing, removing, repairing, or maintaining intact pipeline asphaltic wrap,

or roof flashings which contain asbestos fibers encapsulated or coated by bituminous or

resinous compounds will be deemed to be in compliance with this section. If an employer

does not comply with all provisions of this subsection (13), or if during the course of the

job the material does not remain intact, the provisions of subsection (10) of this section

apply instead of this subsection (13).

(a) Before work begins and as needed during the job, a competent person who is capable

of identifying asbestos hazards in the workplace and selecting the appropriate control

strategy for asbestos exposure, and who has the authority to take prompt corrective

measures to eliminate such hazards, must conduct an inspection of the worksite and

determine that the roofing material is intact and will likely remain intact.

(b) All employees performing work covered by this subsection (13) must be trained in a

training program that meets the requirements of WAC 296-62-07722.

used, materials must stay intact.

(d) Material that has been removed from a roof must not be dropped or thrown to the

ground. Unless the material is carried or passed to the ground by hand, it must be

lowered to the ground via covered, dust-tight chute, crane or hoist. All such material

must be removed from the roof as soon as is practicable, but in any event no later

than the end of the work shift.

(e) Where roofing products which have been labeled as containing asbestos pursuant to

WAC 296-62-07721, installed on nonresidential roofs during operations covered by

this subsection (13), the employer must notify the building owner of the presence and

location of such materials no later than the end of the job.

(f) All removal or disturbance of pipeline asphaltic wrap must be performed using wet

methods.

WAC 296-62-07713 Methods of compliance for asbestos activities in general

industry.

(1) Engineering controls and work practices.

(a) The employer must institute engineering controls and work practices to reduce and

maintain employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure limits prescribed in

WAC 296-62-07705, except to the extent that such controls are not feasible.

Engineering controls and work practices include but are not limited to the following:

Local exhaust ventilation equipped with HEPA filter dust collection systems;

Vacuum cleaners equipped with HEPA filters;

Enclosure or isolation of processes producing asbestos dust;

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Use of wet methods, wetting agents, or removal encapsulants to control

employee exposures during asbestos handling, mixing, removal, cutting,

application, and cleanup;

Prompt disposal of wastes contaminated with asbestos in leak-tight containers;

Use of work practices or other engineering controls that the director can show

to be feasible.

(b) Wherever the feasible engineering controls and work practices that can be instituted

are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure

limits prescribed in WAC 296-62-07705, the employer must use them to reduce

employee exposure to the lowest levels achievable by these controls and must

supplement them by the use of respiratory protection that complies with the

requirements of WAC 296-62-07715.

practices that can be instituted are not sufficient to reduce the employee exposure to

or below the permissible exposure limits prescribed in WAC 296-62-07705, the

employer must use them to reduce employee exposure to or below 0.5 fiber per cubic

centimeter of air (as an eight-hour time-weighted average) or 2.5 fibers per cubic

centimeter of air for 30 minutes (short-term exposure), and must supplement them by

the use of any combination of respiratory protection that complies with the

requirements of WAC 296-62-07715, work practices and feasible engineering

controls that will reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure

limits prescribed in WAC 296-62-07705: Coupling cutoff in primary asbestos

cement pipe manufacturing; sanding in primary and secondary asbestos cement sheet

manufacturing; grinding in primary and secondary friction product manufacturing;

carding and spinning in dry textile processes; and grinding and sanding in primary

plastics manufacturing.

(d) Local exhaust ventilation. Local exhaust HEPA ventilation and dust collection

systems must be designed, constructed, installed, and maintained in accordance with

good practices such as those found in the American National Standard Fundamentals

Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1979.

(e) Particular tools. All hand-operated and power-operated tools which would produce

or release fibers of asbestos so as to expose employees to levels in excess of the

exposure limits prescribed in WAC 296-62-07705, such as, but not limited to, saws,

scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills, must be provided with local exhaust ventilation

systems which comply with (d) of this subsection. High-speed abrasive disc saws

that are not equipped with appropriate engineering controls must not be used for work

related to asbestos.

(f) Wet methods. Asbestos must be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or

otherwise worked in a wet saturated state to prevent the emission of airborne fibers

unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby.

(g) Particular products and operations. When asbestos cement, mortar, coating, grout,

plaster, or similar material containing asbestos is removed from bags, cartons, or

other containers in which they are shipped, it must be either wetted, enclosed, or

ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne fibers of asbestos.

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(h) Compressed air. Compressed air must not be used to remove asbestos or materials

containing asbestos unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with an enclosed

ventilation system designed to effectively capture the dust cloud created by the

compressed air.

(2) Compliance program.

(a) Where either the time weighted average and/or excursion limit is exceeded, the

employer must establish and implement a written program to reduce employee

exposure to or below the permissible exposure limits by means of engineering and

work practice controls as required by subsection (1) of this section, and by the use of

respiratory protection where required or permitted under this section.

(b) Such programs must be reviewed and updated as necessary to reflect significant

changes in the status of the employer's compliance program.

director, affected employees and designated employee representatives.

(d) The employer must not use employee rotation as a means of compliance with the

permissible exposure limits specified in WAC 296-62-07705.

(3) Specific compliance methods for brake and clutch repair:

(a) Engineering controls and work practices for brake and clutch repair and service.

During automotive brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair and assembly

operations, the employer must institute engineering controls and work practices to

reduce employee exposure to materials containing asbestos using a negative pressure

enclosure/HEPA vacuum system method or low pressure/wet cleaning method which

meets the detailed requirements in WAC 296-62-07745, Appendix F. The employer

may also comply using an equivalent method which follows written procedures which

the employer demonstrates can achieve results equivalent to Method (1) Negative

pressure enclosure/HEPA vacuum system method in WAC 296-62-07745, Appendix

F. For facilities in which no more than 5 pair of brakes or 5 clutches are inspected,

disassembled, repaired, or assembled per week, (4) Wet method in WAC 296-62-

07745, Appendix F may be used instead of Method (1).

(b) The employer may also comply by using an equivalent method which follows written

procedures, which the employer demonstrates can achieve equivalent exposure

reductions as do the two “preferred methods.” Such demonstration must include

monitoring data conducted under workplace conditions closely resembling the

process, type of asbestos containing materials, control method, work practices and

environmental conditions which the equivalent method will be used, or objective

data, which document that under all reasonably foreseeable conditions of brake and

clutch repair applications, the method results in exposure which are equivalent to the

methods in WAC 296-62-07745, Appendix F.

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WAC 296-62-07715 Respiratory protection.

(1) General. For employees who use respirators as required by WAC 296-62-077 through

296-62-07747, the employer must provide respirators that comply with the requirements of

this section. Respirators must be used during:

(a) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-practice

controls;

(b) Work operations, such as maintenance and repair activities, for which engineering

and work-practice controls are not feasible;

yet sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure

limits;

(d) Emergencies;

(e) Work operations in all regulated areas, except for construction activities which follow

requirements set forth in WAC 296-62-07715 (1)(g);

(f) Work operations whenever employee exposure exceeds the permissible exposure

limits;

(g) The following construction activities:

Class I asbestos work;

Class II work where the ACM is not removed in a substantially intact state;

Class II and Class III work which is not performed using wet methods, except

for removal of ACM from sloped roofs when a negative-exposure assessment

has been made and the ACM is removed in an intact state;

Class II and Class III asbestos work for which a negative-exposure assessment

has not been conducted;

Class III work when TSI or surfacing ACM or PACM is being disturbed;

Class IV work performed within regulated areas where employees who are

performing other work are required to wear respirators.

(2) Respirator program.

(a) The employer must develop, implement and maintain a respiratory protection

program as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each

employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

(b) Employers must provide an employee with a tight-fitting, powered, air-purifying

respirator (PAPR) instead of a negative-pressure respirator selected when an

employee chooses to use a PAPR and the respirator provides the required protection

to the employee.

section that the employee may require the employer to provide a tight-fitting,

powered, air-purifying respirator (PAPR) instead of a negative-pressure respirator.

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(d) No employee must be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based on

their most recent medical examination, the examining physician determines that the

employee will be unable to function normally using a respirator, or that the safety or

health of the employee or other employees will be impaired by the use of a respirator.

Such employees must be assigned to another job or given the opportunity to transfer

to a different position, the duties of which they can perform. If such a transfer

position is available, the position must be with the same employer, in the same

geographical area, and with the same seniority, status, and rate of pay the employee

had just prior to such transfer.

(3) Respirator selection. The employer must:

(a) Select and provide to employees appropriate respirators as specified in this section

and in WAC 296-842-13005 in the respirator rule.

Make sure filtering facepiece respirators are not selected or used for protection

against asbestos fibers.

(b) Provide employees with an air-purifying, half-facepiece respirator, other than a

filtering-facepiece respirator, that is equipped with a HEPA filter or an N-, R-, or P-

100 series filter whenever the employee performs:

Class II and III asbestos work for which no negative-exposure assessment is

available;

Class III asbestos work involving disturbances of TSI or surfacing ACM or

PACM.

respirator with HEPA filters or N-, R-, or P-100 series filters.

(4) Special respiratory protection requirements.

(a) Unless specifically identified in this subsection, respirator selection for asbestos

removal, demolition, and renovation operations must be in accordance with the

selection specifications of this section and the general selection requirements in WAC

296-842-13005 found in the respirator rule. The employer must provide and require

to be worn, at no cost to the employee, a full facepiece supplied-air respirator

operated in the pressure demand mode equipped with either an auxiliary positive

pressure self-contained breathing apparatus or a HEPA filter egress cartridge, to

employees engaged in the following asbestos operations:

Inside negative pressure enclosures used for removal, demolition, and

renovation of friable asbestos from walls, ceilings, vessels, ventilation ducts,

elevator shafts, and other structural members, but does not include pipes or

piping systems; or

Any dry removal of asbestos.

(b) For all Class I work excluded or not specified in (a)(i) and (ii) of this subsection,

when a negative-exposure assessment is not available, and the exposure assessment

indicates the exposure level will be at or below 1 f/cc as an 8-hour time weighted

average, employers must provide employees with one of the following respirators:

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A tight-fitting, powered, air-purifying respirator equipped with high-efficiency

filters;

A full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in the pressure-demand mode

equipped with either HEPA egress cartridges; or

An auxiliary positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus.

which a negative exposure assessment is not available, and an exposure assessment

indicates that the exposure level will be above 1 f/cc as an 8-hour TWA, employers

must provide a full-facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in the pressure-demand

mode equipped with an auxiliary positive-pressure self-contained breathing

apparatus.

EXCEPTION:

In lieu of the supplied-air respirator required by subsection (4) of this section,

an employer may provide and require to be worn, at no cost to the employee, a

full facepiece supplied-air respirator operated in the continuous flow mode

equipped with either an auxiliary positive pressure self-contained breathing

apparatus or a back-up HEPA filter egress cartridge where daily and historical

personal monitoring data indicates the concentration of asbestos fibers is not

reasonably expected to exceed 10 f/cc. The continuous flow respirator shall be

operated at a minimum air flow rate of six cubic feet per minute at the facepiece

using respirable air supplied as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators.

(5) Respirator fit testing.

(a) For each employee wearing negative pressure respirators, employers must perform

either quantitative or qualitative face fit tests at the time of initial fitting and at least

annually thereafter. The qualitative fit tests may be used only for testing the fit of

half-mask respirators where they are permitted to be worn.

(b) Any supplied-air respirator facepiece equipped with a back-up HEPA filter egress

cartridge must be quantitatively fit tested (see chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators.

WAC 296-62-07717 Protective work clothing and equipment.

(1) Provision and use. If an employee is exposed to asbestos above the permissible exposure

limits, or where the possibility of eye irritation exists, or for which a required negative

exposure assessment is not produced and for any employee performing Class I operations,

the employer must provide at no cost to the employee and require that the employee uses

appropriate protective work clothing and equipment such as, but not limited to:

(a) Coveralls or similar full-body work clothing;

(b) Gloves, head coverings, and foot coverings; and

complies with WAC 296-800-160.

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(2) Removal and storage.

(a) The employer must ensure that employees remove work clothing contaminated with

asbestos only in change rooms provided in accordance with WAC 296-62-07719(1).

(b) The employer must ensure that no employee takes contaminated work clothing out of

the change room, except those employees authorized to do so for the purpose of

laundering, maintenance, or disposal.

impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers, and be labeled in

accordance with WAC 296-62-07721.

(d) The employer must ensure that containers of contaminated protective devices or work

clothing which are to be taken out of change rooms or the workplace for cleaning,

maintenance, or disposal, bear labels in accordance with WAC 296-62-07721(5).

(3) Cleaning and replacement.

(a) The employer must clean, launder, repair, or replace protective clothing and

equipment required by this paragraph to maintain their effectiveness. The employer

must provide clean protective clothing and equipment at least weekly to each affected

employee.

(b) The employer must prohibit the removal of asbestos from protective clothing and

equipment by blowing or shaking.

airborne fibers of asbestos in excess of the permissible exposure limits prescribed in

WAC 296-62-07705.

(d) Any employer who gives contaminated clothing to another person for laundering

must inform such person of the requirement in (c) of this subsection to effectively

prevent the release of airborne fibers of asbestos in excess of the permissible

exposure limits.

(e) The employer must inform any person who launders or cleans protective clothing or

equipment contaminated with asbestos of the potentially harmful effects of exposure

to asbestos.

(f) The employer must ensure that contaminated clothing is transported in sealed

impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers, and labeled in

accordance with WAC 296-62-07721.

(4) Inspection of protective clothing for construction and shipyard work.

(a) The competent person must examine work suits worn by employees at least once per

workshift for rips or tears that may occur during performance of work.

(b) When rips or tears are detected while an employee is working, rips and tears must be

immediately mended, or the worksuit must be immediately replaced.

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WAC 296-62-07719 Hygiene facilities and practices.

(1) Change rooms.

(a) The employer must provide clean change rooms for employees required to work in

regulated areas or required by WAC 296-62-07717(1) to wear protective clothing.

EXCEPTION:

In lieu of the change area requirement specified in this subsection, the employer

may permit employees in Class III and Class IV asbestos work, to clean their

protective clothing with a portable HEPA-equipped vacuum before such

employees leave the area where maintenance was performed.

(b) The employer must ensure that change rooms are in accordance with WAC 296-800-

230, and are equipped with two separate lockers or storage facilities, so separated as

to prevent contamination of the employee's street clothes from their protective work

clothing and equipment.

(2) Showers.

(a) The employer must ensure that employees who work in negative pressure enclosures

required by WAC 296-62-07712, or who work in areas where their airborne exposure

is above the permissible exposure limits prescribed in WAC 296-62-07705, shower at

the end of the work shift.

(b) The employer must provide shower facilities which comply with WAC 296-800-230.

of this subsection do not leave the workplace wearing any clothing or equipment

worn during the work shift.

(3) Special requirements in addition to the other provisions of WAC 296-62-07719 for

construction work defined in WAC 296-155-012 and for all shipyard work defined in

WAC 296-304-010.

(a) Requirements for employees performing Class I asbestos jobs involving over 25

linear or 10 square feet of TSI or surfacing ACM and PACM.

Decontamination areas: The employer must establish a decontamination area

that is adjacent and connected to the regulated area for the decontamination of

such employees. The decontamination area must consist of an equipment room,

shower area, and clean room in series. The employer must ensure that

employees enter and exit the regulated area through the decontamination area.

(A) Equipment room. The equipment room must be supplied with

impermeable, labeled bags and containers for the containment and

disposal of contaminated protective equipment.

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(B) Shower area. Shower facilities must be provided which comply with

WAC 296-800-230, unless the employer can demonstrate that they are not

feasible. The showers must be adjacent both to the equipment room and

the clean room, unless the employer can demonstrate that this location is

not feasible. Where the employer can demonstrate that it is not feasible to

locate the shower between the equipment room and the clean room, or

where the work is performed outdoors, the employers must ensure that

employees:

(I) Remove asbestos contamination from their worksuits in the

equipment room using a HEPA vacuum before proceeding to a

shower that is not adjacent to the work area; or

(II) Remove their contaminated worksuits in the equipment room, then

don clean worksuits, and proceed to a shower that is not adjacent to

the work area.

appropriate storage container for each employee's use.

Decontamination area entry procedures. The employer must ensure that

employees:

(A) Enter the decontamination area through the clean room;

(B) Remove and deposit street clothing within a locker provided for their use;

and

clean room.

(D) Before entering the regulated area, the employer must ensure that

employees pass through the equipment room.

Decontamination area exit procedures. The employer must ensure that:

(A) Before leaving the regulated area, employees must remove all gross

contamination and debris from their protective clothing;

(B) Employees must remove their protective clothing in the equipment room

and deposit the clothing in labeled impermeable bags or containers;

(D) Employees must shower prior to entering the clean room. When taking a

shower, employees must be fully wetted, including the face and hair, prior

to removing the respirators;

(E) After showering, employees must enter the clean room before changing

into street clothes.

(b) Requirements for Class I work involving less than 25 linear or 10 square feet of TSI

or surfacing ACM and PACM, and for Class II and Class III asbestos work operations

where exposures exceed a PEL or where there is no negative exposure assessment

produced before the operation.

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The employer must establish an equipment room or area that is adjacent to the

regulated area for the decontamination of employees and their equipment which

is contaminated with asbestos which must consist of an area covered by an

impermeable drop cloth on the floor or horizontal working surface.

The area must be of sufficient size as to accommodate cleaning of equipment

and removing personal protective equipment without spreading contamination

beyond the area (as determined by visible accumulations).

Work clothing must be cleaned with a HEPA vacuum before it is removed.

All equipment and surfaces of containers filled with ACM must be cleaned

prior to removing them from the equipment room or area.

The employer must ensure that employees enter and exit the regulated area

through the equipment room or area.

Class IV work within a regulated area comply with hygiene practice required of

employees performing work which has a higher classification within that regulated

area. Otherwise employers of employees cleaning up debris and material which is

TSI or surfacing ACM or identified as PACM must provide decontamination

facilities for such employees which are required by WAC 296-62-07719 (3)(b).

(d) Decontamination area for personnel must not be used for the transportation of

asbestos debris.

(e) Waste load-out procedure. The waste load-out area as required by WAC 296-62-

07723 must be used as an area for final preparation and external decontamination of

waste containers, as a short term storage area for bagged waste, and as a port for

transporting waste. The employer must ensure waste containers be free of all gross

contaminated material before removal from the negative-pressure enclosure. Gross

contamination must be wiped, scraped off, or washed off containers before they are

placed into a two chamber air lock which is adjacent to the negative-pressure

enclosure. In the first chamber, the exterior of the waste container must be

decontaminated or placed within a second waste container, and then it must be moved

into the second chamber of the air lock for temporary storage or transferred outside of

the regulated area. The second waste container must not be reused unless thoroughly

decontaminated.

(4) Lunchrooms.

(a) The employer must provide lunchroom facilities for employees who work in areas

where their airborne exposure is above the time weighted average and/or excursion

limit.

(b) The employer must ensure that lunchroom facilities have a positive pressure, filtered

air supply, and are readily accessible to employees.

exposure is above the time weighted average and/or excursion limit, wash their hands

and faces prior to eating, drinking, or smoking.

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(d) The employer must ensure that employees do not enter lunchroom facilities with

protective work clothing or equipment unless surface asbestos fibers have been

removed from the clothing or equipment by vacuuming or other method that removes

dust without causing the asbestos to become airborne.

(5) Smoking in work areas. The employer must ensure that employees do not smoke in work

areas where they are occupationally exposed to asbestos because of activities in that work

area.

WAC 296-62-07721 Communication of hazards.

(1) Communication of hazards to employees.

(a) Introduction. This section applies to the communication of information concerning

asbestos hazards in general industry to facilitate compliance with this standard.

Asbestos exposure in general industry occurs in a wide variety of industrial and

commercial settings. Employees who manufacture asbestos-containing products may

be exposed to asbestos fibers. Employees who repair and replace automotive brakes

and clutches may be exposed to asbestos fibers. In addition, employees engaged in

housekeeping activities in industrial facilities with asbestos product manufacturing

operations, and in public and commercial buildings with installed asbestos-containing

materials may be exposed to asbestos fibers. It should be noted that employees who

perform housekeeping activities during and after construction activities are covered

by asbestos construction work requirements in WAC 296-62-077. Housekeeping

employees, regardless of industry designation, should know whether building

components they maintain may expose them to asbestos. The same hazard

communication provisions will protect employees who perform housekeeping

operations in all three asbestos standards; general industry, construction, and shipyard

employment. Building owners are often the only and/or best source of information

concerning the presence of previously installed asbestos-containing building

materials. Therefore they, along with employers of potentially exposed employees,

are assigned specific information conveying and retention duties under this section.

Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors and employers must comply

with all requirements of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC

296-901-140 for asbestos.

In classifying the hazards of asbestos at least the following hazards are to be

addressed: Cancer and lung effects.

Employers must include asbestos in the hazard communication program

established to comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers must

ensure that each employee has access to labels on containers of asbestos and to

safety data sheets, and is trained in accordance with the requirements of HCS

and WAC 296-62-07722.

(b) Installed asbestos-containing material. Employers and building owners are required

to treat installed TSI and sprayed-on and troweled-on surfacing materials as ACM for

the purposes of this standard. These materials are designated “presumed ACM or

PACM,” and are defined in WAC 296-62-07703. Asphalt and vinyl flooring installed

no later than 1980 also must be treated as asbestos-containing. The employer or

building owner may demonstrate that PACM and flooring materials do not contain

asbestos by complying with WAC 296-62-07712 (10)(a)(ix).

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Building and facility owners must determine the presence, location, and

quantity of ACM and/or PACM at the worksite. Employers and building and

facility owners must exercise due diligence in complying with these

requirements to inform employers and employees about the presence and

location of ACM and PACM.

Before authorizing or allowing any construction, renovation, remodeling,

maintenance, repair, or demolition project, an owner or owner's agent must

perform, or cause to be performed, a good faith inspection to determine whether

materials to be worked on or removed contain asbestos. The inspection must be

documented by a written report maintained on file and made available upon

request to the director.

(A) The good faith inspection must be conducted by an accredited inspector.

(B) Such good faith inspection is not required if the owner or owner's agent is

reasonably certain that asbestos will not be disturbed by the project or the

owner or owner's agent assumes that the suspect material contains

asbestos and handles the material in accordance with WAC 296-62-07701

through 296-62-07753.

The owner or owner's agent must provide, to all contractors submitting a bid to

undertake any construction, renovation, remodeling, maintenance, repair, or

demolition project, the written statement either of the reasonable certainty of

nondisturbance of asbestos or of assumption of the presence of asbestos.

Contractors must be provided with the written report before they apply or bid to

work.

Any owner or owner's agent who fails to comply with (c)(ii) and (iii) of this

subsection must be subject to a mandatory fine of not less than two hundred

fifty dollars for each violation. Each day the violation continues must be

considered a separate violation. In addition, any construction, renovation,

remodeling, maintenance, repair, or demolition which was started without

meeting the requirements of this section must be halted immediately and cannot

be resumed before meeting such requirements.

Building and facility owners must inform employers of employees, and

employers must inform employees who will perform housekeeping activities in

areas which contain ACM and/or PACM of the presence and location of ACM

and/or PACM in such areas which may be contacted during such activities.

Upon written or oral request, building or facility owners must make a copy of

the written report required in this section available to the department of labor

and industries and the collective bargaining representatives or employee

representatives of any employee who may be exposed to any asbestos or

asbestos-containing materials. A copy of the written report must be posted

conspicuously at the location where employees report to work.

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Building and facility owners must maintain records of all information required

to be provided according to this section and/or otherwise known to the building

owner concerning the presence, location and quantity of ACM and PACM in

the building/facility. Such records must be kept for the duration of ownership

and must be transferred to successive owners.

(2) Communication of hazards to employees. Requirements for construction and shipyard

employment activities.

(a) Introduction. This section applies to the communication of information concerning

asbestos hazards in construction and shipyard employment activities. Most asbestos-

related construction and shipyard activities involve previously installed building

materials. Building/vessel owners often are the only and/or best sources of

information concerning them. Therefore, they, along with employers of potentially

exposed employees, are assigned specific information conveying and retention duties

under this section. Installed Asbestos Containing Building/Vessel Material:

Employers and building/vessel owners must identify TSI and sprayed or troweled on

surfacing materials as asbestos-containing unless the employer, by complying with

WAC 296-62-07721(3) determines it is not asbestos containing. Asphalt or vinyl

flooring/decking material installed in buildings or vessels no later than 1980 must

also be considered as asbestos containing unless the employer/owner, according to

WAC 296-62-07712 (10)(a)(ix) determines it is not asbestos containing. If the

employer or building/vessel owner has actual knowledge or should have known,

through the exercise of due diligence, that materials other than TSI and sprayed-on or

troweled-on surfacing materials are asbestos containing, they must be treated as such.

When communicating information to employees according to this standard, owners

and employers must identify “PACM” as ACM. Additional requirements relating to

communication of asbestos work on multi-employer worksites are set out in WAC

296-62-07706.

(b) Duties of building/vessel and facility owners.

Before work subject to this section is begun, building/vessel and facility owners

must identify the presence, location and quantity of ACM, and/or PACM at the

work site. All thermal system insulation and sprayed on or troweled on

surfacing materials in buildings/vessels or substrates constructed no later than

1980 must be identified as PACM. In addition, resilient flooring/decking

material installed no later than 1980 must also be identified as asbestos

containing.

Before authorizing or allowing any construction, renovation, remodeling,

maintenance, repair, or demolition project, a building/vessel and facility owner

or owner's agent must perform, or cause to be performed, a good faith

inspection to determine whether materials to be worked on or removed contain

asbestos. The inspection must be documented by a written report maintained on

file and made available upon request to the director.

(A) The good faith inspection must be conducted by an accredited inspector.

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(B) Such good faith inspection is not required if the building/vessel and

facility owner or owner's agent assumes that the suspect material contains

asbestos and handles the material in accordance with WAC 296-62-07701

through 296-62-07753 or if the owner or the owner's agent is reasonably

certain that asbestos will not be disturbed by the project.

The building/vessel and facility owner or owner's agent must provide, to all

contractors submitting a bid to undertake any construction, renovation,

remodeling, maintenance, repair, or demolition project, the written statement

either of the reasonable certainty of nondisturbance of asbestos or of

assumption of the presence of asbestos. Contractors must be provided the

written report before they apply or bid on work.

Any building/vessel and facility owner or owners agent who fails to comply

with WAC 296-62-07721 (2)(b)(ii) and (iii) must be subject to a mandatory fine

of not less than two hundred fifty dollars for each violation. Each day the

violation continues must be considered a separate violation. In addition, any

construction, renovation, remodeling, maintenance, repair, or demolition which

was started without meeting the requirements of this section must be halted

immediately and cannot be resumed before meeting such requirements.

Upon written or oral request, building/vessel and facility owner or owner's

agent must make a copy of the written report required in this section available

to the department of labor and industries and the collective bargaining

representatives or employee representatives of any employee who may be

exposed to any asbestos or asbestos-containing materials. A copy of the written

report must be posted conspicuously at the location where employees report to

work.

Building/vessel and facility owner or owner's agent must notify in writing the

following persons of the presence, location and quantity of ACM or PACM, at

work sites in their buildings/facilities/vessels.

(A) Prospective employers applying or bidding for work whose employees

reasonably can be expected to work in or adjacent to areas containing such

material;

(B) Employees of the owner who will work in or adjacent to areas containing

such material;

performing work within or adjacent to areas containing such materials;

(D) Tenants who will occupy areas containing such materials.

adjacent to areas containing ACM and PACM. Building/vessel and facility owner or

owner's agents whose employees perform such work must comply with these

provisions to the extent applicable.

Before work subject to this standard is begun, building/vessel and facility owner

or owner's agents must determine the presence, location, and quantity of ACM

and/or PACM at the work site according to WAC 296-62-07721 (2)(b).

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Before work under this standard is performed employers of employees who will

perform such work must inform the following persons of the location and

quantity of ACM and/or PACM present at the work site and the precautions to

be taken to insure that airborne asbestos is confined to the area.

(A) Owners of the building/vessel or facility;

(B) Employees who will perform such work and employers of employees who

work and/or will be working in adjacent areas;

Upon written or oral request, a copy of the written report required in this section

must be made available to the department of labor and industries and the

collective bargaining representatives or employee representatives of any

employee who may be exposed to any asbestos or asbestos-containing

materials. A copy of the written report must be posted conspicuously at the

location where employees report to work.

Within 10 days of the completion of such work, the employer whose employees

have performed work subject to this standard, must inform the building/vessel

or facility owner and employers of employees who will be working in the area

of the current location and quantity of PACM and/or ACM remaining in the

former regulated area and final monitoring results, if any.

(d) In addition to the above requirements, all employers who discover ACM and/or

PACM on a work site must convey information concerning the presence, location and

quantity of such newly discovered ACM and/or PACM to the owner and to other

employers of employees working at the work site, within 24 hours of the discovery.

(e) No contractor may commence any construction, renovation, remodeling,

maintenance, repair, or demolition project without receiving a copy of the written

response or statement required by WAC 296-62-07721 (2)(b). Any contractor who

begins any project without the copy of the written report or statement will be subject

to a mandatory fine of not less than two hundred fifty dollars per day. Each day the

violation continues will be considered a separate violation.

(3) Criteria to rebut the designation of installed material as PACM.

(a) At any time, an employer and/or building/vessel owner may demonstrate, for

purposes of this standard, that PACM does not contain asbestos. Building/vessel

owners and/or employers are not required to communicate information about the

presence of building material for which such a demonstration according to the

requirements of (b) of this subsection has been made. However, in all such cases, the

information, data and analysis supporting the determination that PACM does not

contain asbestos, must be retained according to WAC 296-62-07727.

(b) An employer or owner may demonstrate that PACM does not contain asbestos by the

following:

Having a completed inspection conducted according to the requirements of

AHERA (40 CFR Part 763, Subpart E) which demonstrates that the material is

not ACM;

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Performing tests of the material containing PACM which demonstrate that no

asbestos is present in the material. Such tests must include analysis of bulk

samples collected in the manner described in 40 CFR 763.86, Asbestos-

containing materials in schools. The tests, evaluation and sample collection

must be conducted by an accredited inspector. Analysis of samples must be

performed by persons or laboratories with proficiency demonstrated by current

successful participation in a nationally recognized testing program such as the

National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) of the

National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) or the Round Robin for

bulk samples administered by the American Industrial Hygiene Associate

(AIHA), or an equivalent nationally recognized Round Robin testing program.

(4) Warning signs.

(a) Warning signs that demarcate the regulated area must be provided and displayed at

each location where a regulated area is required to be established by WAC 296-62-

07711. Signs must be posted at such a location that an employee may read the signs

and take necessary protective steps before entering the area marked by the signs.

(b) Sign specifications:

The warning signs required by (a) of this subsection must bear the following

information:

DANGER

ASBESTOS

MAY CAUSE CANCER

CAUSES DAMAGE TO LUNGS

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

In addition, where the use of respirators and protective clothing is required in

the regulated area under this section, the warning signs must include the

following:

WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AND

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING IN THIS AREA

areas comprehend the warning signs required to be posted by (a) of this subsection.

Means to ensure employee comprehension may include the use of foreign languages,

pictographs, and graphics.

(d) At the entrance to mechanical rooms/areas in which employees reasonably can be

expected to enter and which contain TSI or surfacing ACM and PACM, the

building/vessel and facility owner or owner’s agent must post signs which identify

the material which is present, its location, and appropriate work practices which, if

followed, will ensure that ACM and/or PACM will not be disturbed. The employer

must ensure, to the extent feasible, that employees who come in contact with these

signs can comprehend them. Means to ensure employee comprehension may include

the use of foreign languages, pictographs, graphics, and awareness training.

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(5) Warning labels.

(a) Labeling. Labels must be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris,

and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers. When a building

owner or employer identifies previously installed ACM and/or PACM, labels or signs

must be affixed or posted so that employees will be notified of what materials contain

ACM and/or PACM. The employer must attach such labels in areas where they will

clearly be noticed by employees who are likely to be exposed, such as at the entrance

to mechanical room/areas. Signs required by subsection (1) of this section may be

posted in lieu of labels so long as they contain the information required for labeling.

(b) Labels must be printed in large, bold letters on a contrasting background.

the employer must ensure that labels of bags or containers of protective clothing and

equipment, scrap, waste, and debris containing asbestos fibers include the following

information:

DANGER

CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS

MAY CAUSE CANCER

CAUSES DAMAGE TO LUNGS

DO NOT BREATHE DUST

AVOID CREATING DUST

(6) The provisions for labels and for safety data sheets required by subsection (1) of this

section do not apply where:

(a) Asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other

material, provided that the manufacturer can demonstrate that during any reasonably

foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne

concentrations of fibers of asbestos in excess of the excursion limit will be released;

(b) Asbestos is present in a product in concentrations less than 1.0 percent by weight.

(7) Safety data sheets. Employers who are manufacturers or importers of asbestos, or

asbestos products must comply with the requirements regarding development of safety data

sheets as specified in WAC 296-901-14014, except as provided by subsection (6) of this

section.

(8) When a building/vessel owner/or employer identifies previously installed PACM and/or

ACM, labels or signs must be affixed or posted so that employees will be notified of what

materials contain PACM and/or ACM. The employer must attach such labels in areas

where they will clearly be noticed by employees who are likely to be exposed, such as at

the entrance to mechanical rooms/areas. Signs required by subsection (4)(a) of this section

may be posted in lieu of labels so long as they contain information required for labeling.

The employer must ensure, to the extent feasible, that employees who come in contact with

these signs can comprehend them. Means to ensure employee comprehension may include

the use of foreign languages, pictographs, graphics, and awareness training.

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WAC 296-62-07722 Employee information and training.

(1) Certification.

(a) Only certified asbestos workers may work on an asbestos project as required in WAC

296-65-010 and 296-65-030.

(b) Only certified asbestos supervisors may supervise asbestos abatement projects as

required in WAC 296-65-012 and 296-65-030.

employees must be trained according to the provisions of this section regardless of

their exposure levels.

(d) Certification is not required for asbestos work on materials containing less than one

percent asbestos.

(2) Training must be provided prior to or at the time of initial assignment, unless the employee

has received equivalent training within the previous twelve months, and at least annually

thereafter.

(3) Asbestos projects.

(a) Class I work must be considered an asbestos project. Only certified asbestos workers

may do this work.

(b) Only certified workers may conduct Class II asbestos work that is considered an

asbestos project.

The following Class II asbestos work must be considered asbestos projects:

(A) All Class II asbestos work where critical barriers, equivalent isolation

methods, or negative pressure enclosures are required; or

(B) All Class II asbestos work where asbestos containing materials do not stay

intact (including removal of vinyl asbestos floor (VAT) or roofing

materials by mechanical methods such as chipping, grinding, or sanding).

The following Class II asbestos work is not considered an asbestos project and

is excluded from asbestos worker certification:

(A) All Class II asbestos work involving intact asbestos containing materials

(for example, intact roofing materials, bituminous or asphalt pipeline

coatings, and intact flooring/decking materials);

(B) All Class II asbestos work of less than one square foot of asbestos

containing materials; or

work is done in accordance with training approved by the department

through the asbestos certification program (see WAC 296-65-015(4)).

Asbestos work involving the removal of one square foot or more of intact

roofing materials by mechanical sawing or heavy equipment must meet the

following requirements:

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(A) Only certified asbestos workers may conduct mechanical sawing of intact

roofing material;

(B) Noncertified asbestos workers may handle roofing dust, material and

debris;

excavators) do not need to be certified asbestos workers in the removal or

demolition of intact roofing materials.

that is considered an asbestos project.

The following asbestos work is considered an asbestos project:

(A) All Class III asbestos work where one square foot or more of asbestos

containing materials that do not stay intact;

(B) All Class IV asbestos work where one square foot or more of asbestos

containing materials that do not stay intact; or

Except for a project involving pipe insulation work, any project involving only

Class III or Class IV asbestos work with less than one square foot of asbestos

containing materials is not considered an asbestos project.

(4) Training requirements for asbestos work that is not considered an asbestos project or is

excluded from asbestos worker certification.

(a) Class II asbestos work.

Employers must provide eight-hours of training to employees who perform

asbestos work on one generic category of asbestos containing materials (ACM).

When performing asbestos work in more than one category of asbestos

containing materials, additional training must be used to supplement the first

eight hour training course.

The training course must include:

(A) Hands-on training that applies to the category of asbestos containing

materials;

(B) Specific work practices and engineering controls related to the category of

asbestos containing materials present as specified in WAC 296-62-07712;

and

(b) Class III asbestos work (maintenance and custodial work in buildings containing

asbestos containing materials).

Employers must provide training with curriculum and training methods

equivalent to the 16-hour operations and maintenance course developed by the

EPA. (See 40 CFR 763.92(a)(2).) For those employees whose only affected

work is Class II work as described in subsection (4)(a)(i) of this section,

employers must meet this 16-hour training requirement or provide training that

meets the eight hours Class II requirements in subsection (4)(a) of this section.

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Sixteen hours of training must include:

(A) Hands-on training in the use of respiratory protection and work practices,

and

(B) All the minimum elements of subsection (5) of this section.

asbestos-containing materials).

Employers must provide at least two hours of training with curriculum and

training methods equivalent to the awareness training course developed by the

EPA.

Training must include:

(A) Available information concerning the location of PACM, ACM, asbestos-

containing flooring materials or flooring materials where the absence of

asbestos has not been certified;

(B) Instruction on how to recognize damaged, deteriorated, and delimitation

of asbestos containing building materials; and

(5) The training program must be conducted in a manner which the employee is able to

understand. The employer must ensure that each employee is informed of the following:

(a) The health effects associated with asbestos exposure;

(b) The relationship between smoking and exposure to asbestos producing lung cancer;

(including the requirements of WAC 296-62-07721 (1)(c) and (2)(b) to presume

certain building materials contain asbestos), and storage of asbestos and the specific

nature of operations which could result in exposure to asbestos;

(d) The engineering controls and work practices associated with the employee's job

assignment;

(e) The specific procedures implemented to protect employees from exposure to

asbestos, such as appropriate work practices, housekeeping procedures, hygiene

facilities, decontamination procedures, emergency and clean-up procedures

(including where Class III and IV work is performed, the contents “Managing

Asbestos In Place” (EPA 20T-2003, July 1990) or its equivalent in content), personal

protective equipment to be used, waste disposal procedures, and any necessary

instructions in the use of these controls and procedures;

(f) The purpose, proper use, and limitations of protective clothing;

(g) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by WAC

296-62-07725;

(h) The content of this standard, including appendices;

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(i) The names, addresses and phone numbers of public health organizations which

provide information, materials, and/or conduct programs concerning smoking

cessation. The employer may distribute the list of such organizations contained in

Appendix I, to comply with this requirement;

(j) The requirements for posting signs and affixing labels and the meaning of the

required legends for such signs and labels; and

(k) The purpose, proper use, limitations, and other training requirements for respiratory

protection as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, (see WAC 296-842-11005, 296-

842-16005, and 296-842-19005.

(6) The employer must also provide, at no cost to employees who perform housekeeping

operations in a facility which contains ACM or PACM, an asbestos awareness training

course to all employees who are or will work in areas where ACM and/or PACM is present

who work in buildings containing asbestos-containing materials, which must, at a

minimum, contain the following elements:

(a) Health effects of asbestos;

(b) Locations of ACM and PACM in the building/facility;

(d) Requirements in this standard relating to housekeeping, and

(e) Proper response to fiber release episodes.

Each such employee must be so trained at least once a year.

(7) Access to information and training materials.

(a) The employer must make a copy of this standard and its appendices readily available

without cost to all affected employees.

(b) The employer must provide, upon request, all materials relating to the employee

information and training program to the director.

smoking cessation program material. Upon employee request, the employer must

distribute such material, consisting of NIH Publication No. 89-1647, or equivalent

self-help material, which is approved or published by a public health organization

listed in Appendix I, WAC 296-62-07751.

WAC 296-62-07723 Housekeeping.

(1) All surfaces must be maintained as free as practicable of accumulations of dusts and waste

containing asbestos.

(2) All spills and sudden releases of material containing asbestos must be cleaned up as soon

as possible.

(3) Surfaces contaminated with asbestos may not be cleaned by the use of compressed air.

(4) Vacuuming. HEPA-filtered vacuuming equipment must be used for vacuuming. The

equipment must be used and emptied in a manner which minimizes the reentry of asbestos

into the workplace.

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(5) Shoveling, dry sweeping, and dry clean-up of asbestos may be used only where vacuuming

and/or wet cleaning are not feasible.

(6) Waste disposal. Waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equipment, and clothing

contaminated with asbestos consigned for disposal, must be collected and disposed of in

sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers. To avoid breakage,

bags must be at least six mils in thickness and must not be dragged or slid across rough or

abrasive surfaces.

(7) Waste removal. Whenever a negative-pressure enclosure is required by WAC 296-62-

07712, the employer wherever feasible, must establish a waste-load-out area that is

adjacent and connected to the negative-pressure enclosure, constructed of a two chamber

air lock, for the decontamination and removal of asbestos debris.

(8) Deterioration. Asbestos and asbestos containing material which has become damaged or

deteriorated must be repaired, enclosed, encapsulated, or removed.

(9) Care of asbestos-containing flooring/decking material.

(a) Sanding of asbestos-containing floor/deck material is prohibited.

(b) Stripping of finishes must be conducted using low abrasion pads at speeds lower than

300 rpm and wet methods.

flooring/decking which has sufficient finish so that the pad cannot contact the

asbestos-containing material.

(d) Dust and debris in an area containing TSI or surfacing ACM/PACM or visibly

deteriorated ACM, must not be dusted or swept dry, or vacuumed without using a

HEPA filter.

(10) Waste and debris and accompanying dust in an area containing accessible thermal system

insulation or surfacing material or visibly deteriorated ACM:

(a) Must not be dusted or swept dry, or vacuumed without using a HEPA filter;

(b) Must be promptly cleaned up and disposed of in leak tight containers.

WAC 296-62-07725 Medical surveillance.

(1) General.

(a) Employees covered. The employer must institute a medical surveillance program for

all employees who are or will be exposed to airborne concentrations of fibers of

asbestos at or above the permissible exposure limits. Exception. Employers in the

construction or shipyard industries must institute a medical surveillance program for

all employees who for a combined total of 30 or more days per year are engaged in

Class I, II, and III work, or are exposed at or above the permissible exposure limit for

combined 30 days or more per year; or who are required by the standard to wear

negative pressure respirators. For the purpose of this subsection, any day in which an

employee engaged in Class II or III work or a combination thereof for one hour or

less (taking into account the entire time spent on the removal operation, including

cleanup), and, while doing so adheres to the work practices specified in this standard,

shall not be counted.

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(b) Examination by a physician.

The employer must ensure that all medical examinations and procedures are

performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, and must be

provided without cost to the employee and at a reasonable time and place.

Persons other than licensed physicians, who administer the pulmonary function

testing required by this section, must complete a training course in spirometry

sponsored by an appropriate academic or professional institution.

(2) Preplacement examinations.

(a) Except as provided by WAC 296-62-07725 (1)(a), before an employee is assigned to

an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos, a preplacement medical

examination must be provided or made available by the employer. Examinations

administered using the thirty or more days per year criteria of WAC 296-62-07725

(1)(a) must be given within ten working days following the thirtieth day of exposure.

Examinations must be given prior to assignment of employees to areas where

negative-pressure respirators are worn.

All examinations must include, as a minimum, a medical and work history: A

complete physical examination of all systems with special emphasis on the

pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems; completion of the

respiratory disease standardized questionnaire in WAC 296-62-07741, Appendix D,

Part 1; a chest roentgenogram (posterior-anterior 14x17 inches); pulmonary function

tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second

(FEV1.0); and any additional tests deemed appropriate by the examining physician.

Interpretation and classification of chest roentgenograms must be conducted in

accordance with WAC 296-62-07743, Appendix E.

(3) Periodic examinations.

(a) Periodic medical examinations must be made available annually.

(b) The scope of the medical examination must be in conformance with the protocol

established in subsection (2)(b) of this section, except that the frequency of chest

roentgenograms must be conducted in accordance with Table 2 of this section, and

the abbreviated standardized questionnaire contained in WAC 296-62-07741,

Appendix D, Part 2, must be administered to the employee.

Table 2 Frequency of Chest Roentgenograms

Year since first exposure

Age of employee

15 to 35

35+ to 45

45+

0 to 10

Every 5 years

10+

Every 5 years

Every 2 years

Every 1 year

provided more frequently than specified, the employer must provide such

examinations to affected employees at the frequencies specified by the physician.

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(4) Termination of employment examinations.

(a) The employer must provide, or make available, a termination of employment medical

examination for any employee who has been exposed to airborne concentrations of

fibers of asbestos at or above the permissible exposure limits.

(b) The medical examination must be in accordance with the requirements of the periodic

examinations stipulated in subsection (3) of this section, and must be given within

thirty calendar days before or after the date of termination of employment.

(5) Recent examinations. No medical examination is required of any employee, if adequate

records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with subsection (2), (3),

or (4) of this section within the past one-year period.

(6) Information provided to the physician. The employer must provide the following

information to the examining physician:

(a) A copy of this standard and Appendices D, E, and H of WAC 296-62-07741, 296-62-

07743, and 296-62-07749 respectively.

(b) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's

exposure.

(d) A description of any personal protective and respiratory equipment used or to be

used.

(e) Information from previous medical examinations of the affected employee that is not

otherwise available to the examining physician.

(7) Physician's written opinion.

(a) The employer must obtain a written opinion from the examining physician. This

written opinion must contain the results of the medical examination and must include:

The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical

conditions that would place the employee at an increased risk of material health

impairment from exposure to asbestos;

Any recommended limitations on the employee or upon the use of personal

protective equipment such as clothing or respirators;

A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results

of the medical examination and of any medical conditions resulting from

asbestos exposure that require further explanation or treatment; and

A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the

increased risk of lung cancer attributable to the combined effect of smoking and

asbestos exposure.

(b) The employer must instruct the physician not to reveal in the written opinion given to

the employer specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure to

asbestos.

employee within thirty days from its receipt.

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WAC 296-62-07727 Recordkeeping.

(1) Exposure measurements.

(a) The employer must keep an accurate record of all measurements taken to monitor

employee exposure to asbestos as prescribed in WAC 296-62-07709.

(b) This record must include at least the following information:

Name of employer;

Name of person conducting monitoring;

The date of measurement;

Address of operation or activity;

Description of the operation or activity involving exposure to asbestos that is

being monitored;

Personal or area sample;

Name, Social Security number, and exposure level of the employees whose

exposures are represented;

Type of protective devices worn, if any;

Pump calibration date and flow rate;

Total volume of air sampled;

Name and address of analytical laboratory;

Number, duration, and results (f/cc) of samples taken;

Date of analysis; and

Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy.

years, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(2) Objective data for exempted operations.

(a) Where the processing, use, or handling of products made from or containing asbestos

is exempted from other requirements of this section under WAC 296-62-07709

(2)(a)(iii) and (3)(b)(i), the employer must establish and maintain an accurate record

of objective data reasonably relied upon in support of the exemption.

(b) The record must include at least the following:

The product qualifying for exemption;

The source of the objective data;

The testing protocol, results of testing, and/or analysis of the material for the

release of asbestos;

A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the

exemption; and

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Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee

exposures covered by the exemption.

upon such objective data.

Note: The employer may utilize the services of competent organizations such

as industry trade associations and employee associations to maintain the

records required by this section.

(3) Medical surveillance.

(a) The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

subject to medical surveillance by WAC 296-62-07725 (1)(a), in accordance with

chapter 296-802 WAC.

(b) The record must include at least the following information:

The name and Social Security number of the employee;

Physician's written opinions;

Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to asbestos;

A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by WAC 296-

62-07725(6); and

A copy of the employee's medical examination results, including the medical

history, questionnaire responses, results of any tests, and physicians

recommendations.

employment plus thirty years, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(4) Training. The employer must maintain all employee training records for one year beyond

the last date of employment of that employee.

(5) Availability.

(a) The employer, upon written request, must make all records required to be maintained

by this section available to the director for examination and copying.

(b) The employer, upon request, must make any exposure records required by subsection

(1) of this section available for examination and copying to affected employees,

former employees, designated representatives, and the director, in accordance with

chapter 296-802 WAC.

subsection (2) of this section available for examination and copying to the subject

employee, to anyone having the specific written consent of the subject employee, and

the director, in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

(6) Transfer of records.

(a) The employer must comply with the requirements concerning transfer of records set

forth in chapter 296-802 WAC.

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(b) Whenever the employer ceases to do business and there is no successor employer to

receive and retain the records for the prescribed period, the employer must notify the

director at least ninety days prior to disposal of records and, upon request, transmit

them to the director.

(7) Data to rebut PACM. Where the building owner and employer have relied on data to

demonstrate that PACM is not asbestos-containing, such data must be maintained for as

long as they are relied upon to rebut the presumption.

(8) Records of required notifications. Where the building owner has communicated and

received information concerning the identification, location and quantity of ACM and

PACM, written records of such notifications and their content must be maintained by the

building owner for the duration of ownership and must be transferred to successive owners

of such buildings/facilities.

WAC 296-62-07728 Competent person.

(1) General. For all construction and shipyard work covered by this standard, the employer

must designate a competent person, having the qualifications and authorities for ensuring

worker safety and health as required by chapter 296-155 WAC.

(2) Required inspections by the competent person. WAC 296-155-110(9) which requires

health and safety prevention programs to provide for frequent and regular inspections on

the job sites, materials, and equipment to be made by the competent person, is

incorporated.

(3) Additional inspections. In addition, the competent person must make frequent and regular

inspections of the job sites in order to perform the duties set out below in this section. For

Class I jobs, on-site inspections must be made at least once during each work shift, and at

any time at employee request. For Class II and III jobs, on-site inspections must be made

at intervals sufficient to assess whether conditions have changed, and at any reasonable

time at employee request.

(4) On all worksites where employees are engaged in Class I or II asbestos work, the

competent person designated in accordance with WAC 296-62-07712 must perform or

supervise the following duties, as applicable:

(a) Set up the regulated area, enclosure, or other containment;

(b) Ensure (by on-site inspection) the integrity of the enclosure or containment;

(d) Supervise all employee exposure monitoring required by this section and ensure that

it is conducted as required by WAC 296-62-07709;

(e) Ensure that employees working within the enclosure and/or using glovebags wear

protective clothing and respirators as required by WAC 296-62-07715 and 296-62-

07717;

(f) Ensure through on-site supervision, that employees set up and remove engineering

controls, use work practices and personal protective equipment in compliance with all

requirements;

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(g) Ensure that employees use the hygiene facilities and observe the decontamination

procedures specified in WAC 296-62-07719;

(h) Ensure that through on-site inspection engineering controls are functioning properly

and employees are using proper work practices; and

(i) Ensure that notification requirements in WAC 296-62-07721 are met.

(5) Training for competent person.

(a) For Class I and II asbestos work the competent person must be trained in all aspects

of asbestos removal and handling, including:

Abatement;

Installation;

Removal and handling;

The contents of this standard;

The identification of asbestos;

Removal procedures where appropriate; and

Other practices for reducing the hazard.

Such training must be the certified asbestos supervisor training specified in WAC 296-65-003,

296-65-012, and 296-65-030.

(b) For Class III and IV asbestos work:

The competent person must be certified as an asbestos supervisor as prescribed

in WAC 296-65-012 and 296-65-030 for Class III and IV work involving an

asbestos project of 3 square feet or 3 linear feet or more of asbestos containing

material.

For Class III and IV asbestos work involving less than 3 square feet or 3 linear

feet of asbestos containing material, the competent person must be trained in:

(A) Aspects of asbestos handling appropriate for the nature of the work, to

include procedures for setting up glove bags and mini-enclosures;

(B) Practices for reducing asbestos exposures;

(D) The contents of this standard; and

(E) The identification of asbestos.

Such training must include successful completion of a course equivalent in curriculum and

training method to the 16-hour Operations and Maintenance course developed by EPA for

maintenance and custodial workers (see 40 CFR 763.92 (a)(2)) or its equivalent in stringency,

content and length.

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WAC 296-62-07733 Appendices.

(1) Appendices A, D, E, and F to this part are incorporated as part of this section and the

contents of these appendices are mandatory.

(2) Appendices B, G, H, I, J and K to this part are informational and are not intended to create

any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing

obligations.

WAC 296-62-07735 Appendix A--WISHA reference method--Mandatory.

This mandatory appendix specifies the procedure for analyzing air samples for asbestos,

tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite and specifies quality control procedures that must be

implemented by laboratories performing the analysis. The sampling and analytical methods

described below represent the elements of the available monitoring methods (such as Appendix

B to this section, the most current version of the WISHA method ID-60, or the most current

version of the NIOSH 7400 method) which WISHA considers to be essential to achieve adequate

employee exposure monitoring while allowing employers to use methods that are already

established within their organizations. All employers who are required to conduct air monitoring

under WAC 296-62-07709 are required to utilize analytical laboratories that use this procedure,

or an equivalent method, for collecting and analyzing samples.

(1) Sampling and analytical procedure.

(a) The sampling medium for air samples must be mixed cellulose ester filter

membranes. These must be designated by the manufacturer as suitable for asbestos,

tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite counting. See below for rejection of blanks.

(b) The preferred collection device is the 25-mm diameter cassette with an open-faced

50-mm electrically conductive extension cowl. The 37-mm cassette may be used if

necessary but only if written justification for the need to use the 37-mm filter cassette

accompanies the sample results in the employee's exposure monitoring record. Do

not reuse or reload cassettes for asbestos sample collection.

mm cassette. If the 37-mm cassette is used, an air flow rate between 1 liter/min and

4.0 liters/min must be selected.

(d) Where possible, a sufficient air volume for each air sample must be collected to yield

between one hundred and one thousand three hundred fibers per square millimeter on

the membrane filter. If a filter darkens in appearance or if loose dust is seen on the

filter, a second sample must be started.

(e) Ship the samples in a rigid container with sufficient packing material to prevent

dislodging the collected fibers. Packing material that has a high electrostatic charge

on its surface (e.g., expanded polystyrene) cannot be used because such material can

cause loss of fibers to the sides of the cassette.

(f) Calibrate each personal sampling pump before and after use with a representative

filter cassette installed between the pump and the calibration devices.

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(g) Personal samples must be taken in the “breathing zone” of the employee (i.e.,

attached to or near the collar or lapel near the worker's face).

(h) Fiber counts must be made by positive phase contrast using a microscope with an 8 to

10 X eyepiece and a 40 to 45 X objective for a total magnification of approximately

400 X and a numerical aperture of 0.65 to 0.75. The microscope must also be fitted

with a green or blue filter.

(i) The microscope must be fitted with a Walton-Beckett eyepiece graticule calibrated

for a field diameter of one hundred micrometers (+/-2 micrometers).

(j) The phase-shift detection limit of the microscope must be about 3 degrees measured

using the HSE phase shift test slide as outlined below.

Place the test slide on the microscope stage and center it under the phase

objective.

Bring the blocks of grooved lines into focus.

Note: The slide consists of seven sets of grooved lines (ca. 20 grooves to each

block) in descending order of visibility from sets one to seven, seven

being the least visible. The requirements for asbestos, tremolite,

anthophyllite, and actinolite counting are that the microscope optics

must resolve the grooved lines in set three completely, although they

may appear somewhat faint, and that the grooved lines in sets six and

seven must be invisible. Sets four and five must be at least partially

visible but may vary slightly in visibility between microscopes. A

microscope that fails to meet these requirements has either too low or

too high a resolution to be used for asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite,

and actinolite counting.

If the image deteriorates, clean and adjust the microscope optics. If the problem

persists, consult the microscope manufacturer.

(k) Each set of samples taken will include ten percent blanks or a minimum of two

blanks. These blanks must come from the same lot as the filters used for sample

collection. The field blank results must be averaged and subtracted from the

analytical results before reporting. Any samples represented by a blank having a

fiber count in excess of the detection limit of the method being used must be rejected.

(l) The samples must be mounted by the acetone/triacetin method or a method with an

equivalent index of refraction and similar clarity.

(m) Observe the following counting rules.

Count only fibers equal to or longer than five micrometers. Measure the length

of curved fibers along the curve.

Count all particles as asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite that have

a length-to-width ratio (aspect ratio) of three to one or greater.

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Fibers lying entirely within the boundary of the Walton-Beckett graticule field

must receive a count of one. Fibers crossing the boundary once, having one end

within the circle, must receive the count of one-half. Do not count any fiber

that crosses the graticule boundary more than once. Reject and do not count

any other fibers even though they may be visible outside the graticule area.

Count bundles of fibers as one fiber unless individual fibers can be identified by

observing both ends of an individual fiber.

Count enough graticule fields to yield 100 fibers. Count a minimum of 20

fields; stop counting at 100 fields regardless of fiber count.

(n) Blind recounts must be conducted at the rate of ten percent.

(2) Quality control procedures.

(a) Intralaboratory program. Each laboratory and/or each company with more than one

microscopist counting slides must establish a statistically designed quality assurance

program involving blind recounts and comparisons between microscopists to monitor

the variability of counting by each microscopist and between microscopists. In a

company with more than one laboratory, the program must include all laboratories

and must also evaluate the laboratory-to-laboratory variability.

(b) Interlaboratory program.

Each laboratory analyzing asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite

samples for compliance determination must implement an interlaboratory

quality assurance program that as a minimum includes participation of at least

two other independent laboratories. Each laboratory must participate in round

robin testing at least once every six months with at least all the other

laboratories in its interlaboratory quality assurance group. Each laboratory

must submit slides typical of its own work load for use in this program. The

round robin must be designed and results analyzed using appropriate statistical

methodology.

All laboratories should participate in a national sample testing scheme such as

the Proficiency Analytical Testing Program (PAT), the Asbestos Registry

sponsored by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA).

must have taken the NIOSH course for sampling and evaluating airborne asbestos,

tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite dust or an equivalent course, recognized by the

department.

(d) When the use of different microscopes contributes to differences between counters

and laboratories, the effect of the different microscope must be evaluated and the

microscope must be replaced, as necessary.

(e) Current results of these quality assurance programs must be posted in each laboratory

to keep the microscopists informed.

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WAC 296-62-07737 Appendix B--Detailed procedure for asbestos sampling and

analysis--Nonmandatory.

Air Matrix:

WISHA Permissible Exposure Limits:

Time Weighted Average 0.1 fiber/cc

Excursion Level (30 minutes) 1.0 fiber/cc

Collection Procedure:

A known volume of air is drawn through a 25-mm diameter cassette containing a mixed-

cellulose ester filter. The cassette must be equipped with an electrically conductive 50-mm

extension cowl. The sampling time and rate are chosen to give a fiber density of between 100 to

1,300 fibers/mm

on the filter.

Recommended Sampling Rate 0.5 to 4.0 liters/minute (L/min)

Recommended Air Volumes:

Minimum 25 L

Maximum 2,400 L

Analytical Procedure: A portion of the sample filter is cleared and prepared for asbestos fiber

counting by Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM) at 400X. Commercial manufacturers and

products mentioned in this method are for descriptive use only and do not constitute

endorsements by WISHA. Similar products from other sources can be substituted.

Introduction.

This method describes the collection of airborne asbestos fibers using calibrated sampling

pumps with mixed-cellulose ester (MCE) filters and analysis by phase contrast

microscopy (PCM). Some terms used are unique to this method and are defined below:

Asbestos: A term for naturally occurring fibrous minerals. Asbestos includes chrysotile,

crocidolite, amosite (cummingtonite-grunerite asbestos), tremolite asbestos, actinolite

asbestos, anthophyllite asbestos, and any of these minerals that have been chemically

treated and/or altered. The precise chemical formulation of each species will vary with

the location from which it was mined. Nominal compositions are listed:

Chrysotile Mg

O5(OH)

Crocidolite Na

+Fe

+Si

(OH)

Amosite (Mg,Fe)

(OH)

Tremolite-actinolite Ca

(Mg,Fe)

(OH)

Anthophyllite (Mg,Fe)

(OH)

Asbestos Fiber: A fiber of asbestos which meets the criteria specified below for a fiber.

Aspect Ratio: The ratio of the length of a fiber to it is diameter (e.g. 3:1, 5:1 aspect

ratios).

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Cleavage Fragments: Mineral particles formed by comminution of minerals, especially

those characterized by parallel sides and a moderate aspect ratio (usually less than 20:1).

Detection Limit: The number of fibers necessary to be 95% certain that the result is

greater than zero.

Differential Counting: The term applied to the practice of excluding certain kinds of

fibers from the fiber count because they do not appear to be asbestos.

Fiber: A particle that is 5 µm or longer, with a length-to-width ratio of 3 to 1 or longer.

Field: The area within the graticule circle that is superimposed on the microscope image.

Set: The samples which are taken, submitted to the laboratory, analyzed, and for which,

interim or final result reports are generated.

Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite: The non-asbestos form of these minerals

which meet the definition of a fiber. It includes any of these minerals that have been

chemically treated and/or altered.

Walton-Beckett Graticule: An eyepiece graticule specifically designed for asbestos

fiber counting. It consists of a circle with a projected diameter of 100 ±2 µm (area of

about 0.00785 mm

) with a crosshair having tic-marks at 3-µm intervals in one direction

and 5-µm in the orthogonal direction. There are marks around the periphery of the circle

to demonstrate the proper sizes and shapes of fibers. The disk is placed in one of the

microscope eyepieces so that the design is superimposed on the field of view.

1. History.

(a) Early surveys to determine asbestos exposures were conducted using impinger counts

of total dust with the counts expressed as million particles per cubic foot. The British

Asbestos Research Council recommended filter membrane counting in 1969. In July

1969, the Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health published a filter membrane

method for counting asbestos fibers in the United States. This method was refined by

NIOSH and published as P & CAM 239. On May 29, 1971, OSHA specified filter

membrane sampling with phase contrast counting for evaluation of asbestos

exposures at work sites in the United States. The use of this technique was again

required by OSHA in 1986. Phase contrast microscopy has continued to be the

method of choice for the measurement of occupational exposure to asbestos.

(b) Principle. Air is drawn through a MCE filter to capture airborne asbestos fibers. A

wedge shaped portion of the filter is removed, placed on a glass microscope slide and

made transparent. A measured area (field) is viewed by PCM. All the fibers meeting

a defined criteria for asbestos are counted and considered a measure of the airborne

asbestos concentration.

There are four main advantages of PCM over other methods:

(A) The technique is specific for fibers. Phase contrast is a fiber counting

technique which excludes non-fibrous particles from the analysis.

(B) The technique is inexpensive and does not require specialized knowledge

to carry out the analysis for total fiber counts.

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of air concentrations of asbestos fibers.

(D) The technique has continuity with historical epidemiological studies so

that estimates of expected disease can be inferred from long-term

determinations of asbestos exposures.

The main disadvantage of PCM is that it does not positively identify asbestos

fibers. Other fibers which are not asbestos may be included in the count unless

differential counting is performed. This requires a great deal of experience to

adequately differentiate asbestos from non-asbestos fibers.

Positive identification of asbestos must be performed by polarized light or

electron microscopy techniques. A further disadvantage of PCM is that the

smallest visible fibers are about 0.2 µm in diameter while the finest asbestos

fibers may be as small as 0.02 µm in diameter. For some exposures,

substantially more fibers may be present than are actually counted.

(d) Workplace Exposure. Asbestos is used by the construction industry in such products

as shingles, floor tiles, asbestos cement, roofing felts, insulation and acoustical

products. Non-construction uses include brakes, clutch facings, paper, paints,

plastics, and fabrics. One of the most significant exposures in the workplace is the

removal and encapsulation of asbestos in schools, public buildings, and homes.

Many workers have the potential to be exposed to asbestos during these operations.

About 95% of the asbestos in commercial use in the United States is chrysotile.

Crocidolite and amosite make up most of the remainder. Anthophyllite and tremolite

or actinolite are likely to be encountered as contaminants in various industrial

products.

(e) Physical Properties. Asbestos fiber possesses a high tensile strength along its axis, is

chemically inert, non-combustible, and heat resistant. It has a high electrical

resistance and good sound absorbing properties. It can be weaved into cables, fabrics

or other textiles, and also matted into asbestos papers, felts, or mats.

2. Range and Detection Limit.

(a) The ideal counting range on the filter is 100 to 1,300 fibers/mm

. With a Walton-

Beckett graticule this range is equivalent to 0.8 to 10 fibers/field. Using NIOSH

counting statistics, a count of 0.8 fibers/field would give an approximate coefficient

of variation (CV) of 0.13.

(b) The detection limit for this method is 4.0 fibers per 100 fields or 5.5 fibers/mm

. This

was determined using an equation to estimate the maximum CV possible at a specific

concentration (95% confidence) and a Lower Control Limit of zero. The CV value

was then used to determine a corresponding concentration from historical CV vs fiber

relationships. As an example:

Lower Control Limit (95% Confidence) = AC-1.645(CV)(AC)

Where:

AC = Estimate of the airborne fiber concentration (fibers/cc)

Setting the Lower Control Limit = 0 and solving for CV:

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0 = AC-1.645(CV)(AC)

CV = 0.61

This value was compared with CV vs. count curves. The count at which CV = 0.61 for

Leidel-Busch counting statistics 8(i) or for an OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center (OSHA-

SLTC) CV curve (see Appendix A for further information) was 4.4 fibers or 3.9 fibers

per 100 fields, respectively. Although a lower detection limit of 4 fibers per 100 fields is

supported by the OSHA-SLTC data, both data sets support the 4.5 fibers per 100 fields

value.

3. Method Performance--Precision and Accuracy. Precision is dependent upon the total

number of fibers counted and the uniformity of the fiber distribution on the filter. A

general rule is to count at least 20 and not more than 100 fields. The count is discontinued

when 100 fibers are counted, provided that 20 fields have already been counted. Counting

more than 100 fibers results in only a small gain in precision. As the total count drops

below 10 fibers, an accelerated loss of precision is noted. At this time, there is no known

method to determine the absolute accuracy of the asbestos analysis. Results of samples

prepared through the Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT) Program and analyzed by the

OSHA-SLTC showed no significant bias when compared to PAT reference values. The

PAT samples were analyzed from 1987 to 1989 (N = 36) and the concentration range was

from 120 to 1,300 fibers/mm

4. Interferences. Fibrous substances, if present, may interfere with asbestos analysis. Some

common fibers are:

Fiber glass Perlite veins.

Anhydrite plant fibers gypsum Some synthetic fibers.

Membrane structures Sponge spicules and diatoms.

Microorganisms Wollastonite.

The use of electron microscopy or optical tests such as polarized light, and dispersion

staining may be used to differentiate these materials from asbestos when necessary.

5. Sampling.

(a) Equipment.

Sample assembly. Conductive filter holder consisting of a 25-mm diameter, 3-

piece cassette having a 50-mm long electrically conductive extension cowl.

Backup pad, 25-mm, cellulose. Membrane filter, mixed-cellulose ester (MCE),

25-mm, plain, white, 0.8- to 1.2-µm pore size.

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Notes:

(A) DO NOT RE-USE CASSETTES.

(B) Fully conductive cassettes are required to reduce fiber loss to the sides

of the cassette due to electrostatic attraction.

asbestos counting or analyze representative filters for fiber background

before use. Discard the filter lot if more than 5 fibers/100 fields are

found.

(D) To decrease the possibility of contamination, the sampling system

(filter-backup pad-cassette) for asbestos is usually preassembled by the

manufacturer.

Gel bands for sealing cassettes.

Sampling pump. Each pump must be a battery operated, self-contained unit

small enough to be placed on the monitored employee and not interfere with the

work being performed. The pump must be capable of sampling at 2.5 liters per

minute (L/min) for the required sampling time.

Flexible tubing, 6-mm bore.

Pump calibration. Stopwatch and bubble tube/burette or electronic meter.

(b) Sampling Procedure.

Seal the point where the base and cowl of each cassette meet with a gel band or

tape.

Charge the pumps completely before beginning.

Connect each pump to a calibration cassette with an appropriate length of 6-mm

bore plastic tubing. Do not use luer connectors--the type of cassette specified

above has built-in adapters.

Select an appropriate flow rate for the situation being monitored. The sampling

flow rate must be between 0.5 and 4.0 L/min for personal sampling and is

commonly set between 1 and 2 L/min. Always choose a flow rate that will not

produce overloaded filters.

Calibrate each sampling pump before and after sampling with a calibration

cassette in-line (Note: This calibration cassette should be from the same lot of

cassettes used for sampling). Use a primary standard (e.g. bubble burette) to

calibrate each pump. If possible, calibrate at the sampling site.

Note: If sampling site calibration is not possible, environmental influences

may affect the flow rate. The extent is dependent on the type of pump

used. Consult with the pump manufacturer to determine dependence on

environmental influences. If the pump is affected by temperature and

pressure changes, use the formula in subsection (10) of this section to

calculate the actual flow rate.

Connect each pump to the base of each sampling cassette with flexible tubing.

Remove the end cap of each cassette and take each air sample open face.

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Ensure that each sample cassette is held open side down in the employee's

breathing zone during sampling. The distance from the nose/mouth of the

employee to the cassette should be about 10 cm. Secure the cassette on the

collar or lapel of the employee using spring clips or other similar devices.

A suggested minimum air volume when sampling to determine TWA

compliance is 25 L. For Excursion Limit (30 min sampling time) evaluations, a

minimum air volume of 48 L is recommended.

The most significant problem when sampling for asbestos is overloading the

filter with non-asbestos dust. Suggested maximum air sample volumes for

specific environments are:

Environment

Air Vol. (L)

Asbestos removal

operations (visible dust)

100

Asbestos removal

operations

(little dust)

240

Office environments

400 to 2,400

Caution: Do not overload the filter with dust. High levels of non-fibrous dust

particles may obscure fibers on the filter and lower the count or make

counting impossible. If more than about 25 to 30% of the field area is

obscured with dust, the result may be biased low. Smaller air volumes

may be necessary when there is excessive non-asbestos dust in the air.

While sampling, observe the filter with a small flashlight. If there is a

visible layer of dust on the filter, stop sampling, remove and seal the

cassette, and replace with a new sampling assembly. The total dust

loading should not exceed 1 mg.

Blank samples are used to determine if any contamination has occurred during

sample handling. Prepare two blanks for the first 1 to 20 samples. For sets

containing greater than 20 samples, prepare blanks as 10% of the samples.

Handle blank samples in the same manner as air samples with one exception:

Do not draw any air through the blank samples. Open the blank cassette in the

place where the sample cassettes are mounted on the employee. Hold it open

for about 30 seconds. Close and seal the cassette appropriately. Store blanks

for shipment with the sample cassettes.

Immediately after sampling, close and seal each cassette with the base and

plastic plugs. Do not touch or puncture the filter membrane as this will

invalidate the analysis.

Attach a seal (OSHA-21 or equivalent) around each cassette in such a way as to

secure the end cap plug and base plug. Tape the ends of the seal together since

the seal is not long enough to be wrapped end-to-end. Also wrap tape around

the cassette at each joint to keep the seal secure.

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Send the samples to the laboratory with paperwork requesting asbestos analysis.

List any known fibrous interferences present during sampling on the paperwork.

Also, note the workplace operation(s) sampled.

Secure and handle the samples in such that they will not rattle during shipment

nor be exposed to static electricity. Do not ship samples in expanded

polystyrene peanuts, vermiculite, paper shreds, or excelsior. Tape sample

cassettes to sheet bubbles and place in a container that will cushion the samples

without rattling.

To avoid the possibility of sample contamination, always ship bulk samples in

separate mailing containers.

6. Analysis.

(a) Safety Precautions.

Acetone is extremely flammable and precautions must be taken not to ignite it.

Avoid using large containers or quantities of acetone. Transfer the solvent in a

ventilated laboratory hood. Do not use acetone near any open flame. For

generation of acetone vapor, use a spark free heat source.

Any asbestos spills should be cleaned up immediately to prevent dispersal of

fibers. Prudence should be exercised to avoid contamination of laboratory

facilities or exposure of personnel to asbestos. Asbestos spills should be

cleaned up with wet methods and/or a High Efficiency Particulate-Air (HEPA)

filtered vacuum.

Caution: Do not use a vacuum without a HEPA filter--It will disperse fine

asbestos fibers in the air.

(b) Equipment.

Phase contrast microscope with binocular or trinocular head.

Widefield or Huygenian 10X eyepieces (Note: The eyepiece containing the

graticule must be a focusing eyepiece. Use a 40X phase objective with a

numerical aperture of 0.65 to 0.75).

Kohler illumination (if possible) with green or blue filter.

Walton-Beckett Graticule, type G-22 with 100 ±2 µm projected diameter.

Mechanical stage. A rotating mechanical stage is convenient for use with

polarized light.

Phase telescope.

Stage micrometer with 0.01-mm subdivisions.

Phase-shift test slide, mark II (Available from PTR optics Ltd., and also

McCrone).

Precleaned glass slides, 25 mm X 75 mm. One end can be frosted for

convenience in writing sample numbers, etc., or paste-on labels can be used.

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Cover glass #1-1/2.

Scalpel (#10, curved blade).

Fine tipped forceps.

Aluminum block for clearing filter.

Automatic adjustable pipette, 100- to 500-µL.

Micropipette, 5 µL.

Acetone (HPLC grade).

Triacetin (glycerol triacetate).

Lacquer or nail polish.

(d) Standard Preparation. A way to prepare standard asbestos samples of known

concentration has not been developed. It is possible to prepare replicate samples of

nearly equal concentration. This has been performed through the PAT program.

These asbestos samples are distributed by the AIHA to participating laboratories.

Since only about one-fourth of a 25-mm sample membrane is required for an asbestos

count, any PAT sample can serve as a “standard” for replicate counting.

(e) Sample Mounting.

Note: See Safety Precautions in (6)(a) before proceeding. The objective is to

produce samples with a smooth (non-grainy) background in a medium

with a refractive index of approximately 1.46. The technique below

collapses the filter for easier focusing and produces permanent mounts

which are useful for quality control and interlaboratory comparison. An

aluminum block or similar device is required for sample preparation.

Heat the aluminum block to about 70°C. The hot block should not be used on

any surface that can be damaged by either the heat or from exposure to acetone.

Ensure that the glass slides and cover glasses are free of dust and fibers.

Remove the top plug to prevent a vacuum when the cassette is opened. Clean

the outside of the cassette if necessary. Cut the seal and/or tape on the cassette

with a razor blade. Very carefully separate the base from the extension cowl,

leaving the filter and backup pad in the base.

With a rocking motion cut a triangular wedge from the filter using the scalpel.

This wedge should be one-sixth to one-fourth of the filter. Grasp the filter

wedge with the forceps on the perimeter of the filter which was clamped

between the cassette pieces. DO NOT TOUCH the filter with your finger.

Place the filter on the glass slide sample side up. Static electricity will usually

keep the filter on the slide until it is cleared.

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Place the tip of the micropipette containing about 200 µL acetone into the

aluminum block. Insert the glass slide into the receiving slot in the aluminum

block. Inject the acetone into the block with slow, steady pressure on the

plunger while holding the pipette firmly in place. Wait 3 to 5 seconds for the

filter to clear, then remove the pipette and slide from the aluminum block.

Immediately (less than 30 seconds) place 2.5 to 3.5 µL of triacetin on the filter

(Note: Waiting longer than 30 seconds will result in increased index of

refraction and decreased contrast between the fibers and the preparation. This

may also lead to separation of the cover slip from the slide).

Lower a cover slip gently onto the filter at a slight angle to reduce the

possibility of forming air bubbles. If more than 30 seconds have elapsed

between acetone exposure and triacetin application, glue the edges of the cover

slip to the slide with lacquer or nail polish.

If clearing is slow, warm the slide for 15 min on a hot plate having a surface

temperature of about 50°C to hasten clearing. The top of the hot block can be

used if the slide is not heated too long.

Counting may proceed immediately after clearing and mounting are completed.

(f) Sample Analysis. Completely align the microscope according to the manufacturer's

instructions. Then, align the microscope using the following general alignment

routine at the beginning of every counting session and more often if necessary.

Alignment.

(A) Clean all optical surfaces. Even a small amount of dirt can significantly

degrade the image.

(B) Rough focus the objective on a sample.

image of the iris with the condenser focus. Center the image of the iris in

the field of view.

(D) Install the phase telescope and focus on the phase rings. Critically center

the rings. Misalignment of the rings results in astigmatism which will

degrade the image.

(E) Place the phase-shift test slide on the microscope stage and focus on the

lines. The analyst must see line set 3 and should see at least parts of 4 and

5 but, not see line set 6 or 6. A microscope/microscopist combination

which does not pass this test may not be used.

Counting Fibers.

(A) Place the prepared sample slide on the mechanical stage of the

microscope. Position the center of the wedge under the objective lens and

focus upon the sample.

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(B) Start counting from one end of the wedge and progress along a radial line

to the other end (count in either direction from perimeter to wedge tip).

Select fields randomly, without looking into the eyepieces, by slightly

advancing the slide in one direction with the mechanical stage control.

15 µm of the filter surface) with the fine focus control during each

fieldcount. Spend at least 5 to 15 seconds per field.

(D) Most samples will contain asbestos fibers with fiber diameters less than

1µ. Look carefully for faint fiber images. The small diameter fibers will

be very hard to see. However, they are an important contribution to the

total count.

(E) Count only fibers equal to or longer than 5µ. Measure the length of

curved fibers along the curve.

(F) Count fibers which have a length to width ratio of 3:1 or greater.

(G) Count all the fibers in at least 20 fields. Continue counting until either

100 fibers are counted or 100 fields have been viewed; whichever occurs

first. Count all the fibers in the final field.

(H) Fibers lying entirely within the boundary of the Walton-Beckett graticule

field receive a count of 1. Fibers crossing the boundary once, having one

end within the circle receive a count of 1/2. Do not count any fiber that

crosses the graticule boundary more than once. Reject and do not count

any other fibers even though they may be visible outside the graticule

area. If a fiber touches the circle, it is considered to cross the line.

(I) Count bundles of fibers as one fiber unless individual fibers can be clearly

identified and each individual fiber is clearly not connected to another

counted fiber.

(J) Record the number of fibers in each field in a consistent way such that

filter non-uniformity can be assessed.

(K) Regularly check phase ring alignment.

(L) When an agglomerate (mass of material) covers more than 25% of the

field of view, reject the field and select another. Do not include it in the

number of fields counted.

(M) Perform a “blind recount” of 1 in every 10 filter wedges (slides). Re-label

the slides using a person other than the original counter.

(g) Fiber Identification. As previously mentioned in (1)(c), PCM does not provide

positive confirmation of asbestos fibers. Alternate differential counting techniques

should be used if discrimination is desirable. Differential counting may include

primary discrimination based on morphology, polarized light analysis of fibers, or

modification of PCM data by Scanning Electron or Transmission Electron

Microscopy. A great deal of experience is required to routinely and correctly perform

differential counting. It is discouraged unless it is legally necessary. Then, only if a

fiber is obviously not asbestos should it be excluded from the count. Further

discussion of this technique can be found in reference 8(j). If there is a question

whether a fiber is asbestos or not, follow the rule: “WHEN IN DOUBT, COUNT.”

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(h) Analytical Recommendations--Quality Control System.

All individuals performing asbestos analysis must have taken the NIOSH course

for sampling and evaluating airborne asbestos or an equivalent course.

Each laboratory engaged in asbestos counting must set up a slide trading

arrangement with at least two other laboratories in order to compare

performance and eliminate inbreeding of error. The slide exchange occurs at

least semiannually. The round robin results must be posted where all analysts

can view individual analyst's results.

Each laboratory engaged in asbestos counting must participate in the

Proficiency Analytical Testing Program, the Asbestos Analyst Registry or

equivalent.

Each analyst must select and count prepared slides from a “slide bank”. These

are quality assurance counts. The slide bank must be prepared using uniformly

distributed samples taken from the workload. Fiber densities should cover the

entire range routinely analyzed by the laboratory. These slides are counted

blind by all counters to establish an original standard deviation. This historical

distribution is compared with the quality assurance counts. A counter must

have 95% of all quality control samples counted within three standard

deviations of the historical mean. This count is then integrated into a new

historical mean and standard deviation for the slide. The analyses done by the

counters to establish the slide bank may be used for an interim quality control

program if the data are treated in a proper statistical fashion.

7. Calculations.

(a) Calculate the estimated airborne asbestos fiber concentration on the filter sample

using the following formula:

Where:

AC = Airborne fiber concentration

FB = Total number of fibers greater than 5 µm counted

FL = Total number of fields counted on the filter

BFB = Total number of fibers greater than 5µm counted in the blank

BFL = Total number of fields counted on the blank

ECA = Effective collecting area of filter (385 mm

nominal for a 25-mm

filter.)

FR = Pump flow rate (L/min)

MFA = Microscope count field area (mm

). This is 0.00785 mm

for a

Walton-

ECA

1000 X FR X T X MFA

BFL

BFB

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Beckett Graticule.

T = Sample collection time (min)

1,000 = Conversion of L to cc

Note: The collection area of a filter is seldom equal to 385 mm

. It is

appropriate for laboratories to routinely monitor the exact diameter

using an inside micrometer. The collection area is calculated

according to the formula:

Area = π(d/2)

(b) Short-cut Calculation

Since a given analyst always has the same interpupillary distance, the number of

fields per filter for a particular analyst will remain constant for a given size filter.

The field size for that analyst is constant (i.e. the analyst is using an assigned

microscope and is not changing the reticle). For example, if the exposed area of the

filter is always 385 mm

and the size of the field is always 0.00785 mm

, the number

of fields per filter will always be 49,000. In addition it is necessary to convert liters

of air to cc. These three constants can then be combined such that ECA/(1,000 X

MFA) = 49. The previous equation simplifies to:

of the slides is performed. In all cases, differences will be observed between the first

and second counts of the same filter wedge. Most of these differences will be due to

chance alone, that is, due to the random variability (precision) of the count method.

Statistical recount criteria enables one to decide whether observed differences can be

explained due to chance alone or are probably due to systematic differences between

analysts, microscopes, or other biasing factors. The following recount criterion is for

a pair of counts that estimate AC in fibers/cc. The criterion is given at the type-I

error level. That is, there is 5% maximum risk that we will reject a pair of counts for

the reason that one might be biased, when the large observed difference is really due

to chance. Reject a pair of counts if:

Where:

= lower estimated airborne fiber concentration

= higher estimated airborne fiber concentration

FR X T

AC =

BFL

BFB

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avg

= average of the two concentration estimates

= CV for the average of the two concentration estimates

If a pair of counts are rejected by this criterion then, recount the rest of the filters

in the submitted set. Apply the test and reject any other pairs failing the test.

Rejection shall include a memo to the industrial hygienist stating that the sample

failed a statistical test for homogeneity and the true air concentration may be

significantly different than the reported value.

(d) Reporting Results. Report results to the industrial hygienist as fibers/cc. Use two

significant figures. If multiple analyses are performed on a sample, an average of the

results is to be reported unless any of the results can be rejected for cause.

8. References.

(a) Dreesen, W.C., et al, U.S. Public Health Service: A Study of Asbestosis in the

Asbestos Textile Industry, (Public Health Bulletin No. 241), US Treasury Dept.,

Washington, DC, 1938.

(b) Asbestos Research Council: The Measurement of Airborne Asbestos Dust by the

Membrane Filter Method (Technical Note), Asbestos Research Council, Rockdale,

Lancashire, Great Britain, 1969.

Millipore Filters and Counting Asbestos Fibers by Phase Contrast Microscopy,

Bureau of Occupational Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare,

Cincinnati,OH,1969.

(d) NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 2nd ed., Vol. 1 (DHEW/NIOSH Pub. No. 77-

157-A). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH,

1977.pp.239-1-239-21.

(e) Asbestos, Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1910.1001. 1971.

(f) Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite. Final

Rule, Federal Register 51: 119 (20 June 1986). pp.22612-22790.

(g) Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, Code of Federal Regulations

1910.1001. 1988. pp 711-752.

(h) Criteria for a Recommended Standard--Occupational Exposure to Asbestos

(DHEW/NIOSH Pub. No. HSM 72-10267), National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, 1972. pp. III-1-III-24.

(i) Leidel, N.A., Bayer, S.G., Zumwalde, R.D., Busch, K.A., USPHS/NIOSH Membrane

Filter Method for Evaluating Airborne Asbestos Fibers (DHEW/NIOSH Pub. No. 79-

127). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 1979.

(j) Dixon, W.C., Applications of Optical Microscopy in Analysis of Asbestos and

Quartz, Analytical Techniques in Occupational Health Chemistry, edited by D.D.

Dollberg and A.W. Verstuyft. Wash. D.C.: American Chemical Society, (ACS

Symposium Series 120) 1980. pp. 13-41.

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9. Quality Control. The OSHA asbestos regulations require each laboratory to establish a

quality control program. The following is presented as an example of how the OSHA-

SLTC constructed its internal CV curve as part of meeting this requirement. Data for the

CV curve shown below is from 395 samples collected during OSHA compliance

inspections and analyzed from October 1980 through April 1986. Each sample was

counted by 2 to 5 different counters independently of one another. The standard deviation

and the CV statistic was calculated for each sample. This data was then plotted on a graph

of CV vs. fibers/mm

. A least squares regression was performed using the following

equation:

CV = antilog

[A(log

(x))2+B(log

(x))+C]

Where:

x = the number of fibers/mm

Application of least squares gave:

A = 0.182205

B = -0.973343

C = 0.327499

Using these values, the equation becomes:

CV = antilog

[0.182205(log

(x))

- 0.973343(log

(x)) + 0.327499].

10. Sampling Pump Flow Rate Corrections. This correction is used if a difference greater

than 5% in ambient temperature and/or pressure is noted between calibration and sampling

sites and the pump does not compensate for the differences.

Where:

Qact = actual flow rate

Qcal = calibrated flow rate (if a rotameter was used, the rotameter value)

Pcal = uncorrected air pressure at calibration

Pact = uncorrected air pressure at sampling site

Tact = temperature at sampling site (K)

Tcal = temperature at calibration (K)

11. Walton-Beckett Graticule.

When ordering the Graticule for asbestos counting, specify the exact disc diameter needed

to fit the ocular of the microscope and the diameter (mm) of the circular counting area.

Instructions for measuring the dimensions necessary are listed:

(a) Insert any available graticule into the focusing eyepiece and focus so that the

graticule lines are sharp and clear.

(b) Align the microscope.

the graduated lines.

act

cal

act

cal

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(d) Measure the magnified grid length, PL (µm), using the stage micrometer.

(e) Remove the graticule from the microscope and measure its actual grid length, AL

(mm). This can be accomplished by using a mechanical stage fitted with verniers, or

a jeweler's loupe with a direct reading scale.

(f) Let D = 100 µm. Calculate the circle diameter, d

(mm), for the Walton-Beckett

graticule and specify the diameter when making a purchase:

Example: If PL = 108 µm, AL = 2.93 mm and D = 100 µm, then,

= (2.93 x 100)/108 = 2.71 mm

(g) Each eyepiece-objective-reticle combination on the microscope must be calibrated.

Should any of the three be changed (by zoom adjustment, disassembly, replacement,

etc.), the combination must be recalibrated. Calibration may change if interpupillary

distance is changed. Measure the field diameter, D (acceptable range: 100 ±2 µm)

with a stage micrometer upon receipt of the graticule from the manufacturer.

Determine the field area (mm2).

Field Area = π(D/2)2

If D = 100 µm = 0.1 mm, then

Field Area = +(0.1 mm/2)

= 0.00785 mm

The Graticule is available from: Graticules Ltd., Morley Road, Tonbridge TN9 IRN,

Kent, England (Telephone 011-44-732-359061). Also available from PTR Optics

Ltd., 145 Newton Street, Waltham, MA 02154 [telephone (617) 891-6000] or

McCrone Accessories and Components, 2506 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60616

[phone (312) 842-7100]. The graticule is custom made for each microscope.

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BILLING CODE 4510-26-P

Figure 1: Walton-Beckett Graticule with some explanatory fibers.

Counts for the Fibers in the Figure

Structure

No.

Count

Explanation

1 to 6

1/2

Single fibers all contained within the circle.

Fiber crosses circle once.

Fiber too short.

Two crossing fibers.

Fiber outside graticule.

Fiber crosses graticule twice.

Although split, fiber only crosses once.

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WAC 296-62-07741 Appendix D--Medical questionnaires--Mandatory.

This mandatory appendix contains the medical questionnaires that must be administered to all

employees who are exposed to asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite, or a combination

of these minerals above the permissible exposure limit (0.1 f/cc), and who will therefore be

included in their employer's medical surveillance program. Part 1 of the appendix contains the

initial medical questionnaire, which must be obtained for all new hires who will be covered by

the medical surveillance requirements. Part 2 includes the abbreviated periodical medical

questionnaire, which appendix contains the medical questionnaires that must be administered to

all employees who are must be administered to all employees who are provided periodic medical

examinations under the medical surveillance provisions of the standard.

PART 1

INITIAL MEDICAL QUESTIONNAIRE

1. NAME

__________________________________________________________________

2. SOCIAL SECURITY # … … … … … … … … …

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3. CLOCK NUMBER … … … … … …

10 11 12 13 14 15

4. PRESENT OCCUPATION

___________________________________________________

5. PLANT

___________________________________________________________________

6. ADDRESS

___________________________________________________________________

7. ________________________________________________________________________

(Zip Code)

8. TELEPHONE NUMBER

____________________________________________________

9. INTERVIEWER

___________________________________________________________

10. DATE __________________ … … … … … …

16 17 18 19 20 21

11. Date of birth ……………….. … … … … … …

Month Day Year 22 23 24 25 26 27

12. Place of birth

______________________________________________________________

13. Sex 1. Male _____

2. Female _____

14. What is your marital status? 1. Single _____ 4. Separated/

2. Married _____ Divorced ____

3. Widowed _____

15. Race 1. White _____ 4. Hispanic ____

2. Black _____ 5. Indian ______

3. Asian _____ 6. Other_______

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16. What is the highest grade completed in school? _____

(For example 12 years is completion of high school)

OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY

17A. Have you ever worked full time 1. Yes_____ 2. No _____

(30 hours per week or more)

for 6 months or more?

If yes to 17A:

B. Have you ever worked for a year 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

or more in any dusty job? 3. Does not apply _____

Specify job/industry Total years worked _____

Was dust exposure: 1. Mild _____ 2. Moderate _____3. Severe

_____

C Have you ever been exposed to

gas or chemical fumes in your work? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

Specify job/industry Total years worked _____

Was exposure: 1. Mild _____ 2. Moderate _____ 3. Severe

_____

D What has been your usual occupation or job--the one you

have worked at the longest?

1. Job occupation

2. Number of years employed in this occupation

3. Position/job title

4. Business, field or industry

(Record on lines the years in which you have worked in any of these industries,

e.g., 1960-1969.)

Have you ever worked:

YES NO

E. In a mine?  

F. In a quarry?  

G In a foundry?  

H. In a pottery?  

I. In a cotton, flax or hemp mill?  

J. With asbestos?  

18. PAST MEDICAL HISTORY

YES NO

A. Do you consider yourself to be

in good health?  

If “no” state reason

B. Have you any defect in vision?  

If “yes” state nature of defect

___________________________________________

C. Have you any hearing defect?  

If “yes” state nature of defect

___________________________________________

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D. Are you suffering from or have you ever suffered from:

a. Epilepsy (or fits, seizures,

convulsions)?  

b. Rheumatic fever?  

c. Kidney disease?  

d. Bladder disease?  

e. Diabetes?  

f. Jaundice  

19. CHEST COLDS AND CHEST ILLNESSES

19A. If you get a cold, does it usually

go to your chest? (Usually means 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

more than 1/2 the time.) 3. Do not get colds _____

20A. During the past 3 years, have you had 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

any chest illnesses that have kept you

off work, indoors at home, or in bed?

If yes to 20A:

B Did you produce phlegm with any of 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

these chest illnesses? 3. Does not apply _____

C. In the last 3 years, how many such Number of illnesses _____

illnesses with (increased) phlegm did No such illnesses _____

you have which lasted a week or more?

21. Did you have any lung trouble before 1. Yes _____ 2. No_____

the age of 16?

22. Have you ever had any of the following?

1A Attacks of bronchitis? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes to 1A:

B. Was it confirmed by a doctor? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

C. At what age was your first attack? Age in years _____

Does not apply _____

2A. Pneumonia? (include broncho-

pneumonia) 1. Yes ____ 2. No _____

If yes to 2A:

B. Was it confirmed by a doctor? 1. Yes _____ 2. No_____

3. Does not apply _____

C. At what age did you first have it? Age in years _____

Does not apply _____

3A. Hay fever? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes to 3A:

B. Was it confirmed by a doctor? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

C. At what age did it start? Age in years _____

Does not apply _____

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23A. Have you ever had chronic bronchitis? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes to 23A:

B. Do you still have it? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

C. Was it confirmed by a doctor? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

D. At what age did it start? Age in years _____

Does not apply _____

24A. Have you ever had emphysema? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes to 24A:

B. Do you still have it? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

C. Was it confirmed by a doctor? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

D. At what age did it start? Age in years _____

Does not apply _____

25A. Have you ever had asthma? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes to 25A:

B. Do you still have it? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

C. Was it confirmed by a doctor? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

D. At what age did it start? Age in years _____

Does not apply _____

E. If you no longer have it, at Age stopped _____

what age did it stop? Does not apply _____

26. Have you ever had:

A. Any other chest illness? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes, please specify

_________________________________________________

B. Any chest operations? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes, please specify

_________________________________________________

C. Any chest injuries? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes, please specify

_________________________________________________

27A. Has a doctor ever told you that you 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

had heart trouble?

If yes to 27A:

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B. Have you ever had treatment for heart 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

trouble in the past 10 years? 3. Does not apply _____

28A. Has a doctor ever told you that you 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

had high blood pressure?

If yes to 28A:

B. Have you had any treatment for high 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

blood pressure (hypertension) in the 3. Does not apply _____

past 10 years?

29. When did you last have your chest

x-rayed? (Year) … … … …

25 26 27 28

30. Where did you last have your chest x-rayed (if known)?

What was the outcome?

______________________________________________________

FAMILY HISTORY

31. Were either of your natural parents ever told by a doctor

that they had a chronic lung condition such as:

FATHER MOTHER

1. Yes 2. No. 3. Do not 1. Yes 2. No 3. Do not

Know Know

A. Chronic

Bronchitis? _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

B. Emphysema? _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

C. Asthma? _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

D. Lung cancer? _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

E. Other chest

conditions? _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

F. Is parent

currently alive? _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

G. Please specify _____ Age if living Age if living _____

_____ Age at death Age at death _____

_____ Do not know Do not know _____

H. Please specify cause of

death__________________________________________________

COUGH

32A. Do you usually have a cough? (Count 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

a cough with first smoke or on first

going out of doors. Exclude clearing

of throat.) (If no, skip to question

32C.)

B. Do you usually cough as much as 4 to 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

6 times a day 4 or more days out of

the week?

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C. Do you usually cough at all on getting 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

up or first thing in the morning?

D. Do you usually cough at all during the 1. Yes _____2. No _____

rest of the day or at night?

IF YES TO ANY OF ABOVE (32A, B, C, OR D), ANSWER THE

FOLLOWING. IF NO TO ALL, CHECK DOES NOT APPLY AND SKIP TO

E. Do you usually cough like this on most 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

days for 3 consecutive months or more 3. Does not apply _____

during the year?

F. For how many years have you had Number of years _____

the cough? Does not apply _____

33A. Do you usually bring up phlegm from 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

your chest? (Count phlegm with

the first smoke or on first going

out of doors. Exclude phlegm from

the nose. Count swallowed phlegm.)

(If no, skip to 33C.)

B. Do you usually bring up phlegm like 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

this as much as twice a day 4 or

more days out of the week?

C. Do you usually bring up phlegm at 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

all on getting up or first thing in

the morning?

D. Do you usually bring up phlegm at all 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

during the rest of the day or at night?

IF YES TO ANY OF THE ABOVE (33A, B, C, OR D), ANSWER THE

FOLLOWING: IF NO TO ALL, CHECK DOES NOT APPLY AND SKIP TO

34A.

E. Do you bring up phlegm like this on 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

most days for 3 consecutive months 3. Does not apply _____

or more during the year?

F. For how many years have you had Number of years_____

trouble with phlegm? Does not apply _____

episodes of cough and phlegm

34A. Have you had periods or episodes of 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

increased*) cough and phlegm lasting

for 3 weeks or more each year?

*(For persons who usually have cough

and/or phlegm.)

If yes to 34A:

B. For how long have you had at least Number of years _____

1 such episode per year? Does not apply _____

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WHEEZING

35A. Does your chest ever sound wheezy or

whistling:

1. When you have a cold? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

2. Occasionally apart from colds? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Most days or nights? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

If yes to 1, 2, or 3 in 35A:

B. For how many years has this been Number of years _____

present? Does not apply _____

36A. Have you ever had an attack of 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

wheezing that has made you feel

short of breath?

If yes to 36A:

B. How old were you when you had your Age in years _____

first such attack? Does not apply _____

C. Have you had 2 or more such episodes? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

3. Does not apply _____

D. Have you ever required medicine or 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

treatment for the(se) attack(s)? 3. Does not apply _____

BREATHLESSNESS

37. If disabled from walking by any condition

other than heart or lung disease, please

describe and proceed to question 39A.

Nature of condition(s)

38A. Are you troubled by shortness of breath 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

when hurrying on the level or walking

up a slight hill?

If yes to 38A:

B. Do you have to walk slower than 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

people of your age on the level 3. Does not apply _____

because of breathlessness?

C. Do you ever have to stop for breath when 1. Yes _____2. No _____

walking at your own pace on the level? 3. Does not apply _____

D. Do you ever have to stop for breath 1. Yes _____2. No _____

after walking about 100 yards (or 3. Does not apply _____

after a few minutes) on the level?

E. Are you too breathless to leave the 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

house or breathless on dressing or 3. Does not apply _____

climbing one flight of stairs?

TOBACCO SMOKING

39A. Have you ever smoked cigarettes? (No 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

means less than 20 packs of cigarettes or

12 oz. of tobacco in a lifetime or less

than 1 cigarette a day for 1 year.)

If yes to 39A:

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B. Do you now smoke cigarettes (as of 1. Yes _____2. No _____

one month ago)? 3. Does not apply _____

C. How old were you when you first Age in years _____

started regular cigarette smoking? Does not apply _____

D. If you have stopped smoking cigarettes Aged stopped _____

completely, how old were you when you Check if still

stopped? smoking _____

Does not apply _____

E. How many cigarettes do you smoke per Cigarettes per day _____

day now? Does not apply _____

F. On the average of the entire time you Cigarettes per day _____

smoked, how many cigarettes did you Does not apply _____

smoke per day?

G. Do you or did you inhale the 1. Does not apply _____

cigarette smoke? 2. Not at all _____

3. Slightly _____

4. Moderately _____

5. Deeply _____

40A. Have you ever smoked a pipe regularly? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

(Yes means more than 12 ounces of

tobacco in a lifetime.)

If yes to 40A:

FOR PERSONS WHO HAVE EVER SMOKED A PIPE

B.1. How old were you when you started

to smoke a pipe regularly? Age _____

2. If you have stopped smoking a pipe Age stopped _____

completely, how old were you when Check if still

you stopped? smoking pipe _____

Does not apply _____

C. On the average over the entire time _____ oz. per week

you smoked a pipe, how much pipe (a standard pouch

tobacco did you smoke per week? of tobacco contains

1-1/2 ounces)

_____ Does not apply

How much pipe tobacco are you oz. per week _____

smoking now? Not currently

smoking a pipe _____

E. Do you or did you inhale the 1. Never smoked _____

pipe smoke? 2. Not at all _____

3. Slightly _____

4. Moderately _____

5. Deeply _____

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41A. Have you ever smoked cigars regularly? 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

(Yes means more than 1 cigar a week

for a year.)

If yes to 41A:

FOR PERSONS WHO HAVE EVER SMOKED CIGARS

B.1. How old were you when you started Age _____

smoking cigars regularly?

2. If you have stopped smoking cigars Age stopped _____

completely, how old were you when Check if still

you stopped? smoking cigars _____

Does not apply _____

C. On the average over the entire time you Cigars per week _____

smoked cigars, how many cigars did you Does not apply _____

smoke per week?

D. How many cigars are you Cigars per week _____

smoking per week now? Check if not

smoking cigars

currently _____

E. Do you or did you inhale 1. Never smoked _____

the cigar smoke? 2. Not at all _____

3. Slightly _____

4. Moderately _____

5. Deeply _____

Signature _________________________ Date _________________________

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PART 2

PERIODIC MEDICAL QUESTIONNAIRE

1. NAME

___________________________________________________________________

2. SOCIAL SECURITY # … … … … … … … … …

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3. CLOCK NUMBER … … … … … …

10 11 12 13 14 15

4. PRESENT OCCUPATION

___________________________________________________

5. PLANT

__________________________________________________________________

6. ADDRESS

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(Zip Code)

8. TELEPHONE NUMBER

____________________________________________________

9. INTERVIEWER

___________________________________________________________

10. DATE __________________ … … … … … …

16 17 18 19 20 21

11. What is your marital status? 1. Single _____ 4. Separated/

2. Married _____ Divorced _____

3. Widowed _____

12. OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY

12A. Have you ever worked full time 1. Yes_____ 2. No _____

(30 hours per week or more)

for 6 months or more?

If yes to 12A:

12 B. In the past, did you 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

work in a dusty job? 3. Does not apply _____

12 C Was dust exposure: 1. Mild _____ 2. Moderate _____3. Severe

_____

12 D In the past, were you 1. Yes_____ 2. No _____

exposed to gas or chemical

fumes in your work?

12 E Was exposure 1. Mild _____ 2. Moderate _____3. Severe

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12 F. In the past year,

what was your: 1. Job occupation?

_________________________

2. Position/job title?

_______________________

13. RECENT MEDICAL HISTORY

13A. Do you consider yourself to

be in good health? Yes _____ No _____

If no, state reason

___________________________________________________________

13B. In the past year, have you Yes _____ No _____

developed: Epilepsy? _____ Rheumatic fever?

Kidney disease? _____ Bladder

disease? ______

Diabetes? _____ Jaundice? _____

Cancer? _____

14. CHEST COLDS AND CHEST ILLNESS

14A. If you get a cold, does it usually

go to your chest? (Usually means 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

more than 1/2 the time.) 3. Do not get colds _____

15A. During the past year, have you had

any chest illnesses that have 1. Yes _____2. No _____

kept you off work, indoors at home, 3. Does not apply _____

or in bed?

If yes to 15a:

15B. Did you produce phlegm with any 1. Yes _____ 2. No _____

of these chest illnesses? 3. Does not apply _____

15C. In the past year, how many such Number of illnesses _____

illnesses with (increased) phlegm No such illnesses _____

did you have which lasted a week

or more?

16. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

In the past year have you had:

Yes or No Further Comment on

Positive Answers

Asthma _____ Bronchitis _____

Hay fever _____ Other allergies _____

Yes or No Further Comment on

Positive Answers

Pneumonia _____ Tuberculosis _____

Chest surgery _____ Other lung _____

Problems _____ Heart disease _____

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Do you have:

Yes or No Further Comment on

Positive Answers

Frequent colds _____ Chronic cough _____

Shortness of breath

when walking or

climbing one flight

of stairs _____

Do you:

Wheeze _____ Cough up phlegm _____

Smoke cigarettes _____ Packs per day _____ How many years _____

Date ________________________ Signature _________________________

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WAC 296-62-07743 Appendix E--Interpretation and classification of chest

roentgenograms--Mandatory.

(1) Chest roentgenograms must be interpreted and classified in accordance with a

professionally accepted classification system and recorded on an interpretation form

following the format of the CDC/NIOSH (M) 2.8 form. As a minimum, the content within

the bold lines of this form (items one through four) must be included. This form is not to

be submitted to NIOSH.

(2) Roentgenograms must be interpreted and classified only by a B-reader, a board

eligible/certified radiologist, or an experienced physician with known expertise in

pneumoconioses.

(3) All interpreters, whenever interpreting chest roentgenograms made under this section, must

have immediately available for reference a complete set of the ILO-U/C International

Classification of Radiographs for Pneumoconioses, 1980.

WAC 296-62-07745 Appendix F--Work practices and engineering controls for

automotive brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair and assembly--

Mandatory.

This mandatory appendix specifies engineering controls and work practices that must be

implemented by the employer during automotive brake and clutch inspection, disassembly,

repair, and assembly operations. Proper use of these engineering controls and work practices

will reduce employees' asbestos exposure below the permissible exposure level during clutch and

brake inspection, disassembly, repair, and assembly operations. The employer must institute

engineering controls and work practices using either the method set forth in (1) or (2) of this

appendix, or any other method which the employer can demonstrate to be equivalent in terms of

reducing employee exposure to asbestos as defined and which meets the requirements described

in (3) of this appendix, for those facilities in which no more than 5 pairs of brakes or 5 clutches

are inspected, disassembled, reassembled and/or repaired per week, the method set forth in (4) of

this appendix may be used:

(1) Negative pressure enclosure/HEPA vacuum system method.

(a) The brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair, and assembly operations must

be enclosed to cover and contain the clutch or brake assembly and to prevent the

release of asbestos fibers into the worker's breathing zone.

(b) The enclosure must be sealed tightly and thoroughly inspected for leaks before work

begins on brake and clutch inspection, disassembly, repair and assembly.

provide impermeable sleeves through which the worker can handle the brake and

clutch inspection, disassembly, repair and assembly. The integrity of the sleeves and

ports must be examined before work begins.

(d) A HEPA-filtered vacuum must be employed to maintain the enclosure under negative

pressure throughout the operation. Compressed-air may be used to remove asbestos

fibers or particles from the enclosure.

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(e) The HEPA vacuum must be used first to loosen the asbestos containing residue from

the brake and clutch parts and then to evacuate the loosened asbestos containing

material from the enclosure and capture the material in the vacuum filter.

(f) The vacuum's filter, when full, must be first wetted with a fine mist of water, then

removed and placed immediately in an impermeable container, labeled according to

WAC 296-62-07721 (6) and disposed of according to WAC 296-62-07723.

(g) Any spills or releases of asbestos containing waste material from inside of the

enclosure or vacuum hose or vacuum filter must be immediately cleaned up and

disposed of according to WAC 296-62-07723.

(2) Low pressure/wet cleaning method.

(a) A catch basin must be placed under the brake assembly, positioned to avoid splashes

and spills.

(b) The reservoir must contain water containing an organic solvent or wetting agent. The

flow of liquid must be controlled such that the brake assembly is gently flooded to

prevent the asbestos-containing brake dust from becoming airborne.

support before the drum is removed.

(d) After removing the brake drum, the wheel hub and back of the brake assembly must

be thoroughly wetted to suppress dust.

(e) The brake support plate, brake shoes and brake components used to attach the brake

shoes must be thoroughly washed before removing the old shoes.

(f) In systems using filters, the filters, when full, must be first wetted with a fine mist of

water, then removed and placed immediately in an impermeable container, labeled

according to WAC 296-62-07721 (6) and disposed of according to WAC 296-62-

07723.

(g) Any spills of asbestos-containing aqueous solution or any asbestos-containing waste

material must be cleaned up immediately and disposed of according to WAC 296-62-

07723.

(h) The use of dry brushing during low pressure/wet cleaning operations is prohibited.

(3) Equivalent methods. An equivalent method is one which has sufficient written detail so

that it can be reproduced and has been demonstrated that the exposures resulting from the

equivalent method are equal to or less than the exposure which would result from the use of

the method described in subsection (1) of this appendix. For purposes of making this

comparison, the employer must assume that exposures resulting from the use of the method

described in subsection (1) of this appendix must not exceed 0.016 f/cc, as measured by the

WISHA reference method and as averaged over at least 18 personal samples.

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(4) Wet method.

(a) A spray bottle, hose nozzle, or other implement capable of delivering a fine mist of

water or amended water or other delivery system capable of delivering water at low

pressure, must be used to first thoroughly wet the brake and clutch parts. Brake and

clutch components must then be wiped clean with a cloth.

(b) The cloth must be placed in an impermeable container, labeled according to WAC

296-62-07721 (6) and then disposed of according to WAC 296-62-07723, or the cloth

must be laundered in a way to prevent the release of asbestos fibers in excess of 0.1

fiber per cubic centimeter of air.

immediately according to WAC 296-62-07723.

(d) The use of dry brushing during the wet method operations is prohibited.

WAC 296-62-07747 Appendix G--Substance technical information for asbestos--

Nonmandatory.

(1) Substance identification.

(a) Substance: “Asbestos” is the name of a class of magnesium-silicate minerals that

occur in fibrous form. Minerals that are included in this group are chrysotile,

crocidolite, amosite, tremolite asbestos, anthophyllite asbestos, and actinolite

asbestos.

(b) Asbestos is used in the manufacture of heat-resistant clothing, automotive brake and

clutch linings, and a variety of building materials including floor tiles, roofing felts,

ceiling tiles, asbestos-cement pipe and sheet, and fire-resistant drywall. Asbestos is

also present in pipe and boiler insulation materials, and in sprayed-on materials

located on beams, in crawlspaces, and between walls.

actinolite to release breathable fibers depends on its degree of friability. Friable

means that the material can be crumbled with hand pressure and is therefore likely to

emit fibers. The fibrous or fluffy sprayed-on materials used for fireproofing,

insulation, or sound proofing are considered to be friable, and they readily release

airborne fibers if disturbed. Materials such as vinyl-asbestos floor tile or roofing felts

are considered nonfriable and generally do not emit airborne fibers unless subjected

to sanding or sawing operations. Asbestos-cement pipe or sheet can emit airborne

fibers if the materials are cut or sawed, or if they are broken during demolition

operations.

(d) Permissible exposure: Exposure to airborne asbestos fibers may not exceed 0.1 fiber

per cubic centimeter of air (0.1 f/cc) averaged over the eight-hour workday (time

weighted average), or 1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air (1 f/cc) during any thirty

minute period, (excursion limit).

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(2) Health hazard data.

(a) Asbestos can cause disabling respiratory disease and various types of cancers if the

fibers are inhaled. Inhaling or ingesting fibers from contaminated clothing or skin

can also result in these diseases. The symptoms of these diseases generally do not

appear for twenty or more years after initial exposure.

(b) Exposure to asbestos has been shown to cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, and cancer

of the stomach and colon. Mesothelioma is a rear cancer of the thin membrane lining

of the chest and abdomen. Symptoms of mesothelioma include shortness of breath,

pain in the walls of the chest, and/or abdominal pain.

(3) Respirators and protective clothing.

(a) Respirators: You are required to wear a respirator when performing tasks that result

in asbestos exposure that exceeds 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air (0.1 f/cc) as an

eight-hour time weighted average and/or 1.0 fiber per cubic centimeter (1 f/cc) during

any thirty minute period (excursion limit). These conditions can occur while your

employer is in the process of installing engineering controls to reduce asbestos

exposure, or where engineering controls are not feasible to reduce asbestos exposure.

Air-purifying respirators equipped with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter

can be used where airborne asbestos fiber concentrations do not exceed 1 f/cc;

otherwise, air-supplied, positive-pressure, full facepiece respirators must be used.

Disposable respirators or dust masks are not permitted to be used for asbestos work.

For effective protection, respirators must fit your face and head snugly. Your

employer is required to conduct fit tests when you are first assigned a respirator and

every six months thereafter. Respirators should not be loosened or removed in work

situations where their use is required.

(b) Protective clothing: You are required to wear protective clothing in work areas where

asbestos fiber concentrations exceed the permissible exposure limits to prevent

contamination of the skin. Where protective clothing is required, your employer must

provide you with clean garments. Unless you are working on a large asbestos

removal or demolition project, your employer must also provide a change room and

separate lockers for your street clothes and contaminated work clothes. If you are

working on a large asbestos removal or demolition project, and where it is feasible to

do so, your employer must provide a clean room, shower, and decontamination room

contiguous to the work area. When leaving the work area, you must remove

contaminated clothing before proceeding to the shower. If the shower is not adjacent

to the work area, you must vacuum your clothing before proceeding to the change

room and shower. To prevent inhaling fibers in contaminated change rooms and

showers, leave your respirator on until you leave the shower and enter the clean

change room.

(4) Disposal procedures and cleanup.

(a) Wastes that are generated by processes where asbestos is present include:

Empty asbestos shipping containers.

Process wastes such as cuttings, trimmings, or reject material.

Housekeeping waste from sweeping or HEPA vacuuming.

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Asbestos fireproofing or insulating material that is removed from buildings.

Building products that contain asbestos removed during building renovation or

demolition.

Contaminated disposable protective clothing.

(b) Empty shipping bags can be flattened under exhaust hoods and packed into airtight

containers for disposal. Empty shipping drums are difficult to clean and should be

sealed.

with a fine water mist and placed into a labeled waste container.

(d) Process waste and housekeeping waste should be wetted with water or a mixture of

water and surfactant prior to packaging in disposable containers.

(e) Material containing asbestos that is removed from buildings must be disposed of in

leaktight 6-mil thick plastic bags, plastic-lined cardboard containers, or plastic-lined

metal containers. These wastes, which are removed while wet, should be sealed in

containers before they dry out to minimize the release of asbestos fibers during

handling.

(5) Access to information.

(a) Each year, your employer is required to inform you of the information contained in

this standard and appendices for asbestos. In addition, your employer must instruct

you in the proper work practices for handling materials containing asbestos and the

correct use of protective equipment.

(b) Your employer is required to determine whether you are being exposed to asbestos.

You or your representative has the right to observe employee measurements and to

record the results obtained. Your employer is required to inform you of your

exposure, and, if you are exposed above the permissible limits, he or she is required

to inform you of the actions that are being taken to reduce your exposure to within the

permissible limits.

examinations. These exposure records must be kept for at least thirty years. Medical

records must be kept for the period of your employment plus thirty years.

(d) Your employer is required to release your exposure and medical records to your

physician or designated representative upon your written request.

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WAC 296-62-07749 Appendix H--Medical surveillance guidelines for asbestos--

Nonmandatory.

(1) Route of entry inhalation, ingestion.

(2) Toxicology.

Clinical evidence of the adverse effects associated with exposure to asbestos is present in

the form of several well-conducted epidemiological studies of occupationally exposed

workers, family contacts of workers, and persons living near asbestos mines. These studies

have shown a definite association between exposure to asbestos and an increased incidence

of lung cancer, pleural and peretoneal mesothelioma, gastrointestinal cancer, and

asbestosis. The latter is a disabling fibrotic lung disease that is caused only by exposure to

asbestos. Exposure to asbestos has also been associated with an increased incidence of

esophageal, kidney, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and buccal cavity cancers. As with other

known chronic occupational diseases, disease associated with asbestos generally appears

about twenty years following the first occurrence of exposure: There are no known acute

effects associated with exposure to asbestos.

Epidemiological studies indicate that the risk of lung cancer among exposed workers who

smoke cigarettes is greatly increased over the risk of lung cancer among nonexposed

smokers or exposed nonsmokers. These studies suggest that cessation of smoking will

reduce the risk of lung cancer for a person exposed to asbestos but will not reduce it to the

same level of risk as that existing for an exposed worker who has never smoked.

(3) Signs and symptoms of exposure-related disease.

The signs and symptoms of lung cancer or gastrointestinal cancer induced by exposure to

asbestos are not unique, except that a chest x-ray of an exposed patient with lung cancer

may show pleural plaques, pleural calcification, or pleural fibrosis. Symptoms

characteristic of mesothelioma include shortness of breath, pain in the walls of the chest, or

abdominal pain. Mesothelioma has a much longer latency period compared with lung

cancer (forty years versus fifteen to twenty years), and mesothelioma is therefore more

likely to be found among workers who were first exposed to asbestos at an early age.

Mesothelioma is always fatal.

Asbestosis is pulmonary fibrosis caused by the accumulation of asbestos fibers in the lungs.

Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and vague feelings of sickness.

When the fibrosis worsens, shortness of breath occurs even at rest. The diagnosis of

asbestosis is based on a history of exposure to asbestos, the presence of characteristic

radiologic changes, endinspiratory crackles (rales), and other clinical features of fibrosing

lung disease. Pleural plaques and thickening are observed on x-rays taken during the early

stages of the disease. Asbestosis is often a progressive disease even in the absence of

continued exposure, although this appears to be a highly individualized characteristic. In

severe cases, death may be caused by respiratory or cardiac failure.

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(4) Surveillance and preventive considerations.

As noted above, exposure to asbestos has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer,

mesothelioma, gastrointestinal cancer, and asbestosis among occupationally exposed

workers. Adequate screening tests to determine an employee's potential for developing

serious chronic diseases, such as cancer, from exposure to asbestos do not presently exist.

However, some tests, particularly chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests, may indicate

that an employee has been overexposed to asbestos increasing their risk of developing

exposure-related chronic diseases. It is important for the physician to become familiar with

the operating conditions in which occupational exposure to asbestos is likely to occur. This

is particularly important in evaluating medical and work histories and in conducting

physical examinations. When an active employee has been identified as having been

overexposed to asbestos measures taken by the employer to eliminate or mitigate further

exposure should also lower the risk of serious long-term consequences.

The employer is required to institute a medical surveillance program for all employees who

are or will be exposed to asbestos at or above the permissible exposure limits (0.1 fiber per

cubic centimeter of air) for 30 or more days per year and for all employees who are

assigned to wear a negative pressure respirator. All examinations and procedures must be

performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, at a reasonable time and

place, and at no cost to the employee.

Although broad latitude is given to the physician in prescribing specific tests to be included

in the medical surveillance program, WISHA requires inclusion of the following elements

in the routine examination:

(a) Medical and work histories with special emphasis directed to symptoms of the

respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and digestive tract.

(b) Completion of the respiratory disease questionnaire contained in WAC 296-62-

07741, Appendix D.

that includes measurement of the employee's forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced

expiratory volume at one second (FEV1).

(d) Any laboratory or other test that the examining physician deems by sound medical

practice to be necessary.

The employer is required to make the prescribed tests available at least annually to those

employees covered; more often than specified if recommended by the examining physician;

and upon termination of employment.

The employer is required to provide the physician with the following information: A copy

of this standard and appendices; a description of the employee's duties as they relate to

asbestos exposure; the employee's representative level of exposure to asbestos; a

description of any personal protective and respiratory equipment used; and information

from previous medical examinations of the affected employee that is not otherwise

available to the physician. Making this information available to the physician will aid in

the evaluation of the employee's health in relation to assigned duties and fitness to wear

personal protective equipment, if required.

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The employer is required to obtain a written opinion from the examining physician

containing the results of the medical examination; the physician's opinion as to whether the

employee has any detected medical conditions that would place the employee at an

increased risk of exposure-related disease; any recommended limitations on the employee

or on the use of personal protective equipment; and a statement that the employee has been

informed by the physician of the results of the medical examination and of any medical

conditions related to asbestos exposure that require further explanation or treatment. This

written opinion must not reveal specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to exposure to

asbestos and a copy of the opinion must be provided to the affected employee.

WAC 296-62-07751 Appendix I--Work practices and engineering controls for

Class I asbestos operations--Nonmandatory.

This is a nonmandatory appendix to the asbestos standards for construction and for shipyards. It

describes criteria and procedures for erecting and using negative pressure enclosures for Class I

Asbestos Work, when NPEs are used as an allowable control method to comply with WAC 296-

62-07712 (7)(a). Many small and variable details are involved in the erection of a negative

pressure enclosure. OSHA and most participants in the rulemaking agreed that only the major,

more performance oriented criteria should be made mandatory. These criteria are set out in

WAC 296-62-07712.

In addition, this appendix includes these mandatory specifications and procedures in its

guidelines in order to make this appendix coherent and helpful. The mandatory nature of the

criteria which appear in the regulatory text is not changed because they are included in this

“nonmandatory” appendix. Similarly, the additional criteria and procedures included as

guidelines in the appendix, do not become mandatory because mandatory criteria are also

included in these comprehensive guidelines.

In addition, none of the criteria, both mandatory and recommended, are meant to specify or

imply the need for use of patented or licensed methods or equipment. Recommended

specifications included in this attachment should not discourage the use of creative alternatives

which can be shown to reliably achieve the objectives of negative-pressure enclosures.

Requirements included in this appendix, cover general provisions to be followed in all asbestos

jobs, provisions which must be followed for all Class I asbestos jobs, and provisions governing

the construction and testing of negative pressure enclosures. The first category includes the

requirement for use of wet methods, HEPA vacuums, and immediate bagging of waste; Class I

work must conform to the following provisions:

- oversight by competent person

- use of critical barriers over all openings to work area

- isolation of HVAC systems

- use of impermeable dropcloths and coverage of all objects within regulated areas

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In addition, more specific requirements for NPEs include:

- maintenance of -0.02 inches water gauge within enclosure

- manometric measurements

- air movement away from employees performing removal work

- smoke testing or equivalent for detection of leaks and air direction

- deactivation of electrical circuits, if not provided with ground-fault circuit

interrupters.

Planning the Project

The standard requires that an exposure assessment be conducted before the asbestos job is begun

WAC 296-62-07709(3). Information needed for that assessment, includes data relating to prior

similar jobs, as applied to the specific variables of the current job. The information needed to

conduct the assessment will be useful in planning the project, and in complying with any

reporting requirements under this standard, when significant changes are being made to a control

system listed in the standard, (see WAC 296-62-07719), as well as those of USEPA (40 CFR

Part 61, subpart M). Thus, although the standard does not explicitly require the preparation of a

written asbestos removal plan, the usual constituents of such a plan, i.e., a description of the

enclosure, the equipment, and the procedures to be used throughout the project, must be

determined before the enclosure can be erected. The following information should be included

in the planning of the system:

A physical description of the work area;

A description of the approximate amount of material to be removed;

A schedule for turning off and sealing existing ventilation systems;

Personnel hygiene procedures;

A description of personal protective equipment and clothing to be worn by employees;

A description of the local exhaust ventilation systems to be used and how they are to be

tested;

A description of work practices to be observed by employees;

An air monitoring plan;

A description of the method to be used to transport waste material; and

The location of the dump site.

Materials and Equipment Necessary for Asbestos Removal

Although individual asbestos removal projects vary in terms of the equipment required to

accomplish the removal of the materials, some equipment and materials are common to most

asbestos removal operations.

Plastic sheeting used to protect horizontal surfaces, seal HVAC openings or to seal vertical

openings and ceilings should have a minimum thickness of 6 mils. Tape or other adhesive used

to attach plastic sheeting should be of sufficient adhesive strength to support the weight of the

material plus all stresses encountered during the entire duration of the project without becoming

detached from the surface.

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Other equipment and materials which should be available at the beginning of each project are:

- HEPA Filtered Vacuum is essential for cleaning the work area after the asbestos

has been removed. It should have a long hose capable of reaching out-of-the-way

places, such as areas above ceiling tiles, behind pipes, etc.

- Portable air ventilation systems installed to provide the negative air pressure and

air removal from the enclosure must be equipped with a HEPA filter. The

number and capacity of units required to ventilate an enclosure depend on the size

of the area to be ventilated. The filters for these systems should be designed in

such a manner that they can be replaced when the air flow volume is reduced by

the build-up of dust in the filtration material. Pressure monitoring devices with

alarms and strip chart recorders attached to each system to indicate the pressure

differential and the loss due to dust buildup on the filter are recommended.

- Water sprayers should be used to keep the asbestos material as saturated as

possible during removal; the sprayers will provide a fine mist that minimizes the

impact of the spray on the material.

- Water used to saturate the asbestos containing material can be amended by adding

at least 15 milliliters (0.5 ounce) of wetting agent in 1 liter (1 pint) of water. An

example of a wetting agent is a 50/50 mixture of polyoxyethylene ether and

polyoxyethylene polyglycol ester.

- Backup power supplies are recommended, especially for ventilation systems.

- Shower and bath water should be with mixed hot and cold water faucets. Water

that has been used to clean personnel or equipment should either be filtered or be

collected and discarded as asbestos waste. Soap and shampoo should be provided

to aid in removing dust from the workers' skin and hair.

- See WAC 296-62-07715 and 296-62-07717 for appropriate respiratory protection

and protective clothing.

- See WAC 296-62-07721 for required signs and labels.

Preparing the Work Area

Disabling HVAC Systems: The power to the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems

that service the restricted area must be deactivated and locked off. All ducts, grills, access ports,

windows and vents must be sealed off with two layers of plastic to prevent entrainment of

contaminated air.

Operating HVAC Systems in the Restricted Area: If components of a HVAC system located in

the restricted area are connected to a system that will service another zone during the project, the

portion of the duct in the restricted area must be sealed and pressurized. Necessary precautions

include caulking the duct joints, covering all cracks and openings with two layers of sheeting,

and pressurizing the duct throughout the duration of the project by restricting the return air flow.

The power to the fan supplying the positive pressure should be locked “on” to prevent pressure

loss.

Sealing Elevators: If an elevator shaft is located in the restricted area, it should be either shut

down or isolated by sealing with two layers of plastic sheeting. The sheeting should provide

enough slack to accommodate the pressure changes in the shaft without breaking the air-tight

seal.

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Removing Mobile Objects: All movable objects should be cleaned and removed from the work

area before an enclosure is constructed unless moving the objects creates a hazard. Mobile

objects will be assumed to be contaminated and should be either cleaned with amended water

and a HEPA vacuum and then removed from the area or wrapped and then disposed of as

hazardous waste.

Cleaning and Sealing Surfaces: After cleaning with water and a HEPA vacuum, surfaces of

stationary objects should be covered with two layers of plastic sheeting. The sheeting should be

secured with duct tape or an equivalent method to provide a tight seal around the object.

Bagging Waste: In addition to the requirement for immediate bagging of waste for disposal, it is

further recommended that the waste material be double-bagged and sealed in plastic bags

designed for asbestos disposal. The bags should be stored in a waste storage area that can be

controlled by the workers conducting the removal. Filters removed from air handling units and

rubbish removed from the area are to be bagged and handled as hazardous waste.

Constructing the Enclosure

The enclosure should be constructed to provide an air-tight seal around ducts and openings into

existing ventilation systems and around penetrations for electrical conduits, telephone wires,

water lines, drain pipes, etc. Enclosures should be both airtight and watertight except for those

openings designed to provide entry and/or air flow control.

Size: An enclosure should be the minimum volume to encompass all of the working surfaces yet

allow unencumbered movement by the worker(s), provide unrestricted air flow past the

worker(s), and ensure walking surfaces can be kept free of tripping hazards.

Shape: The enclosure may be any shape that optimizes the flow of ventilation air past the

worker(s).

Structural Integrity: The walls, ceilings and floors must be supported in such a manner that

portions of the enclosure will not fall down during normal use.

Openings: It is not necessary that the structure be airtight; openings may be designed to direct

air flow. Such openings should be located at a distance from active removal operations. They

should be designed to draw air into the enclosure under all anticipated circumstances. In the

event that negative pressure is lost, they should be fitted with either HEPA filters to trap dust or

automatic trap doors that prevent dust from escaping the enclosure. Openings for exits should be

controlled by an airlock or a vestibule.

Barrier Supports: Frames should be constructed to support all unsupported spans of sheeting.

Sheeting: Walls, barriers, ceilings, and floors should be lined with two layers of plastic sheeting

having a thickness of at least 6 mil.

Seams: Seams in the sheeting material should be minimized to reduce the possibilities of

accidental rips and tears in the adhesive or connections. All seams in the sheeting should

overlap, be staggered and not be located at corners or wall-to-floor joints.

Areas Within an Enclosure: Each enclosure consists of a work area, a decontamination area, and

waste storage area. The work area where the asbestos removal operations occur should be

separated from both the waste storage area and the contamination control area by physical

curtains, doors, and/or airflow patterns that force any airborne contamination back into the work

area.

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See WAC 296-62-07719 for requirements for hygiene facilities.

During egress from the work area, each worker should step into the equipment room, clean tools

and equipment, and remove gross contamination from clothing by wet cleaning and HEPA

vacuuming. Before entering the shower area, foot coverings, head coverings, hand coverings,

and coveralls are removed and placed in impervious bags for disposal or cleaning. Airline

connections from airline respirators with HEPA disconnects and power cables from powered air-

purifying respirators (PAPRs) will be disconnected just prior to entering the shower room.

Establishing Negative Pressure Within the Enclosure

Negative Pressure: Air is to be drawn into the enclosure under all anticipated conditions and

exhausted through a HEPA filter for 24 hours a day during the entire duration of the project.

Air Flow Tests: Air flow patterns will be checked before removal operations begin, at least once

per operating shift and any time there is a question regarding the integrity of the enclosure. The

primary test for air flow is to trace air currents with smoke tubes or other visual methods. Flow

checks are made at each opening and at each doorway to demonstrate that air is being drawn into

the enclosure and at each worker's position to show that air is being drawn away from the

breathing zone.

Monitoring Pressure Within the Enclosure: After the initial air flow patterns have been checked,

the static pressure must be monitored within the enclosure. Monitoring may be made using

manometers, pressure gauges, or combinations of these devices. It is recommended that they be

attached to alarms and strip chart recorders at points identified by the design engineer.

Corrective Actions: If the manometers or pressure gauges demonstrate a reduction in pressure

differential below the required level, work should cease and the reason for the change

investigated and appropriate changes made. The air flow patterns should be retested before work

begins again.

Pressure Differential: The design parameters for static pressure differentials between the inside

and outside of enclosures typically range from 0.02 to 0.10 inches of water gauge, depending on

conditions. All zones inside the enclosure must have less pressure than the ambient pressure

outside of the enclosure (-0.02 inches water gauge differential). Design specifications for the

differential vary according to the size, configuration, and shape of the enclosure as well as

ambient and mechanical air pressure conditions around the enclosure.

Air Flow Patterns: The flow of air past each worker shall be enhanced by positioning the intakes

and exhaust ports to remove contaminated air from the worker's breathing zone, by positioning

HEPA vacuum cleaners to draw air from the worker's breathing zone, by forcing relatively

uncontaminated air past the worker toward an exhaust port, or by using a combination of

methods to reduce the worker's exposure.

Air Handling Unit Exhaust: The exhaust plume from air handling units should be located away

from adjacent personnel and intakes for HVAC systems.

Air Flow Volume: The air flow volume (cubic meters per minute) exhausted (removed) from the

workplace must exceed the amount of makeup air supplied to the enclosure. The rate of air

exhausted from the enclosure should be designed to maintain a negative pressure in the enclosure

and air movement past each worker. The volume of air flow removed from the enclosure should

replace the volume of the container at every 5 to 15 minutes. Air flow volume will need to be

relatively high for large enclosures, enclosures with awkward shapes, enclosures with multiple

openings, and operations employing several workers in the enclosure.

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Air Flow Velocity: At each opening, the air flow velocity must visibly “drag” air into the

enclosure. The velocity of air flow within the enclosure must be adequate to remove airborne

contamination from each worker's breathing zone without disturbing the asbestos-containing

material on surfaces.

Airlocks: Airlocks are mechanisms on doors and curtains that control the air flow patterns in the

doorways. If air flow occurs, the patterns through doorways must be such that the air flows

toward the inside of the enclosure. Sometimes vestibules, double doors, or double curtains are

used to prevent air movement through the doorways. To use a vestibule, a worker enters a

chamber by opening the door or curtain and then closing the entry before opening the exit door

or curtain.

Airlocks should be located between the equipment room and shower room, between the shower

room and the clean room, and between the waste storage area and the outside of the enclosure.

The air flow between adjacent rooms must be checked using smoke tubes or other visual tests to

ensure the flow patterns draw air toward the work area without producing eddies.

Monitoring for Airborne Concentrations

In addition to the breathing zone samples taken as outlined in WAC 296-62-07709, samples of

air should be taken to demonstrate the integrity of the enclosure, the cleanliness of the clean

room and shower area, and the effectiveness of the HEPA filter. If the clean room is shown to be

contaminated, the room must be relocated to an uncontaminated area.

Samples taken near the exhaust of portable ventilation systems must be done with care.

General Work Practices

Preventing dust dispersion is the primary means of controlling the spread of asbestos within the

enclosure. Whenever practical, the point of removal should be isolated, enclosed, covered, or

shielded from the workers in the area. Waste asbestos containing materials must be bagged

during or immediately after removal; the material must remain saturated until the waste container

is sealed.

Waste material with sharp points or corners must be placed in hard air-tight containers rather

than bags.

Whenever possible, large components should be sealed in plastic sheeting and removed intact.

Bags or containers of waste will be moved to the waste holding area, washed, and wrapped in a

bag with the appropriate labels.

Cleaning the Work Area

Surfaces within the work area should be kept free of visible dust and debris to the extent feasible.

Whenever visible dust appears on surfaces, the surfaces within the enclosure must be cleaned by

wiping with a wet sponge, brush, or cloth and then vacuumed with a HEPA vacuum.

All surfaces within the enclosure should be cleaned before the exhaust ventilation system is

deactivated and the enclosure is disassembled. An approved encapsulant may be sprayed onto

areas after the visible dust has been removed.

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WAC 296-62-07753 Appendix J--Polarized light microscopy of asbestos--

Nonmandatory.

Method number: ID-191

Matrix: Bulk

Collection Procedure

Collect approximately 1 to 2 grams of each type of material and place into separate 20

mL scintillation vials.

Analytical Procedure

A portion of each separate phase is analyzed by gross examination, phase-polar

examination, and central stop dispersion microscopy.

Commercial manufacturers and products mentioned in this method are for descriptive use

only and do not constitute endorsements by USDOL-WISHA. Similar products from

other sources may be substituted.

(1) Introduction

This method describes the collection and analysis of asbestos bulk materials by light

microscopy techniques including phase- polar illumination and central-stop dispersion

microscopy. Some terms unique to asbestos analysis are defined below:

Amphibole: A family of minerals whose crystals are formed by long, thin units which have

two thin ribbons of double chain silicate with a brucite ribbon in between. The shape of

each unit is similar to an “I beam.” Minerals important in asbestos analysis include

cummingtonite-grunerite, crocidolite, tremolite-actinolite and anthophyllite.

Asbestos: A term for naturally occurring fibrous minerals. Asbestos includes chrysotile,

cummingtonite-grunerite asbestos (amosite), anthophyllite asbestos, tremolite asbestos,

crocidolite, actinolite asbestos and any of these minerals which have been chemically

treated or altered. The precise chemical formulation of each species varies with the

location from which it was mined. Nominal compositions are listed:

Chrysotile Mg

(OH)

Crocidolite (Riebeckite asbestos) Na

2+Fe

3+Si

(OH)

Cummingtonite-Grunerite asbestos (Amosite) (Mg,Fe)

(OH)

Tremolite-Actinolite asbestos Ca

(Mg,Fe)

(OH)

Anthophyllite asbestos (Mg,Fe)

(HO)

Asbestos Fiber: A fiber of asbestos meeting the

criteria for

a fiber. (See section (3)(e))

Aspect Ratio: The ratio of the length of a fiber to its diameter usually defined as “length:

width”, e.g. 3:1.

Brucite: A sheet mineral with the composition mg(OH)

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Central Stop Dispersion Staining (microscope): This is a dark field microscope technique

that images particles using only light refracted by the particle, excluding light that travels

through the particle unrefracted. This is usually accomplished with a McCrone objective

or other arrangement which places a circular stop with apparent aperture equal to the

objective aperture in the back focal plane of the microscope.

Cleavage Fragments: Mineral particles formed by the comminution of minerals,

especially those characterized by relatively parallel sides and moderate aspect ratio.

Differential Counting: The term applied to the practice of excluding certain kinds of

fibers from a phase contrast asbestos count because they are not asbestos.

Fiber: A particle longer than or equal to 5 microns with a length to width ratio greater

than or equal to 3:1. This may include cleavage fragments. (See section (3)(e) of this

appendix).

Phase Contrast: Contrast obtained in the microscope by causing light scattered by small

particles to destructively interfere with unscattered light, thereby enhancing the visibility

of very small particles and particles with very low intrinsic contrast.

Phase Contrast Microscope: A microscope configured with a phase mask pair to create

phase contrast. The technique which uses this is called Phase Contrast Microscopy

(PCM).

Phase-Polar Analysis: This is the use of polarized light in a phase contrast microscope.

It is used to see the same size fibers that are visible in air filter analysis. Although fibers

finer than 1 micron are visible, analysis of these is inferred from analysis of larger

bundles that are usually present.

Phase-Polar Microscope: The phase-polar microscope is a phase contrast microscope

which has an analyzer, a polarizer, a first order red plate and a rotating phase condenser

all in place so that the polarized light image is enhanced by phase contrast.

Sealing Encapsulant: This is a product which can be applied, preferably by spraying,

onto an asbestos surface which will seal the surface so that fibers cannot be released.

Serpentine: A mineral family consisting of minerals with the general composition

(Si

(OH)

having the magnesium in brucite layer over a silicate layer. Minerals

important in asbestos analysis included in this family are chrysotile, lizardite, antigorite.

(a) History

Light microscopy has been used for well over 100 years for the determination of

mineral species. This analysis is carried out using specialized polarizing microscopes

as well as bright field microscopes. The identification of minerals is an on-going

process with many new minerals described each year. The first recorded use of

asbestos was in Finland about 2500 B.C. where the material was used in the mud

wattle for the wooden huts the people lived in as well as strengthening for pottery.

Adverse health aspects of the mineral were noted nearly 2000 years ago when Pliny

the Younger wrote about the poor health of slaves in the asbestos mines. Although

known to be injurious for centuries, the first modern references to its toxicity were by

the British Labor Inspectorate when it banned asbestos dust from the workplace in

1898. Asbestosis cases were described in the literature after the turn of the century.

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Cancer was first suspected in the mid 1930's and a causal link to mesothelioma was

made in 1965. Because of the public concern for worker and public safety with the

use of this material, several different types of analysis were applied to the

determination of asbestos content. Light microscopy requires a great deal of

experience and craft. Attempts were made to apply less subjective methods to the

analysis. X-ray diffraction was partially successful in determining the mineral types

but was unable to separate out the fibrous portions from the nonfibrous portions.

Also, the minimum detection limit for asbestos analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD)

is about 1%. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was no more successful. These

provide useful corroborating information when the presence of asbestos has been

shown by microscopy; however, neither can determine the difference between fibrous

and nonfibrous minerals when both habits are present. The same is true of Infrared

Absorption (IR).

When electron microscopy was applied to asbestos analysis, hundreds of fibers were

discovered present too small to be visible in any light microscope. There are two

different types of electron microscopes used for asbestos analysis: Scanning Electron

Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Scanning

Electron Microscopy is useful in identifying minerals. The SEM can provide two of

the three pieces of information required to identify fibers by electron microscopy:

Morphology and chemistry. The third is structure as determined by Selected Area

Electron Diffraction-SAED which is performed in the TEM. Although the resolution

of the SEM is sufficient for very fine fibers to be seen, accuracy of chemical analysis

that can be performed on the fibers varies with fiber diameter in fibers of less than 0.2

micron diameter. The TEM is a powerful tool to identify fibers too small to be

resolved by light microscopy and should be used in conjunction with this method

when necessary. The TEM can provide all three pieces of information required for

fiber identification. Most fibers thicker than 1 micron can adequately be defined in

the light microscope. The light microscope remains as the best instrument for the

determination of mineral type. This is because the minerals under investigation were

first described analytically with the light microscope. It is inexpensive and gives

positive identification for most samples analyzed. Further, when optical techniques

are inadequate, there is ample indication that alternative techniques should be used

for complete identification of the sample.

(b) Principle

Minerals consist of atoms that may be arranged in random order or in a regular

arrangement. Amorphous materials have atoms in random order while crystalline

materials have long range order. Many materials are transparent to light, at least for

small particles or for thin sections. The properties of these materials can be

investigated by the effect that the material has on light passing through it. The six

asbestos minerals are all crystalline with particular properties that have been

identified and cataloged. These six minerals are anisotropic. They have a regular

array of atoms, but the arrangement is not the same in all directions. Each major

direction of the crystal presents a different regularity. Light photons traveling in each

of these main directions will encounter different electrical neighborhoods, affecting

the path and time of travel. The techniques outlined in this method use the fact that

light traveling through fibers or crystals in different directions will behave differently,

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but predictably. The behavior of the light as it travels through a crystal can be

measured and compared with known or determined values to identify the mineral

species. Usually, Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) is performed with strain-free

objectives on a bright-field microscope platform. This would limit the resolution of

the microscope to about 0.4 micron. Because WISHA requires the counting and

identification of fibers visible in phase contrast, the phase contrast platform is used to

visualize the fibers with the polarizing elements added into the light path. Polarized

light methods cannot identify fibers finer than about 1 micron in diameter even

though they are visible. The finest fibers are usually identified by inference from the

presence of larger, identifiable fiber bundles. When fibers are present, but not

identifiable by light microscopy, use either SEM or TEM to determine the fiber

identity.

The advantages of light microscopy are:

Basic identification of the materials was first performed by light microscopy

and gross analysis. This provides a large base of published information against

which to check analysis and analytical technique.

The analysis is specific to fibers. The minerals present can exist in asbestiform,

fibrous, prismatic, or massive varieties all at the same time. Therefore, bulk

methods of analysis such as X-ray diffraction, IR analysis, DTA, etc. are

inappropriate where the material is not known to be fibrous.

The analysis is quick, requires little preparation time, and can be performed on-

site if a suitably equipped microscope is available.

The disadvantages are:

Even using phase-polar illumination, not all the fibers present may be seen.

This is a problem for very low asbestos concentrations where agglomerations or

large bundles of fibers may not be present to allow identification by inference.

The method requires a great degree of sophistication on the part of the

microscopist. An analyst is only as useful as his mental catalog of images.

Therefore, a microscopist's accuracy is enhanced by experience. The

mineralogical training of the analyst is very important. It is the basis on which

subjective decisions are made.

The method uses only a tiny amount of material for analysis. This may lead to

sampling bias and false results (high or low). This is especially true if the

sample is severely inhomogeneous.

Fibers may be bound in a matrix and not distinguishable as fibers so

identification cannot be made.

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(d) Method Performance

This method can be used for determination of asbestos content from 0 to 100%

asbestos. The detection limit has not been adequately determined, although for

selected samples, the limit is very low, depending on the number of particles

examined. For mostly homogeneous, finely divided samples, with no difficult

fibrous interferences, the detection limit is below 1%. For inhomogeneous

samples (most samples), the detection limit remains undefined. NIST has

conducted proficiency testing of laboratories on a national scale. Although each

round is reported statistically with an average, control limits, etc., the results

indicate a difficulty in establishing precision especially in the low concentration

range. It is suspected that there is significant bias in the low range especially

near 1%. EPA tried to remedy this by requiring a mandatory point counting

scheme for samples less than 10%. The point counting procedure is tedious,

and may introduce significant biases of its own. It has not been incorporated

into this method.

The precision and accuracy of the quantitation tests performed in this method

are unknown. Concentrations are easier to determine in commercial products

where asbestos was deliberately added because the amount is usually more than

a few percent. An analyst's results can be “calibrated” against the known

amounts added by the manufacturer. For geological samples, the degree of

homogeneity affects the precision.

The performance of the method is analyst dependent. The analyst must choose

carefully and not necessarily randomly the portions for analysis to assure that

detection of asbestos occurs when it is present. For this reason, the analyst must

have adequate training in sample preparation, and experience in the location and

identification of asbestos in samples. This is usually accomplished through

substantial on-the-job training as well as formal education in mineralogy and

microscopy.

(e) Interferences

Any material which is long, thin, and small enough to be viewed under the

microscope can be considered an interference for asbestos. There are literally

hundreds of interferences in workplaces. The techniques described in this method are

normally sufficient to eliminate the interferences. An analyst's success in eliminating

the interferences depends on proper training.

Asbestos minerals belong to two mineral families: The serpentines and the

amphiboles. In the serpentine family, the only common fibrous mineral is chrysotile.

Occasionally, the mineral antigorite occurs in a fibril habit with morphology similar

to the amphiboles. The amphibole minerals consist of a score of different minerals of

which only five are regulated by federal standard: Amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite

asbestos, tremolite asbestos and actinolite asbestos. These are the only amphibole

minerals that have been commercially exploited for their fibrous properties; however,

the rest can and do occur occasionally in asbestiform habit.

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In addition to the related mineral interferences, other minerals common in building

material may present a problem for some microscopists: Gypsum, anhydrite, brucite,

quartz fibers, talc fibers or ribbons, wollastonite, perlite, attapulgite, etc. Other

fibrous materials commonly present in workplaces are: Fiberglass, mineral wool,

ceramic wool, refractory ceramic fibers, kevlar, nomex, synthetic fibers, graphite or

carbon fibers, cellulose (paper or wood) fibers, metal fibers, etc.

Matrix embedding material can sometimes be a negative interference. The analyst

may not be able to easily extract the fibers from the matrix in order to use the method.

Where possible, remove the matrix before the analysis, taking careful note of the loss

of weight. Some common matrix materials are: Vinyl, rubber, tar, paint, plant fiber,

cement, and epoxy. A further negative interference is that the asbestos fibers

themselves may be either too small to be seen in Phase Contrast Microscopy (PCM)

or of a very low fibrous quality, having the appearance of plant fibers. The analyst's

ability to deal with these materials increases with experience.

(f) Uses and Occupational Exposure

Asbestos is ubiquitous in the environment. More than 40% of the land area of the

United States is composed of minerals which may contain asbestos. Fortunately, the

actual formation of great amounts of asbestos is relatively rare. Nonetheless, there

are locations in which environmental exposure can be severe such as in the

Serpentine Hills of California.

There are thousands of uses for asbestos in industry and the home. Asbestos

abatement workers are the most current segment of the population to have

occupational exposure to great amounts of asbestos. If the material is undisturbed,

there is no exposure. Exposure occurs when the asbestos-containing material is

abraded or otherwise disturbed during maintenance operations or some other activity.

Approximately 95% of the asbestos in place in the United States is chrysotile.

Amosite and crocidolite make up nearly all the difference. Tremolite and

anthophyllite make up a very small percentage. Tremolite is found in extremely

small amounts in certain chrysotile deposits. Actinolite exposure is probably greatest

from environmental sources, but has been identified in vermiculite containing,

sprayed-on insulating materials which may have been certified as asbestos-free.

(g) Physical and Chemical Properties

The nominal chemical compositions for the asbestos minerals were given in

subsection (1). Compared to cleavage fragments of the same minerals, asbestiform

fibers possess a high tensile strength along the fiber axis. They are chemically inert,

noncombustible, and heat resistant.

Except for chrysotile, they are insoluble in Hydrochloric acid (HCl). Chrysotile is

slightly soluble in HCl. Asbestos has high electrical resistance and good sound

absorbing characteristics. It can be woven into cables, fabrics or other textiles, or

matted into papers, felts, and mats.

(h) Toxicology (This Section is for Information Only and Should Not Be Taken as

WISHA Policy).

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Possible physiologic results of respiratory exposure to asbestos are mesothelioma of

the pleura or peritoneum, interstitial fibrosis, asbestosis, pneumoconiosis, or

respiratory cancer. The possible consequences of asbestos exposure are detailed in

the NIOSH Criteria Document or in the WISHA Asbestos Standards, WAC 296-62-

077.

(2) Sampling Procedure

(a) Equipment for Sampling

Tube or cork borer sampling device

Knife

20 mL scintillation vial or similar vial

Sealing encapsulant

(b) Safety Precautions

Asbestos is a known carcinogen. Take care when sampling. While in an asbestos-

containing atmosphere, a properly selected and fit-tested respirator should be worn.

Take samples in a manner to cause the least amount of dust. Follow these general

guidelines:

Do not make unnecessary dust.

Take only a small amount (1 to 2 g).

Tightly close the sample container.

Use encapsulant to seal the spot where the sample was taken, if necessary.

Samples of any suspect material should be taken from an inconspicuous place.

Where the material is to remain, seal the sampling wound with an encapsulant to

eliminate the potential for exposure from the sample site. Microscopy requires only a

few milligrams of material. The amount that will fill a 20 mL scintillation vial is

more than adequate. Be sure to collect samples from all layers and phases of

material. If possible, make separate samples of each different phase of the material.

This will aid in determining the actual hazard. do not use envelopes, plastic or paper

bags of any kind to collect samples. The use of plastic bags presents a contamination

hazard to laboratory personnel and to other samples. When these containers are

opened, a bellows effect blows fibers out of the container onto everything, including

the person opening the container.

If a cork-borer type sampler is available, push the tube through the material all the

way, so that all layers of material are sampled. Some samplers are intended to be

disposable. These should be capped and sent to the laboratory. If a nondisposable

cork borer is used, empty the contents into a scintillation vial and send to the

laboratory. Vigorously and completely clean the cork borer between samples.

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(d) Shipment

Samples packed in glass vials must not touch or they might break in shipment.

Seal the samples with a sample seal over the end to guard against tampering and

to identify the sample.

Package the bulk samples in separate packages from the air samples. They may

cross-contaminate each other and will invalidate the results of the air samples.

Include identifying paperwork with the samples, but not in contact with the

suspected asbestos.

To maintain sample accountability, ship the samples by certified mail, overnight

express, or hand carry them to the laboratory.

(3) Analysis

The analysis of asbestos samples can be divided into two major parts: Sample

preparation and microscopy. Because of the different asbestos uses that may be

encountered by the analyst, each sample may need different preparation steps. The

choices are outlined below. There are several different tests that are performed to

identify the asbestos species and determine the percentage. They will be explained

below.

(a) Safety

Do not create unnecessary dust. Handle the samples in HEPA-filter equipped

hoods. If samples are received in bags, envelopes or other inappropriate

container, open them only in a hood having a face velocity at or greater than

100 fpm. Transfer a small amount to a scintillation vial and only handle the

smaller amount.

Open samples in a hood, never in the open lab area.

Index of refraction oils can be toxic. Take care not to get this material on the

skin. Wash immediately with soap and water if this happens.

Samples that have been heated in the muffle furnace or the drying oven may be

hot. Handle them with tongs until they are cool enough to handle.

Some of the solvents used, such as THF (tetrahydrofuran), are toxic and should

only be handled in an appropriate fume hood and according to instructions

given in the Safety Data Sheet (SDS).

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Figure 1: Walton-Beckett Graticule with some explanatory fibers.

Counts for the Fibers in the Figure

Structure No.

Count

Explanation

1 to 6

Single fibers all contained within the circle.

1/2

Fiber crosses circle once.

Fiber too short.

Two crossing fibers.

Fiber outside graticule.

Fiber crosses graticule twice.

1/2

Although split, fiber only crosses once.

(b) Equipment

Phase contrast microscope with 10x, 16x and 40x objectives, 10x wide-field

eyepieces, G-22 Walton-Beckett graticule, Whipple disk, polarizer, analyzer

and first order red or gypsum plate, 100 Watt illuminator, rotating position

condenser with oversize phase rings, central stop dispersion objective, Kohler

illumination and a rotating mechanical stage. (See Figure 1).

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Stereo microscope with reflected light illumination, transmitted light

illumination, polarizer, analyzer and first order red or gypsum plate, and

rotating stage.

Negative pressure hood for the stereo microscope

Muffle furnace capable of 600 degrees C

Drying oven capable of 50-150 degrees C

Aluminum specimen pans

Tongs for handling samples in the furnace

High dispersion index of refraction oils (Special for dispersion staining.)

n = 1.550

n = 1.585

n = 1.590

n = 1.605

n = 1.620

n = 1.670

n = 1.680

n = 1.690

A set of index of refraction oils from about n = 1.350 to n = 2.000 in n = 0.005

increments. (Standard for Becke line analysis.)

Glass slides with painted or frosted ends 1 x 3 inches 1mm thick, precleaned.

Cover Slips 22 x 22 mm, #1 1/2

Paper clips or dissection needles

Hand grinder

Scalpel with both #10 and #11 blades

0.1 molar HCl

Decalcifying solution (Baxter Scientific Products) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic

Acid,

Tetrasodium....0.7 g/l

Sodium Potassium Tartrate....8.0 mg/liter

Hydrochloric Acid....99.2 g/liter

Sodium Tartrate....0.14 g/liter

Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

Hotplate capable of 60 degrees C

Balance

Hacksaw blade

Ruby mortar and pestle

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Sample preparation begins with pre-preparation which may include chemical

reduction of the matrix, heating the sample to dryness or heating in the muffle

furnace. The end result is a sample which has been reduced to a powder that is

sufficiently fine to fit under the cover slip. Analyze different phases of samples

separately, e.g., tile and the tile mastic should be analyzed separately as the mastic

may contain asbestos while the tile may not.

Wet Samples

Samples with a high water content will not give the proper dispersion colors

and must be dried prior to sample mounting. Remove the lid of the scintillation

vial, place the bottle in the drying oven and heat at 100 degrees C to dryness

(usually about 2 h). Samples which are not submitted to the lab in glass must

be removed and placed in glass vials or aluminum weighing pans before placing

them in the drying oven.

Samples With Organic Interference-Muffle Furnace

These may include samples with tar as a matrix, vinyl asbestos tile, or any other

organic that can be reduced by heating. Remove the sample from the vial and

weigh in a balance to determine the weight of the submitted portion. Place the

sample in a muffle furnace at 500 degrees C for 1 to 2 h or until all obvious

organic material has been removed. Retrieve, cool and weigh again to

determine the weight loss on ignition. This is necessary to determine the

asbestos content of the submitted sample, because the analyst will be looking at

a reduced sample.

Notes: Heating above 600 degrees C will cause the sample to undergo a

structural change which, given sufficient time, will convert the

chrysotile to forsterite. Heating even at lower temperatures for 1 to 2 h

may have a measurable effect on the optical properties of the minerals.

If the analyst is unsure of what to expect, a sample of standard asbestos

should be heated to the same temperature for the same length of time so

that it can be examined for the proper interpretation.

Samples With Organic Interference-THF

Vinyl asbestos tile is the most common material treated with this solvent,

although, substances containing tar will sometimes yield to this treatment.

Select a portion of the material and then grind it up if possible. Weigh the

sample and place it in a test tube. Add sufficient THF to dissolve the organic

matrix. This is usually about 4 to 5 mL. Remember, THF is highly flammable.

Filter the remaining material through a tared silver membrane, dry and weigh to

determine how much is left after the solvent extraction. Further process the

sample to remove carbonate or mount directly.

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Samples With Carbonate Interference

Carbonate material is often found on fibers and sometimes must be removed in

order to perform dispersion microscopy. Weigh out a portion of the material

and place it in a test tube. Add a sufficient amount of 0.1 M HCl or

decalcifying solution in the tube to react all the carbonate as evidenced by gas

formation; i.e., when the gas bubbles stop, add a little more solution. If no more

gas forms, the reaction is complete. Filter the material out through a tared silver

membrane, dry and weigh to determine the weight lost.

(d) Sample Preparation

Samples must be prepared so that accurate determination can be made of the asbestos

type and amount present. The following steps are carried out in the low-flow hood (a

low-flow hood has less than 50 fpm flow):

If the sample has large lumps, is hard, or cannot be made to lie under a cover

slip, the grain size must be reduced. Place a small amount between two slides

and grind the material between them or grind a small amount in a clean mortar

and pestle. The choice of whether to use an alumina, ruby, or diamond mortar

depends on the hardness of the material. Impact damage can alter the asbestos

mineral if too much mechanical shock occurs. (Freezer mills can completely

destroy the observable crystallinity of asbestos and should not be used). For

some samples, a portion of material can be shaved off with a scalpel, ground off

with a hand grinder or hacksaw blade.

The preparation tools should either be disposable or cleaned thoroughly. Use

vigorous scrubbing to loosen the fibers during the washing. Rinse the

implements with copious amounts of water and air-dry in a dust-free

environment.

If the sample is powder or has been reduced as in (i) above, it is ready to mount.

Place a glass slide on a piece of optical tissue and write the identification on the

painted or frosted end. Place two drops of index of refraction medium n =

1.550 on the slide. (The medium n = 1.550 is chosen because it is the matching

index for chrysotile.) Dip the end of a clean paper-clip or dissecting needle into

the droplet of refraction medium on the slide to moisten it. Then dip the probe

into the powder sample. Transfer what sticks on the probe to the slide. The

material on the end of the probe should have a diameter of about 3 mm for a

good mount. If the material is very fine, less sample may be appropriate. For

nonpowder samples such as fiber mats, forceps should be used to transfer a

small amount of material to the slide. Stir the material in the medium on the

slide, spreading it out and making the preparation as uniform as possible. Place

a cover-slip on the preparation by gently lowering onto the slide and allowing it

to fall “trapdoor fashion” on the preparation to push out any bubbles. Press

gently on the cover slip to even out the distribution of particulate on the slide.

If there is insufficient mounting oil on the slide, one or two drops may be placed

near the edge of the coverslip on the slide. Capillary action will draw the

necessary amount of liquid into the preparation. Remove excess oil with the

point of a laboratory wiper.

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Treat at least two different areas of each phase in this fashion. Choose

representative areas of the sample. It may be useful to select particular areas or

fibers for analysis. This is useful to identify asbestos in severely

inhomogeneous samples.

When it is determined that amphiboles may be present, repeat the above process

using the appropriate high-dispersion oils until an identification is made or all

six asbestos minerals have been ruled out. Note that percent determination

must be done in the index medium 1.550 because amphiboles tend to disappear

in their matching mediums.

(e) Analytical procedure

Note: This method presumes some knowledge of mineralogy and optical

petrography.

The analysis consists of three parts: The determination of whether there is asbestos

present, what type is present and the determination of how much is present. The

general flow of the analysis is:

Gross examination.

Examination under polarized light on the stereo microscope.

Examination by phase-polar illumination on the compound phase microscope.

Determination of species by dispersion stain. Examination by Becke line

analysis may also be used; however, this is usually more cumbersome for

asbestos determination.

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Figure 1. Particle definitions showing mineral growth habits.

From the U.S. Bureau of Mines

Difficult samples may need to be analyzed by SEM or TEM, or the results from

those techniques combined with light microscopy for a definitive identification.

Identification of a particle as asbestos requires that it be asbestiform.

Description of particles should follow the suggestion of Campbell. (Figure 2)

For the purpose of regulation, the mineral must be one of the six minerals

covered and must be in the asbestos growth habit. Large specimen samples of

asbestos generally have the gross appearance of wood. Fibers are easily parted

from it. Asbestos fibers are very long compared with their widths. The fibers

have a very high tensile strength as demonstrated by bending without breaking.

Asbestos fibers exist in bundles that are easily parted, show longitudinal fine

structure and may be tufted at the ends showing “bundle of sticks morphology.

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In the microscope some of these properties may not be observable. Amphiboles

do not always show striations along their length even when they are asbestos.

Neither will they always show tufting. They generally do not show a curved

nature except for very long fibers. Asbestos and asbestiform minerals are

usually characterized in groups by extremely high aspect ratios (greater than

100:1). While aspect ratio analysis is useful for characterizing populations of

fibers, it cannot be used to identify individual fibers of intermediate to short

aspect ratio. Observation of many fibers is often necessary to determine

whether a sample consists of “cleavage fragments” or of asbestos fibers.

Most cleavage fragments of the asbestos minerals are easily distinguishable

from true asbestos fibers. This is because true cleavage fragments usually have

larger diameters than 1 micron. Internal structure of particles larger than this

usually shows them to have no internal fibrillar structure. In addition, cleavage

fragments of the monoclinic amphiboles show inclined extinction under crossed

polars with no compensator. Asbestos fibers usually show extinction at zero

degrees or ambiguous extinction if any at all. Morphologically, the larger

cleavage fragments are obvious by their blunt or stepped ends showing

prismatic habit. Also, they tend to be acicular rather than filiform.

Where the particles are less than 1 micron in diameter and have an aspect ratio

greater than or equal to 3:1, it is recommended that the sample be analyzed by

SEM or TEM if there is any question whether the fibers are cleavage fragments

or asbestiform particles.

Care must be taken when analyzing by electron microscopy because the

interferences are different from those in light microscopy and may structurally

be very similar to asbestos. The classic interference is between anthophyllite

and biopyribole or intermediate fiber. Use the same morphological clues for

electron microscopy as are used for light microscopy, e.g. fibril splitting,

internal longitudinal striation, fraying, curvature, etc.

Gross examination:

Examine the sample, preferably in the glass vial. Determine the presence of

any obvious fibrous component. Estimate a percentage based on previous

experience and current observation. Determine whether any pre-preparation is

necessary. Determine the number of phases present. This step may be carried

out or augmented by observation at 6x to 40x under a stereo microscope.

After performing any necessary pre-preparation, prepare slides of each phase as

described above. Two preparations of the same phase in the same index

medium can be made side-by-side on the same glass for convenience. Examine

with the polarizing stereo microscope. Estimate the percentage of asbestos

based on the amount of birefringent fiber present.

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Examine the slides on the phase-polar microscopes at magnifications of 160x

and 400x. Note the morphology of the fibers. Long, thin, very straight fibers

with little curvature are indicative of fibers from the amphibole family. Curved,

wavy fibers are usually indicative of chrysotile. Estimate the percentage of

asbestos on the phase-polar microscope under conditions of crossed polars and

a gypsum plate. Fibers smaller than 1.0 microns in thickness must be identified

by inference to the presence of larger, identifiable fibers and morphology. If no

larger fibers are visible, electron microscopy should be performed. At this

point, only a tentative identification can be made. Full identification must be

made with dispersion microscopy. Details of the tests are included in the

appendices.

Once fibers have been determined to be present, they must be identified. Adjust

the microscope for dispersion mode and observe the fibers. The microscope has

a rotating stage, one polarizing element, and a system for generating dark-field

dispersion microscopy (see subsection (4)(f) of this appendix). Align a fiber

with its length parallel to the polarizer and note the color of the Becke lines.

Rotate the stage to bring the fiber length perpendicular to the polarizer and note

the color. Repeat this process for every fiber or fiber bundle examined. The

colors must be consistent with the colors generated by standard asbestos

reference materials for a positive identification. In n = 1.550, amphiboles will

generally show a yellow to straw-yellow color indicating that the fiber indices

of refraction are higher than the liquid. If long, thin fibers are noted and the

colors are yellow, prepare further slides as above in the suggested matching

liquids listed below:

Type of asbestos

Index of refraction

Chrysotile

n = 1.550.

Amosite

n = 1.670 or 1.680.

Crocidolite

n = 1.690.

Anthophyllite

n = 1.605 and 1.620.

Tremolite

n = 1.605 and 1.620.

Actinolite

n = 1.620.

Where more than one liquid is suggested, the first is preferred; however, in

some cases this liquid will not give good dispersion color. Take care to avoid

interferences in the other liquid; e.g., wollastonite in n = 1.620 will give the

same colors as tremolite. In n = 1.605 wollastonite will appear yellow in all

directions. Wollastonite may be determined under crossed polars as it will

change from blue to yellow as it is rotated along its fiber axis by tapping on the

cover slip. Asbestos minerals will not change in this way.

Determination of the angle of extinction may, when present, aid in the

determination of anthophyllite from tremolite. True asbestos fibers usually have

0 degree extinction or ambiguous extinction, while cleavage fragments have

more definite extinction.

Continue analysis until both preparations have been examined and all present

species of asbestos are identified. If there are no fibers present, or there is less

than 0.1% present, end the analysis with the minimum number of slides (2).

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Some fibers have a coating on them which makes dispersion microscopy very

difficult or impossible. Becke line analysis or electron microscopy may be

performed in those cases. Determine the percentage by light microscopy. TEM

analysis tends to overestimate the actual percentage present.

Percentage determination is an estimate of occluded area, tempered by gross

observation. Gross observation information is used to make sure that the high

magnification microscopy does not greatly over- or under-estimate the amount

of fiber present. This part of the analysis requires a great deal of experience.

Satisfactory models for asbestos content analysis have not yet been developed,

although some models based on metallurgical grain-size determination have

found some utility. Estimation is more easily handled in situations where the

grain sizes visible at about 160x are about the same and the sample is relatively

homogeneous.

View all of the area under the cover slip to make the percentage determination.

View the fields while moving the stage, paying attention to the clumps of

material. These are not usually the best areas to perform dispersion microscopy

because of the interference from other materials. But, they are the areas most

likely to represent the accurate percentage in the sample. Small amounts of

asbestos require slower scanning and more frequent analysis of individual

fields.

Report the area occluded by asbestos as the concentration. This estimate does

not generally take into consideration the difference in density of the different

species present in the sample. For most samples this is adequate. Simulation

studies with similar materials must be carried out to apply microvisual

estimation for that purpose and is beyond the scope of this procedure.

Where successive concentrations have been made by chemical or physical

means, the amount reported is the percentage of the material in the “as

submitted” or original state. The percentage determined by microscopy is

multiplied by the fractions remaining after pre-preparation steps to give the

percentage in the original sample. For example:

Step 1. 60% remains after heating at 550 degrees C for 1 h.

Step 2. 30% of the residue of step 1 remains after dissolution of carbonate

in 0.1 m

HCl.

Step 3. Microvisual estimation determines that 5% of the sample is

chrysotile asbestos.

The reported result is:

R = (Microvisual result in percent)x(Fraction remaining after step

2)x(Fraction remaining of original sample after step 1)

R = (5)x(.30)x(.60) = 0.9%

Report the percent and type of asbestos present. For samples where asbestos

was identified, but is less than 1.0%, report “Asbestos present, less than 1.0%.”

There must have been at least two observed fibers or fiber bundles in the two

preparations to be reported as present. For samples where asbestos was not

seen, report as “None Detected.”

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(4) Auxiliary Information

Because of the subjective nature of asbestos analysis, certain concepts and procedures need

to be discussed in more depth. This information will help the analyst understand why some

of the procedures are carried out the way they are.

(a) Light

Light is electromagnetic energy. It travels from its source in packets called quanta. It

is instructive to consider light as a plane wave. The light has a direction of travel.

Perpendicular to this and mutually perpendicular to each other, are two vector

components. One is the magnetic vector and the other is the electric vector. We shall

only be concerned with the electric vector. In this description, the interaction of the

vector and the mineral will describe all the observable phenomena. From a light

source such a microscope illuminator, light travels in all different direction from the

filament.

In any given direction away from the filament, the electric vector is perpendicular to

the direction of travel of a light ray. While perpendicular, its orientation is random

about the travel axis. If the electric vectors from all the light rays were lined up by

passing the light through a filter that would only let light rays with electric vectors

oriented in one direction pass, the light would then be polarized.

Polarized light interacts with matter in the direction of the electric vector. This is the

polarization direction. Using this property it is possible to use polarized light to

probe different materials and identify them by how they interact with light. The

speed of light in a vacuum is a constant at about 2.99þ108 m/s. When light travels in

different materials such as air, water, minerals or oil, it does not travel at this speed.

It travels slower. This slowing is a function of both the material through which the

light is traveling and the wavelength or frequency of the light. In general, the more

dense the material, the slower the light travels. Also, generally, the higher the

frequency, the slower the light will travel. The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum

to that in a material is called the index of refraction (n). It is usually measured at 589

nm (the sodium D line). If white light (light containing all the visible wavelengths)

travels through a material, rays of longer wavelengths will travel faster than those of

shorter wavelengths, this separation is called dispersion. Dispersion is used as an

identifier of materials as described in Section (4)(f).

(b) Material Properties

Materials are either amorphous or crystalline. The difference between these two

descriptions depends on the positions of the atoms in them. The atoms in amorphous

materials are randomly arranged with no long range order. An example of an

amorphous material is glass. The atoms in crystalline materials, on the other hand,

are in regular arrays and have long range order. Most of the atoms can be found in

highly predictable locations. Examples of crystalline material are salt, gold, and the

asbestos minerals.

It is beyond the scope of this method to describe the different types of crystalline

materials that can be found, or the full description of the classes into which they can

fall. However, some general crystallography is provided below to give a foundation

to the procedures described.

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With the exception of anthophyllite, all the asbestos minerals belong to the

monoclinic crystal type. The unit cell is the basic repeating unit of the crystal and for

monoclinic crystals can be described as having three unequal sides, two 90 degrees

angles and one angle not equal to 90 degrees. The orthorhombic group, of which

anthophyllite is a member has three unequal sides and three 90 degrees angles. The

unequal sides are a consequence of the complexity of fitting the different atoms into

the unit cell. Although the atoms are in a regular array, that array is not symmetrical

in all directions. There is long range order in the three major directions of the crystal.

However, the order is different in each of the three directions. This has the effect that

the index of refraction is different in each of the three directions. Using polarized

light, we can investigate the index of refraction in each of the directions and identify

the mineral or material under investigation. The indices alpha, beta, and gamma are

used to identify the lowest, middle, and highest index of refraction respectively. The

x direction, associated with alpha is called the fast axis. Conversely, the z direction is

associated with gamma and is the slow direction. Crocidolite has alpha along the

fiber length making it “length-fast.” The remainder of the asbestos minerals have the

gamma axis along the fiber length. They are called “length-slow.” This orientation

to fiber length is used to aid in the identification of asbestos.

Polarized light microscopy as described in this section uses the phase-polar

microscope described in Section (3)(b). A phase contrast microscope is fitted with

two polarizing elements, one below and one above the sample. The polarizers have

their polarization directions at right angles to each other. Depending on the tests

performed, there may be a compensator between these two polarizing elements.

Light emerging from a polarizing element has its electric vector pointing in the

polarization direction of the element. The light will not be subsequently transmitted

through a second element set at a right angle to the first element. Unless the light is

altered as it passes from one element to the other, there is no transmission of light.

(d) Angle of Extinction

Crystals which have different crystal regularity in two or three main directions are

said to be anisotropic. They have a different index of refraction in each of the main

directions. When such a crystal is inserted between the crossed polars, the field of

view is no longer dark but shows the crystal in color. The color depends on the

properties of the crystal. The light acts as if it travels through the crystal along the

optical axes. If a crystal optical axis were lined up along one of the polarizing

directions (either the polarizer or the analyzer) the light would appear to travel only in

that direction, and it would blink out or go dark. The difference in degrees between

the fiber direction and the angle at which it blinks out is called the angle of

extinction. When this angle can be measured, it is useful in identifying the mineral.

The procedure for measuring the angle of extinction is to first identify the

polarization direction in the microscope. A commercial alignment slide can be used

to establish the polarization directions or use anthophyllite or another suitable

mineral. This mineral has a zero degree angle of extinction and will go dark to

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extinction as it aligns with the polarization directions. When a fiber of anthophyllite

has gone to extinction, align the eyepiece reticle or graticule with the fiber so that

there is a visual cue as to the direction of polarization in the field of view. Tape or

otherwise secure the eyepiece in this position so it will not shift.

After the polarization direction has been identified in the field of view, move the

particle of interest to the center of the field of view and align it with the polarization

direction. For fibers, align the fiber along this direction. Note the angular reading of

the rotating stage. Looking at the particle, rotate the stage until the fiber goes dark or

“blinks out.” Again note the reading of the stage. The difference in the first reading

and the second is an angle of extinction.

The angle measured may vary as the orientation of the fiber changes about its long

axis. Tables of mineralogical data usually report the maximum angle of extinction.

Asbestos forming minerals, when they exhibit an angle of extinction, usually do show

an angle of extinction close to the reported maximum, or as appropriate depending on

the substitution chemistry.

(e) Crossed Polars With Compensator

When the optical axes of a crystal are not lined up along one of the polarizing

directions (either the polarizer or the analyzer) part of the light travels along one axis

and part travels along the other visible axis. This is characteristic of birefringent

materials.

The color depends on the difference of the two visible indices of refraction and the

thickness of the crystal. The maximum difference available is the difference between

the alpha and the gamma axises. This maximum difference is usually tabulated as the

birefringence of the crystal.

For this test, align the fiber at 45 degrees to the polarization directions in order to

maximize the contribution to each of the optical axes. The colors seen are called

retardation colors. They arise from the recombination of light which has traveled

through the two separate directions of the crystal. One of the rays is retarded behind

the other since the light in that direction travels slower. On recombination, some of

the colors which make up white light are enhanced by constructive interference and

some are suppressed by destructive interference. The result is a color dependent on

the difference between the indices and the thickness of the crystal. The proper colors,

thicknesses, and retardations are shown on a Michel-Levy chart. The three items,

retardation, thickness and birefringence are related by the following relationship:

Lambda

R = t(nγ

α)

R = retardation,

t = crystal thickness in micron, and

alpha, gamma = indices of refraction.

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Examination of the equation for asbestos minerals reveals that the visible colors

for almost all common asbestos minerals and fiber sizes are shades of gray and

black. The eye is relatively poor at discriminating different shades of gray. It is

very good at discriminating different colors. In order to compensate for the low

retardation, a compensator is added to the light train between the polarization

elements. The compensator used for this test is a gypsum plate of known

thickness and birefringence. Such a compensator when oriented at 45 degrees to

the polarizer direction, provides a retardation of 530 nm of the 530 nm

wavelength color. This enhances the red color and gives the background a

characteristic red to red-magenta color. If this “full-wave” compensator is in

place when the asbestos preparation is inserted into the light train, the colors seen

on the fibers are quite different. Gypsum, like asbestos has a fast axis and a slow

axis. When a fiber is aligned with its fast axis in the same direction as the fast

axis of the gypsum plate, the ray vibrating in the slow direction is retarded by

both the asbestos and the gypsum. This results in a higher retardation than would

be present for either of the two minerals. The color seen is a second order blue.

When the fiber is rotated 90 degrees using the rotating stage, the slow direction of

the fiber is now aligned with the fast direction of the gypsum and the fast

direction of the fiber is aligned with the slow direction of the gypsum. Thus, one

ray vibrates faster in the fast direction of the gypsum, and slower in the slow

direction of the fiber; the other ray will vibrate slower in the slow direction of the

gypsum and faster in the fast direction of the fiber. In this case, the effect is

subtractive and the color seen is a first order yellow. As long as the fiber

thickness does not add appreciably to the color, the same basic colors will be seen

for all asbestos types except crocidolite. In crocidolite the colors will be weaker,

may be in the opposite directions, and will be altered by the blue absorption color

natural to crocidolite. Hundreds of other materials will give the same colors as

asbestos, and therefore, this test is not definitive for asbestos. The test is useful in

discriminating against fiberglass or other amorphous fibers such as some synthetic

fibers. Certain synthetic fibers will show retardation colors different than

asbestos; however, there are some forms of polyethylene and aramid which will

show morphology and retardation colors similar to asbestos minerals. This test

must be supplemented with a positive identification test when birefringent fibers

are present which cannot be excluded by morphology. This test is relatively

ineffective for use on fibers less than 1 micron in diameter. For positive

confirmation TEM or SEM should be used if no larger bundles or fibers are

visible.

(f) Dispersion Staining

Dispersion microscopy or dispersion staining is the method of choice for the

identification of asbestos in bulk materials. Becke line analysis is used by some

laboratories and yields the same results as does dispersion staining for asbestos and

can be used in lieu of dispersion staining. Dispersion staining is performed on the

same platform as the phase-polar analysis with the analyzer and compensator

removed. One polarizing element remains to define the direction of the light so that

the different indices of refraction of the fibers may be separately determined.

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Dispersion microscopy is a dark-field technique when used for asbestos. Particles are

imaged with scattered light. Light which is unscattered is blocked from reaching the

eye either by the back field image mask in a McCrone objective or a back field image

mask in the phase condenser. The most convenient method is to use the rotating

phase condenser to move an oversized phase ring into place.

The ideal size for this ring is for the central disk to be just larger than the objective

entry aperture as viewed in the back focal plane. The larger the disk, the less

scattered light reaches the eye. This will have the effect of diminishing the intensity

of dispersion color and will shift the actual color seen. The colors seen vary even on

microscopes from the same manufacturer. This is due to the different bands of

wavelength exclusion by different mask sizes. The mask may either reside in the

condenser or in the objective back focal plane. It is imperative that the analyst

determine by experimentation with asbestos standards what the appropriate colors

should be for each asbestos type. The colors depend also on the temperature of the

preparation and the exact chemistry of the asbestos. Therefore, some slight

differences from the standards should be allowed. This is not a serious problem for

commercial asbestos uses. This technique is used for identification of the indices of

refraction for fibers by recognition of color. There is no direct numerical readout of

the index of refraction. Correlation of color to actual index of refraction is possible

by referral to published conversion tables. This is not necessary for the analysis of

asbestos. Recognition of appropriate colors along with the proper morphology are

deemed sufficient to identify the commercial asbestos minerals. Other techniques

including SEM, TEM, and XRD may be required to provide additional information in

order to identify other types of asbestos.

Make a preparation in the suspected matching high dispersion oil, e.g., n = 1.550 for

chrysotile. Perform the preliminary tests to determine whether the fibers are

birefringent or not. Take note of the morphological character. Wavy fibers are

indicative of chrysotile while long, straight, thin, frayed fibers are indicative of

amphibole asbestos. This can aid in the selection of the appropriate matching oil.

The microscope is set up and the polarization direction is noted as in Section (4)(d).

Align a fiber with the polarization direction. Note the color. This is the color parallel

to the polarizer. Then rotate the fiber rotating the stage 90 degrees so that the

polarization direction is across the fiber. This is the perpendicular position. Again

note the color. Both colors must be consistent with standard asbestos minerals in the

correct direction for a positive identification of asbestos. If only one of the colors is

correct while the other is not, the identification is not positive. If the colors in both

directions are bluish-white, the analyst has chosen a matching index oil which is

higher than the correct matching oil, e.g. the analyst has used n = 1.620 where

chrysotile is present. The next lower oil (Section (3)(e)) should be used to prepare

another specimen. If the color in both directions is yellow-white to straw-yellow-

white, this indicates that the index of the oil is lower than the index of the fiber, e.g.

the preparation is in n = 1.550 while anthophyllite is present. Select the next higher

oil (Section (3)(e)) and prepare another slide. Continue in this fashion until a positive

identification of all asbestos species present has been made or all possible asbestos

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part I-1

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Part I-1, Page 116

species have been ruled out by negative results in this test. Certain plant fibers can

have similar dispersion colors as asbestos. Take care to note and evaluate the

morphology of the fibers or remove the plant fibers in pre-preparation. Coating

material on the fibers such as carbonate or vinyl may destroy the dispersion color.

Usually, there will be some outcropping of fiber which will show the colors sufficient

for identification. When this is not the case, treat the sample as described in Section

(3)(c) and then perform dispersion staining. Some samples will yield to Becke line

analysis if they are coated or electron microscopy can be used for identification.

(5) References

Crane, D.T., Asbestos in Air, OSHA method ID160, Revised November 1992.

Ford, W.E., Dana's Textbook of Mineralogy; Fourth Ed.; John Wiley and Son, New York,

1950, p. vii.

Selikoff,.I.J., Lee, D.H.K., Asbestos and Disease, Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp. 3,

20.

Women Inspectors of Factories. Annual Report for 1898, H.M. Statistical Office, London,

p. 170 (1898).

Selikoff,.I.J., Lee, D.H.K., Asbestos and Disease, Academic Press, New York, 1978, pp.

26, 30.

Campbell, W.J., et al, Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties, United

States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8751, 1977.

Asbestos, Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR 1910.1001 and 29 CFR 1926.58.

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; Asbestos NESHAP Revision,

Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 224, 20 November 1990, p. 48410.

Ross, M. The Asbestos Minerals: Definitions, Description, Modes of Formation, Physical

and Chemical Properties and Health Risk to the Mining Community, Nation Bureau of

Standards Special Publication, Washington, D.C., 1977.

Lilis, R., Fibrous Zeolites and Endemic Mesothelioma in Cappadocia, Turkey, J. Occ

Medicine, 1981, 23, (8), 548-550.

Occupational Exposure to Asbestos-1972, U.S. Department of Health Education and

Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health, HSM-72-10267.

Campbell, W.J., et al, Relationship of Mineral Habit to Size Characteristics for Tremolite

Fragments and Fibers, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,

Information Circular 8367, 1979.

Mefford, D., DCM Laboratory, Denver, private communication, July 1987.

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J., Rock Forming Minerals, Longman, Thetford, UK,

1974.

Kerr, P.F., Optical Mineralogy; Third Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959.

Veblen, D.R. (Ed.), Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles-Mineralogy, Reviews in

Mineralogy, Vol. 9A, Michigan, 1982, pp 1-102.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part I-1

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Part I-1, Page 117

Dixon, W.C., Applications of Optical Microscopy in the Analysis of Asbestos and Quartz,

ACS Symposium Series, No. 120, Analytical Techniques in Occupational Health

Chemistry, 1979.

Polarized Light Microscopy, McCrone Research Institute, Chicago, 1976.

Asbestos Identification, McCrone Research Institute, G & G printers, Chicago, 1987.

McCrone, W.C., Calculation of Refractive Indices from Dispersion Staining Data, The

Microscope, No. 37, Chicago, 1989.

Levadie, B. (Ed.), Asbestos and Other Health Related Silicates, ASTM Technical

Publication 834, ASTM, Philadelphia 1982.

Steel, E. and Wylie, A., Riordan, P.H. (Ed.), Mineralogical Characteristics of Asbestos,

Geology of Asbestos Deposits, pp. 93-101, SME-AIME, 1981.

Zussman, J., The Mineralogy of Asbestos, Asbestos: Properties, Applications and Hazards,

pp. 45-67 Wiley, 1979.

WAC 296-62-07755 Appendix K--Smoking cessation program information for

asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite--Nonmandatory.

The following organizations provide smoking cessation information and program material:

(1) The National Cancer Institute operates a toll-free Cancer Information Service (CIS) with

trained personnel to help you. Call 1-800-4-CANCER* to reach the CIS office serving

your area, or write: Office of Cancer Communications, National Cancer Institute, National

Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 10A24, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

(2) American Cancer Society, 3340 Peachtree Road, N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30062, (404) 320-

3333. The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a voluntary organization composed of 58

divisions and 3,100 local units. Through “The Great American Smokeout” in November,

the annual Cancer Crusade in April, and numerous educational materials, ACS helps

people learn about the health hazards of smoking and become successful ex-smokers.

(3) American Heart Association, 7320 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75231, (214) 750-

5300. The American Heart Association (AHA) is a voluntary organization with 130,000

members (physicians, scientists, and laypersons) in 55 states and regional groups. AHA

produces a variety of publications and audiovisual materials about the effects of smoking

on the heart. AHA also has developed a guidebook for incorporating a weight-control

component into smoking cessation programs.

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(4) American Lung Association, 1740 Broadway, New York, New York 10019, (212) 245-

8000. A voluntary organization of 7,500 members (physicians, nurses, and laypersons), the

American Lung Association (ALA) conducts numerous public information programs about

the health effect of smoking. ALA has 59 state and 85 local units. The organization

actively supports legislation and information campaigns for nonsmokers' rights and

provides help for smokers who want to quit, for example, through “Freedom From

Smoking,” a self-help smoking cessation program.

(5) Office on Smoking and Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services,

5600 Fishers Lane, Park Building, Room 110, Rockville, Maryland 20857. The Office on

Smoking and Health (OSH) is the Department of Health and Human Services' lead agency

in smoking control. OSH has sponsored distribution of publications on smoking-related

topics, such as free flyers on relapse after initial quitting, helping a friend or family

member quit smoking, the health hazards of smoking, and the effects of parental smoking

on teenagers.

*In Hawaii, on Oahu call 524-1234 (call collect from neighboring islands), Spanish-

speaking staff members are available during daytime hours to callers from the following

areas: California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New Jersey (area code 210), New York, and

Texas. Consult your local telephone directory for listings of local chapters.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part I-2

General Occupational Health Standards Hexavalent Chromium

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Part I-2, Page i

PART I-2

HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-080 Hexavalent chromium ..................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-08003 Hexavalent chromium. Scope. ...................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-08005 Definitions. ..................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-08007 Permissible exposure limit (PEL) ................................................... 2

WAC 296-62-08009 Exposure determination. ................................................................ 2

WAC 296-62-08011 Regulated areas. ........................................................................... 4

WAC 296-62-08013 Methods of compliance. ................................................................. 4

WAC 296-62-08015 Respiratory protection. ................................................................... 5

WAC 296-62-08017 Protective work clothing and equipment. ....................................... 5

WAC 296-62-08019 Hygiene areas and practices. ........................................................ 6

WAC 296-62-08021 Housekeeping. ............................................................................... 7

WAC 296-62-08023 Medical surveillance. ..................................................................... 8

WAC 296-62-08025 Communication of chromium (VI) hazards. .................................. 10

WAC 296-62-08027 Recordkeeping............................................................................. 10

WAC 296-62-08029 Dates. .......................................................................................... 12

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part I-2

General Occupational Health Standards Hexavalent Chromium

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Part I-2, Page 1

WAC 296-62-080 Hexavalent chromium.

WAC 296-62-08003 Hexavalent chromium. Scope.

This standard applies to occupational exposures to chromium (VI) in all forms and compounds in

general industry; construction; shipyards, marine terminals, and long shoring, except:

(1) Agricultural operations covered by chapter 296-307 WAC, Safety standards for agriculture;

(2) Exposures that occur in the application of pesticides regulated by the Washington state

department of agriculture or another federal government agency (e.g., the treatment of

wood with preservatives);

(3) Exposures to portland cement; or

(4) Where the employer has objective data demonstrating that a material containing chromium

or a specific process, operation, or activity involving chromium cannot release dusts,

fumes, or mists of chromium (VI) in concentrations at or above 0.5 (mu)g/m\3\ as an 8-

hour time-weighted average (TWA) under any expected conditions of use.

WAC 296-62-08005 Definitions.

For the purposes of this section the following definitions apply:

Action level. A concentration of airborne chromium (VI) of 2.5 micrograms per cubic meter of

air (2.5 (mu)g/m\3\) calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).

Chromium (VI) (hexavalent chromium or Cr(VI). Chromium with a valence of positive six,

in any form and in any compound.

Emergency. Any occurrence that results, or is likely to result, in an uncontrolled release of

chromium (VI). If an incidental release of chromium (VI) can be controlled at the time of

release by employees in the immediate release area, or by maintenance personnel, it is not an

emergency.

Employee exposure. The exposure to airborne chromium (VI) that would occur if the employee

were not using a respirator.

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. A filter that is at least 99.97 percent efficient in

removing mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 micrometers in diameter or larger.

Historical monitoring data. Data from chromium (VI) monitoring conducted prior to July 31,

2006, obtained during work operations conducted under workplace conditions closely

resembling the processes, types of material, control methods, work practices, and environmental

conditions in the employer's current operations.

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Part I-2, Page 2

Objective data. Information such as air monitoring data from industry-wide surveys or

calculations based on the composition or chemical and physical properties of a substance

demonstrating the employee exposure to chromium (VI) associated with a particular product or

material or a specific process, operation, or activity. The data must reflect workplace conditions

closely resembling the processes, types of material, control methods, work practices, and

environmental conditions in the employer's current operations.

Physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP). An individual whose legally

permitted scope of practice (i.e., license, registration, or certification) allows him or her to

independently provide or be delegated the responsibility to provide some or all of the particular

health care services required by WAC 296-62-08023.

Regulated area. An area, demarcated by the employer, where an employee's exposure to

airborne concentrations of chromium (VI) exceeds, or can reasonably be expected to exceed, the

PEL.

WAC 296-62-08007 Permissible exposure limit (PEL).

Permissible exposure limit (PEL). The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to an

airborne concentration of chromium (VI) in excess of 5 micrograms per cubic meter of air (5

(mu)g/m\3\), calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).

WAC 296-62-08009 Exposure determination.

(1) General. Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this section

must determine the 8-hour TWA exposure for each employee exposed to chromium (VI).

This determination must be made in accordance with either subsection (2) or (3) of this

section.

(2) Scheduled monitoring option.

(a) The employer must perform initial monitoring to determine the 8-hour TWA

exposure for each employee on the basis of a sufficient number of personal breathing

zone air samples to accurately characterize full shift exposure on each shift, for each

job classification, in each work area. Where an employer does representative

sampling instead of sampling all employees in order to meet this requirement, the

employer must sample the employee(s) expected to have the highest chromium (VI)

exposures.

(b) If initial monitoring indicates that employee exposures are below the action level, the

employer may discontinue monitoring for those employees whose exposures are

represented by such monitoring.

employer must perform periodic monitoring at least every six months.

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(d) If monitoring reveals employee exposures to be above the PEL, the employer must

perform periodic monitoring at least every three months.

(e) If periodic monitoring indicates that employee exposures are below the action level,

and the result is confirmed by the result of another monitoring taken at least seven

days later, the employer may discontinue the monitoring for those employees whose

exposures are represented by such monitoring.

(f) The employer must perform additional monitoring when there has been any change in

the production process, raw materials, equipment, personnel, work practices, or

control methods that may result in new or additional exposures to chromium (VI), or

when the employer has any reason to believe that new or additional exposures have

occurred.

(3) Performance-oriented option. The employer must determine the 8-hour TWA exposure for

each employee on the basis of any combination of air monitoring data, historical

monitoring data, or objective data sufficient to accurately characterize employee exposure

to chromium (VI).

(4) Employee notification of determination results.

(a) In general industry within five work days after making an exposure determination in

accordance with subsection (2) or (3) of this section, the employer must individually

notify each affected employee in writing of the results of that determination or post

the results in an appropriate location accessible to all affected employees.

(b) In construction and shipyards, marine terminals, and longshoring within five work

days after making an exposure determination in accordance with subsection (2) or (3)

of this section, the employer must individually notify each affected employee in

writing of the results of that determination or post the results in an appropriate

location accessible to all affected employees.

PEL, the employer must describe in the written notification the corrective action

being taken to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL.

(5) Accuracy of measurement. Where air monitoring is performed to comply with the

requirements of this section, the employer must use a method of monitoring and analysis

that can measure chromium (VI) to within an accuracy of plus or minus twenty-five percent

and can produce accurate measurements to within a statistical confidence level of ninety-

five percent for airborne concentrations at or above the action level.

(6) Observation of monitoring.

(a) Where air monitoring is performed to comply with the requirements of this section,

the employer must provide affected employees or their designated representatives an

opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee exposure to chromium (VI).

(b) When observation of monitoring requires entry into an area where the use of

protective clothing or equipment is required, the employer must provide the observer

with clothing and equipment and must ensure that the observer uses such clothing and

equipment and complies with all other applicable safety and health procedures.

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Part I-2, Page 4

WAC 296-62-08011 Regulated areas.

EXEMPTION:

This section does not apply to construction, shipyards, marine terminals or long

shoring.

(1) Establishment. The employer must establish a regulated area wherever an employee's

exposure to airborne concentrations of chromium (VI) is, or can reasonably be expected to

be, in excess of the PEL.

(2) Demarcation. The employer must ensure that regulated areas are demarcated from the rest

of the workplace in a manner that adequately establishes and alerts employees of the

boundaries of the regulated area.

(3) Access. The employer must limit access to regulated areas to:

(a) Persons authorized by the employer and required by work duties to be present in the

regulated area;

(b) Any person entering such an area as a designated representative of employees for the

purpose of exercising the right to observe monitoring procedures under WAC 296-62-

08009;

or regulations issued under it to be in a regulated area.

WAC 296-62-08013 Methods of compliance.

(1) Engineering and work practice controls.

(a) Except as permitted in (c) of this subsection, the employer must use engineering and

work practice controls to reduce and maintain employee exposure to chromium (VI)

to or below the PEL unless the employer can demonstrate that such controls are not

feasible. Wherever feasible engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient

to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL, the employer must use them to

reduce employee exposure to the lowest levels achievable, and must supplement them

by the use of respiratory protection that complies with the requirements of WAC 296-

62-08015.

EXEMPTION:

This (b) does not apply to construction, shipyards, marine terminals and long

shoring.

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(b) Where painting of aircraft or large aircraft parts is performed in the aerospace

industry, the employer must use engineering and work practice controls to reduce and

maintain employee exposure to chromium (VI) to or below 25 (mu)g/m\3\ unless the

employer can demonstrate that such controls are not feasible. The employer must

supplement such engineering and work practice controls with the use of respiratory

protection that complies with the requirements of WAC 296-62-08015 to achieve the

PEL.

employee exposure to chromium (VI) above the PEL for thirty or more days per year

(twelve consecutive months), the requirement to implement engineering and work

practice controls to achieve the PEL does not apply to that process or task.

(2) Prohibition of rotation. The employer must not rotate employees to different jobs to

achieve compliance with the PEL.

WAC 296-62-08015 Respiratory protection.

(1) General. Where respiratory protection is required by this section, the employer must

provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with the requirements of this

chapter. Respiratory protection is required during:

(a) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice

controls;

(b) Work operations, such as maintenance and repair activities, for which engineering

and work practice controls are not feasible;

work practice controls and such controls are not sufficient to reduce exposures to or

below the PEL;

(d) Work operations where employees are exposed above the PEL for fewer than thirty

days per year, and the employer has elected not to implement engineering and work

practice controls to achieve the PEL; or

(e) Emergencies.

(2) Respiratory protection program. Where respirator use is required by this section, the

employer must institute a respiratory protection program in accordance with chapter 296-

842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each employee required to use a respirator.

WAC 296-62-08017 Protective work clothing and equipment.

(1) Provision and use. Where a hazard is present or is likely to be present from skin or eye

contact with chromium (VI), the employer must provide appropriate personal protective

clothing and equipment at no cost to employees, and must ensure that employees use such

clothing and equipment.

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(2) Removal and storage.

(a) The employer must ensure that employees remove all protective clothing and

equipment contaminated with chromium (VI) at the end of the work shift or at the

completion of their tasks involving chromium (VI) exposure, whichever comes first.

(b) The employer must ensure that no employee removes chromium (VI) contaminated

protective clothing or equipment from the workplace, except for those employees

whose job it is to launder, clean, maintain, or dispose of such clothing or equipment.

cleaning, maintenance, or disposal, the employer must ensure that it is stored and

transported in sealed, impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers.

(d) The employer must ensure that bags or containers of contaminated protective clothing

or equipment that are removed from change rooms for laundering, cleaning,

maintenance, or disposal must be labeled in accordance with the requirements of the

hazard communication standard, WAC 296-901-140.

(3) Cleaning and replacement.

(a) The employer must clean, launder, repair and replace all protective clothing and

equipment required by this section as needed to maintain its effectiveness.

(b) The employer must prohibit the removal of chromium (VI) from protective clothing

and equipment by blowing, shaking, or any other means that disperses chromium (VI)

into the air or onto an employee's body.

equipment contaminated with chromium (VI) of the potentially harmful effects of

exposure to chromium (VI) and that the clothing and equipment should be laundered

or cleaned in a manner that minimizes skin or eye contact with chromium (VI) and

effectively prevents the release of airborne chromium (VI) in excess of the PEL.

WAC 296-62-08019 Hygiene areas and practices.

(1) General.

(a) General industry, shipyards, marine terminals and long shoring. Where protective

clothing and equipment is required, the employer must provide change rooms in

conformance with WAC 296-800-230, Sanitation and hygiene facilities and

procedures. Where skin contact with chromium (VI) occurs, the employer must

provide washing facilities in conformance with WAC 296-800-230, Sanitation and

hygiene facilities and procedures. Eating and drinking areas provided by the

employer must also be in conformance with WAC 296-800-230, Sanitation and

hygiene facilities and procedures.

(b) Construction. Where protective clothing and equipment is required, the employer

must provide change rooms in conformance with WAC 296-155-17321, Hygiene

facilities and practices. Where skin contact with chromium (VI) occurs, the employer

must provide washing facilities in conformance with WAC 296-155-17321, Hygiene

facilities and practices. Eating and drinking areas provided by the employer must

also be in conformance with WAC 296-155-17321, Hygiene facilities and practices.

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(2) Change rooms. The employer must ensure that change rooms are equipped with separate

storage facilities for protective clothing and equipment and for street clothes, and that these

facilities prevent cross-contamination.

(3) Washing facilities.

(a) The employer must provide readily accessible washing facilities capable of removing

chromium (VI) from the skin, and must ensure that affected employees use these

facilities when necessary.

(b) The employer must ensure that employees who have skin contact with chromium (VI)

wash their hands and faces at the end of the work shift and prior to eating, drinking,

smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, applying cosmetics, or using the toilet.

(4) Eating and drinking areas.

(a) Whenever the employer allows employees to consume food or beverages at a

worksite where chromium (VI) is present, the employer must ensure that eating and

drinking areas and surfaces are maintained as free as practicable of chromium (VI).

(b) The employer must ensure that employees do not enter eating and drinking areas with

protective work clothing or equipment unless surface chromium (VI) has been

removed from the clothing and equipment by methods that do not disperse chromium

(VI) into the air or onto an employee's body.

(5) Prohibited activities. The employer must ensure that employees do not eat, drink, smoke,

chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in areas where skin or eye contact with

chromium (VI) occurs; or carry the products associated with these activities, or store such

products in these areas.

WAC 296-62-08021 Housekeeping.

EXEMPTION:

This section does not apply to construction, shipyards, marine terminals and

long shoring.

(1) General. The employer must ensure that:

(a) All surfaces are maintained as free as practicable of accumulations of chromium (VI).

(b) All spills and releases of chromium (VI) containing material are cleaned up promptly.

(2) Cleaning methods.

(a) The employer must ensure that surfaces contaminated with chromium (VI) are

cleaned by HEPA-filter vacuuming or other methods that minimize the likelihood of

exposure to chromium (VI).

(b) Dry shoveling, dry sweeping, and dry brushing may be used only where HEPA-

filtered vacuuming or other methods that minimize the likelihood of exposure to

chromium (VI) have been tried and found not to be effective.

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from any surface unless:

The compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system designed to

capture the dust cloud created by the compressed air; or

No alternative method is feasible.

(d) The employer must ensure that cleaning equipment is handled in a manner that

minimizes the reentry of chromium (VI) into the workplace.

(3) Disposal. The employer must ensure that:

(a) Waste, scrap, debris, and any other materials contaminated with chromium (VI) and

consigned for disposal are collected and disposed of in sealed, impermeable bags or

other closed, impermeable containers.

(b) Bags or containers of waste, scrap, debris, and any other materials contaminated with

chromium (VI) that are consigned for disposal are labeled in accordance with the

requirements of WAC 296-901-140 Hazard communication.

WAC 296-62-08023 Medical surveillance.

(1) General.

(a) The employer must make medical surveillance available at no cost to the employee,

and at a reasonable time and place, for all employees:

Who are or may be occupationally exposed to chromium (VI) at or above the

action level for thirty or more days a year;

Experiencing signs or symptoms of the adverse health effects associated with

chromium (VI) exposure; or

Exposed in an emergency.

(b) The employer must ensure that all medical examinations and procedures required by

this section are performed by or under the supervision of a PLHCP.

(2) Frequency. The employer must provide a medical examination:

(a) Within thirty days after initial assignment, unless the employee has received a

chromium (VI) related medical examination that meets the requirements of this

paragraph within the last twelve months;

(b) Annually;

additional examination;

(d) Whenever an employee shows signs or symptoms of the adverse health effects

associated with chromium (VI) exposure;

(e) Within thirty days after exposure during an emergency which results in an

uncontrolled release of chromium (VI); or

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(f) At the termination of employment, unless the last examination that satisfied the

requirements of WAC 296-62-08023, Medical surveillance was less than six months

prior to the date of termination.

(3) Contents of examination. A medical examination consists of:

(a) A medical and work history, with emphasis on: Past, present, and anticipated future

exposure to chromium (VI); any history of respiratory system dysfunction; any

history of asthma, dermatitis, skin ulceration, or nasal septum perforation; and

smoking status and history;

(b) A physical examination of the skin and respiratory tract; and

(4) Information provided to the PLHCP. The employer must ensure that the examining

PLHCP has a copy of this standard, and must provide the following information:

(a) A description of the affected employee's former, current, and anticipated duties as

they relate to the employee's occupational exposure to chromium (VI);

(b) The employee's former, current, and anticipated levels of occupational exposure to

chromium (VI);

employee, including when and for how long the employee has used that equipment;

and

(d) Information from records of employment-related medical examinations previously

provided to the affected employee, currently within the control of the employer.

(5) PLHCP's written medical opinion.

(a) The employer must obtain a written medical opinion from the PLHCP, within thirty

days for each medical examination performed on each employee, which contains:

The PLHCP's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical

condition(s) that would place the employee at increased risk of material

impairment to health from further exposure to chromium (VI);

Any recommended limitations upon the employee's exposure to chromium (VI)

or upon the use of personal protective equipment such as respirators;

A statement that the PLHCP has explained to the employee the results of the

medical examination, including any medical conditions related to chromium

(VI) exposure that require further evaluation or treatment, and any special

provisions for use of protective clothing or equipment.

(b) The PLHCP must not reveal to the employer specific findings or diagnoses unrelated

to occupational exposure to chromium (VI).

examined employee within two weeks after receiving it.

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WAC 296-62-08025 Communication of chromium (VI) hazards.

(1) Hazard communication-General.

(a) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, and employers must comply with all

requirements of the hazard communication standard (HCS), WAC 296-901-140 for

chromium (VI).

(b) In classifying the hazards of chromium (VI) at least the following hazards are to be

addressed: Cancer, eye irritation, and skin sensitization.

established to comply with the HCS, WAC 296-901-140. Employers must ensure

that each employee has access to labels on containers of chromium (VI) and to safety

date sheets, and is trained in accordance with the requirements of the HCS and

subsection (2) of this section. The employer must ensure that at least the following

hazards are addressed: Cancer, skin sensitization, and eye irritation.

(2) Employee information and training.

(a) The employer must ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least

the following:

The contents of this section; and

The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance program required by

(a)(i) of this subsection.

(b) The employer must make a copy of this section readily available without cost to all

affected employees.

WAC 296-62-08027 Recordkeeping.

(1) Air monitoring data.

(a) The employer must maintain an accurate record of all air monitoring conducted to

comply with the requirements of this section.

(b) This record must include at least the following information:

The date of measurement for each sample taken;

The operation involving exposure to chromium (VI) that is being monitored;

Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy;

Number, duration, and the results of samples taken;

Type of personal protective equipment, such as respirators worn; and

Name, Social Security number, and job classification of all employees

represented by the monitoring, indicating which employees were actually

monitored.

in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC, Employee medical and exposure records.

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(2) Historical monitoring data.

(a) Where the employer has relied on historical monitoring data to determine exposure to

chromium (VI), the employer must establish and maintain an accurate record of the

historical monitoring data relied upon.

(b) The record must include information that reflects the following conditions:

The data were collected using methods that meet the accuracy requirements of

WAC 296-62-08009(5);

The processes and work practices that were in use when the historical

monitoring data were obtained are essentially the same as those to be used

during the job for which exposure is being determined;

The characteristics of the chromium (VI) containing material being handled

when the historical monitoring data were obtained are the same as those on the

job for which exposure is being determined;

Environmental conditions prevailing when the historical monitoring data were

obtained are the same as those on the job for which exposure is being

determined; and

Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee

exposures covered by the exception.

available in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC, Employee medical and exposure

records.

(3) Objective data.

(a) The employer must maintain an accurate record of all objective data relied upon to

comply with the requirements of this section.

(b) This record must include at least the following information:

The chromium (VI) containing material in question;

The source of the objective data;

The testing protocol and results of testing, or analysis of the material for the

release of chromium (VI);

A description of the process, operation, or activity and how the data support the

determination; and

Other data relevant to the process, operation, activity, material, or employee

exposures.

accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC, Employee medical and exposure records.

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(4) Medical surveillance.

(a) The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee

covered by medical surveillance under WAC 296-62-08023, Medical surveillance.

(b) The record must include the following information about the employee:

Name and Social Security number;

A copy of the PLHCP's written opinions;

A copy of the information provided to the PLHCP as required by WAC 296-62-

08023(4).

accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC, Employee medical and exposure records.

WAC 296-62-08029 Dates.

(1) For employers with twenty or more employees, all obligations of this section, except

engineering controls required by WAC 296-62-08013, commence November 27, 2006.

(2) For employers with nineteen or fewer employees, all obligations of this section, except

engineering controls required by WAC 296-62-08013, commence May 30, 2007.

(3) For all employers, engineering controls required by WAC 296-62-08013 must be

implemented no later than May 31, 2010.

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Part J-1, Page i

Part J-1

PHYSICAL AGENTS

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-090 Physical agents. ............................................ 1

WAC 296-62-09001 Definitions. ..................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-09004 Ionizing radiation. ........................................................................... 2

WAC 296-62-09005 Nonionizing radiation. .................................................................. 16

WAC 296-62-09007 Pressure. ..................................................................................... 24

WAC 296-62-09009 Vibration ...................................................................................... 24

WAC 296-62-09013 Temperature, radiant heat, or temperature humidity

combinations. ............................................................................... 24

WAC 296-62-095 Outdoor heat exposure ............................... 25

WAC 296-62-09510 Scope and application. ................................................................ 25

WAC 296-62-09520 Definitions. ................................................................................... 25

WAC 296-62-09530 Employer and employee responsibility. ....................................... 26

WAC 296-62-09535 Access to shade. ......................................................................... 27

WAC 296-62-09540 Drinking water. ............................................................................. 28

WAC 296-62-09545 Acclimatization. ............................................................................ 28

WAC 296-62-09547 High heat procedures. ................................................................. 29

WAC 296-62-09550 Responding to signs and symptoms of heat-related

Illness. ......................................................................................... 30

WAC 296-62-09560 Information and training. .............................................................. 30

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WAC 296-62-090 Physical agents.

WAC 296-62-09001 Definitions.

Noise. Unwanted sound or loud discordant or disagreeable sound or sounds.

Nonionizing radiation. As related to industrial sources, means electromagnetic radiation within

the spectral range of approximately 200 nanometers to 3 kilometers including ultraviolet, visible,

infrared and radiofrequency/microwave radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum is shown

graphically in Figure 1 below.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Figure 1

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Physical agents. Must mean, but are not limited to: Illumination, ionizing radiation,

nonionizing radiation, pressure, vibration, temperature and humidity, and noise.

Pressure is a barometric force. Positive pressure would be that above 14.7 lbs. per square inch

absolute and negative pressure would be that below 14.7 lbs. per square inch absolute. 14.7 lbs.

per square inch equals 760 mm. mercury.

Radiant heat. Infrared radiation emitted from hot surfaces.

Relative humidity. The percent of moisture in the air compared to the maximum amount of

moisture the air could contain at the same temperature.

Temperature. The degree of hotness or coldness measured by use of a thermometer.

Vibration. Rapid movement to and fro or oscillating movement.

WAC 296-62-09004 Ionizing radiation.

(1) Definitions applicable to this section.

Note: Definitions also appear in some subsections.

(a) Radiation. Includes alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, x-rays, neutrons, high-speed

electrons, high-speed protons, and other atomic particles; but such term does not

include sound or radio waves, or visible light, or infrared or ultraviolet light.

(b) Radioactive material. Any material which emits, by spontaneous nuclear

disintegration, corpuscular or electromagnetic emanations.

purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation or radioactive

materials.

(d) Unrestricted area. Any area access to which is not controlled by the employer for

purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation or radioactive

materials.

(e) Dose. The quantity of ionizing radiation absorbed, per unit of mass, by the body or

by any portion of the body. When the provisions in this section specify a dose during

a period of time, the dose is the total quantity of radiation absorbed, per unit of mass,

by the body or by any portion of the body during such period of time. Several

different units of dose are in current use. Definitions of units used in this section are

set forth in subdivisions (f) and (g) of this subsection.

(f) Rad. A measure of the dose of any ionizing radiation to body tissues in terms of the

energy absorbed per unit of mass of the tissue. One rad is the dose corresponding to

the absorption of 100 ergs per gram of tissue (1 millirad (mrad) = 0.001 rad).

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(g) Rem. A measure of the dose of any ionizing radiation to body tissue in terms of its

estimated biological effect relative to a dose of 1 roentgen (r) of x-rays (1 millirem

(mrem) = 0.001 rem). The relation of the rem to other dose units depends upon the

biological effect under consideration and upon the conditions for irradiation. Each of

the following is considered to be equivalent to a dose of 1 rem:

A dose of 1 roentgen due to x- or gamma radiation;

A dose of 1 rad due to x-, gamma, or beta radiation;

A dose of 0.1 rad due to neutrons or high energy protons;

A dose of 0.05 rad due to particles heavier than protons and with sufficient

energy to reach the lens of the eye;

If it is more convenient to measure the neutron flux, or equivalent, than to

determine the neutron dose in rads, as provided in item (iii) of this subdivision,

1 rem of neutron radiation may, for purposes of the provisions in this section be

assumed to be equivalent to 14 million neutrons per square centimeter incident

upon the body; or, if there is sufficient information to estimate with reasonable

accuracy the approximate distribution in energy of the neutrons, the incident

number of neutrons per square centimeter equivalent to 1 rem may be estimated

from the following table:

Neutron Flux Dose Equivalents

Neutron Energy

(millon electron

volts (Mev))

Number of

Neutrons per

Square centimeter

Equivalent to a

Dose of 1 rem

(neutron/cm

)

Average flux To deliver

100 millirem in 40 hours

(neutrons/cm

per sec.)

Thermal

0.0001

0.005

0.02

0.1

0.5

1.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10 to 30

970 X 10(6)

720 X 10(6)

820 X 10(6)

400 X 10(6)

120 X 10(6)

43 X 10(6)

26 X 10(6)

29 X 19(6)

26 X 10(6)

24 X 10(6)

14 X 10(6)

670

500

570

280

(h) For determining exposures to x- or gamma rays up to 3 Mev., the dose limits

specified in this section may be assumed to be equivalent to the “air dose.” For the

purpose of this section “air dose” means that the dose is measured by a properly

calibrated appropriate instrument in air at or near the body surface in the region of the

highest dosage rate.

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(i) Curie. A unit of measurement of radioactivity. One curie (Ci) is that quantity of

radioactive material which decays at the rate of 2.2 x 10

disintegrations per minute

(dpm).

One millicurie (mCi) = 10

-3

One microcurie (uCi) = 10

-6

One nanocurie (nCi) = 10

-9

One picocurie (pCi) = 10

-12

(2) Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensees--NRC contractors operating NRC plants and

facilities.

(a) Any employer who possesses or uses source material, byproduct material, or special

nuclear material, as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, under a

license issued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and in accordance with the

requirements of chapter 402-24 WAC must be deemed to be in compliance with the

requirements of this section with respect to such possession and use.

(b) NRC contractors operating NRC plants and facilities: Any employer who possesses

or uses source material, byproduct material, special nuclear material, or other

radiation sources under a contract with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for the

operation of NRC plants and facilities and in accordance with the standards,

procedures, and other requirements for radiation protection established by the

commission for such contract pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended

(42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.) must be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements

of this section with respect to such possession and use.

Atomic Energy Act sources. Any employer who possesses or uses source

material, byproduct material, or special nuclear material, as defined in the

Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), and has

registered such sources with, the state must be deemed to be in compliance with

the radiation requirements of this section, insofar as his possession and use of

such material is concerned.

Other sources. Any employer who possesses or uses radiation sources other

than source material, byproduct material, or special nuclear material, as defined

in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), and

has registered such sources with the state must be deemed to be in compliance

with the radiation requirements of this section insofar as his possession and use

of such material is concerned.

(3) Exposure of individuals to radiation in restricted areas.

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b) of this subsection, no employer shall possess,

use, or transfer sources of ionizing radiation in such a manner as to cause any

individual in a restricted area to receive in any period of one calendar quarter from

sources in the employer's possession or control a dose in excess of the limits specified

in the following table:

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Exposure in Restricted Areas

Rems per Calendar Quarter

Whole body. Head and trunk, active blood forming

organs, lens of eyes, or gonads.

Hand and forearms, feet and ankles.

Skin of whole body.

1-1/4

18-3/4

7-1/2

(b) An employer may permit an individual in a restricted area to receive doses to the

whole body greater than those permitted under subdivision (a) of this subsection, so

long as:

During any calendar quarter the dose to the whole body shall not exceed 3 rems;

and

The dose to the whole body, when added to the accumulated occupational dose

to the whole body, shall not exceed 5 (N-18) rems, where “N” equals the

individual's age in years at his last birthday; and

The employer maintains adequate past and current exposure records which

show that the addition of such a dose will not cause the individual to exceed the

amount authorized in this subdivision. As used in this subdivision “Dose to the

whole body” must be deemed to include any dose to the whole body, gonad,

active blood-forming organs, head and trunk, or lens of the eye.

any period of one calendar quarter a dose in excess of 10 percent of the limits

specified in the preceding table entitled “exposure in restricted areas.”

(d) Calendar quarter. Any 3-month period determined as follows:

The first period of any year may begin on any date in January: Provided, That

the second, third and fourth periods accordingly begin on the same date in

April, July, and October, respectively, and that the fourth period extends into

January of the succeeding year, if necessary to complete a 3-month quarter.

During the first year of use of this method of determination, the first period for

that year must also include any additional days in January preceding the starting

date for the first period; or

The first period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks;

the second period in a calendar year of 13 complete consecutive weeks; the

third period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks; the

fourth period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks. If

at the end of a calendar year there are any days not falling within a complete

calendar week of that year, such days must be included within the last complete

calendar week of that year. If at the beginning of any calendar year there are

days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days must

be included within the last complete calendar week of the previous year; or

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The four periods in a calendar year may consist of the first 14 complete,

consecutive calendar weeks; the next 12 complete, consecutive calendar weeks,

the next 14 complete, consecutive calendar weeks, and the last 12 complete,

consecutive calendar weeks. If at the end of a calendar year there are any days

not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days must be

included (for purposes of this section) within the last complete calendar week of

the year. If at the beginning of any calendar year there are days not falling

within a complete calendar week of that year, such days must be included (for

purposes of this section) within the last complete week of the previous year.

(e) No employer must change the method used by him to determine calendar quarters

except at the beginning of a calendar year.

(4) Exposure to airborne radioactive material.

(a) No employer must possess, use or transport radioactive material in such a manner as

to cause any employee, within a restricted area, to be exposed to airborne radioactive

material in an average concentration in excess of the limits specified in Table I of

WAC 402-24-220, Appendix A. The limits given in Table I are for exposure to the

concentrations specified for 40 hours in any workweek of 7 consecutive days. In any

such period where the number of hours of exposure is less than 40 the limits specified

in the table may be increased proportionately. In any such period where the number

of hours of exposure is greater than 40, the limits specified in the table shall be

decreased proportionately.

(b) No employer shall possess, use, or transfer radioactive material in such a manner as

to cause any individual within a restricted area, who is under 18 years of age, to be

exposed to airborne radioactive material in an average concentration in excess of the

limits specified in Table II of WAC 402-24-220, Appendix A.

For purposes of this subdivision, concentrations may be averaged over periods not

greater than 1 week.

airborne concentration. No allowance shall be made for the use of protective clothing

or equipment, or particle size.

(5) Precautionary procedures and personal monitoring.

(a) Every employer must make such surveys as may be necessary for him to comply with

the provisions in this section. “Survey” means an evaluation of the radiation hazards

incident to the production, use, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive materials

or other sources of radiation under a specific set of conditions. When appropriate,

such evaluation includes a physical survey of the location of materials and equipment,

and measurements of levels of radiation or concentrations of radioactive material

present.

(b) Every employer must supply appropriate personnel monitoring equipment, such as

film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, or film rings, to, and must require

the use of such equipment by:

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Each employee who enters a restricted area under such circumstances that he

receives, or is likely to receive, a dose in any calendar quarter in excess of 25

percent of the applicable value specified in subsection (3)(a) of this section; and

Each employee under 18 years of age who enters a restricted area under such

circumstances that he receives, or is likely to receive a dose in any calendar

quarter in excess of 5 percent of the applicable value specified in subsection

(3)(a) of this section; and

Each employee who enters a high radiation area.

Personnel monitoring equipment. Devices designed to be worn or carried by

an individual for the purpose of measuring the dose received (e.g., film badges,

pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, film rings, etc.);

Radiation area. Any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists

radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any 1

hour a dose in excess of 5 millirem, or in any 5 consecutive days a dose in

excess of 100 millirem; and

High radiation area. Any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists

radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any

one hour a dose in excess of 100 millirem.

(6) Caution signs, labels and signals.

(a) General.

Symbols prescribed by this subsection must use the conventional radiation

caution colors (magenta or purple on yellow background). The symbol

prescribed by this subsection is the conventional three-bladed design:

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RADIATION SYMBOL

1. Cross-hatched area is to be magenta or purple.

2. Background is to be yellow.

In addition to the contents of signs and labels prescribed in this subsection,

employers may provide on or near such signs and labels any additional

information which may be appropriate in aiding individuals to minimize

exposure to radiation or to radioactive material.

(b) Radiation area. Each radiation area must be conspicuously posted with a sign or

signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in subdivision (a) of this

subsection and the words:

CAUTION

RADIATION AREA

Each high radiation area must be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs

bearing the radiation caution symbol and the words:

CAUTION

HIGH RADIATION AREA

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Each high radiation area must be equipped with a control device which must

either cause the level of radiation to be reduced below that at which an

individual might receive a dose of 100 millirems in 1 hour upon entry into the

area or must energize a conspicuous visible or audible alarm signal in such a

manner that the individual entering and the employer or a supervisor of the

activity are made aware of the entry. In the case of a high radiation area

established for a period of 30 days or less, such control device is not required.

(d) Airborne radioactivity area.

As used in the provisions of this section, “airborne radioactivity area” means:

(A) Any room, enclosure, or operating area in which airborne radioactive

materials, composed wholly or partly of radioactive material, exist in

concentrations in excess of the amounts specified in column 1 of Table I

of WAC 402-24-220, Appendix A.

(B) Any room, enclosure, or operating area in which airborne radioactive

materials exist in concentrations which, averaged over the number of

hours in any week during which individuals are in the area, exceed 25

percent of the amounts specified in column 1 of Table I of WAC 402-24-

220, Appendix A.

Each airborne radioactivity area must be conspicuously posted with a sign or

signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in subdivision (a) of this

subsection and the words:

CAUTION

AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY AREA

(e) Additional requirements.

Each area or room in which radioactive material is used or stored and which

contains any radioactive material (other than natural uranium or thorium) in any

amount exceeding 10 times the quantity of such material specified in WAC

402-24-230, Appendix B must be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs

bearing the radiation caution symbol described in subdivision (a) of this

subsection and the words:

CAUTION

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

Each area or room in which natural uranium or thorium is used or stored in an

amount exceeding 100 times the quantity of such material specified in chapter

402-24 WAC must be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the

radiation caution symbol described in subdivision (a) of this subsection and the

words:

CAUTION

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

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(f) Containers.

Each container in which is transported, stored, or used a quantity of any

radioactive material (other than natural uranium or thorium) greater than the

quantity of such material specified in WAC 402-24-230, Appendix B must bear

a durable, clearly visible label bearing the radiation caution symbol described in

subdivision (a) of this subsection and the words:

CAUTION

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

Each container in which natural uranium or thorium is transported, stored, or

used in a quantity greater than 10 times the quantity specified in WAC 402-24-

230, Appendix B must bear a durable, clearly visible label bearing the radiation

caution symbol described in subdivision (a) of this subsection and the words:

CAUTION

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

Notwithstanding the provisions of items (i) and (ii) of this subdivision a label

shall not be required:

(A) If the concentration of the material in the container does not exceed that

specified in column 2 of Table I of WAC 402-24-220, Appendix A.

(B) For laboratory containers, such as beakers, flasks, and test tubes, used

transiently in laboratory procedures, when the user is present.

Where containers are used for storage, the labels required in this subdivision

must state also the quantities and kinds of radioactive materials in the containers

and the date of measurement of the quantities.

(7) Immediate evacuation warning signal.

(a) Signal characteristics.

The signal must be a midfrequency complex sound wave amplitude modulated

at a subsonic frequency. The complex sound wave in free space must have a

fundamental frequency f1 between 450 and 500 hertz (Hz) modulated at a

subsonic rate between 4 and 5 hertz.

The signal generator must not be less than 75 decibels at every location where

an individual may be present whose immediate, rapid, and complete evacuation

is essential.

A sufficient number of signal units must be installed such that the requirements

of item (i) of this subdivision are met at every location where an individual may

be present whose immediate, rapid, and complete evacuation is essential.

The signal must be unique in the plant or facility in which it is installed.

The minimum duration of the signal must be sufficient to ensure that all

affected persons hear the signal.

The signal-generating system must respond automatically to an initiating event

without requiring any human action to sound the signal.

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(b) Design objectives.

The signal-generating system must be designed to incorporate components

which enable the system to produce the desired signal each time it is activated

within one-half second of activation.

The signal-generating system must be provided with an automatically activated

secondary power supply which is adequate to simultaneously power all

emergency equipment to which it is connected, if operation during power

failure is necessary, except in those systems using batteries as the primary

source of power.

All components of the signal-generating system must be located to provide

maximum practicable protection against damage in case of fire, explosion,

corrosive atmosphere, or other environmental extremes consistent with

adequate system performance.

The signal-generating system must be designed with the minimum number of

components necessary to make it function as intended, and should utilize

components which do not require frequent servicing such as lubrication or

cleaning.

Where several activating devices feed activating information to a central signal

generator, failure of any activating device must not render the signal-generator

system inoperable to activating information from the remaining devices.

The signal-generating system must be designed to enhance the probability that

alarm occurs only when immediate evacuation is warranted. The number of

false alarms must not be so great that the signal will come to be disregarded and

shall be low enough to minimize personal injuries or excessive property damage

that might result from such evacuation.

Initial tests, inspections, and checks of the signal-generating system must be

made to verify that the fabrication and installation were made in accordance

with design plans and specifications and to develop a thorough knowledge of

the performance of the system and all components under normal and hostile

conditions.

Once the system has been placed in service, periodic tests, inspections, and

checks must be made to minimize the possibility of malfunction.

Following significant alterations or revisions to the system, tests and checks

similar to the initial installation tests must be made.

Tests must be designed to minimize hazards while conducting the tests.

Prior to normal operation the signal-generating system shall be checked

physically and functionally to ensures reliability and to demonstrate accuracy

and performance. Specific tests must include:

(A) All power sources.

(B) Calibration and calibration stability.

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(D) Continuity of function with loss and return of required services such as

AC or DC power, air pressure, etc.

(E) All indicators.

(F) Trouble indicator circuits and signals, where used.

(G) Air pressure (if used).

(H) Determine that sound level of the signal is within the limit of item (a)(ii)

of this subsection at all points that require immediate evacuation.

In addition to the initial startup and operating tests, periodic scheduled

performance tests and status checks must be made to ensure that the system is at

all times operating within design limits and capable of the required response.

Specific periodic tests or checks or both must include:

(A) Adequacy of signal activation device.

(B) All power sources.

levels.

(D) Air pressure (if used).

(E) Function of entire system including operation without power where

required.

(F) Complete operational tests including sounding of the signal and

determination that sound levels are adequate.

Periodic tests must be scheduled on the basis of need, experience, difficulty,

and disruption of operations. The entire system should be operationally tested

at least quarterly.

All employees whose work may necessitate their presence in an area covered by

the signal shall be made familiar with the actual sound of the signal--preferably

as it sounds at their work location. Before placing the system into operation, all

employees normally working in the area must be made acquainted with the

signal by actual demonstration at their work locations.

(8) Exceptions from posting requirements. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (6)

of this section:

(a) A room or area is not required to be posted with a caution sign because of the

presence of a sealed source, provided the radiation level 12 inches from the surface of

the source container or housing does not exceed 5 millirem per hour.

(b) Rooms or other areas in onsite medical facilities are not required to be posted with

caution signs because of the presence of patients containing radioactive material,

provided that there are personnel in attendance who must take the precautions

necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to radiation or radioactive

material in excess of the limits established in the provisions of this section.

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materials for periods of less than 8 hours: Provided, that:

The materials are constantly attended during such periods by an individual who

must take the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to

radiation or radioactive materials in excess of the limits established in the

provisions of this section; and

Such area or room is subject to the employer's control.

(9) Exemptions for radioactive materials packaged for shipment. Radioactive materials

packaged and labeled in accordance with regulations of the Department of Transportation

published in 49 CFR Chapter I, are exempt from the labeling and posting requirements of

this section during shipment, provided that the inside containers are labeled in accordance

with the provisions of subsection (6) of this section.

(10) Instruction of personnel, posting.

(a) Employers regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission shall be governed by 10

CFR Part 20 standards. Employers conducting business in Washington state must be

governed by the requirements of the laws and regulations of the state. All other

employers must be regulated by the following:

(b) All individuals working in or frequenting any portion of a radiation area must be

informed of the occurrence of radioactive materials or of radiation in such portions of

the radiation area; must be instructed in the safety problems associated with exposure

to such materials or radiation and in precautions or devices to minimize exposure;

must be instructed in the applicable provisions of this section for the protection of

employees from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials; and must be advised

of reports of radiation exposure which employees may request pursuant to the

regulations in this section.

and a copy of the operating procedures applicable to the work conspicuously in such

locations as to ensure that employees working in or frequenting radiation areas will

observe these documents on the way to and from their place of employment, or must

keep such documents available for examination of employees upon request.

(11) Storage of radioactive materials. Radioactive materials stored in a nonradiation area

must be secured against unauthorized removal from the place of storage.

(12) Waste disposal. No employer must dispose of radioactive material except as provided for

in WAC 402-24-130.

(13) Notification of incidents.

(a) Immediate notification. Each employer must immediately notify the industrial

hygiene section, division of industrial safety and health for employees not protected

by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by means of 10 CFR Part 20; subsection

(2)(b) of this section by telephone or telegraph of any incident involving radiation

which may have caused or threatens to cause:

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Exposure of the whole body of any individual to 25 rems or more of radiation;

exposure of the skin of the whole body of any individual to 150 rems or more of

radiation; or exposure of the feet, ankles, hands, or forearms of any individual

to 375 rems or more of radiation; or

The release of radioactive material in concentrations which, if averaged over a

period of 24 hours, would exceed 5,000 times the limit specified for such

materials in Table II of WAC 402-24-220, Appendix A.

A loss of 1 working week or more of the operation of any facilities affected; or

Damage to property in excess of $100,000.

(b) Twenty-four hour notification. Each employer must within 24 hours following its

occurrence notify the industrial hygiene section, division of industrial safety and

health, for employees not protected by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by means

of 10 CFR Part 20; subsection (2)(b) of this section, by telephone or telegraph of any

incident involving radiation which may have caused or threatens to cause:

Exposure of the whole body of any individual to 5 rems or more of radiation;

exposure of the skin of the whole body of any individual to 30 rems or more of

radiation; or exposure of the feet, ankles, hands, or forearms to 75 rems or more

of radiation; or

A loss of 1 day or more of the operation of any facilities; or

Damage to property in excess of $10,000.

(14) Reports of overexposure and excessive levels and concentrations.

(a) In addition to any notification required by subsection (13) of this section each

employer must make a report in writing within 30 days to the industrial hygiene

section division of industrial safety and health, for employees not protected by the

Nuclear Regulatory Commission by means of 10 CFR Part 20; or under subsection

(2)(b) of this section, of each exposure of an individual to radiation or concentrations

of radioactive material in excess of any applicable limit in this section. Each report

required under this subdivision must describe the extent of exposure of persons to

radiation or to radioactive material; levels of radiation and concentration of

radioactive material involved, the cause of the exposure, levels of concentrations; and

corrective steps taken or planned to ensure against a recurrence.

(b) In any case where an employer is required pursuant to the provisions of this

subsection to report to the industrial hygiene section, division of industrial safety and

health, any exposure of an individual to radiation or to concentrations of radioactive

material, the employer must also notify such individual of the nature and extent of

exposure. Such notice must be in writing and must contain the following statement:

“You should preserve this report for future reference.”

(15) Records.

(a) Every employer must maintain records of the radiation exposure of all employees for

whom personnel monitoring is required under subsection (5) of this section and

advise each of his employees of his individual exposure on at least an annual basis.

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(b) Every employer must maintain records in the same units used in tables in subsection

(2) of this section and WAC 402-24-220, Appendix A.

(16) Disclosure to former employee of individual employee's record.

(a) At the request of a former employee an employer must furnish to the employee a

report of the employee's exposure to radiation as shown in records maintained by the

employer pursuant to subdivision (15)(a) of this section. Such report must be

furnished within 30 days from the time the request is made, and must cover each

calendar quarter of the individual's employment involving exposure to radiation or

such lesser period as may be requested by the employee. The report must also

include the results of any calculations and analysis of radioactive material deposited

in the body of the employee. The report must be in writing and contain the following

statement: “You should preserve this report for future reference.”

(b) The former employee's request should include appropriate identifying data, such as

social security number and dates and locations of employment.

(17) (Reserved)

(18) Radiation standards for mining.

(a) For the purpose of this subsection, a “working level” is defined as any combination of

radon daughters in 1 liter of air which will result in the ultimate emission of 1.3 X 10

million electron volts of potential alpha energy. The numerical value of the “working

level” is derived from the alpha energy released by the total decay of short-lived

radon daughter products in equilibrium with 100 picocuries of radon 222 per liter of

air. A working level month is defined as the exposure received by a worker breathing

air at one working level concentration for 4-1/3 weeks of 40 hours each.

(b) Occupational exposure to radon daughters in mines must be controlled so that no

individual will receive an exposure of more than 2 working level months in any

calendar quarter and no more than 4 working level months in any calendar year.

Actual exposures must be kept as far below these values as practicable.

(c)

For uranium mines, records of environmental concentrations in the occupied

parts of the mine, and of the time spent in each area by each person involved in

an underground work must be established and maintained. These records must

be in sufficient detail to permit calculations of the exposures, in units of

working level months, of the individuals and must be available for inspection

by the industrial hygiene section, division of safety and health or their

authorized representatives.

For other than uranium mines and for surface workers in all mines, item (i) of

this subdivision will be applicable: Provided, however, That if no

environmental sample shows a concentration greater than 0.33 working level in

any occupied part of the mine, the maintenance of individual occupancy records

and the calculation of individual exposures will not be required.

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(d)

At the request of an employee (or former employee) a report of the employee's

exposure to radiation as shown in records maintained by the employer pursuant

to subdivision (c) of this subsection must be furnished to them. The report must

be in writing and contain the following statement:

“This report is furnished to you under the provisions of the state of Washington,

Ionizing Radiation Safety and Health Standards (chapter 296-62 WAC). You

should preserve this report for future reference.”

The former employee's request should include appropriate identifying data,

such as Social Security number and dates and locations of employment. See

tables in WAC 402-24-220, Appendix A and 402-24-230, Appendix B.

WAC 296-62-09005 Nonionizing radiation.

(1) Introduction. Employees must be protected from exposure to hazardous levels of

nonionizing radiation. Health standards have been established for ultraviolet,

radiofrequency/microwave, and laser radiations which must be used to promote a healthful

working environment. These standards refer to levels of nonionizing radiation and

represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly

exposed day after day without adverse effects. They are based on the best available

information from experimental studies. Because of the wide variations in individual

susceptibility, exposure of an occasional individual at, or even below, the permissible limit,

may result in discomfort, aggravation of a preexisting condition, or physiological damage.

(a) Permissible exposure limits (PELs) refer to a time weighted average (TWA) of

exposure for an 8-hour work day within a 40-hour workweek. Exceptions are those

limits which are given a ceiling value.

(b) These PELs should be interpreted and applied only by technically qualified persons.

responses from short intense exposure and the PELs for these radiations are more

appropriately based on this particular hazard. Nonionizing radiations with this type

of hazard are best controlled by a ceiling value which is a maximum level of exposure

which must not be exceeded.

(2) The employer must establish and maintain a program for the control and monitoring of

nonionizing radiation hazards. This program must provide employees adequate

supervision, training, facilities, equipment, and supplies, for the control and assessment of

nonionizing radiation hazards.

(3) Radiofrequency/microwave radiation permissible exposure limits.

(a) Definition: Partial body exposure. The case in which only the hands and forearms

or the feet and legs below the knee are exposed.

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(b) Warning symbol.

The warning symbol for radiofrequency/microwave radiation must consist of a

red isosceles triangle above an inverted black isosceles triangle, separated and

outlined by an aluminum color border. The words “Warning -

Radiofrequency/microwave radiation hazard” must appear in the upper triangle.

See Figure 1.

All areas where entry may result in an exposure to radiofrequency/microwave

radiation in excess of the PEL must have a warning symbol prominently

displayed at their entrance.

American National Standard Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards

and the Identification of Certain Equipment, Z53.1-1953, must be used for color

specification. All lettering and the border must be of aluminum color.

The inclusion and choice of warning information or precautionary instructions

is at the discretion of the user. If such information is included it must appear in

the lower triangle of the warning symbol.

1. Place handling and mounting instructions on reverse side.

2. D = Scaling Unit.

3. Lettering: Ratio of letter height to thickness of letter lines.

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Upper triangle: 5 to 1 Large

6 to 1 Medium

Lower triangle: 4 to 1 Small

6 to 1 Medium

4. Symbol is square, triangles are right-angle isosceles.

range of 300 kHz to 100 GHz. Based on current knowledge, it is believed that

workers may be exposed at these PELs without adverse health effects.

Table I gives the PELs in terms of the mean squared electric (E

) and magnetic

) field strengths and in terms of the equivalent plane-wave free-space power

density, as a function of frequency.

The average exposure for any 6 minute (0.1 hour) period must not exceed the

PEL.

Measurements must be made at distances of 5 cm or greater from any object.

For mixed or broadband fields at a number of frequencies for which there are

different PELs, the fraction of the PEL incurred within each frequency interval

must be determined and the sum of these fractions must not exceed unity.

PELs given in Table I for frequencies between 300 kHz and 1 GHz may be

exceeded for partial body exposures if the output power of the radiating device

is 7 watts or less.

Table I Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation Permissible Exposure Limits

(PELs).

Frequency(f)

Power Density*

mW/cm

Electric Field

Strength Squared*

Magnetic Field

Strength Squared*

0.3 to 3 MHz

3 to 30 MHz

30 to 300 MHz

300 to 1500

MHz

1.5 to 100 GHz

100

900/f

1.0

f/300

5.0

400,000

4000(900/f

)

4000

4000(f/300)

20,0000

2.5

0.025(900/f

)

0.025

0.025(f/300)

125

Note: f = frequency (MHz)

*Ceiling value`

(4) Laser radiation permissible exposure limits.

(a) Definitions.

Diffuse reflection. A change of the spatial distribution of a beam of radiation

when it is reflected in many directions by a surface or medium.

Specular reflection. A mirror like reflection.

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Accessible radiation. Laser radiation to which human access is possible.

(b) All lasers and laser systems must be classified in accordance with the Federal Laser

Product Performance Standards (21 CFR 1040.10) or, if manufactured prior to

August 2, 1976, in accordance with ANSI Z136.1-1980.

Class I. Laser systems that are considered to be incapable of producing

damaging radiation levels and are thereby exempt from control measures. This

is a no hazard category.

Class II. Visible wavelength laser systems that have a low hazard potential

because of the expected aversion response. There is some possibility of injury

if stared at. This is a low hazard category.

Class III. Laser systems in which intrabeam viewing of the direct beam or

specular reflections of the beam may be hazardous. This class is further

subdivided into IIIa and IIIb. This is a moderate hazard category.

Class IV. Laser systems whose direct or diffusely reflected radiation may be

hazardous and where the beam may constitute a fire hazard. Class IV systems

require the use of controls that prevent exposure of the eye and skin to specular

or diffuse reflections of the beam. This is a high hazard category.

1040.10 when classifying lasers and laser systems, and ANSI Z136.1 - 1980 when

using classified lasers and laser systems. All signs and labels must be conspicuously

displayed.

The signal word “CAUTION” must be used with all signs and labels associated

with Class II and Class IIIa lasers and laser systems.

The signal word “DANGER” MUST be used with all signs and labels

associated with Class IIIb and Class IV lasers and laser systems.

(d) Personal protective equipment must be provided at no cost to the employee and must

be worn whenever operational conditions or maintenance of lasers may result in a

potentially hazardous exposure.

Protective eyewear must be specifically designed for protection against

radiation of the wavelength and radiant energy of the laser or laser system.

Ocular exposure shall not exceed the recommendations of ANSI Z136.1 - 1980.

For Class IV lasers and laser systems protective eyewear must be worn for all

operational conditions or maintenance which may result in exposures to laser

radiation.

(e) Engineering controls must be used whenever feasible to reduce the accessible

radiation levels for Class IV lasers and laser systems to a lower classification level.

These controls may include, but are not limited to: Protective housings, interlocks,

optical system attenuators, enclosed beam paths, remote controls, beam stops, and

emission delays with audible warnings.

(f) All employees who may be exposed to laser radiation shall receive laser safety

training. The training must ensure that the employees are knowledgeable of the

potential hazards and control measures for the laser equipment in use.

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(5) Ultraviolet radiation.

(a) These permissible exposure limits refer to ultraviolet radiation in the spectral region

between 200 and 400 nanometer (nm) and represent conditions under which it is

believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.

These values for exposure of the eye or the skin apply to ultraviolet radiation from

arcs, gas, and vapor discharges, and incandescent sources, but do not apply to

ultraviolet lasers or solar radiation. These levels should not be used for determining

exposure of photosensitive individuals to ultraviolet radiation. These values must be

used in the control of exposure to continuous sources where the exposure relation

must not be less than 0.1 sec.

(b) The permissible exposure limit for occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation

incident upon skin or eye where irradiance values are known and exposure time is

controlled are as follows:

For the near ultraviolet spectral region (320 to 400 nanometer (nm)), total

irradiance incident upon the unprotected skin or eye must not exceed 1.0

milliwatt/sq. centimeter for periods greater than 10

seconds (approximately 16

minutes) and for exposure times less than 10

seconds shall not exceed one

Joule/sq. centimeter.

For the actinic ultraviolet spectral region (200 - 315 nm), radiant exposure

incident upon the unprotected skin or eye must not exceed the values given in

Table 4 within an 8-hour period.

To determine the effective irradiance of a broadband source weighted against

the peak of the spectral effectiveness curve (270 nanometer (nm)), the following

weighting formulas shall be used.

eff

= Σ (E-Lambda) (S-Lambda) (Delta-Lambda)

Where:

eff

= effective irradiance relative to a monochromatic source at

270nm

E-Lambda = spectral irradiance in Watts/sq. centimeter/nanometer.

S-Lambda = relative spectral effectiveness (unitless)

Delta-Lambda = band width in nanometers

Permissible exposure time in seconds for exposure to actinic ultraviolet

radiation incident upon the unprotected skin or eye may be computed by

dividing 0.003 Joules/sq. centimeter by

eff in Watts/sq. centimeter. The

exposure time may also be determined using Table 5 which provides exposure

times corresponding to effective irradiances in µW/cm

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Table 4

Relative PEL

Wavelength

Nanometer

Spectral Millijoules/sq.

Centimeters

Effectiveness

S Lambda

200

100

0.03

210

0.075

220

0.12

230

0.19

240

0.30

250

7.0

0.43

254

6.0

0.5

260

4.6

0.65

270

3.0

1.0

280

3.4

0.88

290

4.7

0.64

300

0.30

305

0.06

310

200

0.015

315

1000

0.003

Table 5

Duration of Exposure Per Day

Effective Irridance

Eeff (µW/cm2)

8 hrs.

0.1

4 hrs

0.2

2 hrs

0.4

1 hr.

0.8

1/2 hr.

1.7

15 min.

3.3

10 min.

5 min.

1 min.

30 sec.

100

10 sec.

300

1 sec.

3,000

0.5 sec.

6,000

0.1 sec.

30,000

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part J-1

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Part J-1, Page 22

TABLE 6

Densities and Transmissions (in Percent); also Tolerances in Densities and Transmissions

of Various Shades of Glasses for Protection Against Injurious Rays

(Shades 3 to 8, inclusive, are for use in goggles, shades 10 to 14, inclusive, for welder's

helmets and face shields)

[CODIFICATION NOTE: The graphic presentation of this table has been varied slightly in

order that it would fall within the printing specifications for the Washington Administrative

Code. In the following table, the original table had columns relating to (1) “Optical Density”

which is now “Part 1,” (2) “Total Visible Luminous Transmittance” and “Maximum total

Infrared” which are now “Part 2,” (3) “Maximum Ultraviolet Transmission” which is now “Part

3,” and (4) “Recommended Uses” which is now “Part 4.” These columns were all positioned

side by side. In the new WAC format these are split up into four separate tables.]

Table 6--Part 1 Optical Density

Shade

No.

Minimum

O.D.

Standard

O.D.

Maximum

O.D.

3.0

.64

.857

1.06

4.0

1.07

1.286

1.49

5.0

1.50

1.714

1.92

6.0

1.93

2.143

2.35

7.0

2.36

2.572

2.78

2.79

3.000

3.21

3.22

3.429

3.63

3.64

3.857

4.06

4.07

4.286

4.49

4.50

4.715

4.92

4.93

5.143

5.35

5.36

5.571

5.78

Table 6—Part 2 Total Visible Luminous Transmittance

Shade No. Maximum

Standard % Minimum % Maximum

Total

Infrared

3.0

22.9

13.9

8.70

9.0

4.0

8.51

5.18

3.24

5.0

3.16

1.93

1.20

2.5

6.0

1.18

.72

.45

1.5

7.0

.44

.27

.17

1.3

.162

.100

.062

1.0

.060

.037

.023

.0229

.0139

.0087

.0085

.0052

.0033

.0032

.0019

.0012

.00118

.00072

.00045

.00044

.00027

.00017

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Part J-1, Page 23

Table 6—Part 3 Maximum Ultraviolet Transmission

Shade No.

313mu

334mu

365mu

405mu

3.0

1.0

4.0

1.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

.05

Table 6--Part 4

Shade

No.

Recommended Uses

3.0

Glare of reflected sunlight from snow, water, sand, etc., stray

light from cutting and welding metal pouring and work around

furnaces and foundries.

4.0

5.0

Light acetylene cutting and welding, light electric spot welding.

6.0

7.0

Acetylene cutting and medium welding, arc welding up to 30

amperes.

Heavy acetylene welding, arc cutting and welding between 30

and 75 amperes.

Arc cutting and welding between 75 and 200 amperes.

Arc cutting and welding between 200 and 400 amperes.

Arc cutting and welding above 400 amperes.

a. American Standard Safety Code for the Protection of Heads, Eyes, and

Respiratory Organs.

b. Standard density is defined as the logarithms (base 10) of the reciprocal of the

transmission. Shade number is determined by the density according to the

relations:

Shade number = 7/3 density + 1 with tolerances as given in the table.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part J-1

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Part J-1, Page 24

Note: Safety glasses are available with lenses which protect the eyes against

ultraviolet radiation.

WAC 296-62-09007 Pressure.

(1) Employees exposed to pressures above normal atmospheric pressure which may produce

physiological injury must adhere to decompression schedules or other tables as are or may

be adopted by the department of labor and industries: for example, state of Washington

“safety standards for compressed air work” and “safety standards for commercial diving

operations.” The employer must provide and supervise the use of decompression

equipment and schedules in accordance with applicable requirements.

(2) If no specific requirements prevail for an unusual condition, a plan based on the

recommendations of professionally qualified advisors, experienced with hazards associated

with such exposures, must be followed by both the employer and employee.

WAC 296-62-09009 Vibration.

Reasonable precautions must be taken to protect workmen against the hazardous effects of

unavoidable exposure to vibrations.

WAC 296-62-09013 Temperature, radiant heat, or temperature-humidity

combinations.

Workmen subjected to temperature extremes, radiant heat, humidity, or air velocity combinations

which, over a period of time, are likely to produce physiological responses which are harmful

must be afforded protection by use of adequate controls, methods or procedures, or protective

clothing. This must not be construed to apply to normal occupations under atmospheric

conditions which may be expected in the area except that special provisions which are required

by other regulations for certain areas or occupations must prevail.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part J-1

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Part J-1, Page 25

WAC 296-62-095 Outdoor heat exposure.

WAC 296-62-09510 Scope and purpose.

WAC 296-62-095 through 296-62-09560:

(1) Applies to all employers with employees performing work in an outdoor environment.

(2) Applies to outdoor work environments when employees are exposed to outdoor heat.

(3) Does not apply to incidental exposure. Incidental exposure means an employee is not

required to perform a work activity outdoors for more than 15 minutes in any 60-minute

period. This exception may be applied every hour during the work shift.

(4) Does not apply to work within the scope of chapter 296-305 WAC, Safety standards for

firefighters or chapter 296-307 WAC, Safety standards for agriculture.

WAC 296-62-09520 Definitions.

(1) Acclimatization. The body's temporary adaptation to work in heat that occurs as a person

is exposed to it over a period of seven to 14 days depending on the amount of recent work

in the heat and the individual factors. Acclimatization can be lost after seven consecutive

days away from working in the heat.

(2) Buddy system. A system where individuals are paired or teamed up into work groups so

each employee can be observed by at least one other member of the group to monitor and

report signs and symptoms of heat-related illness.

(3) Drinking water. Potable water that is suitable to drink and suitably cool in temperature.

Other acceptable beverages include drinking water packaged as a consumer product, and

electrolyte-replenishing beverages (i.e., sports drinks) that do not contain high amounts of

sugar, caffeine, or both such as energy drinks.

(4) Engineering controls. The use of devices to reduce exposure and aid cooling, not

including wearable items. Examples of engineering controls include fans, misting stations,

air-conditioning, etc.

(5) Heat-related illness. A medical condition resulting from the body's inability to cope with

a particular heat load, and includes, but is not limited to, heat cramps, heat rash, heat

exhaustion, fainting, and heat stroke.

(6) Outdoor environment. An environment where work activities are conducted outside.

Work environments such as inside vehicle cabs, sheds, and tents or other structures may be

considered an outdoor environment if the environmental factors affecting temperature are

not managed by engineering controls.

(7) Risk factors for heat-related illness. Conditions that increase susceptibility for heat-

related illness including:

(a) Environmental factors such as air temperature, relative humidity, air movement,

radiant heat from the sun and other sources, conductive heat sources such as the

ground;

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Part J-1, Page 26

(b) Workload (light, moderate, or heavy) and work duration;

(d) Personal factors such as age, medications, physical fitness, and pregnancy.

(8) Shade. A blockage of direct sunlight. Shade may be provided by any natural or artificial

means that does not expose employees to unsafe or unhealthy conditions and that does not

deter or discourage access or use. One indicator that blockage is sufficient is when objects

do not cast a shadow in the area of blocked sunlight. Shade is not adequate when heat in

the area of shade defeats the purpose of shade, which is to allow the body to cool. For

example, a car sitting in the sun does not provide acceptable shade to a person sitting in it,

unless the car is running with air-conditioning.

(9) Vapor barrier clothing. Clothing that significantly inhibits or completely prevents sweat

produced by the body from evaporating into the outside air. Such clothing includes

encapsulating suits, various forms of chemical resistant suits used for PPE, and other forms

of nonbreathable clothing.

WAC 296-62-09530 Employer and employee responsibility.

(1) Employers of employees exposed to temperatures at or above those listed in Table 1 of this

section must:

(a) Address their outdoor heat exposure safety program in their written accident

prevention program (APP), in a language that employees understand;

(b) Ensure the outdoor heat exposure safety program contains, at a minimum, the

following elements:

(i) Procedures for providing sufficiently cool drinking water;

(ii) Procedures for providing shade or other sufficient means to reduce body

temperature, including the location of such means and how employees can

access them;

(iii) Emergency response procedures for employees demonstrating signs or

symptoms of heat-related illness;

(iv) Acclimatization methods and procedures;

(v) High heat procedures; and

(vi) The specific method used by the employer to closely observe for signs and

symptoms of heat-related illness as required under WAC 296-62-09545 and

296-62-09547(2);

employees and their authorized representatives;

(d) Encourage employees to frequently consume water or other acceptable beverages to

ensure hydration; and

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Part J-1, Page 27

(e) Encourage and allow employees to take a preventative cool-down rest period when

they feel the need to do so to protect themselves from overheating using sufficient

means to reduce body temperature such as shade or other equally or more effective

means. The preventative cool-down rest period must be paid unless taken during a

meal period that is not otherwise required to be compensated. If an employee is

showing signs and symptoms of heat-related illness during the cool-down rest period,

the employer must comply with requirements under WAC 296-62-09550.

Table 1. To determine which temperature applies to each worksite, select the temperature

associated with the general type of clothing or personal protective equipment (PPE) each

employee is required to wear.

Table 1

Nonbreathable clothes including

vapor barrier clothing or PPE such as

chemical resistant suits

52°F

All other clothing

80°F

Note: There is no requirement to maintain temperature records. The

temperatures in Table 1 were developed based on Washington state data

and are not applicable to other states.

(2) Employees are responsible for monitoring their own personal factors for heat-related illness

including consumption of water or other acceptable beverages to ensure hydration, and

taking preventative cool-down rest periods when they feel the need to do so to prevent

from overheating.

WAC 296-62-09535 Access to shade.

Employers of employees exposed to temperatures at or above those listed in Table 1 of WAC

296-62-09530 must:

(1) Provide and maintain one or more areas with shade at all times while employees are

present that are either open to the air or provided with ventilation or cooling, and not

adjoining a radiant heat source such as machinery or a concrete structure. The shade must

be located as close as practicable to the areas where employees are working.

(2) Ensure the amount of shade present is large enough to accommodate the number of

employees on a meal or rest period, so they can sit in a normal posture fully in the shade.

(3) In lieu of shade, employers may use other means to reduce body temperature if they can

demonstrate such means are equally or more effective than shade. Some alternatives to

shade may include the provision of misting stations, cooling vests, or air-conditioned areas.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part J-1

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Part J-1, Page 28

WAC 296-62-09540 Drinking water.

(1) Keeping workers hydrated in a hot outdoor environment requires that more water be

provided than at other times of the year. Federal OSHA and research indicate that

employers should be prepared to supply at least one quart of drinking water per employee

per hour. When employee exposure is at or above an applicable temperature listed in WAC

296-62-09530 Table 1:

(a) Employers must ensure that a sufficient quantity of suitably cool drinking water is

readily accessible to employees at all times; and

(b) Employers must ensure that all employees have the opportunity to drink at least one

quart of drinking water per hour.

(2) Employers are not required to supply the entire quantity of drinking water needed to be

supplied for all employees on a full shift at the beginning of the shift. Employers may

begin the shift with smaller quantities of drinking water if effective procedures are

established for replenishment during the shift.

WAC 296-62-09545 Acclimatization.

Employers must closely observe employees for signs and symptoms of heat-related illness by

implementing one or more of the close observation options under WAC 296-62-09547(2).

(1) For 14 days when employees:

(a) Are newly assigned to working at or above the applicable temperatures listed in Table

1 of WAC 296-62-09530;

(b) Return to work at the applicable temperatures listed in Table 1 of WAC 296-62-

09530 after an absence seven days or more;

(2) During a heat wave. For purposes of this section only, “heat wave” means any day in

which the predicted high temperature for the day will be at least the temperatures listed in

Table 1 of WAC 296-62-09530 and at least 10 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the average

high daily temperature in the preceding five days.

Note: Employers may also consider additional acclimatization procedures

recommended by NIOSH:

NIOSH Heat Stress: Acclimatization.

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/userfiles/works/pdfs/2017-124.pdf

- NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard for Occupational Exposure to

Heat and Hot Environments: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-

106/pdfs/2016-106.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2016106

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Part J-1, Page 29

WAC 296-62-09547 High heat procedures.

The employer must implement the following high heat procedures when the temperature is at or

above 90 degrees Fahrenheit, unless engineering or administrative controls (such as air-

conditioning or scheduling work at cooler times of the day) are used to lower employees'

exposure below 90 degrees Fahrenheit.

(1) Ensure that employees take at minimum the mandatory cool-down rest periods in Table 2.

The cool-down rest period must be provided in the shade or using other equally or more

effective means to reduce body temperature. The mandatory cool-down rest period may be

provided concurrently with any meal or rest period required under WAC 296-126-092 and

must be paid unless taken during a meal period that is not otherwise required to be

compensated. Mandatory cool-down rest periods in Table 2 are not required during

emergency response operations where rescue, evacuation, utilities, communications,

transportation, law enforcement, and medical operations are directly aiding firefighting,

protecting public health and safety, or actively protecting, restoring or maintaining the safe

and reliable operation of critical infrastructure at risk.

Table 2

Air Temperature

Mandatory cool-down

rest periods

At or above 90°F

10 minutes/2 hours

At or above 100°F

15 minutes/1 hour

Notes:

• Employers may also consider implementing more additional protective

rest periods per NIOSH or ACGIH methods:

- NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard for Occupational

Exposure to Heat and Hot Environments:

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-106/pdfs/2016-

106.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2016106

- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

(ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for Heat Stress and Strain:

https://www.acgih.org/heat-stress-and-strain-2/

• The department will review work-rest periods within three years after

the outdoor heat exposure rule goes into effect. We will review

applicable data including, but not limited to, heat-related illness

claims, inspections, other national and state regulations, peer-reviewed

publications, and nationally recognized standards.

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Part J-1, Page 30

(2) Closely observe employees for signs and symptoms of heat-related illness by implementing

one or more of the following:

(a) Regular communication with employees working alone, such as by radio or cellular

phone;

(b) A mandatory buddy system; or

WAC 296-62-09550 Responding to signs and symptoms of heat-related illness.

(1) Employers must ensure that effective communication by voice, observation, or electronic

means is maintained so that employees at the work site and their supervisor can contact

each other to report signs and symptoms of heat-related illness and get medical attention

when necessary. An electronic device, such as a cellular phone or text messaging device,

may be used for this purpose only if reception in the area is reliable.

(2) Employees showing signs or demonstrating symptoms of heat-related illness must be

relieved from duty and provided with a sufficient means to reduce body temperature.

(3) Employees showing signs or demonstrating symptoms of heat-related illness must be

monitored to determine whether medical attention is necessary.

WAC 296-62-09560 Information and training.

(1) All employees and supervisors must be trained as required by this section prior to outdoor

work where occupational exposure to heat might occur and at least annually after the initial

training. Training must be provided in a language and manner the employee or supervisor

understands.

(2) Employee training. Effective training on the following topics must be provided to all

employees who may be exposed to outdoor heat:

(a) The environmental factors and other work conditions (i.e., workload, work duration,

personal protective equipment, clothing) that contribute to the risk of heat-related

illness;

(b) General awareness of personal factors that may increase susceptibility to heat-related

illness including, but not limited to, an individual's age, physical fitness, degree of

acclimatization, medical conditions, drinking water consumption, alcohol use,

previous heat-related illness, pregnancy, and use of medications that affect the body's

responses to heat. This information is for the employee's personal use;

nonbreathable chemical resistant clothing during all breaks;

(d) The importance of frequent consumption of small quantities of drinking water or

other acceptable beverages;

(e) The acclimatization requirements under WAC 296-62-09545, the concept of

acclimatization, and the importance of the following considerations:

(i) Frequent cool-down rest periods;

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Part J-1, Page 31

(ii) Gradual increase of work duration in the heat; and

(iii) Employees are unable to build a tolerance to working in the heat during a heat

wave;

(f) The importance of taking preventative cool-down rest periods when employees feel

the need to do so in order to protect themselves from overheating;

(g) The mandatory cool-down rest periods under WAC 296-62-09547 when the outdoor

temperature reaches or exceeds 90 degrees Fahrenheit;

(h) The employer's procedures for providing shade or other sufficient means to reduce

body temperature, including the location of such means and how employees can

access them;

(i) The different types of heat-related illness, the common signs and symptoms of heat-

related illness;

(j) The importance of immediately reporting signs or symptoms of heat-related illness in

either themselves or in co-workers to the person in charge and the procedures the

employee must follow including appropriate first aid and emergency response

procedures; and

(k) The employer's procedures for close observation of employees for signs and

symptoms of heat-related illness.

(3) Supervisor training. Prior to supervising employees working in outdoor environments with

heat exposure at or above the temperature levels listed in WAC 296-62-09530(2) Table 1,

supervisors must have training on the following topics:

(a) The information required to be provided to employees listed in subsection (1) of this

section;

(b) The procedures the supervisor must follow to implement the applicable provisions of

WAC 296-62-095 through 296-62-09560;

as air-conditioning and scheduling work during the cooler hours of the day in order to

reduce employees' exposure to heat;

(d) The procedures the supervisor must follow if an employee exhibits signs or

symptoms consistent with possible heat-related illness, including appropriate first aid

and emergency response procedures; and

(e) Procedures for moving or transporting an employee(s) to a place where the

employee(s) can be reached by an emergency medical service provider, if necessary.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

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Part L, Page i

PART L

ATMOSPHERES AND VENTILATION

WAC .......................................................................................................................... Page

WAC 296-62-11015 Abrasive blasting. .......................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-11019 Spray-finishing operations. ............................................................ 1

WAC 296-62-135 Oxygen deficient atmospheres. ................... 9

WAC 296-62-136 Ventilation. ................................................... 10

WAC 296-62-13505 Definitions. ................................................................................... 10

WAC 296-62-13610 Ventilation guide. ......................................................................... 10

WAC 296-62-13615 Adequate system. ........................................................................ 10

WAC 296-62-13620 Exhaust. ....................................................................................... 10

WAC 296-62-13625 Make-up air quality. ..................................................................... 10

WAC 296-62-13630 Design and operation. .................................................................. 10

WAC 296-62-13635 Compatibility of systems. ............................................................. 11

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

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Part L, Page 1

WAC 296-62-11015 Abrasive blasting.

Abrasive blasting is covered in chapter 296-818 WAC, Abrasive blasting.

WAC 296-62-11019 Spray-finishing operations.

(1) Definitions.

(a) Spray-finishing operations. Employment of methods wherein organic or inorganic

materials are utilized in dispersed form from deposit on surfaces to be coated, treated

or cleaned. Such methods of deposit may involve either automatic, manual, or

electrostatic deposition but do not include metal spraying or metallizing, dipping,

flow coating, roller coating, tumbling, centrifuging, or spray washing and degreasing

as conducted in self-contained washing and degreasing machines or systems.

(b) Spray booth. Spray booths are defined and described in WAC 296-24-370 through

296-24-37007. (See sections 103, 104, and 105 of the Standard for Spray Finishing

Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969.)

booth are performed separately from other areas.

(d) Minimum maintained velocity. The velocity of air movement which must be

maintained in order to meet minimum specified requirements for health and safety.

(2) Location and application. Spray booths or spray rooms are to be used to enclose or

confine all operations. Spray-finishing operations must be located as provided in sections

201 through 206 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible

Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969.

(3) Design and construction of spray booths.

(a) Spray booths must be designed and constructed in accordance with WAC 296-24-370

through 296-24-37007 (see sections 301-304 and 306-310 of the Standard for Spray

Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969), for

general construction specifications.

Note: For a more detailed discussion of fundamentals relating to this subject,

see ANSI Z9.2-1960.

Lights, motors, electrical equipment and other sources of ignition must conform

to the requirements of WAC 296-24-370. (See section 310 and chapter 4 of the

Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials,

NFPA No. 33-1969.)

In no case must combustible material be used in the construction of a spray

booth and supply or exhaust duct connected to it.

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Part L, Page 2

(b) Unobstructed walkways must not be less than 6 1/2 feet high and must be maintained

clear of obstruction from any work location in the booth to a booth exit or open booth

front. In booths where the open front is the only exit, such exits must be not less than

3 feet wide. In booths having multiple exits, such exits must not be less than 2 feet

wide, provided that the maximum distance from the work location to the exit is 25

feet or less. Where booth exits are provided with doors, such doors shall open

outward from the booth.

requirements of WAC 296-24-370. (See sections 304 and 305 of the Standard for

Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969.)

Overspray filters must be installed and maintained in accordance with the

requirements of WAC 296-24-370, (See section 305 of the Standard for Spray

Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969),

and must only be in a location easily accessible for inspection, cleaning, or

replacement.

Where effective means, independent of the overspray filters are installed which

will result in design air distribution across the booth cross section, it is

permissible to operate the booth without the filters in place.

(d)

For wet or water-wash spray booths, the water-chamber enclosure, within which

intimate contact of contaminated air and cleaning water or other cleaning

medium is maintained, if made of steel, must be 18 gauge or heavier and

adequately protected against corrosion.

Chambers may include scrubber spray nozzles, headers, troughs, or other

devices. Chambers must be provided with adequate means for creating and

maintaining scrubbing action for removal of particulate matter from the exhaust

air stream.

(e) Collecting tanks must be of welded steel construction or other suitable

noncombustible material. If pits are used as collecting tanks, they must be concrete,

masonry, or other material having similar properties.

Tanks must be provided with weirs, skimmer plates, or screens to prevent

sludge and floating paint from entering the pump suction box. Means for

automatically maintaining the proper water level must also be provided. Fresh

water inlets must not be submerged. They must terminate at least one pipe

diameter above the safety overflow level of the tank.

Tanks must be so constructed as to discourage accumulation of hazardous

deposits.

(f) Pump manifolds, risers, and headers must be adequately sized to ensure sufficient

water flow to provide efficient operation of the water chamber.

(4) Design and construction of spray rooms.

(a) Spray rooms, including floors, must be constructed of masonry, concrete, or other

noncombustible material.

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Part L, Page 3

(b) Spray rooms must have noncombustible fire doors and shutters.

zone of the operator must be maintained in accordance with the requirements of

(6)(b) of this section.

(d) Spray rooms used for production spray-finishing operations must conform to the

requirements of spray booths.

(5) Ventilation.

(a) Ventilation must be provided in accordance with provisions of WAC 296-24-370,

(See chapter 5 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable or Combustible

Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969), and in accordance with the following:

Where a fan plenum is used to equalize or control the distribution of exhaust air

movement through the booth, it must be of sufficient strength or rigidity to

withstand the differential air pressure or other superficially imposed loads for

which the equipment is designed and also to facilitate cleaning. Construction

specifications must be at least equivalent to those of (5)(c) of this section.

All fan ratings must be in accordance with Air Moving and Conditioning

Association Standard Test Code for Testing Air Moving Devices, Bulletin 210,

April 1962.

(b) Inlet or supply ductwork used to transport makeup air to spray booths or surrounding

areas must be constructed of noncombustible materials.

If negative pressure exists within inlet ductwork, all seams and joints must be

sealed if there is a possibility of infiltration of harmful quantities of noxious

gases, fumes, or mists from areas through which ductwork passes.

Inlet ductwork must be sized in accordance with volume flow requirements and

provide design air requirements at the spray booth.

Inlet ductwork must be so supported throughout its length to sustain at least its

own weight plus any negative pressure which is exerted upon it under normal

operating conditions.

equivalent to sheet steel of not less than the following thickness:

Diameter or Greater Dimension

(U.S. gauge)

Up to 8 inches inclusive

No. 24

Over 8 inches to 18 inches

inclusive

No. 22

Over 18 inches to 30 inches

inclusive

No. 20

Over 30 inches

No. 18

Exhaust ductwork must be adequately supported throughout its length to sustain

its weight plus any normal accumulation in interior during normal operating

conditions and any negative pressure exerted upon it.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

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Part L, Page 4

Exhaust ductwork must be sized in accordance with good design practice which

shall include consideration of fan capacity, length of duct, number of turns and

elbows, variation in size, volume, and character of materials being exhausted.

See American National Standard Z9.2-1960 for further details and explanation

concerning elements of design.

Longitudinal joints in sheet steel ductwork must be either lock-seamed, riveted,

or welded. For other than steel construction, equivalent securing of joints must

be provided.

Circumferential joints in ductwork must be substantially fastened together and

lapped in the direction of airflow. At least every fourth joint must be provided

with connecting flanges, bolted together or of equivalent fastening security.

Inspection or clean-out doors must be provided for every 9 to 12 feet of running

length for ducts up to 12 inches in diameter, but the distance between clean-out

doors may be greater for larger pipes. (See 8.3.21 of American National

Standard Z9.1-1960.) A clean-out door or doors must be provided for servicing

the fan, and where necessary, a drain shall be provided.

Where ductwork passes through a combustible roof or wall, the roof or wall

must be protected at the point of penetration by open space or fire-resistive

material between the duct and the roof or wall. When ducts pass through fire-

walls, they must be provided with automatic fire dampers on both sides of the

wall, except that three-eighth-inch steel plates may be used in lieu of automatic

fire dampers for ducts not exceeding 18 inches in diameter.

Ductwork used for ventilating any process covered in this standard must not be

connected to ducts ventilating any other process or any chimney or flue used for

conveying any products of combustion.

(6) Velocity and air flow requirements.

(a) Except where a spray booth has an adequate air replacement system, the velocity of

air into all openings of a spray booth must be not less than that specified in Table 14

for the operating conditions specified. An adequate air replacement system is one

which introduces replacement air upstream or above the object being sprayed and is

so designed that the velocity of air in the booth cross section is not less than that

specified in Table 14 when measured upstream or above the object being sprayed.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part L, Page 5

Table 14 Minimum Maintained Velocities into Spray Booths

Operating

Airflow

conditions

For object

Completely

inside booth

Crossdraft f.p.m.

Airflow Velocities f.p.m.

Design Range

Electrostatic and

automatic airless

operation

contained in

booth without

operator.

Negligible

50 large booth 50-75

100 small booth 75-125

Air-operated

guns, manual or

automatic

Up to 50

100 large booth 75-125

150 small booth 125-175

Air-operated

guns, manual or

automatic

Up to 100

150 large booth 125-175

200 small booth 150-250

Notes:

(1) Attention is invited to the fact that the effectiveness of the spray booth is

dependent upon the relationship of the depth of the booth to its height and

width.

(2) Cross drafts can be eliminated through proper design and such design

should be sought. Cross drafts in excess of 100 fpm (feet per minute)

should not be permitted.

(3) Excessive air pressures result in loss of both efficiency and material waste

in addition to creating a backlash that may carry overspray and fumes into

adjacent work areas.

(4) Booths should be designed with velocity shown in the column headed

“Design.” However, booths operating with velocities shown in the

column headed “Range” are in compliance with this standard.

(b) In addition to the requirements in (6)(a) of this section the total air volume exhausted

through a spray booth must be such as to dilute solvent vapor to at least 25 percent of

the lower explosive limit of the solvent being sprayed. An example of the method of

calculating this volume is given below.

Example: To determine the lower explosive limits of the most common solvents used in

spray finishing, see Table 15. Column 1 gives the number of cubic feet of vapor

per gallon of solvent and column 2 gives the lower explosive limit (LEL) in

percentage by volume of air. Note that the quantity of solvent will be diminished

by the quantity of solids and nonflammable contained in the finish.

To determine the volume of air in cubic feet necessary to dilute the vapor from 1

gallon of solvent to 25 percent of the lower explosive limit, apply the following

formula:

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part L, Page 6

Dilution volume 4 (100-LEL) (cubic feet of vapor per gallon)

required per = ____________________________________

gallon of solvent LEL

Using toluene as the solvent.

(1) LEL of toluene from Table 15, column 2, is 1.4 percent.

(2) Cubic feet of vapor per gallon from Table 15, column 1, is 30.4 cubic feet per

gallon.

(3) Dilution volume required =

4 (100-1.4) 30.4

______________ = 8,564 cubic feet.

1.4

(4) To convert to cubic feet per minute of required ventilation, multiply the dilution

volume required per gallon of solvent by the number of gallons of solvent

evaporated per minute.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part L, Page 7

Table 15 Lower Explosive Limit of Some Commonly Used Solvents

Solvent

Cubic feet of vapor per

gallon of liquid at 70

Lower explosive limit in

percent by volume of air at

70°F.

Column 1

Column 2

Acetone

44.0

2.6

Amyl Acetate (iso)

21.6

1.0*

Amyl Alcohol (n)

29.6

1.2

Amyl Alcohol (iso)

29.6

1.2

Benzene

36.8

1.4*

Butyl Acetate (n)

24.8

1.7

Butyl Alcohol (n)

35.2

1.4

Butyl Cello solve

24.8

1.1

Cello solve

33.6

1.8

Cello solve Acetate

23.2

1.7

Cyclohexanone

31.2

1.1*

1,1 Trichloroethylene

42.4

5.6

1,2 Trichloroethylene

42.4

9.7

Ethyl Acetate

32.8

2.5

Ethyl Alcohol

55.2

4.3

Ethyl Lactate

28.0

1.5*

Methyl Acetate

40.0

3.1

Methyl Alcohol

80.8

7.3

Methyl Cello solve

40.8

2.5

Methyl Ethyl Ketone

36.0

1.8

Methyl n-Propyl Ketone

30.4

1.5

Naphtha (VM&P) (76°

Naphtha)

Naphtha (100° Flash)

22.4

0.9

Safety solvent-Stoddard

Solvent

23.2

1.1

Propyl Acetate(n)

27.2

2.0

Propyl Acetate (iso)

28.0

1.8

Propyl Alcohol (n)

44.8

2.1

Propyl Alcohol (iso)

44.0

2.0

Toluene

30.4

1.4

Turpentine

20.8

0.8

Xylene (o)

26.4

1.0

* At 212°F

(c)

When an operator is in a booth downstream of the object being sprayed, an air-

supplied respirator or other type of respirator certified by NIOSH under 42 CFR

part 84 for the material being sprayed should be used by the operator.

Where downdraft booths are provided with doors, such doors must be closed

when spray painting.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part L, Page 8

(7) Make-up air.

(a) Clean fresh air, free of contamination from adjacent industrial exhaust systems,

chimneys, stacks, or vents, must be supplied to a spray booth or room in quantities

equal to the volume of air exhausted through the spray booth.

(b) Where a spray booth or room receives make-up air through self-closing doors,

dampers, or louvers, they must be fully open at all times when the booth or room is in

use for spraying. The velocity of air through such doors, dampers, or louvers must

not exceed 200 feet per minute. If the fan characteristics are such that the required air

flow through the booth will be provided, higher velocities through the doors,

dampers, or louvers may be used.

(c)

Where the air supply to a spray booth or room is filtered, the fan static pressure

must be calculated on the assumption that the filters are dirty to the extent that

they require cleaning or replacement.

The rating of filters must be governed by test data supplied by the manufacturer

of the filter. A pressure gauge must be installed to show the pressure drop

across the filters. This gauge must be marked to show the pressure drop at

which the filters require cleaning or replacement. Filters must be replaced or

cleaned whenever the pressure drop across them becomes excessive or

whenever the air flow through the face of the booth falls below that specified in

Table 14.

(d)

Means of heating make-up air to any spray booth or room, before or at the time

spraying is normally performed, must be provided in all places where the

outdoor temperature may be expected to remain below 55° F. for appreciable

periods of time during the operation of the booth except where adequate and

safe means of radiant heating for all operating personnel affected is provided.

The replacement air during the heating seasons must be maintained at not less

than 65° F. at the point of entry into the spray booth or spray room. When

otherwise unheated make-up air would be at a temperature of more than 10° F.

below room temperature, its temperature must be regulated as provided in

section 3.6 of ANSI Z9.2-1960.

As an alternative to an air replacement system complying with the preceding

section, general heating of the building in which the spray room or booth is

located may be employed provided that all occupied parts of the building are

maintained at not less than 65° F. when the exhaust system is in operation or the

general heating system supplemented by other sources of heat may be employed

to meet this requirement.

No means of heating make-up air must be located in a spray booth.

Where make-up air is heated by coal or oil, the products of combustion must

not be allowed to mix with the make-up air, and the products of combustion

must be conducted outside the building through a flue terminating at a point

remote from all points where make-up air enters the building.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

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Part L, Page 9

Where make-up air is heated by gas, and the products of combustion are not

mixed with the make-up air but are conducted through an independent flue to a

point outside the building remote from all points where make-up air enters the

building, it is not necessary to comply with (7)(d)(vi) of this section.

Where make-up air to any manually operated spray booth or room is heated by

gas and the products of combustion are allowed to mix with the supply air, the

following precautions must be taken:

(A) The gas must have a distinctive and strong enough odor to warn workmen

in a spray booth or room of its presence if in an unburned state in the

make-up air.

(B) The maximum rate of gas supply to the make-up air heater burners must

not exceed that which would yield in excess of 200 r.p.m. (parts per

million) of carbon monoxide or 2,000 r.p.m. of total combustible gases in

the mixture if the unburned gas upon the occurrence of flame failure were

mixed with all of the make-up air supplied.

of combustion from the plenum chamber housing the gas burners to the

spray booth or room.

(8) Scope. Spray booths or spray rooms are to be used to enclose or confine all spray finishing

operations covered by this paragraph. This paragraph does not apply to the spraying of the

exteriors of buildings, fixed tanks, or similar structures, nor to small portable spraying

apparatus not used repeatedly in the same location.

WAC 296-62-135 Oxygen deficient atmospheres.

(1) Definition. A lack of sufficient oxygen is deemed to exist if the atmosphere at sea level

has less than 19.5% oxygen by volume or has a partial pressure of oxygen of 148

millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or less. This may deviate when working at higher

elevations and should be determined for an individual location. Factors such as

acclimatization, physical conditions of the persons involved, etc., must be considered for

such circumstances and conditions.

(2) Entering areas with possible oxygen deficient atmospheres. Workers entering any area

where a lack of sufficient oxygen is probable must be supplied with and must use approved

equipment (for specific requirements see applicable provisions of chapters 296-62, 296-307

(Part-U3), 296-809 and 296-841 WAC) capable of providing safe respirable air, or prior to

entry and at all times when workers are in such areas a sufficient supply of safe, respirable

air must be provided. All workers so exposed must be under constant observation. If the

oxygen content is unknown or may change during occupation, tests must be required prior

to and during occupation of questionable areas.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part L, Page 10

WAC 296-62-136 Ventilation.

WAC 296-62-13605 Definition.

Ventilation. The provision, circulation or exhausting of air into or from an area or space.

Dilution ventilation. Inducing and mixing uncontaminated air with contaminated air in such

quantities that the resultant mixture in the breathing zone will not exceed the permissible

exposure limit (PEL) specified for any contaminant.

Exhaust ventilation. The general movement of air out of the area or permit-required confined

space by mechanical or natural means.

Local exhaust ventilation. The mechanical removal of contaminated air from the point where

the contaminant is being generated or liberated.

Tempered make-up air. Air which has been conditioned by changing its heat content to obtain

a specific desired temperature.

WAC 296-62-13610 Ventilation guide.

In addition to those mandatory controls as set forth in WAC 296-62-11019, chapter 296-818

WAC, Abrasive blasting, chapter 296-835 WAC, Dipping and coating operations (dip tanks), the

Industrial Ventilation Manual of Recommended Practices as compiled and approved by the

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, applicable ANSI Standard or other

National Consensus Standards recommended by the federal government, should be used as a

guide for ventilation requirements.

WAC 296-62-13615 Adequate system.

Adequate ventilation systems must be installed as needed to control concentrations of airborne

contaminants below applicable threshold limit values.

WAC 296-62-13620 Exhaust.

Exhaust from ventilation systems must discharge in such a manner that the contaminated air

being exhausted will not present a health hazard to any workman or reenter buildings in harmful

amounts.

WAC 296-62-13625 Make-up air quality.

Make-up air must be of ample quantity to replace the exhausted air and shall be tempered when

necessary.

WAC 296-62-13630 Design and operation.

Ventilation systems must be designed and operated in such a manner that employees will not be

subjected to excessive air velocities.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part L

General Occupational Health Standards Atmospheres and Ventilation

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part L, Page 11

WAC 296-62-13635 Compatibility of systems.

Make-up air systems must be designed and operated in such a manner that they will not interfere

with the effectiveness of the exhaust air system.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page i

PART N

COTTON DUST

WAC .......................................................................................................................... Page

WAC 296-62-14533 Cotton dust. ................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-14535 Appendix A--Air sampling and analytical procedures for

determining concentrations of cotton dust. .................................................................... 14

WAC 296-62-14537 Appendix B-I through B-III--Respiratory questionnaire. ............... 18

WAC 296-62-14539 Appendix C--Spirometry prediction tables for normal males and

females. ......................................................................................................................... 33

WAC 296-62-14541 Appendix D--Pulmonary function standards for cotton dust

standard. ....................................................................................................................... 41

WAC 296-62-14543 Appendix E--Vertical elutriator equivalency protocol. ................... 43

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 1

WAC 296-62-14533 Cotton dust.

(1) Scope and application.

(a) This section, in its entirety, applies to the control of employee exposure to cotton dust

in all workplaces where employees engage in yarn manufacturing, engage in slashing

and weaving operations, or work in waste houses for textile operations.

(b) This section does not apply to the handling or processing of woven or knitted

materials; to maritime operations covered by chapters 296-56 and 296-304 WAC; to

harvesting or ginning of cotton; or to the construction industry.

section, Medical surveillance, subsection (11)(c) of this section, Availability,

subsection (11)(d) of this section, Transfer of records, and Appendices B, C, and D of

this section apply in all work places where employees exposed to cotton dust engage

in cottonseed processing or waste processing operations.

(d) This section applies to yarn manufacturing and slashing and weaving operations

exclusively using washed cotton (as defined by subsection (14) of this section) only

to the extent specified by subsection (14) of this section.

(e) This section, in its entirety, applies to the control of all employees exposure to the

cotton dust generated in the preparation of washed cotton from opening until the

cotton is thoroughly wetted.

(f) This section does not apply to knitting, classing or warehousing operations except

that employers with these operations, if requested by WISHA, must grant WISHA

access to their employees and workplaces for exposure monitoring and medical

examinations for purposes of a health study to be performed by WISHA on a

sampling basis.

(2) Definitions applicable to this section:

(a) Blow down. The cleaning of equipment and surfaces with compressed air.

(b) Blow off. The use of compressed air for cleaning of short duration and usually for a

specific machine or any portion of a machine.

which may contain a mixture of many substances including ground-up plant matter,

fiber, bacteria, fungi, soil, pesticides, no cotton plant matter and other contaminants

which may have accumulated with the cotton during the growing, harvesting and

subsequent processing or storage periods. Any dust present during the handling and

processing of cotton through the weaving or knitting of fabrics, and dust present in

other operations or manufacturing processes using raw or waste cotton fibers or

cotton fiber byproducts from textile mills are considered cotton dust within this

definition. Lubricating oil mist associated with weaving operations is not considered

cotton dust.

(d) Director. The director of labor and industries or their authorized representative.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 2

(e) Equivalent instrument. A cotton dust sampling device that meets the vertical

elutriator equivalency requirements as described in subsection (4)(a)(iii) of this

section.

(f) Lint-free respirable cotton dust. Particles of cotton dust of approximately 15

microns or less aerodynamic equivalent diameter.

(g) Vertical elutriator cotton dust sampler or vertical elutriator. A dust sampler

which has a particle size cut-off at approximately 15 microns aerodynamic equivalent

diameter when operating at the flow rate of 7.4 ±0.2 liters per minute.

(h) Waste processing. Waste recycling (sorting, blending, cleaning and willowing) and

garneting.

(i) Yarn manufacturing. All textile mill operations from opening to, but not including,

slashing and weaving.

(3) Permissible exposure limits and action levels.

(a) Permissible exposure limits (PEL).

The employer must ensure that no employee who is exposed to cotton dust in

yarn manufacturing and cotton washing operations is exposed to airborne

concentrations of lint-free respirable cotton dust greater than 200 µg/m

mean

concentration, averaged over an eight-hour period, as measured by a vertical

elutriator or an equivalent instrument.

The employer must ensure that no employee who is exposed to cotton dust in

textile mill waste house operations or is exposed in yarn manufacturing to dust

from “lower grade washed cotton” as defined in subsection (14)(e) of this

section is exposed to airborne concentrations of lint-free respirable cotton dust

greater than 500 µg/m

mean concentration, averaged over an eight-hour period,

as measured by a vertical elutriator or an equivalent instrument.

The employer must ensure that no employee who is exposed to cotton dust in

the textile processes known as slashing and weaving is exposed to airborne

concentrations of lint-free respirable cotton dust greater than 750 µ/m

mean

concentration, averaged over an eight-hour period, as measured by a vertical

elutriator or an equivalent instrument.

(b) Action levels.

The action level for yarn manufacturing and cotton washing operations is an

airborne concentration of lint-free respirable cotton dust of 100 µ/m

mean

concentration, averaged over an eight-hour period, as measured by a vertical

elutriator or an equivalent instrument.

The action level for waste houses for textile operations is an airborne

concentration of lint-free respirable cotton dust of 250 µg/m

mean

concentration, averaged over an eight-hour period, as measured by a vertical

elutriator or an equivalent instrument.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 3

The action level for the textile processes known as slashing and weaving is an

airborne concentration of lint-free respirable cotton dust of 375 µg/m

mean

concentration, averaged over an eight-hour period, as measured by a vertical

elutriator or an equivalent instrument.

(4) Exposure monitoring and measurement.

(a) General.

For the purposes of this section, employee exposure is that exposure which

would occur if the employee were not using a respirator.

The sampling device to be used must be either the vertical elutriator cotton dust

sampler or an equivalent instrument.

If an alternative to the vertical elutriator cotton dust sampler is used, the

employer must establish equivalency by demonstrating that the alternative

sampling devices:

(A) It collects respirable particulates in the same range as the vertical

elutriator (approximately 15 microns);

(B) Replicate exposure data used to establish equivalency are collected in

side-by-side field and laboratory comparisons; and

permissible exposure limit are collected, and ninety percent of these

samples have an accuracy range of plus or minus twenty-five percent of

the vertical elutriator reading with a ninety-five percent confidence level

as demonstrated by a statistically valid protocol. (An acceptable protocol

for demonstrating equivalency is described in Appendix E of this section.)

WISHA will issue a written opinion stating that an instrument is equivalent to a

vertical elutriator cotton dust sampler if:

(A) A manufacturer or employer requests an opinion in writing and supplies

the following information:

(I) Sufficient test data to demonstrate that the instrument meets the

requirements specified in this paragraph and the protocol specified

in Appendix E of this section;

(II) Any other relevant information about the instrument and its testing

requested by WISHA; and

(III) A certification by the manufacturer or employer that the information

supplied is accurate; and

(B) If WISHA finds, based on information submitted about the instrument,

that the instrument meets the requirements for equivalency specified by

this subsection.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 4

(b) Initial monitoring. Each employer who has a place of employment within the scope

of subsections (1)(a), (d) or (e) of this section must conduct monitoring by obtaining

measurements which are representative of the exposure of all employees to airborne

concentrations of lint-free respirable cotton dust over an eight-hour period. The

sampling program must include at least one determination during each shift for each

work area.

If the initial monitoring required by (4)(b) of this section or any subsequent

monitoring reveals employee exposure to be at or below the permissible

exposure limit, the employer shall repeat the monitoring for those employees at

least annually.

If the initial monitoring required by (4)(b) of this section or any subsequent

monitoring reveals employee exposure to be above the PEL, the employer shall

repeat the monitoring for those employees at least every 6 months.

Whenever there has been a production, process, or control change which may

result in new or additional exposure to cotton dust, or whenever the employer

has any other reason to suspect an increase in employee exposure, the employer

must repeat the monitoring and measurements for those employees affected by

the change or increase.

(d) Employee notification.

Within 15 working days after the receipt of monitoring results, the employer

must notify each employee in writing of the exposure measurements which

represent that employee's exposure.

Whenever the results indicate that the employee's exposure exceeds the

applicable permissible exposure limit specified in subsection (3) of this section,

the employer must include in the written notice a statement that the permissible

exposure limit was exceeded and a description of the corrective action taken to

reduce exposure below the permissible exposure limit.

(5) Methods of compliance.

(a) Engineering and work practice controls. The employer must institute engineering and

work practice controls to reduce and maintain employee exposure to cotton dust at or

below the permissible exposure limit specified in subsection (3) of this section,

except to the extent that the employer can establish that such controls are not feasible.

(b) Whenever feasible engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce

employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure limit, the employer must

nonetheless institute these controls to immediately reduce exposure to the lowest

feasible level, and must supplement these controls with the use of respirators which

must comply with the provisions of subsection (6) of this section.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 5

Where the most recent exposure monitoring data indicates that any employee is

exposed to cotton dust levels greater than the permissible exposure limit, the

employer must establish and implement a written program sufficient to reduce

exposures to or below the permissible exposure limit solely by means of

engineering controls and work practices as required by (a) of this subsection.

The written program must include at least the following:

(A) A description of each operation or process resulting in employee exposure

to cotton dust;

(B) Engineering plans and other studies used to determine the controls for

each process;

limit;

(D) Monitoring data obtained in accordance with subsection (4) of this

section;

(E) A detailed schedule for development and implementation of engineering

and work practice controls, including exposure levels projected to be

achieved by such controls;

(F) Work practice program; and

(G) Other relevant information.

The employer's schedule as set forth in the compliance program, must project

completion of the implementation of the compliance program no later than

March 27, 1984 or as soon as possible if monitoring after March 27, 1984

reveals exposures over the PEL, except as provided in subsection (13)(b)(ii)(B)

of this section.

The employer must complete the steps set forth in his program by the dates in

the schedule.

Written programs must be submitted, upon request, to the director, and must be

available at the worksite for examination and copying by the director, and any

affected employee or their designated representatives.

The written programs required under subsection (5)(c) of this section must be

revised and updated at least every six months to reflect the current status of the

program and current exposure levels.

(d) Mechanical ventilation. When mechanical ventilation is used to control exposure,

measurements which demonstrate the effectiveness of the system to control exposure,

such as capture velocity, duct velocity, or static pressure must be made at reasonable

intervals.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 6

(6) Use of respirators.

(a) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer

must provide each employee an appropriate respirator that complies with the

requirements of this section. Respirators must be used during:

Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering controls and

work-practice controls;

Maintenance and repair activities for which engineering and work-practice

controls are not feasible;

Work operations for which feasible engineering and work-practice controls are

not yet sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible

exposure limits;

Work operations specified under subsection (7)(a) of this section;

Periods for which an employee requests a respirator.

(b) Respirator program.

The employer must develop, implement and maintain a respiratory protection

program as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each

employee required by this chapter to use a respirator.

Whenever a physician determines that an employee who works in an area in

which the cotton-dust concentration exceeds the PEL is unable to use a

respirator, including a powered air-purifying respirator, the employee must be

given the opportunity to transfer to an available position, or to a position that

becomes available later, that has a cotton-dust concentration at or below the

PEL. The employer must ensure that such employees retain their current wage

rate or other benefits as a result of the transfer.

Select and provide to employees the appropriate respirators by following

requirements in this section and WAC 296-842-13005 found in the respirator

rule.

Provide employees with a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) when the

employee chooses to use a PAPR instead of a negative-pressure air-purifying

respirator, and the PARP will provide adequate protection.

Limit the use of filtering facepiece respirators for protection against cotton dust

to concentrations less than or equal to 5 times (5x) the PEL.

Provide high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters or N-, R-, or P-100 series

filters for powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) and negative-pressure air-

purifying respirators when used in cotton dust concentrations greater than 10

times (10x) the PEL.

(7) Work practices. Each employer must, regardless of the level of employee exposure,

immediately establish and implement a written program of work practices which must

minimize cotton dust exposure. The following must be included where applicable:

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 7

(a) Compressed air “blow down” cleaning shall be prohibited, where alternative means

are feasible. Where compressed air is used for cleaning, the employees performing

the “blow down” or “blow off” must wear suitable respirators. Employees whose

presence is not required to perform “blow down” or “blow off” must leave the area

affected by the “blow down” or “blow off” during this cleaning operation.

(b) Cleaning of clothing or floors with compressed air must be prohibited.

minimize dispersal of dust.

(d) In areas where employees are exposed to concentrations of cotton dust greater than

the permissible exposure limit, cotton and cotton waste must be stacked, sorted,

baled, dumped, removed or otherwise handled by mechanical means, except where

the employer can show that it is infeasible to do so. Where infeasible, the method

used for handling cotton and cotton waste must be the method which reduces

exposure to the lowest level feasible.

(8) Medical surveillance.

(a) General.

Each employer covered by the standard must institute a program of medical

surveillance for all employees exposed to cotton dust.

The employer must ensure that all medical examinations and procedures are

performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician and are provided

without cost to the employee.

Persons other than licensed physicians, who administer the pulmonary function

testing required by this section must have completed a NIOSH approved

training course in spirometry.

(b) Initial examinations. The employer must provide medical surveillance to each

employee who is or may be exposed to cotton dust. For new employees' this

examination must be provided prior to initial assignment. The medical surveillance

must include at least the following:

A medical history;

The standardized questionnaire contained in WAC 296-62-14537; and

A pulmonary function measurement, including a determination of forced vital

capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV

), the

FEV

/FVC ratio, and the percentage that the measured values of FEV

and

FVC differ from the predicted values, using the standard tables in WAC 296-

62-14539. These determinations must be made for each employee before the

employee enters the workplace on the first day of the work week, preceded by

at least thirty-five hours of no exposure to cotton dust. The tests must be

repeated during the shift, no less than four hours and no more than ten hours

after the beginning of the work shift; and, in any event, no more than one hour

after cessation of exposure. Such exposure must be typical of the employee's

usual workplace exposure. The predicted FEV

and FVC for blacks must be

multiplied by 0.85 to adjust for ethnic differences.

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Based upon the questionnaire results, each employee must be graded according

to Schilling's byssinosis classification system.

The employer must provide at least annual medical surveillance for all

employees exposed to cotton dust above the action level in yarn manufacturing,

slashing and weaving, cotton washing and waste house operations. The

employer must provide medical surveillance at least every two years for all

employees exposed to cotton dust at or below the action level, for all employees

exposed to cotton dust from washed cotton (except from washed cotton defined

in subsection (9)(c) of this section), and for all employees exposed to cotton

dust in cottonseed processing and waste processing operations. Periodic

medical surveillance must include at least an update of the medical history,

standardized questionnaire (Appendix B-111), Schilling byssinosis grade, and

the pulmonary function measurements in (b)(iii) of this subsection.

Medical surveillance as required in (c)(i) of this subsection must be provided

every six months for all employees in the following categories:

(A) An FEV1 of greater than eighty percent of the predicted value, but with an

FEV1 decrement of five percent or 200 ml. on a first working day;

(B) An FEV1 of less than eighty percent of the predicted value; or

questionnaire findings, pulmonary function results, or other diagnostic

tests have occurred.

An employee whose FEV

is less than sixty percent of the predicted value must

be referred to a physician for a detailed pulmonary examination.

A comparison must be made between the current examination results and those

of previous examinations and a determination made by the physician as to

whether there has been a significant change.

(d) Information provided to the physician. The employer must provide the following

information to the examining physician:

A copy of this regulation and its appendices;

A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's

exposure;

The employee's exposure level or anticipated exposure level;

A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used; and

Information from previous medical examinations of the affected employee

which is not readily available to the examining physician.

(e) Physician's written opinion.

The employer must obtain and furnish the employee with a copy of a written

opinion from the examining physician containing the following:

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(A) The results of the medical examination and tests including the FEV1,

FVC, and FEV1/FVC ratio;

(B) The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected

medical conditions which would place the employee at increased risk of

material impairment of the employee's health from exposure to cotton

dust;

to cotton dust or upon the employee's use of respirators including a

determination of whether an employee can wear a negative pressure

respirator, and where the employee cannot, a determination of the

employee's ability to wear a powered air purifying respirator; and

(D) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the

results of the medical examination and any medical conditions which

require further examination or treatment.

The written opinion obtained by the employer must not reveal specific findings

or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.

(9) Employee education and training.

(a) Training program.

The employer must train each employee exposed to cotton dust in accordance

with the requirements of this section and must ensure that each employee is

informed of the following:

(A) The acute and long term health hazards associated with exposure to cotton

dust;

(B) The names and descriptions of jobs and processes which could result in

exposure to cotton dust at or above the PEL.

section, necessary to protect the employee from exposures in excess of the

permissible exposure limit;

(D) The purpose, proper use, limitations, and other training requirements for

respiratory protection as required by subsection (6) of this section and

chapter 296-842 WAC (see WAC 296-842-11005, 296-842-16005 and

296-842-19005);

(E) The purpose for and a description of the medical surveillance program

required by subsection (8) of this section and other information which will

aid exposed employees in understanding the hazards of cotton dust

exposure; and

(F) The contents of this standard and its appendices.

The training program must be provided prior to initial assignment and must be

repeated annually for each employee exposed to cotton dust, when job

assignments or work processes change and when employee performance

indicates a need for retraining.

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(b) Access to training materials.

Each employer must post a copy of this section with its appendices in a public

location at the workplace, and must, upon request, make copies available to

employees.

The employer must provide all materials relating to the employee training and

information program to the director upon request.

(10) Signs.

The employer must post the following warning sign in each work area where the permissible

exposure limit for cotton dust is exceeded:

DANGER

COTTON DUST

CAUSES DAMAGE TO LUNGS

(BYSSINOSIS)

WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IN THIS AREA

(11) Recordkeeping.

(a) Exposure measurements.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record of all

measurements required by subsection (4) of this section.

The record must include:

(A) A log containing the items listed in WAC 296-62-14535 (4)(a), and the

dates, number, duration, and results of each of the samples taken,

including a description of the procedure used to determine representative

employee exposures;

(B) The type of protective devices worn, if any, and length of time worn; and

levels of employees whose exposure the measurement is intended to

represent.

The employer must maintain this record for at least twenty years.

(b) Medical surveillance.

The employer must establish and maintain an accurate medical record for each

employee subject to medical surveillance required by subsection (8) of this

section.

The record must include:

(A) The name and social security number and description of the duties of the

employee;

(B) A copy of the medical examination results including the medical history,

questionnaire response, results of all tests, and the physician's

recommendation;

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(D) Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to cotton dust;

(E) A copy of this standard and its appendices, except that the employer may keep

one copy of the standard and the appendices for all employees, provided that he

references the standard and appendices in the medical surveillance record of

each employee; and

(F) A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by subsection

(8)(d) of this section.

The employer must maintain this record for at least twenty years.

The employer must make all records required to be maintained by subsection

(11) of this section available to the director for examination and copying.

Employee exposure measurement records and employee medical records

required by this subsection must be provided upon request to employees,

designated representatives, and the assistant director in accordance with chapter

296-802 WAC.

(d) Transfer of records.

Whenever the employer ceases to do business, the successor employer must

receive and retain all records required to be maintained by subsection (11) of

this section.

The employer must also comply with any additional requirements involving

transfer of records set forth in WAC 296-802-60005.

(12) Observation of monitoring.

(a) The employer must provide affected employees or their designated representatives an

opportunity to observe any measuring or monitoring of employee exposure to cotton

dust conducted pursuant to subsection (4) of this section.

(b) Whenever observation of the measuring or monitoring of employee exposure to

cotton dust requires entry into an area where the use of personal protective equipment

is required, the employer must provide the observer with and assure the use of such

equipment and must require the observer to comply with all other applicable safety

and health procedures.

An explanation of the measurement procedures;

An opportunity to observe all steps related to the measurement of airborne

concentrations of cotton dust performed at the place of exposure; and

An opportunity to record the results obtained.

(13) Washed cotton.

(a) Exemptions. Cotton, after it has been washed by the processes described in this

section is exempt from all or parts of this section as specified if the requirements of

this section are met.

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(b) Initial requirements.

In order for an employer to qualify as exempt or partially exempt from this

standard for operations using washed cotton, the employer must demonstrate

that the cotton was washed in a facility which is open to inspection by the

director and the employer must provide sufficient accurate documentary

evidence to demonstrate that the washing methods utilized meet the

requirements of this section.

An employer who handles or processes cotton which has been washed in a

facility not under the employer's control and claims an exemption or partial

exemption under this paragraph, must obtain from the cotton washer and make

available at the worksite, to the director, or their designated representative, to

any affected employee, or to their designated representative the following:

(A) A certification by the washer of the cotton of the grade of cotton, the type

of washing process, and that the batch meets the requirements of this

section;

(B) Sufficient accurate documentation by the washer of the cotton grades and

washing process; and

washing facilities and documentation of the process.

bleached and dyed, and mercerized yarn must be exempt from all provisions of this

standard.

(d) Higher grade washed cotton. The handling or processing of cotton classed as “low

middling light spotted or better” (color grade 52 or better and leaf grade code 5 or

better according to the 1993 USDA classification system) must be exempt from all

provisions of the standard except requirements of subsection (8) of this section,

medical surveillance; subsection (11)(b) through (d) of this section, recordkeeping-

medical records, and Appendices B, C, and D of this section, if they have been

washed on one of the following systems:

On a continuous batt system or a rayon rinse system including the following

conditions:

(A) With water;

(B) At a temperature of no less than 60°C;

(D) With the bacterial levels in the wash water controlled to limit bacterial

contamination of the cotton.

On a batch kier washing system including the following conditions:

(A) With water;

(B) With cotton fiber mechanically opened and thoroughly rewetted before

forming the cake;

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water-to-fiber ratio of no less than 40:1; or, for high-temperature processing, at

a temperature of no less than 93°C with a water-to-fiber ratio of no less than

15:1;

(D) With a minimum of one wash cycle followed by two rinse cycles for each

batch, using fresh water in each cycle; and

(E) With bacterial levels in the wash water controlled to limit bacterial

contamination of the cotton.

(e) Lower grade washed cotton. The handling and processing of cotton of grades lower

than “low middling light spotted,” that has been washed as specified in (d) of this

subsection and has also been bleached, must be exempt from all provisions of the

standard except the requirements of subsection (3)(a) of this section, Permissible

exposure limits, subsection (4) of this section, Exposure monitoring and

measurement, subsection (8) of this section, Medical surveillance, subsection (11) of

this section, Recordkeeping, and Appendices B, C and D of this section.

(f) Mixed grades of washed cotton. If more than one grade of washed cotton is being

handled or processed together, the requirements of the grade with the most stringent

exposure limit, medical and monitoring requirements must be followed.

(14) Appendices.

(a) Appendix B (B-I, B-II and B-III), WAC 296-62-14537, Appendix C, WAC 296-62-

14539 and Appendix D, WAC 296-62-14541 are incorporated as part of this chapter

and the contents of these appendices are mandatory.

(b) Appendix A of this chapter, WAC 296-62-14535 contains information which is not

intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from

any existing obligations.

alternative measuring devices as equivalent to the vertical elutriator cotton dust

sampler. Other protocols may be used if it is demonstrated that they are statistically

valid, meet the requirements in subsection (4)(a)(iii) of this section, and are

appropriate for demonstrating equivalency.

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WAC 296-62-14535 Appendix A--Air sampling and analytical procedures for

determining concentrations of cotton dust.

(1) Sampling locations. The sampling procedures must be designed so that samples of the

actual dust concentrations are collected accurately and consistently and reflect the

concentrations of dust at the place and time of sampling. Sufficient number of six-hour

area samples in each distinct work area of the plant should be collected at locations which

provide representative samples of air to which the worker is exposed. In order to avoid

filter overloading, sampling time may be shortened when sampling in dusty areas. Samples

in each work area should be gathered simultaneously or sequentially during a normal

operating period. The daily time-weighted average (TWA) exposure of each worker can

then be determined by using the following formula:

Summation of hours spent in each location

and the dust concentration in that location.

Total hours exposed

A time-weighted average concentration should be computed for each worker and properly

logged and maintained on file for review.

(2) Sampling equipment.

(a) Sampler. The instrument selected for monitoring is the Lumsden-Lynch vertical

elutriator. It should operate at a flow rate of 7.4 ±0.2 liters/minute. The samplers

should be cleaned prior to sampling. The pumps should be monitored during

sampling.

(b) Filter holder. A three-piece cassette constructed of polystyrene designed to hold a

37-mm diameter filter should be used. Care must be exercised to insure that an

adequate seal exists between elements of the cassette.

with a 5-um pore size and 37-mm diameter. A support pad, commonly called a

backup pad, should be used under the filter membrane in the field monitor cassette.

(d) Balance. A balance sensitive to 10 micrograms should be used.

(3) Instrument calibration procedure. Samplers must be calibrated when first received from

the factory, after repair, and after receiving any abuse. The samplers should be calibrated

in the laboratory both before they are used in the field and after they have been used to

collect a large number of field samples. The primary standard, such as a spirometer or

other standard calibrating instruments such as a wet test meter or a large bubble meter or

dry gas meter, should be used. Instructions for calibration with the wet test meter follow.

If another calibration device is selected, equivalent procedures should be used:

(a) Level wet test meter. Check the water level which should just touch the calibration

point at the left side of the meter. If water level is low, add water 1-2° F. warmer

than room temperature of till point. Run the meter for thirty minutes before

calibration;

(b) Place the polyvinyl chloride membrane filter in the filter cassette;

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(d) Connect the wet test meter to the train.

The pointer on the meter should run clockwise and a pressure drop of not more than

1.0 inch of water indicated. If the pressure drop is greater than 1.0, disconnect and

check the system;

(e) Operate the system for ten minutes before starting the calibration;

(f) Check the vacuum gauge on the pump to insure that the pressure drop across the

orifice exceeds seventeen inches of mercury;

(g) Record the following on calibration data sheets:

Wet test meter reading, start and finish;

Elapsed time, start and finish (at least two minutes);

Pressure drop at manometer;

Air temperature;

Barometric pressure; and

Limiting orifice number.

(h) Calculate the flow rate and compare against the flow of 7.4 ±0.2 liters/minute. If

flow is between these limits, perform calibration again, average results, and record

orifice number and flow rate. If flow is not within these limits, discard or modify

orifice and repeat procedure;

(i) Record the name of the person performing the calibration, the date, serial number of

the wet test meter, and the number of the critical orifices being calibrated.

(4) Sampling procedure.

(a) Sampling data sheets should include a log of:

The date of the sample collection;

The time of sampling;

The location of the sampler;

The sampler serial number;

The cassette number;

The time of starting and stopping the sampling and the duration of sampling;

The weight of the filter before and after sampling;

The weight of dust collected (corrected for controls);

The dust concentration measured;

Other pertinent information; and

Name of person taking sample.

(b) Assembly of filter cassette should be as follows:

Loosely assemble three-piece cassette;

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Number cassette;

Place absorbent pad in cassette;

Weigh filter to an accuracy of 10 µg;

Place filter in cassette;

Record weight of filter in log, using cassette number for identification;

Fully assemble cassette, using pressure to force parts tightly together;

Install plugs top and bottom;

Put shrink band on cassette, covering joint between center and bottom parts of

cassette; and

Set cassette aside until shrink band dries thoroughly.

Clean lint out of the motor and elutriator;

Install vertical elutriator in sampling locations specified above with inlet 4-1/2

to 5-1/2 feet from floor (breathing zone height);

Remove top section of cassette;

Install cassette in ferrule of elutriator;

Tape cassette to ferrule with masking tape or similar material for air-tight seal;

Remove bottom plug of cassette and attach hose containing critical orifice;

Start elutriator pump and check to see if gauge reads above 17 in. of Hg

vacuum;

Record starting time, cassette number, and sampler number;

At end of sampling period stop pump and record time; and

Controls with each batch of samples collected, two additional filter cassettes

should be subjected to exactly the same handling as the samples, except that

they are not opened. These control filters should be weighed in the same

manner as the sample filters.

Any difference in weight in the control filters would indicate that the procedure

for handling sample filters may not be adequate and should be evaluated to

ascertain the cause of the difference, whether and what necessary corrections

must be made, and whether additional samples must be collected.

(d) Shipping. The cassette with samples should be collected, along with the appropriate

number of blanks, and shipped to the analytical laboratory in a suitable container to

prevent damage in transit.

(e) Weighing of the sample should be achieved as follows:

Remove shrink band;

Remove top and middle sections of cassette and bottom plug;

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Remove filter from cassette and weigh to an accuracy of 10 µg; and

Record weight in log against original weight.

(f) Calculation of volume of air sampled should be determined as follows:

From starting and stopping times of sampling period, determine length of time

in minutes of sampling period; and

Multiply sampling time in minutes by flow rate of critical orifice in liters per

minute and divide by 1000 to find air quantity in cubic meters.

(g) Calculation of dust concentrations should be made as follows:

Subtract weight of clean filter from dirty filter and apply control correction to

find actual weight of sample. Record this weight (in µg) in log; and

Divide mass of sample in µg by air volume in cubic meters to find dust

concentration in µg/m. Record in log.

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WAC 296-62-14537 Appendix B-I through B-III--Respiratory questionnaire.

APPENDIX B-I

Respiratory Questionnaire

A. IDENTIFICATION DATA

Plant___________________________________________ Social Security

No._________________________________________

Day Month Year

(figures) (last 2 digits)

Name________________________________________________ Date of

Interview__________________________________________________

(Surname)

____________________________________________ Date of

Birth______________________________________________________

(First Names) M F

Address________________________________________ Age__________(8, 9) Sex_________________________________

(10)

______________________________________________ Race

IND.

OTHER

(11)

Interviewer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (12)

Work Shift: 1

_____________2

_____________3

_____________(13) Standing Height___________ (14, 15)

Present Work Area Weight______________________ (16, 18)

If working in more than one specified work area, x area where most of the work shift is spent. If “other,” but spending 25% of the work

shift in one of the specified work areas, classify in that work area. If carding department employee, check area within that department

where most of the work shift is being spent (if in doubt, check “throughout”). For work areas such as spinning and weaving where many

work rooms may be involved, be sure to sure to check the specific work room to which the employee is assigned – if he works in more

than one work room within a department classify as 7 (all) for that department.

(19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30)

Workroom Open Pick Card

Number Area #1 #2 Spin Wind Twist Spool Warp Slash Weave Other

At Risk

(cotton &

Cards

cotton

blend)

Draw

Comb

Rove

Thru

Out

(all)

Control

(synthetic

Wool

Ex-worker

(cotton)

Use actual wording of each question. Put X in appropriate square after each question. When in doubt record ‘No’.

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When no square, circle appropriate answer.

B. COUGH

(on getting up) ↑

Do you usually cough first thing in the morning?______________________________Yes_____ No_____ (31)

(Count a cough with first smoke or on “first going out of doors.”

exclude clearing throat or a single cough.)

Do you usually cough during the day or at night?______________________________Yes_____ No_____ (32)

(Ignore an occasional cough.)

If ‘Yes’ to either question (31, 32):

Do you cough like this on most days for as much as three months a year?__________Yes_____ No_____ (33)

Do you cough on any particular day of the week?______________________________Yes_____ No_____ (34)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

If ‘Yes’: Which day? Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

________________________________________________________________________________________________ (35)

C. PHLEGM or alternative word to suit local custom.

(on getting up) ↑

Do you usually bring up any phlegm from your chest first thing in

the morning? (Count phlegm with the first smoke or on “first going

out of doors.” Exclude phlegm from the nose. Count swallowed

phlegm.)________________________________________________________________Yes_____ No_____(36)

Do you usually bring up any phlegm from your chest during the day or at

night? (Accept twice or more.)_____________________________________________Yes_____ No_____(37)

If ‘Yes’ to either question (36) or (37):

Do you bring up phlegm like this on most days for as much as three

months each year?_______________________________________________________Yes_____ No_____(38)

If ‘Yes’ to question (33) or (38):

(cough) (1)  2 years or less

How long have you had this phlegm? (2)  More than 2 years – 9 years (39)

(Write in number of years) (3)  10 – 19 years

(4)  20+ years

↑These words are for subjects who work at night.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

D. CHEST ILLNESSES

In the past three years, have you had a period (1)  No (40)

of (increased) ↑ cough and phlegm lasting for

3 weeks or more?_________________________ (2)  Yes, only one period

(3)  Yes, two or more periods

↑For subjects who usually have phlegm

During the past three years have you had any chest illness which has kept

you off work, indoors at home or in bed? (For as long as one week, flu?) Yes_____ No_____(41)

If ‘Yes’ to (41): Did you bring up (more) phlegm than usual in any

of these illnesses? Yes_____ No_____(42)

If “Yes’ to (42): During the past three years have you had:

Only one such illness with increased phlegm? (1)  (43)

More than one illness: (2)  (44)

Br. Grade____________________________

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E. TIGHTNESS

Does your chest ever feel tight or your breathing become difficult?_______________ Yes_____ No_____(45)

Is your chest tight or your breathing difficult on any particular day

of the week? (After a week or 10 days away from the mill)_____________________ Yes_____ No_____(46)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

If ‘Yes’ Which day? Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

(1) (2)

Sometimes Always

If ‘Yes’ Monday, At what time on Monday does your chest 1.  Before entering the mill (48)

feel tight or your breathing difficult? 2.  After entering the mill

(Ask only if No to Question (45))

In the past, has your chest ever been tight or your breathing

difficult on any particular day of the week?_____________________________ Yes_____ No_____(49)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

If ‘Yes’ Which day? Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

(1) (2)

Sometimes Always

F. BREATHLESSNESS

If disabled from walking by any condition other than heart

or lung disease put “X” here and leave questions (52-60) unasked  (51)

Are you ever troubled by shortness of breath, when hurrying on the

level or walking up a slight hill?____________________ Yes_____ No_____ (52)

If ‘No’, grade is 1. If ‘Yes’, proceed to next question.

Do you get short of breath walking with other people at an

ordinary pace on the level?________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (53)

If ‘No’, grade is 2. If ‘Yes’, proceed to next question.

Do you have to stop for breath when walking at your own pace

on the level?____________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (54)

If ‘No’, grade is 3. If ‘Yes’, proceed to next question.

Do you have to stop for breath on washing or dressing?____________ Yes_____ No_____ (55)

If ‘No’, grade is 4. If ‘Yes’, grade is 5.

Dyspnea Grd._______________________________________ (56)

ON MONDAYS

Are you ever troubled by shortness of breath, when hurrying on the

level or walking up a slight hill?________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (57)

If ‘No’, grade is 1. If ‘Yes’, proceed to the next question.

Do you get short of breath walking with other people at an ordinary

pace on the level?____________________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (58)

If “No’, grade is 2. If ‘Yes’, proceed to the next question.

Do you have to stop for breath when walking at your own

pace on the level?___________________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (59)

If ‘No’, grade is 3. If ‘Yes’, proceed to the next question.

Are you short of breath on washing or dressing?________________ Yes_____ No_____ (60)

If “No’, grade is 4. If ‘Yes’, grade is 5.

B. Grd___________________________________________ (61)

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G. OTHER ILLNESSES AND ALLERGY HISTORY

Do you have a heart condition for which you are under a doctor’s

care?________________________________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (62)

Have you ever had asthma? Yes_____ No_____ (63)

If ‘Yes’, did it begin (1)  Before age 30 (2)  After age 30

‘Yes’ before 30, did you have asthma before ever going to work in a

textile mill?__________________________________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (64)

Have you ever had hay fever or other allergies (other than above)?___________ Yes_____ No_____ (65)

H. TOBACCO SMOKING*

Do you smoke?

Record ‘Yes’ if regular smoker up to one month ago

(Cigarettes, cigar or pipe)______________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (66)

If ‘No’ to 63

Have you ever smoked? (Cigarettes, cigars, pipe. Record ‘No’ if subject

has never smoked as much as one cigarette a day, or 1 oz. tobacco

a month, for as long as one year.)________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (67)

If ‘Yes’ to (63) or (64), what have you smoked and for how many years?

(Write in specific number of years in the appropriate square.)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Years

(<5)

(5 – 9)

(10 – 14)

(15 – 19)

(20 – 24)

(25 – 29)

(30 – 34)

(35 – 39)

(>40)

Cigarettes

(68)

Pipe

(69)

Cigars

(70)

If cigarettes, how many packs per day? (1)  less than 1/2 pack (2)  1/2 pack, but less than 1 pack (71)

(Write in number of cigarettes) (3)  1 pack, but less than 1-1/2 packs (4)  1-1/2 packs or

Number of pack years: __________________________ (72) (73)

If an ex-smoker (cigarettes, cigar or pipe). How long since you stopped_____________________________ (74)

(Write in number of years) (1)  0-1 year (2)  1-4 years

(3)  5-9 years (4)  10+ years

Have you changed your smoking habits since last interview? If yes, specify what changes.

I. OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY**

Have you ever worked in A foundry? (As long as one year)__________ Yes_____ No_____ (75)

Stone or mineral mining, quarrying or processing

(As long as one year)____________________________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (76)

Asbestos milling or processing? (Ever)_____________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (77)

Other dusts, fumes or smoke? If yes, specify________________________ Yes_____ No_____ (78)

Type of exposure______________________________________________

Length of exposure____________________________________________

**Ask only on first interview.

At what age do you first go to work in a textile mill? (Write in specific age in appropriate square)

<20

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40+

When you first worked in a textile mill, did you work with (1)  Cotton or cotton blend (79)

(2)  Synthetic or wool (80)

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 22

APPENDIX B-II

Respiratory Questionnaire for Non Textile Workers for the Cotton Industry

________________________________________________________________________

Identification No. Interviewer Code

________________________________________________________________________

Location Date of Interview

________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 23

A. IDENTIFICATION

1. Name (Last) (First) (Middle Initial)

3. Phone Number

Area Code ( )

No.

4. Social Security #

(optional, see below)

_____ - _____ - _____

2. Current Address (Number, Street, or Rural Route, City

or Town, County, State, Zip Code)

5. Birthday

(Mo., Day, Yr.)

6. Age Last Birthday

7 Sex



Male 2



Female

____________________________________________________

8. Ethnic Group or Ancestry



White, not of Hispanic Origin



Black, not of Hispanic Origin



Hispanic



American Indian or Alaskan Native



Asian or Pacific Islander



Other:_______________

9. Standing Height

___________________(cm)

10. Weight

_______________________

11. Work Shift

 2

 3



12. Present Work Area

Please indicate primary assigned work area and percent of time spent at that site. If at other locations, please

indicate and note percent of time for each.

Primary Work Area

___________________________________________________________________________________

Specific Job

___________________________________________________________________________________

13. Appropriate Industry

1  Garnetting 3  Cotton Warehouse 5  Cotton

Classification

2  Cottonseed Oil Mill 4  Utilization 6  Cotton Ginning

(Furnishing your Social Security number is voluntary. Your refusal to provide this number will not affect any right,

benefit, or privilege to which you would be entitled if you did provide your Social Security number. Your Social Security

number is being requested since it will permit use in future determinators in statistical research studies.)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

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Part N, Page 24

B. OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY TABLE

Complete the following table showing the entire work history of the individual from present to initial employment.

Sporadic, part-time periods of employment, each of no significant duration, should be grouped if possible.

Tenure of

Employment

Specific Occupation

Average No. Days

Worked Per Week

Hazardous Health Exposure

Associated With Work

From

19___

Yes

If Yes, Describe

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 25

C. SYMPTOMS

Use actual wording of each question. Put X in appropriate square after each question. When in doubt record ‘No’.

COUGH

1. Do you usually cough first thing in the morning?

(on getting up)* 1  Yes 2  No

(Count a cough with first smoke or on “first going out of doors”.

Exclude clearing throat or a single cough.)

2. Do you usually cough during the day or at night?

(Ignore an occasional cough.) 1  Yes 2  No

If YES to either question 1 or 2:

3. Do you cough like this on most days for as much as three

months a year? 1  Yes 2  No 3 

N/A

4. Do you cough on any particular day of the week? 1  Yes 2  No

If YES:

5. Which day? Mon. Tue. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

_____________________________

PHLEGM

6. Do you usually bring up phlegm from your chest first thing in the morning?

(on getting up)* (Count phlegm with the first smoke or on “first going out

of doors.” Exclude phlegm from the nose. Count swallowed phlegm.) 1  Yes 2  No

7. Do you usually bring up phlegm from your chest during the day

or at night?

(Accept twice or more) 1  Yes 2  No

If YES to either question 6 or 7:

8. Do you bring up phlegm like this on most days for as much as

three months each year. 1  Yes 2  No

If YES to question 3 or 8:

9. How long have you had this phlegm? (cough) (1)  2 years or less

Write in number of years) (2)  More than 2 years – 9 years

(3)  10-19 years

(4)  20+ years

*These words are for subjects who work at night

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 26

10. In the past three years, have you had a period of (1)  No

(increased) cough and phlegm lasting for 3 (2)  Yes, only one period

weeks or more? (3)  Yes, two or more periods

For subjects who usually have phlegm:

11. During the past 3 years have you had any chest illness

which has kept you off work, indoors at home in bed?

(For as long as one week, flu?) 1  Yes 2  No

If YES to 11:

12. Did you bring up (more) phlegm than usual in any 1  Yes 2  No

of these illnesses?

If YES to 12: During the past three years have you had:

13. Only one such illness with increased phlegm? 1  Yes 2  No

14. More than one such illness: 1  Yes 2  No

Br. Grade________________

TIGHTNESS

15. Does your chest ever feel tight or your

breathing become difficult? 1  Yes 2  No

16. Is your chest tight or your breathing difficult on any particular day

of the week? (after a week or 10 days from the pill)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

If ‘Yes’ Which day? Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

(1) (2)

Sometimes Always

18. If YES Monday: At what time on Monday doe your chest  Before entering mill

feel tight or your breathing difficult?  After entering mill

(ASK ONLY IF NOT TO QUESTION 15)

19. In the past, has your chest ever been tight or your breathing

difficult on any particular day of the week? 1  Yes 2  No

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

If ‘Yes’ Which day? Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

(1) (2)

Sometimes Always

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 27

21. If disabled from walking by any condition other than heart or lung

disease put “X” in the space and leave questions (20-30) unasked. 

22. Are you ever troubled by shortness of breath, when hurrying

on the level or walking up slight hill? 1  Yes 2  No

If NO, grade is 1. If YES, proceed to next question.

23. Do you get short of breath walking with other people at an

ordinary pace on the level? 1  Yes 2.  No

If NO, grade is 2. If YES, proceed to next question.

24. Do you have to stop for breath when walking at your own

pace on the level? 1.  Yes 2.  No

If NO, grade is 3. If YES, proceed to next question.

25. Are you short of breath on washing or dressing? 1.  Yes 2.  No

If NO, grade is 4. If YES, grade is 5.

26. Dyspnea Grd._______________

ON MONDAYS

27. Are you ever troubled by shortness of breath, when hurrying

on the level or walking up a slight hill? 1.  Yes 2.  No

If NO, grade is 1. If YES, proceed to next question.

28. Do you get short of breath walking with other people

at an ordinary pace on the level? 1.  Yes 2.  No

If NO, grade is 2. If YES, proceed to next question.

29. Do you have to stop for breath when walking at your

own pace on the level? 1.  Yes 2.  No

If NO, grade is 3. If YES, proceed to next question.

30. Are you short of breath on washing or dressing? 1.  Yes 2.  No

If NO, grade is 4. If YES, grade is 5.

31. B. Grd.___________________

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 28

OTHER ILLNESSES AND ALLERGY HISTORY

32. Do you have a heart condition for which you are under

a doctor’s care? 1.  Yes 2.  No

33. Have you ever had asthma? 1.  Yes 2.  No

If yes, did it begin: (1) Before age 30 

(2) After age 30 

34. If yes before 30: did you have asthma before ever going

to work in a textile mill? 1.  Yes 2.  No

35. Have you ever had hay fever or other allergies

(other than above)? 1.  Yes 2.  No

36. Do you smoke: 1.  Yes 2.  No

Record Yes if regular smoker up to one month

ago. (Cigarettes, cigar or pipe).

If NO to (33).

37. Have you ever smoked? (Cigarettes, cigars, pipe. Record 1.  Yes 2.  No

NO if subject has never smoked as much as one cigarette

a day, or 1 oz. of tobacco a month, for as long as one year.)

If Yes to (33) or (34): what have you smoked for how many years?

(Write in specific number of years in the appropriate square)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Years

(<5)

(5 – 9)

(10 – 14)

(15 – 19)

(20 – 24)

(25 – 29)

(30 – 34)

(35 – 39)

(>40)

38. Cigarettes

39. Pipe

40. Cigars

41. If cigarettes, how many packs per day?  less than 1/2 pack

(Write in number of cigarettes)  1/2 pack, but less than 1 pack (3)

____________________  1 pack, but less than 1-1/2 packs

 1-1/2 packs or more

42. Number of pack years: _________________________

43. If an ex-smoker (cigarettes, cigar or pipe), how

long since you stopped? Write in number of years.) ____________________

 0-1 year  1-4 years

 5-9 years  10+ years

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 29

OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY

Have you ever worked in:

44. A foundry? (As long as one year) 1.  Yes 2.  No

45. Stone or mineral mining, quarrying or processing?

(As long as one year) 1.  Yes 2.  No

46. Asbestos milling or processing? (Ever) 1.  Yes 2.  No

47. Cotton or cotton blend mill? (For controls only) 1.  Yes 2.  No

48. Other dusts, fumes or smoke: If yes, specify. 1.  Yes 2.  No

Type of exposure___________________________________

Length of exposure_________________________________

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 30

APPENDIX B-III

Abbreviated Respiratory Questionnaire.

A. IDENTIFICATION DATA

Plant___________________________________________ Social Security

No._________________________________________

Day Month Year

(figures) (last 2 digits)

Name________________________________________________ Date of

Interview__________________________________________________

(Surname)

____________________________________________ Date of

Birth______________________________________________________

(First Names) M F

Address________________________________________ Age__________(8, 9) Sex_________________________________

(10)

______________________________________________ Race

IND.

OTHER

(11)

Interviewer: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (12)

Work Shift: 1

_____________2

_____________3

_____________(13) Standing Height___________ (14, 15)

Present Work Area Weight__________________ (16, 18)

If working in more than one specified work area, x area where most of the work shift is spent. If “other,” but spending 25% of the work

shift in one of the specified work areas, classify in that work area. If carding department employee, check area within that department

where most of the work shift is being spent (if in doubt, check “throughout”). For work areas such as spinning and weaving where many

work rooms may be involved, be sure to sure to check the specific work room to which the employee is assigned – if he works in more

than one work room within a department classify as 7 (all) for that department.

(19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30)

Workroom Open Pick Card

Number Area #1 #2 Spin Wind Twist Spool Warp Slash Weave Other

At Risk

(cotton &

Cards

cotton

blend)

Draw

Comb

Rove

Thru

Out

(all)

Control

(synthetic

Wool

Ex-worker

(cotton)

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 31

Use actual wording of each question. Put X in appropriate square after each question. When in doubt record ‘No’.

When no square, circle appropriate answer.

B. COUGH

(on getting up) *

Do you usually cough first thing in the morning?______________________________Yes_____ No_____ (31)

(Count a cough with first smoke or on “first going out of doors.”

exclude clearing throat or a single cough.)

Do you usually cough during the day or at night?______________________________Yes_____ No_____ (32)

(Ignore an occasional cough.)

If ‘Yes’ to either question (31, 32):

Do you cough like this on most days for as much as three months a year?__________Yes_____ No_____ (33)

Do you cough on any particular day of the week?______________________________Yes_____ No_____ (34)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

If ‘Yes’: Which day? Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

________________________________________________________________________________________________ (35)

C. PHLEGM or alternative word to suit local custom.

(on getting up)*

Do you usually bring up any phlegm from your chest first thing in

the morning? (Count phlegm with the first smoke or on “first going

out of doors.” Exclude phlegm from the nose. Count swallowed

phlegm.)________________________________________________________________Yes_____ No_____ (36)

Do you usually bring up any phlegm from your chest during the day or at

night? (Accept twice or more.)_____________________________________________Yes_____ No_____ (37)

If ‘Yes’ to either question ((36) or (37):

Do you bring up phlegm like this on most days for as much as three

months each year?_______________________________________________________Yes_____ No_____ (38)

If ‘Yes’ to question (33) or (38):

(cough) (1)  2 years or less

How long have you had this phlegm? (2)  More than 2 years – 9 years

(Write in number of years) (3)  10 – 19 years

(4)  20+ years

*These words are for subjects who work at night.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

D. TIGHTNESS

Does your chest ever feel tight or your breathing become difficult?_______________ Yes_____ No_____(39)

Is your chest tight or your breathing difficult on any particular day

of the week? (After a week or 10 days away from the mill)_____________________ Yes_____ No_____(40)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

If ‘Yes’ Which day? Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

(1) (2)

Sometimes Always

If ‘Yes’ Monday, At what time on Monday does your chest 1.  Before entering the mill (42)

tight or your breathing difficult? 2.  After entering the mill

(Ask only if No to Question (45)

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 32

In the past, has your chest ever been tight or your breathing

difficult on any particular day of the week?_____________________________ Yes_____ No_____(43)

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

If ‘Yes’ Which day? Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. Sat. Sun.

(1) (2)

Sometimes Always

E. TOBACCO SMOKING

*Have you changed your smoking habits since last interview?

If yes, specify what changes.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 33

WAC 296-62-14539 Appendix C--Spirometry prediction tables for normal males

and females.

TABLE 1. PREDICTED FVC FOR MALES (KNUDSON, ET AL.: AM. REV. RESPIR. DIS. 1976, 113, 587.)

………..AGE

60.0

3.44

3.59

3.75

3.91

3.72

3.66

3.61

3.55

3.49

3.43

3.37

3.32

60.5

3.50

3.66

3.81

3.97

3.80

3.75

3.69

3.63

3.57

3.51

3.46

3.40

61.0

3.56

3.72

3.88

4.03

3.89

3.83

3.77

3.71

3.66

3.60

3.54

3.48

61.5

3.63

3.78

3.94

4.10

3.97

3.91

3.85

3.80

3.74

3.68

3.62

3.56

62.0

3.69

3.85

4.00

4.16

4.05

3.99

3.94

3.88

3.82

3.76

3.70

3.65

62.5

3.76

3.91

4.07

4.22

4.13

4.08

4.02

3.96

3.90

3.84

3.79

3.73

63.0

3.82

3.97

4.13

4.29

4.22

4.16

4.10

4.04

3.99

3.93

3.87

3.81

63.5

3.88

4.04

4.19

4.35

4.30

4.25

4.18

4.13

4.07

4.01

3.95

3.89

64.0

3.95

4.10

4.26

4.41

4.38

4.32

4.27

4.21

4.15

4.09

4.03

3.98

64.5

4.01

4.17

4.32

4.48

4.46

4.41

4.35

4.29

4.23

4.17

4.12

4.06

65.0

4.07

4.23

4.39

4.54

4.55

4.49

4.43

4.37

4.32

4.26

4.20

4.14

65.5

4.14

4.29

4.45

4.60

4.63

4.57

4.51

4.46

4.40

4.34

4.28

4.22

66.0

4.20

4.36

4.51

4.67

4.71

4.65

4.60

4.54

4.48

4.42

4.36

4.31

66.5

4.26

4.42

4.58

4.73

4.80

4.74

4.68

4.62

4.56

4.51

4.45

4.39

67.0

4.33

4.48

4.64

4.80

4.88

4.82

4.76

4.70

4.65

4.59

4.53

4.47

67.5

4.39

4.55

4.70

4.86

4.96

4.90

4.84

4.79

4.73

4.67

4.61

4.55

68.0

4.45

4.61

4.77

4.92

5.04

4.98

4.93

4.87

4.81

4.75

4.69

4.64

68.5

4.52

4.67

4.83

4.99

5.13

5.07

5.01

4.95

4.89

4.84

4.78

4.72

69.0

4.58

4.74

4.89

5.05

5.21

5.15

5.09

5.03

4.98

4.92

4.86

4.80

69.5

4.64

4.80

4.96

5.11

5.29

5.23

5.17

5.12

5.06

5.00

4.94

4.88

70.0

4.71

4.86

5.02

5.18

5.37

5.32

5.26

5.20

5.14

5.08

5.02

4.97

70.5

4.77

4.93

5.08

5.24

5.46

5.40

5.34

5.28

5.22

5.17

5.11

5.05

71.0

4.83

4.99

5.15

5.30

5.54

5.48

5.42

5.36

5.31

5.25

5.19

5.13

71.5

4.90

5.05

5.21

5.37

5.62

5.56

5.50

5.45

5.39

5.33

5.27

5.21

72.0

4.96

5.12

5.27

5.43

5.70

5.65

5.59

5.53

5.47

5.41

5.36

5.30

72.5

5.03

5.18

5.34

5.49

5.79

5.73

5.67

5.61

5.55

5.50

5.44

5.38

73.0

5.09

5.24

5.40

5.56

5.87

5.81

5.75

5.69

5.64

5.58

5.52

5.46

73.5

5.15

5.31

5.46

5.62

5.95

5.89

5.83

5.78

5.70

5.66

5.60

5.54

74.0

5.22

5.37

5.53

5.68

6.03

5.98

5.92

5.86

5.80

5.74

5.69

5.63

74.5

5.28

5.44

5.59

5.75

6.12

6.06

6.00

5.94

5.88

5.83

5.77

5.71

75.0

5.34

5.50

5.65

5.81

6.20

6.14

6.08

6.02

5.97

5.91

5.85

5.79

75.5

5.41

5.56

5.72

5.87

6.28

6.22

6.17

6.11

6.05

5.99

5.93

5.88

76.0

5.47

5.63

5.78

5.94

6.36

6.31

6.25

6.19

6.13

6.07

6.02

5.96

76.5

5.53

5.69

5.85

6.00

6.45

6.39

6.33

6.27

6.21

6.16

6.10

6.04

77.0

5.60

5.75

5.91

6.06

6.53

6.47

6.41

6.35

6.30

6.24

6.18

6.12

77.5

5.66

5.82

5.97

6.13

6.61

6.55

6.50

6.44

6.38

6.32

6.26

6.21

78.0

5.72

5.88

6.04

6.19

6.69

6.64

6.58

6.52

6.46

6.40

6.35

6.29

78.5

5.79

5.94

6.10

6.26

6.78

6.72

6.66

6.60

6.54

6.49

6.43

6.37

79.0

5.85

6.01

6.16

6.32

6.86

6.80

6.74

6.68

6.63

6.57

6.51

6.45

79.5

5.91

6.07

6.23

6.38

6.94

6.88

6.83

6.77

6.71

6.65

6.59

6.54

80.0

5.98

6.13

6.29

6.45

7.02

6.97

6.91

6.85

6.79

6.73

6.68

6.62

80.5

6.04

6.20

6.35

6.51

7.11

7.05

6.99

6.93

6.87

6.82

6.76

6.70

81.0

6.10

6.26

6.42

6.57

7.19

7.13

7.07

7.02

6.96

6.90

6.84

6.78

81.5

6.17

6.32

6.48

6.64

7.27

7.21

7.16

7.10

7.04

6.98

6.92

6.87

82.0

6.23

6.39

6.54

6.70

7.35

7.30

7.24

7.18

7.12

7.06

7.01

6.95

82.5

6.30

6.45

6.61

6.76

7.44

7.38

7.32

7.26

7.20

7.15

7.09

7.03

83.0

6.36

6.51

6.67

6.83

7.52

7.46

7.40

7.35

7.29

7.23

7.17

7.11

83.5

6.42

6.58

6.73

6.89

7.60

7.54

7.49

7.43

7.37

7.31

7.25

7.20

84.0

6.49

6.64

6.80

6.95

7.68

7.63

7.57

7.51

7.45

7.39

7.34

7.28

84.5

6.55

6.71

6.86

7.02

7.77

7.71

7.65

7.59

7.53

7.48

7.42

7.36

85.0

6.61

6.77

6.92

7.08

7.85

7.79

7.73

7.68

7.62

7.56

7.50

7.44

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 34

TABLE 1. PREDICTED FVC FOR MALES (KNUDSON, ET AL.: AM. REV. RESPIR. DIS. 1976, 113, 587.)

………..AGE

60.0

3.26

3.20

3.14

3.08

3.03

2.97

2.91

2.85

2.79

2.74

2.68

2.62

2.56

60.5

3.34

3.28

3.22

3.17

3.11

3.05

2.99

2.93

2.88

2.82

2.76

2.70

2.64

61.0

3.42

3.37

3.31

3.25

3.19

3.13

3.08

3.02

2.96

2.90

2.84

2.79

2.73

61.5

3.51

3.45

3.39

3.33

3.27

3.22

3.16

3.10

3.04

2.98

2.93

2.87

2.81

62.0

3.59

3.53

3.47

3.41

3.36

3.30

3.24

3.18

3.12

3.07

3.01

2.95

2.89

62.5

3.67

3.61

3.55

3.50

3.44

3.38

3.32

3.26

3.21

3.15

3.09

3.03

2.97

63.0

3.75

3.70

3.64

3.58

3.52

3.46

3.41

3.35

3.29

3.23

3.17

3.12

3.06

63.5

3.84

3.78

3.72

3.66

3.60

3.55

3.49

3.43

3.37

3.31

3.26

3.20

3.14

64.0

3.92

3.86

3.80

3.74

3.69

3.63

3.57

3.51

3.45

3.40

3.34

3.28

3.22

64.5

4.00

3.94

3.88

3.83

3.77

3.71

3.65

3.59

3.54

3.48

3.42

3.36

3.30

65.0

4.08

4.03

3.97

3.91

3.85

3.79

3.74

3.68

3.62

3.56

3.50

3.45

3.39

65.5

4.17

4.11

4.05

3.99

3.93

3.88

3.82

3.76

3.70

3.64

3.59

3.53

3.47

66.0

4.25

4.19

4.13

4.07

4.02

3.96

3.90

3.84

3.78

3.73

3.67

3.61

3.55

66.5

4.33

4.27

4.22

4.16

4.10

4.04

3.98

3.93

3.87

3.81

3.75

3.69

3.64

67.0

4.41

4.36

4.30

4.24

4.18

4.12

4.07

4.01

3.95

3.89

3.83

3.78

3.72

67.5

4.50

4.44

4.38

4.32

4.26

4.21

4.15

4.09

4.03

3.97

3.92

3.86

3.80

68.0

4.58

4.52

4.46

4.40

4.35

4.29

4.23

4.17

4.11

4.06

4.00

3.94

3.88

68.5

4.66

4.60

4.55

4.49

4.43

4.37

4.31

4.26

4.20

4.14

4.08

4.02

3.97

69.0

4.74

4.69

4.63

4.57

4.51

4.45

4.40

4.34

4.28

4.22

4.16

4.11

4.05

69.5

4.83

4.77

4.71

4.65

4.59

4.54

4.48

4.42

4.36

4.30

4.25

4.19

4.13

70.0

4.91

4.85

4.79

4.74

4.68

4.62

4.56

4.50

4.44

4.39

4.33

4.27

4.21

70.5

4.99

4.93

4.88

4.82

4.76

4.70

4.64

4.59

4.53

4.47

4.41

4.35

4.30

71.0

5.07

5.02

4.96

4.90

4.84

4.78

4.73

4.67

4.61

4.55

4.49

4.44

4.38

71.5

5.16

5.10

5.04

4.98

4.92

4.87

4.81

4.75

4.69

4.63

4.58

4.52

4.46

72.0

5.24

5.18

5.12

5.07

5.01

4.95

4.89

4.83

4.78

4.72

4.66

4.60

4.54

72.5

5.32

5.26

5.21

5.15

5.09

5.03

4.97

4.92

4.86

4.80

4.74

4.68

4.63

73.0

5.40

5.35

5.29

5.23

5.17

5.11

5.06

5.00

4.94

4.88

4.82

4.77

4.71

73.5

5.49

5.43

5.37

5.31

5.25

5.20

5.14

5.08

5.02

4.96

4.91

4.85

4.79

74.0

5.57

5.51

5.45

5.40

5.34

5.28

5.22

5.16

5.11

5.05

4.99

4.93

4.87

74.5

5.65

5.59

5.54

5.48

5.42

5.36

5.30

5.25

5.19

5.13

5.07

5.01

4.96

75.0

5.73

5.68

5.62

5.56

5.50

5.44

5.39

5.33

5.27

5.21

5.15

5.10

5.04

75.5

5.82

5.76

5.70

5.64

5.59

5.53

5.47

5.41

5.35

5.30

5.24

5.18

5.12

76.0

5.90

5.84

5.78

5.73

5.67

5.61

5.55

5.49

5.44

5.38

5.32

5.26

5.20

76.5

5.98

5.92

5.87

5.81

5.75

5.69

5.63

5.58

5.52

5.46

5.40

5.34

5.29

77.0

6.06

6.01

5.95

5.89

5.83

5.77

5.72

5.66

5.60

5.54

5.48

5.43

5.37

77.5

6.15

6.09

6.03

5.97

5.92

5.86

5.80

5.74

5.68

5.63

5.57

5.51

5.45

78.0

6.23

6.17

6.11

6.06

6.00

5.94

5.88

5.82

5.77

5.71

5.65

5.59

5.53

78.5

6.31

6.25

6.20

6.14

6.08

6.02

5.96

5.91

5.85

5.79

5.73

5.67

5.62

79.0

6.39

6.34

6.28

6.22

6.16

6.10

6.05

5.99

5.93

5.87

5.81

5.76

5.70

79.5

6.48

6.42

6.36

6.30

6.25

6.19

6.13

6.07

6.01

5.96

5.90

5.84

5.78

80.0

6.56

6.50

6.44

6.39

6.33

6.27

6.21

6.15

6.10

6.04

5.98

5.92

5.86

80.5

6.64

6.58

6.53

6.47

6.41

6.35

6.29

6.24

6.18

6.12

6.06

6.00

5.95

81.0

6.73

6.67

6.61

6.55

6.49

6.44

6.38

6.32

6.26

6.20

6.15

6.09

6.03

81.5

6.81

6.75

6.69

6.63

6.58

6.52

6.46

6.40

6.34

6.29

6.23

6.17

6.11

82.0

6.89

6.83

6.77

6.72

6.66

6.60

6.54

6.48

6.43

6.37

6.31

6.25

6.19

82.5

6.97

6.91

6.86

6.80

6.74

6.68

6.62

6.57

6.51

6.45

6.39

6.33

6.28

83.0

7.06

7.00

6.94

6.88

6.82

6.77

6.71

6.65

6.59

6.53

6.48

6.42

6.36

83.5

7.14

7.08

7.02

6.96

6.91

6.85

6.79

6.73

6.67

6.62

6.56

6.50

6.44

84.0

7.22

7.16

7.10

7.05

6.99

6.93

6.87

6.81

6.76

6.70

6.64

6.58

6.52

84.5

7.30

7.24

7.19

7.13

7.07

7.01

6.95

6.90

6.84

6.78

6.72

6.66

6.61

85.0

7.39

7.33

7.27

7.21

7.15

7.10

7.04

6.98

6.92

6.86

6.81

6.75

6.69

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 35

TABLE 2. PREDICTED FEV(1) FOR MALES (KNUDSON. ET AL.: AM. REV. RESPIR. DIS. 1976, 113, 587.)

………..AGE

60.0

2.97

3.06

3.15

3.24

3.05

2.99

2.94

2.88

2.83

2.78

2.72

2.67

60.5

3.03

3.12

3.21

3.30

3.11

3.06

3.00

2.95

2.90

2.84

2.79

2.73

61.0

3.08

3.17

3.26

3.35

3.18

3.12

3.07

3.02

2.96

2.91

2.85

2.80

61.5

3.14

3.23

3.32

3.41

3.24

3.19

3.14

3.08

3.03

2.97

2.92

2.87

62.0

3.20

3.29

3.38

3.47

3.31

3.26

3.20

3.15

3.09

3.04

2.99

2.93

62.5

3.26

3.35

3.44

3.53

3.38

3.32

3.27

3.22

3.16

3.11

3.05

3.00

63.0

3.32

3.41

3.50

3.59

3.44

3.39

3.34

3.28

3.23

3.17

3.12

3.07

63.5

3.38

3.47

3.56

3.65

3.51

3.46

3.40

3.35

3.29

3.24

3.19

3.13

64.0

3.43

3.52

3.61

3.70

3.58

3.52

3.47

3.41

3.36

3.31

3.25

3.20

64.5

3.49

3.58

3.67

3.76

3.64

3.59

3.53

3.48

3.43

3.37

3.32

3.26

65.0

3.55

3.64

3.73

3.82

3.71

3.65

3.60

3.55

3.49

3.44

3.38

3.33

65.5

3.61

3.70

3.79

3.88

3.77

3.72

3.67

3.61

3.56

3.50

3.45

3.40

66.0

3.67

3.76

3.85

3.94

3.84

3.79

3.73

3.68

3.62

3.57

3.52

3.46

66.5

3.73

3.82

3.91

4.00

3.91

3.85

3.80

3.74

3.69

3.64

3.58

3.53

67.0

3.79

3.88

3.97

4.06

3.97

3.92

3.86

3.81

3.76

3.70

3.65

3.59

67.5

3.84

3.93

4.02

4.11

4.04

3.98

3.93

3.88

3.82

3.77

3.71

3.66

68.0

3.90

3.99

4.08

4.17

4.10

4.05

4.00

3.94

3.89

3.83

3.78

3.73

68.5

3.96

4.05

4.14

4.23

4.17

4.12

4.06

4.01

3.95

3.90

3.85

3.79

69.0

4.02

4.11

4.20

4.29

4.24

4.18

4.13

4.07

4.02

3.97

3.91

3.86

69.5

4.08

4.17

4.26

4.35

4.30

4.25

4.19

4.14

4.09

4.03

3.98

3.92

70.0

4.14

4.23

4.32

4.41

4.37

4.31

4.26

4.21

4.15

4.10

4.04

3.99

70.5

4.19

4.28

4.37

4.46

4.43

4.38

4.33

4.27

4.22

4.16

4.11

4.06

71.0

4.25

4.34

4.43

4.52

4.50

4.45

4.39

4.34

4.28

4.23

4.18

4.12

71.5

4.31

4.40

4.49

4.58

4.57

4.51

4.46

4.40

4.35

4.30

4.24

4.19

72.0

4.37

4.46

4.55

4.64

4.63

4.58

4.52

4.47

4.42

4.36

4.31

4.25

72.5

4.43

4.52

4.61

4.70

4.64

4.59

4.54

4.48

4.43

4.37

4.32

73.0

4.49

4.58

4.67

4.76

4.71

4.66

4.60

4.55

4.49

4.44

4.39

73.5

4.54

4.63

4.72

4.81

4.83

4.78

4.72

4.67

4.61

4.56

4.51

4.45

74.0

4.60

4.69

4.78

4.87

4.90

4.84

4.79

4.73

4.68

4.63

4.57

4.52

74.5

4.66

4.75

4.84

4.93

4.96

4.91

4.85

4.80

4.75

4.69

4.64

4.58

75.0

4.72

4.81

4.90

4.99

5.03

4.97

4.92

4.87

4.81

4.76

4.70

4.65

75.5

4.78

4.87

4.96

5.05

5.09

5.04

4.99

4.93

4.88

4.82

4.77

4.72

76.0

4.84

4.93

5.02

5.11

5.16

5.11

5.05

5.00

4.94

4.89

4.84

4.78

76.5

4.90

4.99

5.08

5.17

5.23

5.17

5.12

5.06

5.01

4.96

4.90

4.85

77.0

4.95

5.04

5.13

5.22

5.29

5.24

5.18

5.13

5.08

5.02

4.97

4.91

77.5

5.01

5.10

5.19

5.28

5.36

5.30

5.25

5.20

5.14

5.09

5.03

4.98

78.0

5.07

5.16

5.25

5.34

5.42

5.37

5.32

5.26

5.21

5.15

5.10

5.05

78.5

5.13

5.22

5.31

5.40

5.49

5.44

5.38

5.33

5.27

5.22

5.17

5.11

79.0

5.19

5.28

5.37

5.46

5.56

5.50

5.45

5.39

5.34

5.29

5.23

5.18

79.5

5.25

5.34

5.43

5.52

5.62

5.57

5.51

5.46

5.41

5.35

5.30

5.24

80.0

5.30

5.39

5.48

5.57

5.69

5.63

5.58

5.53

5.47

5.42

5.36

5.31

80.5

5.36

5.45

5.54

5.63

5.75

5.70

5.65

5.59

5.54

5.48

5.43

5.38

81.0

5.42

5.51

5.60

5.69

5.82

5.77

5.71

5.66

5.60

5.55

5.50

5.44

81.5

5.48

5.57

5.66

5.75

5.89

5.83

5.78

5.72

5.67

5.62

5.56

5.51

82.0

5.54

5.63

5.72

5.81

5.95

5.90

5.84

5.79

5.74

5.68

5.63

5.57

82.5

5.60

5.69

5.78

5.87

6.02

5.96

5.91

5.86

5.80

5.75

5.69

6.64

83.0

5.65

5.74

5.83

5.92

6.08

6.03

5.98

5.92

5.87

5.81

5.76

5.71

83.5

5.71

5.80

5.90

5.98

6.15

6.10

6.04

5.99

5.93

5.88

5.83

5.77

84.0

5.77

5.86

5.95

6.04

6.22

6.16

6.11

6.05

6.00

5.95

5.89

5.84

84.5

5.83

5.92

6.01

6.10

6.28

6.23

6.12

6.17

6.07

6.01

5.96

5.90

85.0

5.89

5.98

6.07

6.16

6.36

6.29

6.24

6.19

6.13

6.06

6.02

5.97

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 36

TABLE 2. PREDICTED FEV(1) FOR MALES (KNUDSON. ET AL.: AM. REV. RESPIR. DIS. 1976, 113, 587.)

………..AGE

60.0

2.61

2.56

2.51

2.45

2.40

2.34

2.29

2.24

2.18

2.13

2.07

2.02

1.97

60.5

2.68

2.63

2.57

2.52

2.46

2.41

2.36

2.30

2.25

2.19

2.14

2.09

2.03

61.0

2.75

2.69

2.64

2.58

2.53

2.48

2.42

2.37

2.31

2.26

2.21

2.15

2.10

61.5

2.81

2.76

2.70

2.65

2.60

2.54

2.49

2.43

2.38

2.33

2.27

2.22

2.16

62.0

2.88

2.82

2.77

2.72

2.66

2.61

2.55

2.50

2.45

2.39

2.34

2.28

2.23

62.5

2.95

2.89

2.84

2.78

2.73

2.68

2.62

2.57

2.51

2.46

2.41

2.35

2.30

63.0

3.01

2.96

2.90

2.85

2.80

2.74

2.69

2.63

2.58

2.53

2.47

2.42

2.36

63.5

3.08

3.02

2.97

2.92

2.86

2.81

2.75

2.70

2.65

2.59

2.54

2.48

2.43

64.0

3.14

3.09

3.04

2.98

2.93

2.87

2.82

2.77

2.71

2.66

2.60

2.55

2.50

64.5

3.21

3.16

3.10

3.05

2.99

2.94

2.89

2.83

2.78

2.72

2.67

2.62

2.56

65.0

3.28

3.22

3.17

3.11

3.06

3.01

2.95

2.90

2.84

2.79

2.74

2.68

2.63

65.5

3.34

3.29

3.23

3.18

3.13

3.07

3.02

2.96

2.91

2.86

2.80

2.75

2.69

66.0

3.41

3.35

3.30

3.25

3.19

3.14

3.08

3.03

2.98

2.92

2.87

2.81

2.76

66.5

3.47

3.42

3.37

3.31

3.26

3.20

3.15

3.10

3.04

2.99

2.93

2.88

2.83

67.0

3.54

3.49

3.43

3.38

3.32

3.27

3.22

3.16

3.11

3.05

3.00

2.95

2.89

67.5

3.61

3.55

3.50

3.44

3.39

3.34

3.28

3.23

3.17

3.12

3.07

3.01

2.96

68.0

3.67

3.62

3.56

3.51

3.46

3.40

3.35

3.29

3.24

3.19

3.13

3.08

3.02

68.5

3.74

3.68

3.63

3.58

3.52

3.47

3.41

3.36

3.31

3.25

3.20

3.14

3.09

69.0

3.80

3.75

3.70

3.64

3.59

3.53

3.48

3.43

3.37

3.32

3.26

3.21

3.16

69.5

3.87

3.82

3.76

3.71

3.65

3.60

3.55

3.49

3.44

3.38

3.33

3.28

3.22

70.0

3.94

3.88

3.83

3.77

3.72

3.67

3.61

3.56

3.50

3.45

3.40

3.34

3.29

70.5

4.00

3.95

3.89

3.84

3.79

3.73

3.68

3.62

3.57

3.52

3.46

3.41

3.35

71.0

4.07

4.01

3.96

3.91

3.85

3.80

3.74

3.69

3.64

3.58

3.53

3.47

3.42

71.5

4.13

4.08

4.03

3.97

3.92

3.86

3.81

3.76

3.70

3.65

3.59

3.54

3.49

72.0

4.20

4.15

4.09

4.04

3.98

3.93

3.88

3.82

3.77

3.71

3.66

3.61

3.55

72.5

4.27

4.21

4.16

4.10

4.05

4.00

3.94

3.89

3.83

3.78

3.73

3.67

3.62

73.0

4.33

4.28

4.22

4.17

4.12

4.06

4.01

3.95

3.90

3.85

3.79

3.74

3.68

73.5

4.40

4.34

4.29

4.24

4.18

4.13

4.07

4.02

3.97

3.91

3.86

3.80

3.75

74.0

4.46

4.41

4.36

4.30

4.25

4.19

4.14

4.09

4.03

3.98

3.92

3.87

3.82

74.5

4.53

4.48

4.42

4.37

4.31

4.26

4.21

4.15

4.10

4.04

3.99

3.94

3.88

75.0

4.60

4.54

4.49

4.43

4.38

4.33

4.27

4.22

4.16

4.11

4.06

4.00

3.95

75.5

4.66

4.61

4.55

4.50

4.45

4.39

4.34

4.28

4.23

4.18

4.12

4.07

4.01

76.0

4.73

4.67

4.62

4.57

4.51

4.46

4.40

4.35

4.30

4.24

4.19

4.13

4.08

76.5

4.79

4.74

4.69

4.63

4.58

4.52

4.47

4.42

4.36

4.31

4.25

4.20

4.15

77.0

4.86

4.81

4.75

4.70

4.64

4.59

4.54

4.48

4.43

4.37

4.32

4.27

4.21

77.5

4.93

4.87

4.82

4.76

4.71

4.66

4.60

4.55

4.49

4.44

4.39

4.33

4.28

78.0

4.99

4.94

4.88

4.83

4.78

4.72

4.67

4.61

4.56

4.51

4.45

4.40

4.34

78.5

5.06

5.00

4.95

4.90

4.84

4.79

4.73

4.68

4.63

4.57

4.52

4.46

4.41

79.0

5.12

5.07

5.02

4.96

4.91

4.85

4.80

4.75

4.69

4.64

4.58

4.53

4.48

79.5

5.19

5.14

5.08

5.03

4.97

4.92

4.87

4.81

4.76

4.70

4.65

4.60

4.54

80.0

5.26

5.20

5.15

5.09

5.04

4.99

4.93

4.88

4.82

4.77

4.72

4.66

4.61

80.5

5.32

5.27

5.21

5.16

5.11

5.05

5.00

4.94

4.89

4.84

4.78

4.73

4.67

81.0

5.39

5.33

5.28

5.23

5.17

5.12

5.06

5.01

4.96

4.90

4.85

4.79

4.74

81.5

5.45

5.40

5.35

5.29

5.24

5.18

5.13

5.08

5.02

4.97

4.91

4.86

4.81

82.0

5.52

5.47

5.41

5.36

5.30

5.25

5.20

5.14

5.09

5.03

4.98

4.93

4.87

82.5

5.59

5.53

5.48

5.42

5.37

5.32

5.26

5.21

5.15

5.10

5.05

4.99

4.94

83.0

5.65

5.60

5.54

5.49

5.44

5.38

5.33

5.27

5.22

5.17

5.11

5.06

5.00

83.5

5.72

5.66

5.61

5.56

5.50

5.45

5.39

5.34

5.29

5.23

5.18

5.12

5.07

84.0

5.78

5.73

5.68

5.62

5.57

5.51

5.46

5.41

5.35

5.30

5.24

5.19

5.14

84.5

5.85

5.80

5.74

5.69

5.63

5.58

5.53

5.47

5.42

5.36

5.31

5.26

5.20

85.0

5.92

5.86

5.81

5.75

5.70

5.65

5.59

5.54

5.58

5.43

5.38

5.32

5.27

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 37

TABLE 3. PREDICTED FVC FOR FEMALES (KNUDSON, ETAL.: AM. REV .RESPIR .DIS.1976,113,587.)

AGE

52.0

2.45

2.64

2.65

2.61

2.56

2.52

2.47

2.43

2.39

2.34

2.30

2.25

52.5

2.50

2.68

2.70

2.65

2.61

2.57

2.52

2.48

2.43

2.39

2.35

2.30

53.0

2.54

2.72

2.74

2.70

2.66

2.61

2.57

2.52

2.48

2.44

2.39

2.35

53.5

2.58

2.76

2.79

2.75

2.70

2.66

2.62

2.57

2.53

2.48

2.44

2.40

54.0

2.62

2.81

2.84

2.79

2.75

2.71

2.66

2.62

2.57

2.53

2.49

2.44

54.5

2.66

2.85

2.89

2.84

2.80

2.75

2.71

2.67

2.62

2.58

2.53

2.49

55.0

2.71

2.89

2.93

2.89

2.84

2.80

2.76

2.71

2.67

2.62

2.58

2.54

55.5

2.75

2.93

2.98

2.94

2.89

2.85

2.80

2.76

2.72

2.67

2.63

2.58

56.0

2.79

2.97

3.03

2.98

2.94

2.89

2.85

2.81

2.76

2.72

2.67

2.63

56.5

2.83

3.01

3.07

3.03

2.99

2.94

2.90

2.85

2.81

2.77

2.72

2.68

57.0

2.87

3.06

3.12

3.08

3.03

2.99

2.94

2.90

2.86

2.81

2.77

2.72

57.5

2.91

3.10

3.17

3.12

3.08

3.04

2.99

2.95

2.90

2.86

2.82

2.77

58.0

2.96

3.14

3.21

3.17

3.13

3.08

3.04

2.99

2.95

2.91

2.86

2.82

58.5

3.00

3.18

3.26

3.22

3.17

3.13

3.09

3.04

3.00

2.95

2.91

2.87

59.0

3.04

3.22

3.31

3.26

3.22

3.18

3.13

3.09

3.04

3.00

2.96

2.91

59.5

3.08

3.27

3.36

3.31

3.27

3.22

3.18

3.14

3.09

3.05

3.00

2.96

60.0

3.12

3.31

3.40

3.36

3.31

3.27

3.23

3.18

3.14

3.09

3.05

3.01

60.5

3.17

3.35

3.45

3.41

3.36

3.32

3.27

3.23

3.19

3.14

3.10

3.05

61.0

3.21

3.39

3.50

3.45

3.41

3.36

3.32

3.28

3.23

3.19

3.14

3.10

61.5

3.25

3.43

3.54

3.50

3.46

3.41

3.37

3.32

3.28

3.24

3.19

3.15

62.0

3.29

3.48

3.59

3.55

3.50

3.46

3.41

3.37

3.33

3.28

3.24

3.19

62.5

3.33

3.52

3.64

3.59

3.55

3.51

3.46

3.42

3.37

3.33

3.29

3.24

63.0

3.38

3.56

3.68

3.64

3.60

3.55

3.51

3.46

3.42

3.38

3.33

3.29

63.5

3.42

3.60

3.73

3.69

3.64

3.60

3.56

3.51

3.47

3.42

3.38

3.34

64.0

3.46

3.64

3.78

3.73

3.69

3.65

3.60

3.56

3.51

3.47

3.43

3.38

64.5

3.50

3.69

3.83

3.78

3.74

3.69

3.65

3.61

3.56

3.52

3.47

3.43

65.0

3.54

3.73

3.87

3.83

3.78

3.74

3.70

3.65

3.61

3.56

3.52

3.48

65.5

3.59

3.77

3.92

3.88

3.83

3.79

3.74

3.70

3.66

3.61

3.57

3.52

66.0

3.63

3.81

3.97

3.92

3.88

3.83

3.79

3.75

3.70

3.66

3.61

3.57

66.5

3.67

3.85

4.01

3.97

3.93

3.88

3.84

3.79

3.75

3.71

3.66

3.62

67.0

3.71

3.89

4.06

4.02

3.97

3.93

3.88

3.84

3.80

3.75

3.71

3.66

67.5

3.75

3.94

4.11

4.06

4.02

3.98

3.93

3.89

3.84

3.80

3.76

3.71

68.0

3.79

3.98

4.15

4.11

4.07

4.02

3.98

3.93

3.89

3.85

3.80

3.76

68.5

3.84

4.02

4.20

4.16

4.11

4.07

4.03

3.98

3.94

3.89

3.85

3.81

69.0

3.88

4.06

4.25

4.20

4.16

4.12

4.07

4.03

3.98

3.94

3.90

3.85

69.5

3.92

4.10

4.30

4.29

4.21

4.16

4.12

4.08

4.03

3.99

3.94

3.90

70.0

3.96

4.15

4.34

4.30

4.25

4.21

4.17

4.12

4.08

4.03

3.99

3.95

70.5

4.00

4.19

4.39

4.35

4.30

4.26

4.21

4.17

4.13

4.08

4.04

3.99

71.0

4.05

4.23

4.44

4.39

4.35

4.30

4.26

4.22

4.17

4.13

4.08

4.04

71.5

4.09

4.27

4.48

4.44

4.40

4.35

4.31

4.26

4.22

4.18

4.13

4.09

72.0

4.13

4.31

4.53

4.49

4.44

4.40

4.35

4.31

4.27

4.22

4.18

4.13

72.5

4.17

4.36

4.58

4.53

4.49

4.45

4.40

4.36

4.31

4.27

4.23

4.18

73.0

4.21

4.40

4.62

4.58

4.54

4.49

4.45

4.40

4.36

4.32

4.27

4.23

73.5

4.26

4.44

4.67

4.63

4.50

4.54

4.50

4.45

4.41

4.36

4.32

4.28

74.0

4.30

4.48

4.72

4.67

4.63

4.59

4.54

4.50

4.45

4.41

4.37

4.32

74.5

4.34

4.52

4.77

4.72

4.68

4.63

4.59

4.55

4.50

4.46

4.41

4.37

75.0

4.38

4.57

4.81

4.77

4.72

4.68

4.64

4.59

4.55

4.50

4.46

4.42

75.5

4.42

4.61

4.86

4.82

4.77

4.73

4.68

4.64

4.60

4.55

4.51

4.46

76.0

4.47

4.65

4.91

4.86

4.82

4.77

4.73

4.69

4.64

4.60

4.55

4.51

76.5

4.51

4.69

4.95

4.91

4.87

4.82

4.78

4.73

4.69

4.65

4.60

4.56

77.0

4.55

4.73

5.00

4.96

4.91

4.87

4.82

4.78

4.74

4.69

4.65

4.60

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 38

TABLE 3. PREDICTED FVC FOR FEMALES (KNUDSON, ETAL.: AM. REV .RESPIR .DIS.1976,113,587.)

AGE

52.0

2.21

2.17

2.12

2.08

2.03

1.99

1.95

1.90

1.86

1.81

1.77

1.73

1.68

52.5

2.26

2.21

2.17

2.13

2.08

2.04

1.99

1.95

1.91

1.86

1.82

1.77

1.73

53.0

2.30

2.26

2.22

2.17

2.13

2.08

2.04

2.00

1.95

1.91

1.86

1.82

1.78

53.5

2.35

2.31

2.26

2.22

2.18

2.13

2.09

2.04

2.00

1.96

1.91

1.87

1.82

54.0

2.40

2.35

2.31

2.27

2.22

2.18

2.13

2.09

2.05

2.00

1.96

1.91

1.87

54.5

2.45

2.40

2.36

2.31

2.27

2.23

2.18

2.14

2.09

2.05

2.01

1.96

1.92

55.0

2.49

2.45

2.40

2.36

2.32

2.27

2.23

2.18

2.14

2.10

2.05

2.01

1.96

55.5

2.54

2.50

2.45

2.41

2.36

2.32

2.28

2.23

2.19

2.14

2.10

2.06

2.01

56.0

2.59

2.54

2.50

2.45

2.41

2.37

2.32

2.28

2.23

2.19

2.15

2.10

2.06

56.5

2.63

2.59

2.55

2.50

2.46

2.41

2.37

2.33

2.28

2.24

2.19

2.15

2.11

57.0

2.68

2.64

2.59

2.55

2.50

2.46

2.42

2.37

2.33

2.28

2.24

2.20

2.15

57.5

2.73

2.68

2.64

2.60

2.55

2.51

2.46

2.42

2.38

2.33

2.29

2.24

2.20

58.0

2.77

2.73

2.69

2.64

2.60

2.55

2.51

2.47

2.42

2.38

2.33

2.29

2.25

58.5

2.82

2.78

2.73

2.69

2.65

2.60

2.56

2.51

2.47

2.43

2.38

2.34

2.29

59.0

2.87

2.82

2.78

2.74

2.69

2.65

2.60

2.56

2.52

2.47

2.43

2.38

2.34

59.5

2.92

2.87

2.83

2.78

2.74

2.70

2.65

2.61

2.56

2.52

2.48

2.43

2.39

60.0

2.96

2.92

2.87

2.83

2.79

2.74

2.70

2.65

2.61

2.57

2.52

2.48

2.43

60.5

3.01

2.97

2.92

2.88

2.83

2.79

2.75

2.70

2.66

2.61

2.57

2.53

2.48

61.0

3.06

3.01

2.97

2.92

2.88

2.84

2.79

2.75

2.70

2.66

2.62

2.57

2.53

61.5

3.10

3.06

3.02

2.97

2.93

2.88

2.84

2.80

2.75

2.71

2.66

2.62

2.58

62.0

3.15

3.11

3.06

3.02

2.97

2.93

2.89

2.84

2.80

2.75

2.71

2.67

2.62

62.5

3.20

3.15

3.11

3.07

3.02

2.98

2.93

2.89

2.85

2.80

2.76

2.71

2.67

63.0

3.24

3.20

3.16

3.11

3.07

3.02

2.98

2.94

2.89

2.85

2.80

2.76

2.72

63.5

3.29

3.25

3.20

3.16

3.12

3.07

3.03

2.98

2.94

2.90

2.85

2.81

2.76

64.0

3.34

3.29

3.25

3.21

3.16

3.12

3.07

3.03

2.99

2.94

2.90

2.85

2.81

64.5

3.39

3.34

3.30

3.25

3.21

3.17

3.12

3.08

3.03

2.99

2.95

2.90

2.86

65.0

3.43

3.39

3.34

3.30

3.26

3.21

3.17

3.12

3.08

3.04

2.99

2.95

2.90

65.5

3.48

3.44

3.39

3.35

3.30

3.26

3.22

3.17

3.13

3.08

3.04

3.00

2.95

66.0

3.53

3.48

3.44

3.39

3.35

3.31

3.26

3.22

3.17

3.13

3.09

3.04

3.00

66.5

3.57

3.53

3.49

3.44

3.40

3.35

3.31

3.27

3.22

3.18

3.13

3.09

3.05

67.0

3.62

3.58

3.53

3.49

3.44

3.40

3.36

3.31

3.27

3.22

3.18

3.14

3.09

67.5

3.67

3.62

3.58

3.54

3.49

3.45

3.40

3.36

3.32

3.27

3.23

3.18

3.14

68.0

3.71

3.67

3.63

3.58

3.54

3.49

3.45

3.41

3.36

3.32

3.27

3.23

3.19

68.5

3.76

3.72

3.67

3.63

3.59

3.54

3.50

3.45

3.41

3.37

3.32

3.28

3.23

69.0

3.81

3.76

3.72

3.68

3.63

3.59

3.54

3.50

3.46

3.41

3.37

3.32

3.28

69.5

3.86

3.81

3.77

3.72

3.68

3.64

3.59

3.55

3.50

3.46

3.42

3.37

3.33

70.0

3.90

3.86

3.81

3.77

3.73

3.68

3.64

3.59

3.55

3.51

3.46

3.42

3.37

70.5

3.95

3.91

3.86

3.82

3.77

3.73

3.69

3.64

3.60

3.55

3.51

3.47

3.42

71.0

4.00

3.95

3.91

3.86

3.82

3.78

3.73

3.69

3.64

3.60

3.56

3.51

3.47

71.5

4.04

4.00

3.96

3.91

3.87

3.82

3.78

3.74

3.69

3.65

3.60

3.56

3.52

72.0

4.09

4.05

4.00

3.96

3.91

3.87

3.83

3.78

3.74

3.69

3.65

3.61

3.56

72.5

4.14

4.09

4.05

4.01

3.96

3.92

3.87

3.83

3.79

3.74

3.70

3.65

3.61

73.0

4.18

4.14

4.10

4.05

4.01

3.96

3.92

3.88

3.83

3.79

3.74

3.70

3.66

73.5

4.23

4.19

4.14

4.10

4.06

4.01

3.97

3.92

3.88

3.84

3.79

3.75

3.70

74.0

4.28

4.23

4.19

4.15

4.10

4.06

4.01

3.97

3.93

3.88

3.84

3.79

3.75

74.5

4.33

4.28

4.24

4.19

4.15

4.11

4.06

4.02

3.97

3.93

3.89

3.84

3.80

75.0

4.37

4.33

4.28

4.24

4.20

4.15

4.11

4.06

4.02

3.98

3.93

3.89

3.84

75.5

4.42

4.38

4.33

4.29

4.24

4.20

4.16

4.11

4.07

4.02

3.98

3.94

3.89

76.0

4.47

4.42

4.38

4.33

4.29

4.25

4.20

4.16

4.11

4.07

4.03

3.98

3.94

76.5

4.51

4.47

4.43

4.38

4.34

4.29

4.25

4.21

4.16

4.12

4.07

4.03

3.99

77.0

4.56

4.52

4.47

4.43

4.38

4.34

4.30

4.25

4.21

4.16

4.12

4.08

4.03

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 39

TABLE 4. PREDICTED FEV (1) FOR FEMALES (KNUDSON,ETAL.:AM. REV. RESPIR.DIS.1976,113,587.)

AGE

52.0

2.31

2.48

2.33

2.29

2.25

2.21

2.16

2.12

2.08

2.04

2.00

1.95

52.5

2.34

2.51

2.37

2.32

2.28

2.24

2.20

2.16

2.11

2.07

2.03

1.99

53.0

2.38

2.55

2.40

2.36

2.32

2.27

2.23

2.19

2.15

2.11

2.06

2.02

53.5

2.41

2.58

2.43

2.39

2.35

2.31

2.27

2.22

2.18

2.14

2.10

2.06

54.0

2.45

2.62

2.47

2.43

2.38

2.34

2.30

2.26

2.22

2.17

2.13

2.09

54.5

2.48

2.65

2.50

2.46

2.42

2.38

2.33

2.29

2.25

2.21

2.17

2.12

55.0

2.51

2.68

2.54

2.49

2.45

2.41

2.37

2.33

2.28

2.24

2.20

2.16

55.5

2.55

2.72

2.57

2.53

2.49

2.45

2.40

2.36

2.32

2.28

2.24

2.19

56.0

2.58

2.75

2.61

2.56

2.52

2.48

2.44

2.40

2.35

2.31

2.27

2.23

56.5

2.62

2.79

2.64

2.60

2.56

2.51

2.47

2.43

2.39

2.35

2.30

2.26

57.0

2.65

2.82

2.67

2.63

2.59

2.55

2.51

2.46

2.42

2.38

2.34

2.30

57.5

2.69

2.86

2.71

2.67

2.62

2.58

2.54

2.50

2.46

2.41

2.37

2.33

58.0

2.72

2.89

2.74

2.70

2.66

2.62

2.57

2.53

2.49

2.45

2.41

2.36

58.5

2.75

2.92

2.78

2.73

2.69

2.65

2.61

2.57

2.52

2.48

2.44

2.40

59.0

2.79

2.96

2.81

2.77

2.73

2.69

2.64

2.60

2.56

2.52

2.48

2.43

59.5

2.82

2.99

2.85

2.80

2.76

2.72

2.68

2.64

2.59

2.55

2.51

2.47

60.0

2.86

3.03

2.88

2.84

2.80

2.75

2.71

2.67

2.63

2.59

2.54

2.50

60.5

2.89

3.06

2.91

2.87

2.83

2.79

2.75

2.70

2.66

2.62

2.58

2.54

61.0

2.93

3.10

2.95

2.91

2.86

2.82

2.78

2.74

2.70

2.65

2.61

2.57

61.5

2.96

3.13

2.98

2.94

2.90

2.86

2.81

2.77

2.73

2.69

2.65

2.60

62.0

2.99

3.16

3.02

2.97

2.93

2.89

2.85

2.81

2.76

2.72

2.68

2.64

62.5

3.03

3.20

3.05

3.01

2.97

2.93

2.88

2.84

2.80

2.76

2.72

2.67

63.0

3.06

3.23

3.09

3.04

3.00

2.96

2.92

2.88

2.83

2.79

2.75

2.71

63.5

3.10

3.27

3.12

3.08

3.04

2.99

2.95

2.91

2.87

2.83

2.78

2.74

64.0

3.13

3.30

3.15

3.11

3.07

3.03

2.99

2.94

2.90

2.86

2.82

2.78

64.5

3.17

3.34

3.19

3.15

3.10

3.06

3.02

2.98

2.94

2.89

2.85

2.81

65.0

3.20

3.37

3.22

3.18

3.14

3.10

3.05

3.01

2.97

2.93

2.89

2.84

65.5

3.23

3.40

3.26

3.21

3.17

3.13

3.09

3.05

3.00

2.96

2.92

2.88

66.0

3.27

3.44

3.29

3.25

3.21

3.17

3.12

3.08

3.04

3.00

2.96

2.91

66.5

3.30

3.47

3.33

3.28

3.24

3.20

3.16

3.12

3.07

3.03

2.99

2.95

67.0

3.34

3.51

3.36

3.32

3.28

3.23

3.19

3.15

3.11

3.07

3.02

2.98

67.5

3.37

3.54

3.39

3.35

3.31

3.27

3.23

3.18

3.14

3.10

3.06

3.02

68.0

3.41

3.58

3.43

3.39

3.34

3.30

3.26

3.22

3.18

3.13

3.09

3.05

68.5

3.44

3.61

3.46

3.42

3.38

3.34

3.29

3.25

3.21

3.17

3.13

3.08

69.0

3.47

3.64

3.50

3.46

3.41

3.37

3.33

3.29

3.25

3.20

3.16

3.12

69.5

3.51

3.68

3.53

3.49

3.45

3.41

3.36

3.32

3.28

3.24

3.20

3.15

70.0

3.54

3.71

3.57

3.52

3.48

3.44

3.40

3.36

3.31

3.27

3.23

3.19

70.5

3.58

3.75

3.60

3.56

3.52

3.47

3.43

3.39

3.35

3.31

3.26

3.22

71.0

3.61

3.78

3.63

3.59

3.55

3.51

3.47

3.42

3.38

3.34

3.30

3.26

71.5

3.65

3.82

3.67

3.63

3.58

3.54

3.50

3.46

3.42

3.37

3.33

3.29

72.0

3.68

3.85

3.70

3.66

3.62

3.58

3.53

3.49

3.45

3.41

3.37

3.32

72.5

3.71

3.88

3.74

3.70

3.65

3.61

3.57

3.53

3.49

3.44

3.40

3.36

73.0

3.75

3.92

3.77

3.73

3.69

3.65

3.60

3.56

3.52

3.48

3.44

3.39

73.5

3.78

3.95

3.81

3.76

3.72

3.68

3.64

3.60

3.55

3.51

3.47

3.43

74.0

3.82

3.99

3.84

3.80

3.76

3.71

3.67

3.63

3.59

3.55

3.50

3.46

74.5

3.85

4.02

3.87

3.83

3.79

3.75

3.71

3.66

3.62

3.58

3.54

3.50

75.0

3.89

4.06

3.91

3.87

3.82

3.78

3.74

3.70

3.66

3.61

3.57

3.53

75.5

3.92

4.09

3.94

3.90

3.86

3.82

3.77

3.73

3.69

3.65

3.61

3.56

76.0

3.95

4.12

3.98

3.94

3.89

3.85

3.81

3.77

3.73

3.68

3.64

3.60

76.5

3.99

4.16

4.01

3.97

3.93

3.89

3.84

3.80

3.76

3.72

3.68

3.63

77.0

4.02

4.19

4.05

4.00

3.96

3.92

3.88

3.84

3.79

3.75

3.71

3.67

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part N, Page 40

TABLE 4. PREDICTED FEV (1) FOR FEMALES (KNUDSON,ETAL.:AM. REV. RESPIR.DIS.1976,113,587.)

AGE

52.0

1.91

1.87

1.83

1.79

1.74

1.70

1.66

1.62

1.58

1.53

1.49

1.45

1.41

52.5

1.95

1.90

1.86

1.82

1.78

1.74

1.69

1.65

1.61

1.57

1.53

1.48

1.44

53.0

1.98

1.94

1.90

1.85

1.81

1.77

1.73

1.69

1.64

1.60

1.56

1.52

1.48

53.5

2.01

1.97

1.93

1.89

1.85

1.80

1.76

1.72

1.68

1.64

1.59

1.55

1.51

54.0

2.05

2.01

1.96

1.92

1.88

1.84

1.80

1.75

1.71

1.67

1.63

1.59

1.54

54.5

2.08

2.04

2.00

1.96

1.91

1.87

1.83

1.79

1.75

1.70

1.66

1.62

1.58

55.0

2.12

2.07

2.03

1.99

1.95

1.91

1.86

1.82

1.78

1.74

1.70

1.65

1.61

55.5

2.15

2.11

2.07

2.03

1.98

1.94

1.90

1.86

1.82

1.77

1.73

1.69

1.65

56.0

2.19

2.14

2.10

2.06

2.02

1.98

1.93

1.89

1.85

1.81

1.77

1.72

1.68

56.5

2.22

2.18

2.14

2.09

2.05

2.01

1.97

1.93

1.88

1.84

1.80

1.76

1.72

57.0

2.25

2.21

2.17

2.13

2.09

2.04

2.00

1.96

1.92

1.88

1.83

1.79

1.75

57.5

2.29

2.25

2.20

2.16

2.12

2.08

2.04

1.99

1.95

1.91

1.87

1.83

1.78

58.0

2.32

2.28

2.24

2.20

2.15

2.11

2.07

2.03

1.99

1.94

1.90

1.86

1.82

58.5

2.36

2.31

2.27

2.23

2.19

2.15

2.10

2.06

2.02

1.98

1.94

1.89

1.85

59.0

2.39

2.35

2.31

2.27

2.22

2.18

2.14

2.10

2.06

2.01

1.97

1.93

1.89

59.5

2.43

2.38

2.34

2.30

2.26

2.22

2.17

2.13

2.09

2.05

2.01

1.96

1.92

60.0

2.46

2.42

2.38

2.33

2.29

2.25

2.21

2.17

2.12

2.08

2.04

2.00

1.96

60.5

2.49

2.45

2.41

2.37

2.33

2.28

2.24

2.20

2.16

2.12

2.07

2.03

1.99

61.0

2.53

2.49

2.44

2.40

2.36

2.32

2.28

2.23

2.19

2.15

2.11

2.07

2.02

61.5

2.56

2.52

2.48

2.44

2.39

2.35

2.31

2.27

2.23

2.18

2.14

2.10

2.06

62.0

2.60

2.55

2.51

2.47

2.43

2.39

2.34

2.30

2.26

2.22

2.18

2.13

2.09

62.5

2.63

2.59

2.55

2.51

2.46

2.42

2.38

2.34

2.30

2.25

2.21

2.17

2.13

63.0

2.67

2.62

2.58

2.54

2.50

2.46

2.41

2.37

2.33

2.29

2.25

2.20

2.16

63.5

2.70

2.66

2.62

2.57

2.53

2.49

2.45

2.41

2.36

2.32

2.28

2.24

2.20

64.0

2.73

2.69

2.65

2.61

2.57

2.52

2.48

2.44

2.40

2.36

2.31

2.27

2.23

64.5

2.77

2.73

2.68

2.64

2.60

2.56

2.52

2.47

2.43

2.39

2.35

2.31

2.26

65.0

2.80

2.76

2.72

2.68

2.63

2.59

2.55

2.51

2.47

2.42

2.38

2.34

2.30

65.5

2.84

2.79

2.75

2.71

2.67

2.63

2.58

2.54

2.50

2.46

2.42

2.37

2.33

66.0

2.87

2.83

2.79

2.75

2.70

2.66

2.62

2.58

2.54

2.49

2.45

2.41

2.37

66.5

2.91

2.86

2.82

2.78

2.74

2.70

2.65

2.61

2.57

2.53

2.49

2.44

2.40

67.0

2.94

2.90

2.86

2.81

2.77

2.73

2.69

2.65

2.60

2.56

2.52

2.48

2.44

67.5

2.97

2.94

2.89

2.85

2.81

2.76

2.72

2.68

2.64

2.60

2.55

2.51

2.47

68.0

3.01

2.97

2.92

2.88

2.84

2.80

2.76

2.71

2.67

2.63

2.59

2.55

2.50

68.5

3.04

3.00

2.96

2.92

2.87

2.83

2.79

2.75

2.71

2.66

2.62

2.58

2.54

69.0

3.08

3.04

2.99

2.95

2.91

2.87

2.83

2.78

2.74

2.70

2.66

2.62

2.57

69.5

3.11

3.07

3.03

2.99

2.94

2.90

2.86

2.82

2.78

2.73

2.69

2.65

2.61

70.0

3.15

3.10

3.06

3.02

2.98

2.94

2.89

2.85

2.81

2.77

2.73

2.68

2.64

70.5

3.18

3.14

3.10

3.05

3.01

2.97

2.93

2.89

2.84

2.80

2.76

2.72

2.68

71.0

3.21

3.17

3.13

3.09

3.05

3.00

2.96

2.92

2.88

2.84

2.79

2.75

2.71

71.5

3.25

3.21

3.16

3.12

3.08

3.04

3.00

2.95

2.91

2.87

2.83

2.79

2.74

72.0

3.28

3.24

3.20

3.16

3.11

3.07

3.03

2.99

2.95

2.90

2.86

2.82

2.78

72.5

3.32

3.28

3.23

3.19

3.15

3.11

3.07

3.02

2.98

2.94

2.90

2.86

2.81

73.0

3.35

3.31

3.27

3.23

3.18

3.14

3.10

3.06

3.02

2.97

2.93

2.89

2.85

73.5

3.39

3.34

3.30

3.26

3.22

3.18

3.13

3.09

3.05

3.01

2.97

2.92

2.88

74.0

3.42

3.38

3.34

3.29

3.25

3.21

3.17

3.13

3.08

3.04

3.00

2.96

2.92

74.5

3.45

3.41

3.37

3.33

3.29

3.24

3.20

3.16

3.12

3.08

3.03

2.99

2.95

75.0

3.49

3.45

3.40

3.36

3.32

3.28

3.24

3.19

3.15

3.11

3.07

3.03

2.98

75.5

3.52

3.48

3.44

3.40

3.35

3.31

3.27

3.23

3.19

3.14

3.10

3.06

3.02

76.0

3.56

3.52

3.47

3.43

3.39

3.35

3.31

3.26

3.22

3.18

3.14

3.10

3.05

76.5

3.59

3.55

3.51

3.47

3.42

3.38

3.34

3.30

3.26

3.21

3.17

3.13

3.09

77.0

3.63

3.58

3.54

3.50

3.46

3.42

3.37

3.33

3.29

3.25

3.21

3.16

3.12

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

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Part N, Page 41

WAC 296-62-14541 Appendix D--Pulmonary function standards for cotton dust

standard.

The spirometric measurements of pulmonary function must conform to the following minimum

standards, and these standards are not intended to preclude additional testing or alternate

methods which can be determined to be superior.

(1) Apparatus.

(a) The instrument must be accurate to within ±50 milliliters or within ±3 percent of

reading, whichever is greater.

(b) The instrument should be capable of measuring vital capacity from 0 to 7 liters BTPS.

the resistance to airflow at 12 liters per second must be less than 1.5 cm.

O/liter/sec.

(d) The zero time point for the purpose of timing the FEV

must be determined by

extrapolating the steepest portion of the volume time curve back to the maximal

inspiration volume (1, 2, 3, 4) or by an equivalent method.

(e) Instruments incorporating measurements of airflow to determine volume must

conform to the same volume accuracy stated in (a) of this subsection when presented

with flow rates from at least 0 to 12 liters per second.

(f) The instrument or user of the instrument must have means of correcting volumes to a

body temperature saturated with water vapor (BTPS) under conditions of varying

ambient spirometer temperatures and barometric pressures.

(g) The instrument used must provide a tracing or display of either flow versus volume or

volume versus time during the entire forced expiration. A tracing or display is

necessary to determine whether the patient has performed the test properly. The

tracing must be stored and available for recall and must be of sufficient size that hand

measurements may be made within requirement of (a) of this subsection. If a paper

record is made it must have a paper speed of at least 2 cm/sec and a volume

sensitivity of at least 10.0 mm of chart per liter of volume.

(h) The instrument must be capable of accumulating volume for a minimum of ten

seconds and shall not stop accumulating volume before (i) the volume change for a

0.5 second interval is less than 25 milliliters or (ii) the flow is less than 50 milliliters

per second for a 0.5 second interval.

(i) The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in l second FEV

1.0

measurements must comply with the accuracy requirements stated in (a) of this

subsection. That is, they should be accurately measured to within ± 50 ml or within

±3 percent of reading, whichever is greater.

(j) The instrument must be capable of being calibrated in the field with respect to the

FEV

and FVC. This calibration of the FEV

and FVC may be either directly or

indirectly through volume and time base measurements. The volume calibration

source should provide a volume displacement of at least 2 liters and should be

accurate to within ±30 milliliters.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

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Part N, Page 42

(2) Technique for measurement of forced vital capacity maneuver.

(a) Use of a nose clip is recommended but not required. The procedures must be

explained in simple terms to the patient who must be instructed to loosen any tight

clothing and stand in front of the apparatus. The subject may sit, but care should be

taken on repeat testing that same position be used and, if possible, the same

spirometer. Particular attention must be given to insure that the chin is slightly

elevated with the neck slightly extended. The patient must be instructed to make a

full inspiration from a normal breathing pattern and then blow into the apparatus,

without interruption, as hard, fast, and completely as possible. At least three forced

expirations must be carried out. During the maneuvers, the patient must be observed

for compliance with instructions. The expirations must be checked visually for

reproducibility from flow-volume or volume-time tracings or displays. The following

efforts must be judged unacceptable when the patient:

Has not reached full inspiration preceding the forced expiration,

Has not used maximal effort during the entire forced expiration,

Has not continued the expiration for at least 5 seconds or until an obvious

plateau in the volume time curve has occurred,

Has coughed or closed his glottis,

Has an obstructed mouthpiece or a leak around the mouthpiece (obstruction due

to tongue being placed in front of mouthpiece, false teeth falling in front of

mouthpiece, etc.),

Has an unsatisfactory start of expiration, one characterized by excessive

hesitation (or false starts), and therefore not allowing back extrapolation of time

0 (extrapolated volume on the volume time tracing must be less than 10 percent

of the FVC),

Has an excessive variability between the three acceptable curves. The variation

between the two largest FVC's and FEV

1's

of the three satisfactory tracings

should not exceed 10 percent or ±100 milliliters, whichever is greater.

(b) Periodic and routine recalibration of the instrument or method for recording FVC and

FEV

1.0

should be performed using a syringe or other volume source of at least 2

liters.

(3) Interpretation of spirogram.

(a) The first step in evaluating a spirogram should be to determine whether or not the

patient has performed the test properly or as described in subsection (2) of this

section. From the three satisfactory tracings, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and

forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV

1.0

) must be measured and recorded. The

largest observed FVC and largest observed FEV

1.0

must be used in the analysis

regardless of the curve(s) on which they occur.

(b) The following guidelines are recommended by NIOSH for the evaluation and

management of workers exposed to cotton dust. It is important to note that

employees who show reductions in FEV

/FVC ratio below .75 or drops in Monday

FEV

of 5 percent or greater on their initial screening exam, should be reevaluated

within a month of the first exam. Those who show consistent decrease in lung

function, as shown on the following table, should be managed as recommended.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

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Part N, Page 43

(4) Qualifications of personnel administering the test.

Technicians who perform pulmonary function testing should have the basic knowledge required

to produce meaningful results. Training consisting of approximately 16 hours of formal

instruction should cover the following areas.

(a) Basic physiology of the forced vital capacity maneuver and the determinants of

airflow limitation with emphasis on the relation to reproducibility of results.

(b) Instrumentation requirements including calibration procedures, sources of error and

their correction.

performed maneuvers and corrective actions.

(d) Data quality with emphasis on reproducibility.

(e) Actual use of the equipment under supervised conditions.

(f) Measurement of tracings and calculations of results.

WAC 296-62-14543 Appendix E--Vertical elutriator equivalency protocol.

(a) Samples to be taken--In order to ascertain equivalency, it is necessary to collect a

total of 100 samples from at least 10 sites in a mill. That is, there should be 10

replicate readings at each of 10 sites. The sites should represent dust levels which

vary over the allowable range of 0.5 to 2 times the permissible exposure limit. Each

sample requires the use of two vertical elutriators (VE's) and at least one but not more

than two alternative devices (AD's). Thus, the end result is 200 VE readings and

either 100 or 200 AD readings. The 2 VE readings and the 1 or 2 AD readings at

each time and site must be made simultaneously. That is, the two VE's and one or

two AD's must be arranged together in such a way that they are measuring essentially

the same dust levels.

(b) Data averaging--The two VE readings taken at each site are then averaged. These

averages are to be used as the 100 VE readings. If two alternate devices were used,

their test results are also averaged. Thus, after this step is accomplished, there will be

100 VE readings and 100 AD readings.

obtained as the average VE reading minus the AD reading. Call these differences Di.

Thus, we have.

Di = VEi - ADi, i = 1,2, . . . ,100(1)

Next we compute the arithmetic mean and standard deviations of the differences,

using equations (2) and (3), respectively.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part N

General Occupational Health Standards Cotton Dust

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Part N, Page 44

(d) Equivalency test. The next step is to obtain the average of the 100 VE readings. This

is obtained by equation (4)

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part O, Page i

PART O

COKE OVENS

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-200 Coke oven emissions. Scope and

Application ................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-20001 Definitions. ..................................................................................... 1

WAC 296-62-20003 Exposure limits. ............................................................................. 2

WAC 296-62-20005 Regulated areas. ........................................................................... 2

WAC 296-62-20007 Exposure monitoring and measurement. ....................................... 2

WAC 296-62-20009 Methods of compliance. ................................................................. 3

WAC 296-62-20011 Respiratory protection. ................................................................. 10

WAC 296-62-20013 Protective clothing and equipment. .............................................. 10

WAC 296-62-20015 Hygiene facilities and practices. .................................................. 11

WAC 296-62-20017 Medical surveillance. ................................................................... 12

WAC 296-62-20019 Information and training. .............................................................. 14

WAC 296-62-20021 Communication of hazards. ......................................................... 14

WAC 296-62-20023 Recordkeeping............................................................................. 15

WAC 296-62-20025 Observation of monitoring. ........................................................... 17

WAC 296-62-20027 Appendix A--Coke oven emissions substance information sheet. 17

WAC 296-62-20029 Appendix B--Industrial hygiene and medical surveillance

guidelines ...................................................................................... 19

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

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Part O, Page 1

WAC 296-62-200 Coke oven emissions. Scope and

application.

This section applies to the control of employee exposure to coke oven emissions.

WAC 296-62-20001 Definitions.

For the purpose of this section:

Authorized person. Any person specifically authorized by the employer whose duties require

the person to enter a regulated area, or any person entering such an area as a designated

representative of employees for the purpose of exercising the opportunity to observe monitoring

and measuring procedures under WAC 296-62-20025.

Beehive oven. A coke oven in which the products of carbonization other than coke are not

recovered, but are released into the ambient air.

Coke oven. A retort in which coke is produced by the destructive distillation or carbonization of

coal.

Coke oven battery. A structure containing a number of slot-type coke ovens.

Coke oven emissions. The benzenesoluble fraction of total particulate matter present during the

destructive distillation or carbonization of coal for the production of coke.

Director. The director of the department of labor and industries or their authorized

representative.

Emergency. Any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure which is likely to, or

does, result in any massive release of coke oven emissions.

Existing coke oven battery. A battery in operation or under construction on January 20, 1977,

and which is not rehabilitated.

Green push. Coke which when removed from the oven results in emissions due to the presence

of unvolatized coal.

Pipeline charging. Any apparatus used to introduce coal into an oven which uses a pipe or duct

permanently mounted onto an oven and through which coal is charged.

Rehabilitated coke oven battery. A battery which is rebuilt, overhauled, renovated, or restored

such as from the pad up, after January 20, 1977.

Sequential charging. A procedure, usually automatically timed, by which a predetermined

volume of coal in each larry car hopper is introduced into an oven such that no more than two

hoppers commence or finish discharging simultaneously although, at some point, all hoppers are

discharging simultaneously.

Stage charging. A procedure by which a predetermined volume of coal in each larry car hopper

is introduced into an oven such that no more than two hoppers are discharging simultaneously.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

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Part O, Page 2

WAC 296-62-20003 Permissible exposure limit.

The employer must ensure that no employee is exposed to coke oven emissions at concentrations

greater than 150 micrograms per cubic meter of air (150 µg/m

), averaged over any 8-hour

period.

WAC 296-62-20005 Regulated areas.

(1) The employer must establish regulated areas and must limit access to them to authorized

persons.

(2) The employer must establish the following as regulated areas:

(a) The coke oven battery including topside and its machinery, pushside and its

machinery, coke side and its machinery, and the battery ends; the wharf; and the

screening station;

(b) The beehive oven and its machinery.

WAC 296-62-20007 Exposure monitoring and measurement.

(1) Monitoring program.

(a) Each employer who has a place of employment where coke oven emissions are

present must monitor employees employed in the regulated area to measure their

exposure to coke oven emissions.

(b) The employer must obtain measurements which are representative of each employee's

exposure to coke oven emissions over an eight-hour period. All measurements must

determine exposure without regard to the use of respiratory protection.

samples, including at least one sample during each shift for each battery and each job

classification within the regulated areas including at least the following job

classifications:

Lidman;

Tar chaser;

Larry car operator;

Luterman;

Machine operator, coke side;

Benchman, coke side;

Benchman, pusher side;

Heater;

Quenching car operator;

Pusher machine operator;

Screening station operator;

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

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Part O, Page 3

Wharfman;

Oven patcher;

Oven repairman;

Spellman; and

Maintenance personnel.

(d) The employer must repeat the monitoring and measurements required by subsection

(1) of this section at least every three months.

(2) Redetermination. Whenever there has been a production, process, or control change

which may result in new or additional exposure to coke oven emissions, or whenever the

employer has any other reason to suspect an increase in employee exposure, the employer

must repeat the monitoring and measurements required by subsection (1) of this section for

those employees affected by such change or increase.

(3) Employee notification.

(a) The employer must notify each employee in writing of the exposure measurements

which represent that employee's exposure within five working days after the receipt

of the results of measurements required by subsection (1) and (2) of this section.

(b) Whenever such results indicate that the representative employee exposure exceeds the

permissible exposure limit, the employer must, in such notification, inform each

employee of that fact and of the corrective action being taken to reduce exposure to or

below the permissible exposure limit.

(4) Accuracy of measurement. The employer must use a method of monitoring and

measurement which has an accuracy (with a confidence level of 95%) of not less than plus

or minus 35% for concentrations of coke oven emissions greater than or equal to 150 µg

WAC 296-62-20009 Methods of compliance.

The employer must control employee exposure to coke oven emissions by the use of engineer

controls, work practices and respiratory protection as follows:

(1) Priority of compliance methods.

(a) Existing coke oven batteries.

The employer must institute the engineer and work practice controls listed in

subsections (2), (3) and (4) of this section in existing coke oven batteries at the

earliest possible time, but not later than January 20, 1980, except to the extent

that the employer can establish that such controls are not feasible. In

determining the earliest possible time for institution of engineer and work

practice controls, the requirement, effective August 27, 1971, to implement

feasible administrative or engineer controls to reduce exposures to coal tar pitch

volatiles, must be considered. Wherever the engineer and work practice

controls which can be instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposures

to or below the permissible exposure limit, the employer must nonetheless use

them to reduce exposures to the lowest level achievable by these controls and

must supplement them by the use of respiratory protection which complies with

the requirements of WAC 296-62-20011.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part O, Page 4

The engineer and work practice controls required under subsections (2), (3) and

(4) of this section are minimum requirements generally applicable to all existing

coke oven batteries. If, after implementing all controls required by subsections

(2), (3) and (4) of this section, or after January 20, 1980, whichever is sooner,

employee exposures still exceed the permissible exposure limit, employers must

implement any other engineer and work practice controls necessary to reduce

exposure to or below the permissible exposure limit except to the extent that the

employer can establish that such controls are not feasible. Whenever the

engineer and work practice controls which can be instituted are not sufficient to

reduce employee exposures to or below the permissible exposure limit, the

employer must nonetheless use them to reduce exposures to the lowest level

achievable by these controls and must supplement them by the use of

respiratory protection which complies with the requirements of WAC 296-62-

20011.

(b) New or rehabilitated coke oven batteries.

The employer must institute the best available engineer and work practice

controls on all new or rehabilitated coke oven batteries to reduce and maintain

employee exposures at or below the permissible exposure limit, except to the

extent that the employer can establish that such controls are not feasible.

Wherever the engineer and work practice controls which can be instituted are

not sufficient to reduce employee exposures to or below the permissible

exposure limit, the employer must nonetheless use them to reduce exposures to

the lowest level achievable by these controls and must supplement them by the

use of respiratory protection which complies with the requirements of WAC

296-62-20011.

If, after implementing all the engineer and work practice controls required by

(b)(i) of this subsection, employee exposures still exceed the permissible

exposure limit, the employer must implement any other engineer and work

practice controls necessary to reduce exposure to or below the permissible

exposure limit except to the extent that the employer can establish that such

controls are not feasible.

Wherever the engineer and work practice controls which can be instituted are

not sufficient to reduce employee exposures to or below the permissible

exposure limit, the employer must nonetheless use them to reduce exposures to

the lowest level achievable by these controls and must supplement them by the

use of respiratory protection which complies with the requirements of WAC

296-62-20011.

The employer must institute engineer and work practice controls on all beehive

ovens at the earliest possible time to reduce and maintain employee exposures

at or below the permissible exposure limit, except to the extent that the

employer can establish that such controls are not feasible.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part O, Page 5

In determining the earliest possible time for institution of engineer and work

practice controls, the requirement, effective August 27, 1971, to implement

feasible administrative or engineer controls to reduce exposures to coal tar pitch

volatiles, must be considered. Wherever the engineer and work practice

controls which can be instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposures

to or below the permissible exposure limit, the employer must nonetheless use

them to reduce exposures to the lowest level achievable by these controls and

must supplement them by the use of respiratory protection which complies with

the requirements of WAC 296-62-20011.

If, after implementing all engineer and work practice controls required by (c)(i)

of this subsection, employee exposures still exceed the permissible exposure

limit, the employer must implement any other engineer and work practice

controls necessary to reduce exposures to or below the permissible exposure

limit except to the extent that the employer can establish that such controls are

not feasible. Whenever the engineer and work practice controls which can be

instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposures to or below the

permissible exposure limit, the employer must nonetheless use them to reduce

exposures to the lowest level achievable by these controls and must supplement

them by the use of respiratory protection which complies with the requirements

of WAC 296-62-20011.

(2) Engineer controls.

(a) Charging. The employer must equip and operate existing coke oven batteries with all

of the following engineer controls to control coke oven emissions during charging

operations:

One of the following methods of charging:

(A) Stage charging as described in subsection (3)(a)(ii) of this section; or

(B) Sequential charging as described in subsection (3)(a)(ii) of this section

except that subsection (3)(a)(ii) and (3)(d) of this section does not apply to

sequential charging; or

(a) of this subsection, except (a)(ii), (iv), (v), (vi) and (viii) of this

subsection do not apply.

Drafting from two or more points in the oven being charged, through the use of

double collector mains, or a fixed or moveable jumper pipe system to another

oven, to effectively remove the gases from the oven to the collector mains;

Aspiration systems designed and operated to provide sufficient negative

pressure and flow volume to effectively move the gases evolved during

charging into the collector mains, including sufficient steam pressure, and steam

jets of sufficient diameter;

Mechanical volumetric controls on each larry car hopper to provide the proper

amount of coal to be charged through each charging hole so that the tunnel head

will be sufficient to permit the gases to move from the oven into the collector

mains;

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part O, Page 6

Devices to facilitate the rapid and continuous flow of coal into the oven being

charged, such as stainless steel liners, coal vibrators or pneumatic shells;

Individually operated larry car drop sleeves and slide gates designed and

maintained so that the gases are effectively removed from the oven into the

collector mains;

Mechanized gooseneck and standpipe cleaners;

Air seals on the pusher machine leveler bars to control air infiltration during

charging; and

Roof carbon cutters or a compressed air system or both on the pusher machine

rams to remove roof carbon.

(b) Coking. The employer must equip and operate existing coke oven batteries with all

of the following engineer controls to control coke oven emissions during coking

operations:

A pressure control system on each battery to obtain uniform collector main

pressure;

Ready access to door repair facilities capable of prompt and efficient repair of

doors, door sealing edges and all door parts;

An adequate number of spare doors available for replacement purposes;

Chuck door gaskets to control chuck door emissions until such door is repaired,

or replaced; and

Heat shields on door machines.

(3) Work practice controls.

(a) Charging. The employer must operate existing coke oven batteries with all of the

following work practices to control coke oven emissions during the charging

operation:

Establishment and implementation of a detailed, written inspection and cleaning

procedure for each battery consisting of at least the following elements:

(A) Prompt and effective repair or replacement of all engineer controls;

(B) Inspection and cleaning of goosenecks and standpipes prior to each charge

to a specified minimum diameter sufficient to effectively move the

evolved gases from the oven to the collector mains;

roof carbon as necessary to provide an adequate gas channel so that the

gases are effectively moved from the oven into the collector mains;

(D) Inspection of the steam aspiration system prior to each charge so that

sufficient pressure and volume is maintained to effectively move the gases

from the oven to the collector mains;

(E) Inspection of steam nozzles and liquor sprays prior to each charge and

cleaning as necessary so that the steam nozzles and liquor sprays are

clean;

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part O, Page 7

(F) Inspection of standpipe caps prior to each charge and cleaning and luting

or both as necessary so that the gases are effectively moved from the oven

to the collector mains; and

(G) Inspection of charging holes and lids for cracks, warpage and other defects

prior to each charge and removal of carbon to prevent emissions, and

application of luting material to standpipe and charging hole lids where

necessary to obtain a proper seal.

Establishment and implementation of a detailed written charging procedure,

designed and operated to eliminate emissions during charging for each battery,

consisting of at least the following elements:

(A) Larry car hoppers filled with coal to a predetermined level in accordance

with the mechanical volumetric controls required under subsection

(2)(a)(iv) of this section so as to maintain a sufficient gas passage in the

oven to be charged;

(B) The larry car aligned over the oven to be charged, so that the drop sleeves

fit tightly over the charging holes; and

requirements:

(I) The aspiration system turned on;

(II) Coal charged through the outermost hoppers, either individually or

together, depending on the capacity of the aspiration system to

collect the gases involved;

(III) The charging holes used under (a)(ii) and (b) of this subsection

relidded or otherwise sealed off to prevent leakage of coke oven

emissions;

(IV) If four hoppers are used, the third hopper discharged and relidded or

otherwise sealed off to prevent leakage of coke oven emissions;

(V) The final hopper discharged until the gas channel at the top of the

oven is blocked and then the chuck door opened and the coal

leveled;

(VI) When the coal from the final hopper is discharged and the leveling

operation complete, the charging hole relidded or otherwise sealed

off to prevent leakage of coke oven emissions; and

(VII) The aspiration system turned off only after the charging holes have

been closed.

(VIII) Establishment and implementation of a detailed written charging

procedure, designed and operated to eliminate emissions during

charging of each pipeline or enclosed charged battery.

(b) Coking. The employer must operate existing coke oven batteries pursuant to a

detailed written procedure established and implemented for the control of coke oven

emissions during coking, consisting of at least the following elements:

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part O, Page 8

Checking oven back pressure controls to maintain uniform pressure conditions

in the collecting main;

Repair, replacement and adjustment of oven doors and check doors and

replacement of door jambs so as to provide a continuous metal-to-metal fit;

Cleaning of oven doors, chuck doors and door jambs each coking cycle so as to

provide an effective seal;

An inspection system and corrective action program to control door emissions

to the maximum extent possible; and

Luting of doors that are sealed by luting each coking cycle and reluting,

replacing or adjusting as necessary to control leakage.

work practices to control coke oven emissions during pushing operations:

Coke and coal spillage quenched as soon as practicable and not shoveled into a

heated oven; and

A detailed written procedure for each battery established and implemented for

the control of emissions during pushing consisting of the following elements:

(A) Dampering off the ovens and removal of charging hole lids to effectively

control coke oven emissions during the push;

(B) Heating of the coal charge uniformly for a sufficient period so as to obtain

proper coking including preventing green pushes;

(D) Inspection, adjustment and correction of heating flue temperatures and

defective flues at least weekly and after any green push, so as to prevent

green pushes;

(E) Cleaning of heating flues and related equipment to prevent green pushes,

at least weekly and after any green push.

(d) Maintenance and repair. The employer must operate existing coke oven batteries

pursuant to a detailed written procedure of maintenance and repair established and

implemented for the effective control of coke oven emissions consisting of the

following elements:

Regular inspection of all controls, including goosenecks, standpipes, standpipe

caps, charging hole lids and castings, jumper pipes and air seals for cracks,

misalignment or other defects and prompt implementation of the necessary

repairs as soon as possible;

Maintaining the regulated area in a neat, orderly condition free of coal and coke

spillage and debris;

Regular inspection of the damper system, aspiration system and collector main

for cracks or leakage, and prompt implementation of the necessary repairs;

Regular inspection of the heating system and prompt implementation of the

necessary repairs;

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part O

General Occupational Health Standards Coke Ovens

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Part O, Page 9

Prevention of miscellaneous fugitive topside emissions;

Regular inspection and patching of over brickwork;

Maintenance of battery equipment and controls in good working order;

Maintenance and repair of coke oven doors, chuck doors, door jambs and seals;

and

Repairs instituted and completed as soon as possible, including temporary

repair measures instituted and completed where necessary, including but not

limited to:

(A) Prevention of miscellaneous fugitive topside emissions; and

(B) Chuck door gaskets, which must be installed prior to the start of the next

coking cycle.

(4) Filtered air.

(a) The employer must provide positive-pressure, temperature controlled filtered air for

larry car, pusher machine, door machine, and quench car cabs.

(b) The employer must provide standby pulpits on the battery topside, at the wharf, and

at the screening station, equipped with positive-pressure, temperature controlled

filtered air.

(5) Emergencies. Whenever an emergency occurs, the next coking cycle may not begin until

the cause of the emergency is determined and corrected, unless the employer can establish

that it is necessary to initiate the next coking cycle in order to determine the cause of the

emergency.

(6) Compliance program.

(a) Each employer must establish and implement a written program to reduce exposures

solely by means of the engineer and work practice controls specified in subsections

(2) through (4) of this section.

(b) The written program must include at least the following:

A description of each coke oven operation by battery, including work force and

operating crew, coking time, operating procedures and maintenance practices;

Engineer plans and other studies used to determine the controls for the coke

battery;

A report of the technology considered in meeting the permissible exposure

limit;

Monitoring data obtained in accordance with WAC 296-62-20007.

A detailed schedule for the implementation of the engineer and work practice

controls specified in subsections (2) through (4) of this section; and

Other relevant information.

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section, or after January 20, 1980, whichever is sooner, or after completion of a new

or rehabilitated battery the permissible exposure limit is still exceeded, the employer

must develop a detailed written program and schedule for the implementation of any

additional engineer controls and work practices necessary to reduce exposure to or

below the permissible exposure limit.

(d) Written plans for such programs must be submitted, upon request, to the director, and

must be available at the worksite for examination and copying by the director, and the

authorized employee representative. The plans required under this subsection must

be revised and updated at least every six months to reflect the current status of the

program.

(7) Training in compliance procedures. The employer must incorporate all written

procedures and schedules required under this section in the education and training program

required under WAC 296-62-20019 and, where appropriate, post in the regulated area.

WAC 296-62-20011 Respiratory protection.

(1) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer must

provide each employee with an appropriate respirator that complies with the requirements

of this section. Compliance with the permissible exposure limit may not be achieved by

the use of respirators except during:

(a) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work-practice

controls;

(b) Work operations, such as maintenance and repair activity, for which engineering and

work-practice controls are technologically not feasible;

yet sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure

limit;

(d) Emergencies.

(2) Respirator program. The employer must develop, implement and maintain a respiratory

protection program as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators, which covers each

employee required to use a respirator.

(3) Respirator selection. The employer must select and provide to employees appropriate

respirators as specified in this section and WAC 296-842-13005 found in the respirator

rule.

Although filtering facepiece respirators may be used for protection from coke oven

particulate emissions, these respirators are not appropriate for use against gas or vapor

contaminants that present an exposure hazard.

WAC 296-62-20013 Protective clothing and equipment.

(1) Provision and Use. The employer must provide and ensure the use of appropriate

protective clothing and equipment, such as but not limited to:

(a) Flame resistant jacket and pants;

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(b) Flame resistant gloves;

(d) Footwear providing insulation from hot surfaces;

(e) Safety shoes which comply with WAC 296-800-160; and

(f) Protective helmets which comply with WAC 296-800-160.

(2) Cleaning and Replacement.

(a) The employer must provide the protective clothing required by subsection (1)(a) and

(b) of this section in a clean and dry condition at least weekly.

(b) The employer must clean, launder, or dispose of protective clothing required by

subsections (1)(a) and (b) of this section.

to maintain their effectiveness.

(d) The employer must ensure that all protective clothing is removed at the completion of

a work shift only in change rooms prescribed in WAC 296-62-20015.

(e) The employer must ensure that contaminated protective clothing which is to be

cleaned, laundered, or disposed of, is placed in a closed container in the changeroom.

(f) The employer must inform any person who cleans or launders protective clothing

required by this section, of the potentially harmful effects of exposure to coke oven

emissions.

WAC 296-62-20015 Hygiene facilities and practices.

(1) Change rooms. The employer must provide clean change rooms equipped with storage

facilities for street clothes and separate storage facilities for protective clothing and

equipment whenever employees are required to wear protective clothing and equipment in

accordance with WAC 296-62-20013.

(2) Showers.

(a) The employer must ensure that employees working in the regulated area shower at the

end of the work shift.

(b) The employer must provide shower facilities in accordance with WAC 296-800-230.

(3) Lunchrooms. The employer must provide lunchroom facilities which have a temperature

controlled, positive pressure, filtered air supply, and which are readily accessible to

employees working in the regulated area.

(4) Lavatories.

(a) The employer must ensure that employees working in the regulated area wash their

hands and face prior to eating.

(b) The employer must provide lavatory facilities in accordance with WAC 296-800-230.

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(5) Prohibition of activities in the regulated area.

(a) The employer must ensure that in the regulated area, food or beverages are not

present or consumed, smoking products are not present or used, and cosmetics are not

applied, except, that these activities may be conducted in the lunchrooms, change

rooms and showers required under subsection 1 through 3 of this section.

(b) Drinking water may be consumed in the regulated area.

WAC 296-62-20017 Medical surveillance.

(1) General requirements.

(a) Each employer must institute a medical surveillance program for all employees who

are employed in the regulated areas at least 30 days per year.

(b) This program must provide each employee covered under subsection (1)(a) of this

section with an opportunity for medical examinations in accordance with this section.

examination of the possible health consequences of such refusal and shall obtain a

signed statement from the employee indicating that the employee understands the risk

involved in the refusal to be examined.

(d) The employer must ensure that all medical examinations and procedures are

performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician, and are provided

without cost to the employee.

(2) Initial examinations. At the time of initial assignment to a regulated area or upon the

institution of the medical surveillance program, the employer must provide a medical

examination including at least the following elements:

(a) A work history and medical history which must include smoking history and the

presence and degree of respiratory symptoms, such as breathlessness, cough, sputum

production, and wheezing;

(b) A 14" x 17" posterior-anterior chest x-ray and International Labour Office

UICC/Cincinnati (ILO U/C) rating;

volume at one second (FEV 1.0) with recording of type of equipment used;

(d) Weight;

(e) A skin examination;

(f) Urinalysis for sugar, albumin, and hematuria; and

(g) A urinary cytology examination.

(3) Periodic examinations.

(a) The employer must provide the examinations specified in subsections (2) (a) through

(f) of this section at least annually for employees covered under subsection (1)(a) of

this section.

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(b) The employer must provide the examinations specified in subsection (2)(a) and (c)

through (g) of this section at least semi-annually for employees 45 years of age or

older or with five or more years employment in the regulated area.

employment in the regulated area transfers or is transferred from employment in a

regulated area, the employer must continue to provide the examinations specified in

subsection (2)(a) and (c) through (g) of this section semi-annually, as long as that

employee is employed by the same employer or a successor employer.

(d) The employer must provide the x-ray specified in subsection (2)(b) of this section at

least annually for employees covered under this subsection.

(e) Whenever an employee has not taken the examination specified in subsection (3)(a)

through (c) of this section within the six months preceding the termination of

employment, the employer must provide such examinations to the employee upon

termination of employment.

(4) Information provided to the physician. The employer must provide the following

information to the examining physician:

(a) A copy of this regulation and its Appendixes;

(b) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's

exposure;

(d) A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used; and

(e) Information from previous medical examinations of the affected employee which is

not readily available to the examining physician.

(5) Physician's written opinion.

(a) The employer must obtain a written opinion from the examining physician which

shall include:

The results of the medical examinations;

The physician's opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical

conditions which would place the employee at increased risk of material

impairment of the employee's health from exposure to coke oven emissions;

Any recommended limitations upon the employee's exposure to coke oven

emissions or upon the use of protective clothing or equipment such as

respirators; and

A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results

of the medical examination and any medical conditions which require further

explanation or treatment.

(b) The employer must instruct the physician not to reveal in the written opinion specific

findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.

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WAC 296-62-20019 Employee information and training.

(1) Training program.

(a) The employer must institute a training program for employees who are employed in

the regulated area and shall assure their participation.

(b) The training program must be provided as of January 20, 1977, for employees who

are employed in the regulated area at that time or at the time of initial assignment to a

regulated area.

employed in the regulated area, except that training regarding the occupational safety

and health hazards associated with exposure to coke oven emissions and the purpose,

proper use, and limitations of respiratory protective devices must be provided at least

quarterly until January 20, 1978.

(d) The training program must include informing each employee of:

The information contained in the substance information sheet for coke oven

emissions (Appendix A);

The purpose, proper use, and limitations of respiratory protective devices in

addition to other information as required by chapter 296-842 WAC, see WAC

296-842-11005, 296-842-16005 and 296-842-19005.

The purpose for and a description of the medical surveillance program required

by WAC 296-62-20017 including information on the occupational safety and

health hazards associated with exposure to coke oven emissions;

A review of all written procedures and schedules required under WAC 296-62-

20009; and

A review of this standard.

(2) Access to training materials.

(a) The employer must make a copy of this standard and its appendixes readily available

to all employees who are employed in the regulated area.

(b) The employer must provide all materials relating to the employee information and

training program to the director.

WAC 296-62-20021 Communication of hazards.

(1) Hazard communication-General. The employer must include coke oven emissions in the

program established to comply with the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), WAC

296-901-140. The employer must ensure that each employee has access to labels on

containers of chemical and substances associated with coke oven processes and to safety

data sheets, and is trained in accordance with the provisions of HCS and WAC 296-62-

20019. The employer must ensure that at least the following hazard is addressed:

Cancer.

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(2) Signs.

(a) The employer must post signs in the regulated area bearing the legends:

DANGER

COKE OVEN EMISSIONS

MAY CAUSE CANCER

DO NOT EAT, DRINK OR SMOKE

WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IN THIS AREA

AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY

(b) In addition, the employer must post signs in the areas where the permissible exposure

limit is exceeded bearing the legend:

WEAR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IN THIS AREA

this section which contradicts or detracts from the effects of the required sign.

(d) The employer must ensure that signs required by this subsection are illuminated and

cleaned as necessary so that the legend is readily visible.

(3) Labels.

The employer must ensure that labels of contaminated protective clothing and equipment

include the following information:

WAC 296-62-20023 Recordkeeping.

(1) Exposure measurements. The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record

of all measurements taken to monitor employee exposure to coke oven emissions required

in WAC 296-62-20007.

(a) This record must include:

Name, social security number, and job classification of the employees

monitored;

The date(s), number, duration and results of each of the samples taken,

including a description of the sampling procedure used to determine

representative employee exposure where applicable;

The type of respiratory protective devices worn, if any;

A description of the sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their

accuracy; and

The environment variables that could affect the measurement of employee

exposure.

(b) The employer must maintain this record for at least forty years or for the duration of

employment plus twenty years, whichever is longer.

(2) Medical surveillance. The employer must establish and maintain an accurate record for

each employee subject to medical surveillance as required by WAC 296-62-20017.

(a) The record must include:

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The name, social security number, and description of duties of the employee;

A copy of the physician's written opinion;

The signed statement of any refusal to take a medical examination under WAC

296-62-20017; and

Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to coke oven emissions.

(b) The employer must keep, or ensure that the examining physician keeps, the following

medical records:

A copy of the medical examination results including medical and work history

required under WAC 296-62-20017;

A description of the laboratory procedures used and a copy of any standards or

guidelines used to interpret the test results;

The initial x-ray;

The x-rays for the most recent 5 years;

Any x-ray with a demonstrated abnormality and all subsequent x-rays;

The initial cytologic examination slide and written description;

The cytologic examination slide and written description for the most recent 10

years; and

Any cytologic examination slides with demonstrated atypia, if such atypia

persists for 3 years, and all subsequent slides and written descriptions.

section for at least 40 years, or for the duration of employment plus 20 years,

whichever is longer.

(3) Availability.

(a) The employer must make available upon request all records required to be maintained

by this section to the director for examination and copying.

(b) Employee exposure measurement records and employee medical records required by

this subsection must be provided upon request to employees, designated

representatives, and the assistant director in accordance with chapter 296-802 WAC.

to be maintained by subsection (2) of this section to a physician designated by the

affected employee or former employee.

(4) Transfer of records.

(a) Whenever the employer ceases to do business, the successor employer must receive

and retain all records required to be maintained by this section.

(b) The employer must also comply with any additional requirements involving transfer

of records set forth in WAC 296-802-60005.

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WAC 296-62-20025 Observation of monitoring.

(1) Employee observation. The employer must provide affected employees or their

representatives an opportunity to observe any measuring or monitoring of employee

exposure to coke oven emissions conducted pursuant to WAC 296-62-20007.

(2) Observation procedures.

(a) Whenever observation of the measuring or monitoring of employee exposure to coke

oven emissions requires entry into an area where the use of protective clothing or

equipment is required, the employer must provide the observer with and assure the

use of such equipment and must require the observer to comply with all other

applicable safety and health procedures.

(b) Without interfering with the measurement, observers shall be entitled to:

An explanation of the measurement procedures;

Observe all steps related to the measurement of coke oven emissions performed

at the place of exposure; and

Record the results obtained.

WAC 296-62-20027 Appendix A--Coke oven emissions substance information

sheet.

APPENDIX A

COKE OVEN EMISSIONS

SUBSTANCE INFORMATION SHEET

I. SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

(1) Substance: Coke oven emissions

(2) Definition: The benzene-soluble fraction of total particulate matter present during the

destructive distillation or carbonization of coal for the production of coke.

(3) Permissible exposure limit: 150 micrograms per cubic meter of air determined as an

average over an 8-hour period.

(4) Regulated areas: Only employees authorized by your employer should enter a regulated

area. The employer is required to designate the following areas as regulated areas: the

coke oven battery, including topside and its machinery, pushside and its machinery, and the

screening station; and the wharf, the beehive ovens and machinery.

II. HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Exposure to coke oven emissions is a cause of lung cancer, and possibly kidney cancer, in

humans. Although it does not have an excess number of skin cancer cases in humans, repeated

skin contact with coke oven emissions should be avoided.

III. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

(1) Respirators: Respirators will be provided by your employer for routine use if your

employer is in the process of implementing engineering and work practice controls or

where engineering and work practice controls are not feasible or insufficient. You must

wear respirators for nonroutine activities or in emergency situations where you are likely to

be exposed to levels of coke oven emissions in excess of the permissible exposure limit.

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Since how well your respirator fits your face is very important, your employer is required

to conduct fit tests to make sure the respirator seals properly when you wear it. These tests

are simple and rapid and will be explained to you during your training sessions.

(2) Protective clothing: Your employer is required to provide, and you must wear, appropriate,

clean, protective clothing and equipment to protect your body from repeated skin contact

with coke oven emissions and from the heat generated during the coking process. This

clothing should include such items as jacket and pants and flame resistant gloves.

Protective equipment should include face shield or vented goggles, protective helmets and

safety shoes, insulated from hot surfaces where appropriate.

IV. HYGIENE FACILITIES AND PRACTICES

You must not eat, drink, smoke, chew gum or tobacco, or apply cosmetics in the regulated area,

except that drinking water is permitted. Your employer is required to provide lunchrooms and

other areas for these purposes.

Your employer is required to provide showers, washing facilities, and change rooms. If you

work in a regulated area, you must wash your face, and hands before eating. You must shower at

the end of the work shift. Do not take used protective clothing out of the change rooms without

your employer's permission. Your employer is required to provide for laundering or cleaning of

your protective clothing.

V. SIGNS AND LABELS

Your employer is required to post warning signs and labels for your protection. Signs must be

posted in regulated areas. The signs must warn that a cancer hazard is present, that only

authorized employees may enter the area, and that no smoking or eating is allowed. In regulated

areas where coke oven emissions are above the permissible exposure limit, the signs should also

warn that respirators must be worn.

VI. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS

If you work in a regulated area at least 30 days per year, your employer is required to provide

you with a medical examination every year. The medical examination must include a medical

history, a chest x-ray; pulmonary function test; weight comparison; skin examination; a

urinalysis and a urine cytology exam for the early detection of urinary cancer. The urine

cytology exam is only included in the initial exam until you are either forty-five years or older,

or have five or more years employment in the regulated areas when the medical exams including

this test, but excepting the x-ray exam, are to be given every six months; under these conditions,

you are to be given an x-ray exam at least once a year. The examining physician will provide a

written opinion to your employer containing the results of the medical exams. You should also

receive a copy of this opinion.

VII. OBSERVATION OF MONITORING

Your employer is required to monitor your exposure to coke oven emissions and you are entitled

to observe the monitoring procedure. You are entitled to receive an explanation of the

measurement procedure, observe the steps taken in the measurement procedure, and to record the

results obtained. When the monitoring procedure is taking place in an area where respirators or

personal protective clothing and equipment are required to be worn, you must also be provided

with and must wear the protective clothing and equipment.

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VIII. ACCESS TO RECORDS

You or your representative are entitled to records of your exposure to coke oven emissions upon

request to your employer. Your medical examination records can be furnished to your physician

upon request to your employer.

IX. TRAINING AND EDUCATION

Additional information on all of these items plus training as to hazards of coke oven emissions

and the engineering and work practice controls associated with your job will also be provided by

your employer.

WAC 296-62-20029 Appendix B--Industrial hygiene and medical surveillance

guidelines.

APPENDIX B

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND MEDICAL

SURVEILLANCE GUIDELINES

I. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE GUIDELINES

(1) Sampling. (Benzene-Soluble Fraction Total Particulate Matter.)

Samples collected should be full shift (8-hour) samples. Sampling should be done using a

personal sampling pump with pulsation damper at a flow rate of 2 liters per minute.

Samples should be collected on 0.8 micrometer pore size silver membrane filters (37 mm

diameter) preceded by Gelman glass fiber type A filters encased in three-piece plastic

(polystyrene) field monitor cassettes. The cassette face cap should be on and the plug

removed. The rotameter should be checked every hour to ensure that proper flow rates are

maintained.

A minimum of three full-shift samples should be collected for each job classification on

each battery, at least one from each shift. If disparate results are obtained for particular job

classification, sampling should be repeated. It is advisable to sample each shift on more

than one day to account for environmental variables (wind, precipitation, etc.) which may

affect sampling. Differences in exposures among different work shifts may indicate a need

to improve work practices on a particular shift. Sampling results from different shifts for

each job classification should not be averaged. Multiple samples from same shift may be

used to calculate an average exposure for a particular job classification.

(2) Analysis.

(a) All extraction glassware is cleaned with dichromic acid cleaning solution, rinsed with

tap water, then deionized water, acetone, and allowed to dry completely. The

glassware is rinsed with nanograde benzene before use. The Teflon cups are cleaned

with benzene then with acetone.

(b) Pre-weigh the 2 ml Perkin-Elmer Teflon cups to one hundredth of a milligram on a

Perkin-Elmer autobalance AD 2 Tare weight of the cups is about 50 mg.

(d) Extract with 5 ml of benzene for five minutes in an ultrasonic cleaner.

(e) Filter the extract in 15 ml medium glass fritted funnels.

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(f) Rinse test tube and filters with two 1.5 ml aliquots of benzene and filter through the

fritted glass funnel.

(g) Collect the extract and two rinses in a 10 ml Kontes graduated evaporative

concentrator.

(h) Evaporate down to a 1 ml while rinsing the sides with benzene.

(i) Pipet 0.5 ml into the Teflon cup and evaporate to dryness in a vacuum oven at 40ø C

for 3 hours.

(j) Weight the Teflon cup and the weight gain is due to the benzene soluble residue in

half the sample.

II. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE GUIDELINES

(1) General.

The minimum requirements for the medical examination for coke oven workers are given

in WAC 296-62-20017.

The initial examination is to be provided to all coke oven workers who work at least thirty

days in the regulated area. The examination includes a 14" x 17" posterior-anterior chest x-

ray and a ILO/UC rating to assure some standardization of x-ray reading, pulmonary

function tests (FVC and FEV 1.0), weight, urinalysis, skin examination and a urinary

cytologic examination. These tests are to serve as the baseline for comparing the

employee's future test results. Periodic exams include all the elements of the initial exams,

except that the urine cytologic test is to be performed only on those employees who are

forty-five years of age or older or who have worked for five or more years in the regulated

area; periodic exams, with the exception of x-rays, are to be performed semiannually for

this group instead of annually; for this group, x-rays will continue to be given at least

annually. The examination contents are minimum requirements, additional tests such as

lateral and oblique x-rays or additional pulmonary function tests may be performed if

deemed necessary.

(2) Pulmonary function tests.

Pulmonary function tests should be performed in a manner which minimizes subject and

operator bias. There has been shown to be learning effects with regard to the results

obtained from certain tests, such as FEV 1.0. Best results can be obtained by multiple trials

for each subject. The best of three trials or the average of the last three of five trials may

be used in obtaining reliable results. The type of equipment used (manufacturer, model,

etc.) should be recorded with the results as reliability and accuracy varies and such

information may be important in the evaluation of test results. Care should be exercised to

obtain the best possible testing equipment.

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PART R

HAZARDOUS DRUGS

WAC Page

WAC 296-62-500 Hazardous drugs. .......................................... 1

WAC 296-62-50005 Scope. ............................................................................................. 1

WAC 296-62-50010 Definitions. ...................................................................................... 2

WAC 296-62-50015 Hazardous drugs control program. .................................................. 3

WAC 296-62-50020 Hazard assessment. ....................................................................... 4

WAC 296-62-50025 Engineering controls. ...................................................................... 5

WAC 296-62-50030 Personal protective equipment (PPE). ............................................ 7

WAC 296-62-50035 Safe handling practices. .................................................................. 8

WAC 296-62-50040 Cleaning and housekeeping. ........................................................... 9

WAC 296-62-50045 Spill control. .................................................................................... 9

WAC 296-62-50050 Training. .......................................................................................... 9

WAC 296-62-50055 Implementation plan. ....................................................................... 9

WAC 296-62-600 Public health emergency reporting ........... 10

WAC 296-62-601 Purpose and scope ..................................... 10

WAC 296-62-602 Definitions for WAC 296-62-601 through

296-62-606 ....................................................................... 10

WAC 296-62-603

General guidelines. ..................................... 10

WAC 296-62-604 Reporting requirements for outbreaks

during a public health emergency ........................................... 10

WAC 296-62-605 Notification requirements related to

potential exposures .................................................................. 11

WAC 296-62-606 Notification requirements related to high

risk exposures. .......................................................................... 14

WAC 296-62-607 Purpose and scope for voluntary personal

protective equipment usage .................................................... 16

WAC 296-62-608 Definitions for WAC 296-62-607 through

296-62-609 .................................................................................. 16

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WAC 296-62-609 Voluntary use of personal protective

equipment requirements .......................................................... 16

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WAC 296-62-500 Hazardous drugs.

This chapter provides minimum requirements for developing a hazardous drugs control program

when occupational exposure to hazardous drugs is reasonably anticipated. It is designed to

provide effective, assessment-based precautions to minimize or eliminate occupational exposure

to hazardous drugs.

IMPORTANT:

Occupational exposure to hazardous drugs is also covered under WAC 296-800-170, Employer

chemical hazard communication--Introduction. In addition the employer must follow the

requirements in WAC 296-800-160, personal protective equipment (PPE) and chapter 296-842

WAC, Respirators. Whenever there is a conflict between rule requirements the most protective

requirement will take precedent.

WAC 296-62-50005 Scope.

(1) This chapter applies to all employers in health care facilities regardless of the setting that

have employees with occupational exposure to hazardous drugs.

(2) Chapter application.

(a) The requirements in this rule only apply to the hazardous drugs being used in the

workplace.

(b) If hazardous drugs are being used in the workplace the requirements in this rule only

apply if there is reasonably anticipated occupational exposure as defined in WAC

296-62-50010.

drugs, the employer must develop a hazardous drugs control program as required in

section WAC 296-62-50015.

(d) For purposes of making the determinations in this section about scope and

application, occupational exposure is that exposure which would be reasonably

anticipated in the absence of engineering controls or PPE.

(3) The following lists jobs that may involve occupational exposure to hazardous drugs. This

is not an exhaustive list and there may be other jobs that fall within the scope of this

chapter:

(a) Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.

(b) Physicians and physician assistants.

(d) Patient care assistive personnel (e.g., health care assistants, nursing assistants).

(e) Operating room personnel.

(f) Home health care workers.

(g) Veterinarians and veterinary technicians.

(h) Environmental services employees (e.g., housekeeping, laundry, and waste disposal)

in health care facilities.

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(h) Employees in health care facilities who ship, or receive hazardous drugs from the

manufacturer or distributor.

WAC 296-62-50010 Definitions.

Biological safety cabinet. A ventilated cabinet for compounding pharmaceutical ingredients,

personnel, product, and environmental protection having an open front with inward airflow for

personnel protection, downward high-efficiency air (HEPA)-filtered laminar airflow for product

protection, and HEPA-filtered exhausted air for environmental protection. For a complete

description of the different types of biologic safety cabinets see the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) document Primary Containment for

Biohazards: Selection, Installation and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets.

Chemotherapy glove. A medical glove that has been approved by the Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) and that meets the permeability standards of the American Society for

Testing Materials (ASTM) Standard D6978 - 05.

Closed system drug-transfer device. A drug-transfer device that mechanically prohibits the

transfer of environmental contaminants into the system and the escape of hazardous drug or

vapor concentrations outside of the system.

Decontamination. Inactivation, neutralization, or removal of toxic agents, usually by chemical

means.

Engineering controls. Devices designed to eliminate or reduce worker exposure to hazards.

Examples include biological safety cabinets, laboratory fume hoods, containment isolators, safer

sharps devices, and safety interlocks.

Hazardous drugs. Any drug identified as hazardous by the National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health (NIOSH) at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) or any drug that meets at

least one of the following six criteria:

(a) Carcinogenicity.

(b) Teratogenicity or developmental toxicity.

(d) Organ toxicity at low doses in humans or animals.

(e) Genotoxicity.

(f) New drugs that mimic existing hazardous drugs in structure and toxicity.

Health care facilities. All hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, laboratories, offices or similar

places where a health care provider provides health care to patients. For purposes of this chapter

this includes veterinary medicine, retail pharmacies, home health care agencies and also those

research laboratories in settings where a health care provider provides health care to patients. It

does not include the drug manufacturing sector or research laboratories where health care

providers do not provide health care to patients.

HEPA filter. A high-efficiency particulate air filter rated 99.97% efficient in capturing 0.3-

micron-diameter particles.

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Isolator. A device that is sealed or is supplied with air through a microbially retentive filtration

system (HEPA minimum) and may be reproducibly decontaminated. When closed, an isolator

uses only decontaminated interfaces (when necessary) or rapid transfer ports (RTPs) for

materials transfer. When open, it allows for the ingress and/or egress of materials through

defined openings that have been designed and validated to preclude the transfer of contaminants

or unfiltered air to adjacent environments. An isolator can be used for aseptic processing, for

containment of potent compounds, or for simultaneous asepsis and containment. Some isolator

designs allow operations within the isolator to be conducted through attached rubber gloves

without compromising asepsis and/or containment.

• Aseptic isolator. A ventilated isolator designed to exclude external contamination

from entering the critical zone inside the isolator.

• Aseptic containment isolator. A ventilated isolator designed to meet the

requirements of both an aseptic isolator and a containment isolator.

• Containment isolator. A ventilated isolator designed to prevent the toxic materials

processed inside it from escaping to the surrounding environment.

Occupational exposure. Reasonably anticipated inhalation, skin, ingestion, or injection contact

with hazardous drugs as a result of the performance of an employee's duties. Some drugs

defined as hazardous may not pose a significant risk of occupational exposure because of their

dosage formulation (for example, coated tablets or capsules that are administered to patients

without modifying the formulation). However, they may pose a risk if altered (for example, if

tablets are crushed or dissolved, or if capsules are pierced or opened).

Safety data sheet. A summary provided by the manufacturer to describe the chemical properties

and hazards of specific chemicals and ways in which workers can protect themselves from

exposure to these chemicals.

Ventilated cabinet. A type of engineering control designed for purposes of worker protection.

These devices are designed to minimize worker exposures by controlling emissions of airborne

contaminants through the following:

(a) The full or partial enclosure of a potential contaminant source.

(b) The use of airflow capture velocities to capture and remove airborne contaminants

near their point of generation.

cabinet.

Examples of ventilated cabinets include biological safety cabinets and containment

isolators.

WAC 296-62-50015 Hazardous drugs control program.

(1) Each health care facility covered under the scope of this chapter must develop and

implement a written hazardous drugs control program. Elements of the hazardous drugs

control program may be located in other documents such as the employer's accident

prevention program or other policies and procedures as long as they are referenced in the

program. The hazardous drugs control program must, at a minimum, include the

following:

(a) A written inventory of hazardous drugs in the workplace.

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(b) A current hazard assessment for hazardous drugs for which there is reasonably

anticipated occupational exposure.

Engineering controls (equipment use and maintenance).

Personal protective equipment.

Safe handling practices (receiving and storage, labeling, preparing, administering,

and disposing of hazardous drugs).

Cleaning, housekeeping, and waste handling.

Spill control.

Personnel issues (such as exposure of pregnant workers).

Training.

(2) A standard or universal precautions approach to managing occupational exposure to

hazardous drugs is recommended by NIOSH; however, due to the variety of factors that

affect occupational exposure some health care facilities may find it more effective to

institute precautions based on exposure risk. For example a tiered approach that effectively

matches precautions to the nature of exposure may be used including, but not limited to,

handling, storing, cleaning, preparing and engineering controls.

(3) Review and update the written hazardous drugs control program annually and whenever

changes that affect occupational exposure occur, such as introduction of a new hazardous

drug, or a change in handling practices.

(4) Seek and consider input from employees who may be exposed to hazardous drugs as a

result of the performance of their duties regarding the quality and effectiveness of the

hazardous drugs control program.

WAC 296-62-50020 Hazard assessment.

(1) Each health care facility covered under the scope of this chapter must conduct hazard

assessments in order to determine the appropriate precautions to be taken. These

assessments may be limited to the hazardous drugs for which there is reasonably

anticipated occupational exposure.

(2) Assessments must include the following elements as appropriate:

(a) Personal protective equipment.

(b) Engineering controls (e.g., ventilated cabinets, closed-system drug transfer devices,

glovebags, and needleless systems).

(d) Types of hazardous drugs being handled.

(e) Volume, frequency, packaging, and form of hazardous drugs handled (tablets, coated

versus uncoated, powder versus liquid).

(f) Equipment maintenance.

(g) Decontamination and cleaning.

(h) Waste handling.

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(i) Potential hazardous drug exposures during work operations, such as drug preparation

and administration.

(j) Spill response.

(3) Conduct a hazard assessment as part of the hazardous drugs control program update and

whenever changes that affect occupational exposure occur, such as introduction of a new

hazardous drug or a change in handling practices.

Note: The likelihood that a worker will experience adverse effects from

exposure to hazardous drugs varies depending upon the relative toxicity

and absorptive properties of a drug, the amount, duration and frequency

of contact, and the lack of proper work precautions.

WAC 296-62-50025 Engineering controls.

(1) Evaluate and implement appropriate engineering controls to eliminate or minimize

employee exposure. Examples of engineering controls include, but are not limited to:

(a) Closed system transfer devices.

(b) Safer sharps devices.

(d) Ventilated cabinets.

(2) Ventilated cabinets.

(a) Prepare (e.g., mix, compound, crush) hazardous drugs inside an appropriate ventilated

cabinet or barrier isolators designed to prevent worker exposure.

Alternate precautions may be used where the hazard assessment determines a low

occupational exposure risk while preparing hazardous drugs other than

chemotherapy agents (e.g., crushing and splitting tablets, drawing medication into

a syringe). These may include, but are not limited to, temporarily designating a

preparation area, use of appropriate personal protective equipment, and instituting

cleaning procedures.

Chemotherapy drugs must be prepared in an appropriate ventilated cabinet with

the exception of circumstances where the employer can document evidence of a

clinical need (e.g., there is a nonroutine need to provide chemotherapy treatment,

compounding services are not readily available, and it is in the best interest of the

patient to provide local care). In such circumstances alternate precautions must

be instituted as described above.

(b) Hazardous drugs that volatilize must be handled only in a ventilated cabinet that

captures the volatilized material to prevent employee exposure, or in a ventilated

cabinet that does not recirculate air inside the cabinet or exhausts air back into the

room environment.

in accordance with:

The ventilation equipment manufacturer’s design, instructions, and precautions;

Appropriate and most current national safety and industry standards.

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Note: The following are examples of industry standards related to installing

and maintaining ventilation equipment. There may be other industry

standards in addition to those listed below.

(A) Center for Disease Control/National Institute for Health: Primary

Containment for Biohazards: Selection, Installation and Use of Biological

Safety Cabinets (CDC/NIH).

(B) National Sanitation Foundation/American National Standards Institute

Standard 49, (NSF/ANSI) Class II (laminar flow) Biosafety Cabinetry.

(D) American Glove Box Standards.

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) “Preventing

Occupational Exposure to Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs in Health

Care Settings”; and

Applicable state, federal, and local regulations.

(d) Develop and implement maintenance and cleaning procedures that ensure the

effectiveness and safety of the ventilated cabinet.

Field-certify biosafety cabinet performance, in accordance with National

Sanitation Foundation/American National Standards Institute Standard 49, after

installation, relocation, maintenance, repairs to internal components, HEPA filter

replacement, and every six months thereafter or as recommended by the

manufacturer.

Select appropriate performance and test methods for isolators, depending on the

type (containment only or aseptic containment), the operating pressure (positive

or negative and designed magnitude), and toxicity of the hazardous drug. At a

minimum, conduct leak and containment integrity tests in accordance with current

American Glovebox Society guidelines. In addition perform a HEPA filter leak

test for those isolators that utilize HEPA filtration.

Prominently display a current field-certification label on the ventilated cabinet.

Make sure that workers performing maintenance are familiar with applicable

safety procedures, warned about hazards (e.g., through the provision of material

safety data sheet or other equivalent information resources), and trained in

appropriate work techniques and PPE needed to minimize exposure.

Remove all hazardous drugs and chemicals, and decontaminate the ventilated

cabinet before beginning maintenance activities.

Notify occupants in the affected areas immediately before the maintenance

activity begins, and place warning signs on all affected equipment.

Deenergize the ventilated cabinet in accordance with chapter 296-803 WAC,

Lockout/Tagout (control of hazardous energy).

Decontaminate and bag equipment parts removed for replacement or repair before

they are taken outside the facility.

Seal used filtration media in plastic immediately upon removal, and dispose as

contaminated waste.

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Note: Consult the following documents for performance test methods and

selection criteria for ventilated cabinets:

(1) Primary Containment for Biohazards: Selection, Installation and Use

of Biological Safety Cabinets (CDC/NIH).

(2) NSF/ANSI 49, Class II (laminar flow) Biosafety Cabinetry.

WAC 296-62-50030 Personal protective equipment (PPE).

(1) When there is reasonably anticipated exposure to hazardous drugs each health care facility

must conduct a PPE assessment and provide and ensure use of appropriate PPE in

accordance with WAC 296-800-160, personal protective equipment (PPE), and chapter

296-842 WAC, Respirators.

(2) Use appropriate PPE whenever handling body fluids and contaminated laundry.

(3) Gloves.

(a) Use powder-free chemotherapy gloves when handling chemotherapy drugs or when

there is potential contact with chemotherapy contaminated items or surfaces.

(b) Provide latex-free gloves to employees with latex sensitivities.

contamination or permeation, e.g., during compounding, extended handling periods,

and cleaning up large hazardous drug spills.

(d) Change gloves per glove manufacturer’s instruction, type of occupational exposure,

or when torn, punctured, or contaminated.

(4) Protective clothing.

(a) Wear gowns whenever there is a reasonable possibility of a hazardous drug splash or

spill such as in compounding, preparing and administering hazardous drugs.

(b) Wear gowns made of polyethylene-coated polypropylene or other nonabsorbent,

nonlinting protective material as determined by the PPE hazard assessment. Make

sure the gown has a closed front, long sleeves, and elastic or knit cuffs.

leaving the hazardous drug handling area and as soon as possible when damaged or

contaminated.

(d) If no permeation information is available, change gowns every two to three hours or

when contaminated after a splash or spill.

(5) Face protection. Wear a full-face shield or a mask and eye protection as appropriate when

splashes to the eyes, nose, or mouth may occur; examples include cleaning a spill, or

performing a procedure such as bladder instillation.

(6) Respiratory protection.

(a) Use appropriate respiratory protection or equivalent respiratory protection during spill

cleanup and whenever there is a significant risk of inhalation exposure to hazardous

drug particulates.

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(b) Use an appropriate chemical cartridge-type respirator for events such as large spills of

volatile hazardous drugs, e.g., when an intravenous (IV) bag breaks or a line

disconnects.

(7) Disposable PPE must be discarded into appropriate containers immediately after use or as

soon as feasible after contamination. Reusable PPE must be properly cleaned and

decontaminated after use or contamination.

WAC 296-62-50035 Safe handling practices.

(1) Receiving and storage.

(a) Label hazardous drug containers in accordance with WAC 296-901-140 Hazard

communication.

(b) Store and transport hazardous drugs in a manner that minimizes the risk of breakage.

(2) Preparation and administration.

(a) Provide designated work areas for the preparation of hazardous drugs and limit access

during preparation.

(b) Coordinate tasks associated with preparing and administering hazardous drugs for the

most effective control of worker exposure.

limits occupational exposure.

(d) Do not remove tubing from an IV bag containing a hazardous drug.

(e) When drug preparation is completed in a ventilated cabinet:

Seal the final product in a plastic bag or other sealed container for transport

before taking it out of the cabinet.

Seal and wipe all waste containers inside the ventilated cabinet before removing

them from the cabinet.

Remove all outer gloves and sleeve covers and bag them for disposal while inside

the cabinet.

(3) Waste handling.

(a) Dispose of pharmaceutical waste in accordance with applicable state and federal

regulations.

(b) Place disposable items in designated containers.

(4) Personal hygiene.

(a) Prohibit eating or drinking in areas where hazardous drugs are handled.

(b) Hand washing.

Prior to donning gloves, if hands are contaminated, wash with soap and water;

and

Wash hands with soap and water immediately after removal, and whenever hands

become contaminated.

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WAC 296-62-50040 Cleaning and housekeeping.

(1) Establish procedures for cleaning and decontamination of areas and equipment where

hazardous drugs are present.

(2) Do not clean contaminated equipment in unventilated areas.

(3) Clean work surfaces before and after each continuous activity and at the end of the work

shift.

WAC 296-62-50045 Spill control.

Develop written spill response procedures in accordance with chapter 296-824 WAC Emergency

response and WAC 296-800-150, first aid summary for emergency washing requirements.

Note: See chapter 296-824 WAC, Emergency response for requirements

regarding response to spills that create significant safety and health

risks, and WAC 296-800-150, first-aid summary for emergency washing

requirements.

WAC 296-62-50050 Training.

(1) Provide effective hazardous drugs training to all employees with occupational exposure at

the time of their initial job assignment and whenever a new hazardous drug or a new

process related to handling a hazardous drug that the employees have not previously been

trained about is introduced into their work area.

(2) Include the training elements listed in WAC 296-901-14016, Inform and train your

employees about hazardous chemicals in your workplace.

WAC 296-62-50055 Implementation plan.

The department will work with stakeholders to implement this chapter by doing the following:

(1) Establish a hazardous drugs advisory committee to discuss new NIOSH recommendations,

scientific and technological developments and other unanticipated issues related to rule

implementation. This committee will include employer and employee representatives of

the health care industry and representatives of affected state agencies. It may provide

recommendations to the department regarding appropriate actions.

(2) Work with trade associations, labor unions and other representatives from the health care

industry to develop model programs for implementation of these rules in a variety of health

care facilities and settings. The department will provide education, training and

consultation services to ensure that these model programs are widely distributed and can be

effectively utilized.

(3) Establish a hazardous drugs web page, and post relevant resources, sample programs and

forms.

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Effective December 2, 2022 through April 1, 2023

PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY REPORTING AND NOTIFICATION

REQUIREMENTS FOR COVID-19

WAC 296-62-601 Purpose and scope.

WAC 296-62-601 through 296-62-606 provides requirements for the reporting of COVID-19

outbreaks to L&I's division of occupational safety and health (DOSH) and notification to

employees of potential or high risk exposures to COVID-19 during a public health emergency as

defined in WAC 296-62-602(11) and consistent with RCW 49.17.062 and 49.17.064.

WAC 296-62-602 Definitions for WAC 296-62-601 through

296-62-606.

The definitions below apply only to WAC 296-62-601 through 296-62-606.

(1) Airborne infection isolation room (AIIR). Means a dedicated negative pressure patient-

care room with special air handling capability, which is used to isolate persons with a

suspected or confirmed airborne-transmissible infectious disease. AIIRs include both

permanent rooms and temporary structures (e.g., a booth, tent, or other enclosure designed

to operate under negative pressure).

(2) Clearing time.

(a) Means the amount of time it takes for an aerosol to be removed from a room with

99.9 percent removal efficiency based on the United States Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention's Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-

Care Facilities (2003), Appendix Table B.1, Air changes/hour (ACH) and time

required for airborne-contaminant removal by efficiency. (See

https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/environmental/appendix/air.html#ta

bleb1.)

(b) The clearing time is no more than three hours following the conclusion of an aerosol

generating procedure.

procedure in clinical spaces constructed under Washington state department of health

clinical facility requirements (six air exchanges per hour).

(d) Fifteen minutes is sufficient time for aerosols to clear following an aerosol generating

procedure in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR).

(3) Covered employee. Means any employee of an employer who is employed in the business

of their employer whether by way of manual labor or otherwise and every person in this

state who is engaged in the employment of or who is working under an independent

contract the essence of which is their personal labor for an employer whether by manual

labor or otherwise, including employees from a temporary help service, or personnel

supply service if they supervise these employees on a day-to-day basis under WAC 296-

27-02103(2).

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(4) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Means the respiratory disease caused by severe

acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2). For clarity and ease of

reference, this rule also uses the term “COVID-19” when describing exposures or potential

exposures to SARS-CoV-2.

(5) Health care facility employer. Means an employer that is a health care facility

according to RCW 9A.50.010.

(6) High risk exposure. Applies only to health care facilities as defined by RCW 9A.50.010,

and means being in any of the following situations without a fit-tested respirator and all

other required personal protective equipment:

(a) Sharing the same indoor airspace as a qualifying individual for a cumulative total of

15 minutes or more over a 24-hour period during the qualifying individual's period of

transmission, regardless of the qualifying individual's use of face coverings; or

(b) In the same room as a qualifying individual who is undergoing an aerosol-generating

procedure. A list of what are considered aerosol-generating procedures is found in

the section Precautions During and Following Aerosol Generating and Other

Procedures, found on page 16 of the April 22, 2022, version of the Washington state

department of health publication Interim Recommendations for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings

(https://doh.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/420-391-HealthcareIPCCOVID.pdf);

procedure, prior to the termination of the clearing time.

(7) Notice of potential exposure. Means any of the following:

(a) Notification to the employer from a public health official or licensed medical

provider that an employee was exposed to a qualifying individual at the worksite; or

(b) Notification to the employer from an employee, or their emergency contact, that the

employee is a qualifying individual; or

qualifying individual.

(8) Period of transmission for qualifying individuals at employers that are health care

facilities. For COVID-19, means the period of time between the following start and end

points:

(a) Start - The earlier of:

(i) Two days before the qualifying individual felt sick/had symptoms; or

(ii) Two days before the day a positive test specimen was collected.

(b) End - The latest of:

(i) Ten days following the onset of symptoms (where day one is the first full day

after symptoms developed), when at least 24 hours have passed since the last

fever without use of fever-reducing medications, and symptoms (e.g., cough,

shortness of breath) have improved; or

(ii) Ten days following the positive laboratory test for COVID-19 if the qualifying

individual never developed symptoms, where day one is the first full day after

the positive test specimen was collected; or

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(iii) The length of the qualifying individual's isolation period, when the qualifying

individual has an isolation period longer than 10 days for reasons such as illness

severity, or due to immunocompromise. In such circumstances, the isolation

period is not shorter than, but may be longer than, at least 24 hours beyond the

last fever without use of fever-reducing medications, and symptoms (e.g.,

cough, shortness of breath) have improved.

(9) Period of transmission for qualifying individuals at employers that are not health care

facilities. For COVID-19, means:

(a) The earlier of:

(i) Two days before the qualifying individual felt sick/had symptoms; or

(ii) Two days before the day a positive test specimen was collected;

(b) Until the time the qualifying individual left, or was isolated from, the worksite.

(10) Positive laboratory test.

(a) Means a positive or abnormal diagnostic test result for SARS-CoV-2 when the test is

cleared, approved, or authorized, including in an Emergency Use Authorization

(EUA), by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to detect current

infection with SARS-CoV-2.

(b) Positive laboratory tests include, but are not limited to, antigen tests and molecular

tests for SARS-CoV-2.

return a positive or abnormal result are positive laboratory tests regardless of where

the test sample is collected or where the test is interpreted.

(11) Public health emergency. Means a declaration or order concerning any infectious or

contagious disease, including a pandemic and is issued as follows:

(a) The President of the United States has declared a national or regional emergency that

covers every county in the state of Washington; or

(b) The governor of the state of Washington has declared a state of emergency under

RCW 43.06.010(12) in every county in the state.

(12) Qualifying individual. Means any person who has:

(a) A positive laboratory test for COVID-19; or

(b) A positive diagnosis of COVID-19 by a licensed health care provider; or

(d) Died due to COVID-19, in the determination of a local health department.

(13) Test-confirmed. Means receiving a positive laboratory test for SARS-CoV-2 including,

but not limited to, antigen tests and molecular tests.

WAC 296-62-603 General guidelines.

WAC 296-62-601 through 296-62-606 do not alter or eliminate any other reporting obligations

an employer has under state or federal laws.

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WAC 296-62-604 Reporting requirements for outbreaks

among covered employees during a public health

emergency.

(1) This section only applies during a public health emergency to employers with more than 50

covered employees at a workplace or worksite. For purposes of this section, workplace or

worksite means any plant, yard, premises, room, or other place where an employee or

employees are employed for the performance of labor or service over which the employer

has the right of access or control. This includes, but is not limited to, all workplaces

covered by industrial insurance under Title 51 RCW, as now or hereafter amended.

(2) Outbreaks. Employers must report cases to L&I's division of occupational safety and

health (DOSH), whether or not the test-confirmed covered employee cases are considered

work-related, within 24 hours of being notified of:

(a) Ten or more test-confirmed covered employees at the workplace or worksite where

the test was collected during any period of time the Washington state department of

health or a local health jurisdiction communicates to the employer that there is a

COVID-19 outbreak at their workplace or worksite; or

(b) Ten or more test-confirmed employees where the test was collected during any period

of time between the following start and end points:

(i) Start: When any two or more test confirmed covered employee cases at the

workplace or worksite occur within 14 consecutive calendar days of each other.

(ii) End: 28 consecutive calendar days have passed since the last positive test result

for any covered employee at the workplace or worksite.

Note:

* Only test-confirmed covered employee cases must be counted. For the

purposes of WAC 296-62-604, employers do not need to count test-confirmed

cases when the positive laboratory test results are from individuals who are not

covered employees.

* Employers must also report to DOSH COVID-19-related workplace deaths

and hospitalizations as required by WAC 296-27-031. Different disclosure

requirements for employee information apply.

(3) Employers must report to DOSH by calling 1-800-4BE-SAFE (1-800-423-7233), and use

the option to report fatalities, hospitalizations, amputations, or loss of an eye.

(4) For purposes of this section, employers must not include any employee names or personal

identifying information when reporting test-confirmed covered employee cases.

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Exception:

• Employers that have reported an outbreak according to this section do not

need to continue reporting the outbreak to DOSH until the outbreak has

ended.

• Employers in an outbreak as defined in this section that later learn

intervening cases were false positives are not required to retroactively

reevaluate their outbreak status and report to DOSH. They may continue

to act as if they were under the same unbroken outbreak.

WAC 296-62-605 Notification requirements related to

potential exposures for employers that are not health care

facilities.

(1) This section only applies to employers other than health care facilities as defined in RCW

9A.50.010. For the purposes of this section, worksite means the building, store, facility,

agricultural field, or other location where the qualifying individual worked. “Worksite”

does not include any buildings, floors, or other locations of the employer that the qualifying

individual did not enter.

(2) If an employer receives notice of potential exposure, the employer must:

(a) Within one business day of potential exposures provide written notice to all covered

employees who were on the premises at the same worksite on the same day(s) as the

qualifying individual when the qualifying individual may have been infectious or

contagious. Written notice must also be provided to:

(i) The union representative, if any, of any covered employees.

(ii) Any temporary help service, employee-leasing service, or personnel supply

service employers of a covered employee.

(b) The notice required under this section:

(i) Must state that the covered employee may have been exposed to COVID-19.

(ii) Must be made in a manner the employer normally uses to communicate

employment-related information including, but not limited to, personal service,

email, or text message if it can reasonably be anticipated to be received by the

employee within one business day of sending.

(iii) Must be in both English and the language understood by the majority of the

employees.

(iv) Must not include any employee names or personal identifying information.

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WAC 296-62-606 Notification requirements related to high

risk exposures for employers that are health care facilities.

(1) This section only applies to employers that are health care facilities defined by RCW

9A.50.010. For purposes of this section, worksite means the building, store, facility,

agricultural field, or other location where the qualifying individual worked. “Worksite”

does not include any buildings, floors, or other locations of the employer that the qualifying

individual did not enter.

(2) Employers that are health care facilities must notify:

(a) Any employee with known or suspected high risk exposure to COVID-19 within 24

hours.

(b) With employee authorization, the union representative, if any, of the employee's

known or suspected high risk exposure to COVID-19 within 24 hours.

employers of a covered employee notified within 24 hours.

(3) The notices required under this section:

(a) Must be in writing; and

(b) Must state that the employee had a known or suspected high risk exposure to

COVID-19; and

or suspected high risk exposure(s) are believed to have occurred; and

(d) Must be made in a manner the employer normally uses to communicate employment-

related information including, but not limited to, personal service, email, or text

message if it can reasonably be anticipated to be received by the employee, union

representative, or temporary help service, employee-leasing service, or personnel

supply service employer within 24 hours of sending; and

(e) Must be in both English and the language understood by the majority of the

employees; and

(f) Must not include any employee names or personal identifying information.

(4) A health care facility employer can meet the requirements of subsection (2)(b) of this

section by creating and maintaining a written policy that:

(a) Anticipates the obligation to notify the union representative; and

(b) Ensures that prior to distributing notices to the union, employee authorization is

obtained from either:

(i) The employee; or

(ii) The union, if the union has the employee's approval to represent the employee's

authorization to the employer.

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PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY VOLUNTARY PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT USAGE

WAC 296-62-607 Purpose and scope for voluntary personal

protective equipment usage.

WAC 296-62-607 through 296-62-609 provide requirements for employee voluntary use of

personal protective equipment during a public health emergency, consistent with RCW

49.17.485. These requirements apply to all employers in Washington state during a public health

emergency.

WAC 296-62-608 Definitions for WAC 296-62-607 through

296-62-609.

The definitions below apply only to WAC 296-62-607 through 296-62-609.

(1) Employee. Means any employee of an employer who is employed in the business of their

employer whether by way of manual labor or otherwise and every person in this state who

is engaged in the employment of or who is working under an independent contract the

essence of which is their personal labor for an employer whether by manual labor or

otherwise, including employees from a temporary help service, employee-leasing service,

or personnel supply service if they supervise these employees on a day-to-day basis under

WAC 296-27-02103(2).

(2) Public health emergency. Means a declaration or order relating to controlling and

preventing the spread of any infectious or contagious disease that covers the jurisdiction

where the individual or business performs work, and is issued as follows:

(a) The President of the United States has declared a national or regional emergency;

(b) The governor has declared a state of emergency under RCW 43.06.010(12); or

WAC 296-62-609 Voluntary use of personal protective

equipment requirements.

(1) Every employer that does not require employees or contractors to wear a specific type of

personal protective equipment must allow its employee's or contractor's voluntary use of

that specific type of protective device or equipment, including gloves, goggles, face

shields, and face masks, as the employee or contractor deems necessary. This only applies

when:

(a) The voluntary use of these protective devices and equipment does not introduce

hazards to the work environment and is consistent with the provisions of both this

chapter, and related rules established by the department of labor and industries (L&I)

division of occupational safety and health (DOSH); and

Chapter 296-62 WAC Part R

General Occupational Health Standards Hazardous Drugs

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Part R, Page 17

(b) The use of facial coverings does not interfere with an employer's security

requirements; and

standards for that specific type of equipment established by the department of health

or DOSH.

(2) An employer may verify that voluntary use of personal protective equipment meets all

regulatory requirements for workplace health and safety.

Chapter 296-62 WAC Statutory Authority

General Occupational Safety and Health Standards

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Page i

Statutory Authorities for WAC 296-62

(General Occupational Safety and Health Standards)

WAC 296-62-005 Foreword. [Order 73-3, 296-62-005, filed 5/7/73; Order 70-8, § 296-62-005, filed 7/31/70, effective 9/1/70.]

WAC296-62-010. Purpose and scope. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-010,

filed 05/09/01, effective 09/09/01. Order 73-3, § 296-62-010, filed 5/7/73; Order 70-8, § 296-62-010, filed 7/31/70, effective 9/1/70;

Section I, effective 8/1/63.]

WAC 296-62-020 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-020,

filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .020, .040, .050, and .060. 07-03-163 (Order 06-30), §

296-62-020, filed 01/24/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-62-020,

filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 83-24-013 (Order 83-34), § 296-62-020, filed

11/30/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-17-015 (Order 80-21), §

296-62-020, filed 11/13/80; Order 73-3, § 296-62-020, filed 5/7/73; Order 70-8, § 296-62-020, filed 7/31/70, effective 9/1/70; Section

II, effective 8/1/63.]

WAC 296-62-040 Unconstitutionality clause. [Statutory Authority: Order 73-3, § 296-62-040, filed 5/7/73; Order 70-8, § 296-62-

040, filed 7/31/70, effective 9/1/70; Rule 4.010, effective 8/1/63.]

WAC 296-62-050. Application for waiver or variances. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .020, .040, .050, and .060. 07-03-

163 (Order 06-30), § 296-62-050, filed 01/24/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038

(Order 99-36), § 296-62-050, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/09/01. Order 73-3, 296-62-050, filed 5/7/73; Order 70-8, § 296-62-050,

filed 7/31/70, effective 9/1/70; Rule 5.010, effective 8/1/63.]

WAC 296-62-055 Retain labeling required by the department of transportation. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 03-01-096 (Order 02-11), § 296-62-055, filed 12/17/02, effective 06/01/03.]

WAC 296-62-05510. Scope. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 03-01-096 (Order 02-11), § 296-62-

05510, filed 12/17/02, effective 06/01/03.]

WAC 296-62-05520. Retain readily visible DOT labeling. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-05520, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050,

49.17.060 and 29 C.F.R. 1910 Subpart Z. WSR 14-07-086, § 296-62-05520, filed 3/18/14, effective 5/1/14. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, and 49.17.060. WSR 03-01-096, § 296-62-05520, filed 12/17/02, effective 6/1/03.]

296-62-060 Control requirements in addition to those specified. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-060, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 02-

16-047 (Order 02-02), § 296-62-060, filed 08/01/02, effective 10/01/02. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, and

49.17.240. 80-11-010 (Order 80-14), § 296-62-060, filed 8/8/80; Order 73-3, § 296-62-060, filed 5/7/73; Order 70-8, § 296-62-060,

filed 7/31/70, effective 9/1/70; Rule 6.010, effective 8/1/63.]

WAC 296-62-073. Carcinogens. Scope and application. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), §

296-62-073, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-

014 (Order 80-20), § 296-62-073, filed 11/13/80; Order 76-6, § 296-62-073, filed 3/1/76; Order 74-35, § 296-62-073, filed 9/20/74.]

WAC 296-62-07302 Communication of hazards. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-07302, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-

086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07302, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 02-12-098

(Order 00-20), § 296-62-07302, filed 06/05/02, effective 08/01/02. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-

07), § 296-62-07302, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-10-004 (Order 85-

09), § 296-62-07302, filed 4/19/85; 82-13-045 (Order 82-22), § 296-62-07302, filed 6/11/82; 81-07-048 (Order 81-4), § 296-62-

07302, filed 3/17/81. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014

(Order 80-20), § 296-62-07302, filed 11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-07304 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

07304, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 02-12-098 (Order 00-20), § 296-62-

07304, filed 06/05/02, effective 08/01/02. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07304, filed

11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 81-07-048 (Order 81-4), § 296-62-07304, filed 3/17/81. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014 (Order 80-20), § 296-62-07304, filed

11/13/80.]

Chapter 296-62 WAC Statutory Authority

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Page ii

WAC 296-62-07306 Requirements for areas containing carcinogens listed in WAC296-62-07302. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07306, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07306, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071 (Order 12-20), § 296-62-07306, filed 12/04/12, effective

01/04/13. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-15-145 (Order 09-04), § 296-62-07306, filed 07/21/09,

effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07306, filed

01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07306, filed

05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07271, filed 05/04/99,

effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 96-09-030, § 296-62-07306, filed 4/10/96, effective 6/1/96. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-16-009 (Order 86-28), § 296-62-07306, filed 7/25/86; 85-10-004 (Order 85-09), §

296-62-07306, filed 4/19/85. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050 and 49.17.240. 81-16-015 (Order 81-20), § 296-62-

07306, filed 7/27/81. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014

(Order 80-20), § 296-62-07306, filed 11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-07308 General regulated area requirements. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07308, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

09-15-145 (Order 09-04), § 296-62-07308, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 03-18-090 (Order 03-15), § 296-62-07308, filed 09/02/03, effective 11/01/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07308, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07308, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050.

83-24-013 (Order 83-34), § 296-62-07308, filed 11/30/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters

42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014 (Order 80-20), § 296-62-07308, filed 11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-07310 Signs, information and training. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07310, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07310, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051

(Order 87-24), § 296-62-07310, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 81-07-048 (Order 81-4), § 296-62-

07310, filed 3/17/81. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014 (Order

80-20), § 296-62-07310, filed 11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-07312 Reports. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

07312, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 02-12-098 (Order 00-20), § 296-62-

07312, filed 06/05/02, effective 08/01/02. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 81-07-048 (Order 81-4), § 296-62-

07312, filed 3/17/81. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014

(Order 80-20), § 296-62-07312, filed 11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-07314. Medical surveillance. [Statutory Authority RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07314, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071 (Order

12-20), § 296-62-07314, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026

(Order 03-04), § 296-62-07314, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 02-12-098

(Order 00-20) § 296-62-07314, filed 06/05/02, effective 08/01/02. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-03-044 (Order 90-18),

§ 296-62-07314, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; 90-03-029 (Order 89-20), § 296-62-07314, filed 1/11/90, effective 2/26/90. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 83-15-017 (Order 83-19), § 296-62-07314, filed 7/13/83, effective 9/12/83. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014 (Order 80-20), § 296-62-07314, filed

11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-07316. Premixed solutions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07316, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30

and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014 (Order 80-20), § 296-62-07316, filed 11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-07329. Vinyl chloride. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07329WA, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order

13-08), § 296-62-07329, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071

(Order 12-20), § 296-62-07329, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-

15-145 (Order 09-04), § 296-62-07329, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 07-05-072 (Order

06-39), § 296-62-07329, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-03-093

(Order 04-41), § 296-62-07329, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 04-

10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-07329, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10

(Order 98-10) § 296-62-07329, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-

07), § 296-62-07329, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), § 296-62-07329, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-16-009 (Order 86-28), § 296-62-07329, filed 7/25/86; 82-13-045 (Order 82-

22), § 296-62-07329, filed 6/11/82. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050 and 49.17.240. 81-18-029 (Order 81-21), §

296-62-07329, filed 8/27/81; 81-16-015 (Order 81-20), § 296-62-07329, filed 7/27/81; Order 75-41, § 296-62-07329, filed 12/19/75.]

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Page iii

WAC 2396-62-07336 Acrylonitrile. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07336, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-

08), § 296-62-07336, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071

(Order 12-20), § 296-62-07336, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-

15-145 (Order 09-04), § 296-62-07336, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 07-05-072 (Order 06-39), § 296-62-07336, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07336, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-07336, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 03-18-090 (Order 03-15), § 296-62-07336, filed 09/02/03, effective 11/01/03. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07336, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07336, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter

49.17 RCW. 88-11-021 (Order 88-04), § 296-62-07336, filed 5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07337 Appendix A—Substance safety data sheet for acrylonitrile. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07337, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-

096 (Order 94-07), § 296-62-07337, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 88-11-021 (Order 88-04), § 296-62-07337, filed 5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07338 Appendix B—Substance technical guidelines for acrylonitrile. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07338, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07338, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter

49.17 RCW. 88-11-021 (Order 88-04), § 296-62-07338, filed 5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07339 Appendix C—Medical surveillance guidelines for acrylonitrile. [Statutory Authority: 07337, filed 5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07340 Appendix D—Sampling and analytical methods for acrylonitrile. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07340, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority:

Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-11-021 (Order 88-04), § 296-62-07340, filed 5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07342 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07342, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07342, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 12-24-071 (Order 12-20), § 296-62-07342, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 09-15-145 (Order 09-04), § 296-62-07342, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 07-05-072 (Order 06-39), § 296-62-07342, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07342, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-07342, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .40, .050, and .060. 03-18-090 (Order 03-15), § 296-62-07342, filed 09/02/03, effective 11/01/03.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07342, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10), § 296-62-07342, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99. Statutory

Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 96-09-030 (Order 96-01), § 296-62-07342, filed 4/10/96, effective 6/1/96; 88-11-021 (Order 88-04),

§ 296-62-07342, filed 5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07343 Appendix A--Substance safety data sheet for DBCP. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07343, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07343, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-

096 (Order 94-07), § 296-62-07343, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 88-11-021 (Order 88-04), § 296-62-07343, filed 5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07344 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for DBCP. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07343, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17

RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-62-07344, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; 88-11-021 (Order 88-04), § 296-62-07344, filed

5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07346 Appendix C--Medical surveillance guidelines for DBCP.[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-11-

021 (Order 88-04), § 296-62-07346, filed 5/11/88.]

WAC 296-62-07355 Ethylene oxide. Scope and application. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-

094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07355, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017

(Order 91-07), § 296-62-07355, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91;88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-62-07355, filed 11/14/88; 87-24-

051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07355, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07357 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

07357, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07357,

filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07359 Permissible exposure limits (PEL). [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07359, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order

88-25), § 296-62-07359, filed 11/14/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07359, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07361 Exposure monitoring. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-07361, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-

62-07361, filed 11/14/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07361, filed 11/30/87.]

Chapter 296-62 WAC Statutory Authority

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Page iv

WAC 296-62-07363 Regulated areas. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07363, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-

62-07363, filed 11/14/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07363, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07365 Methods of compliance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-07365, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), §

296-62-07365, filed 11/14/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07365, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07367 Respiratory protection and personal protective equipment. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07367, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07306, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07367, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07367, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter

49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-62-07367, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-62-07367,

filed 11/14/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07367, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07369 Emergency situations. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-07369, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) §

296-62-07369, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-

07369, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07371 Medical surveillance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07371, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-

62-07371, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07373 Communication of EtO hazards. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07373, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07373, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .020, .040, .050,

and .060. 07-03-163 (Order 06-30), § 296-62-07373, filed 01/24/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07373, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-

23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-62-07373, filed 11/14/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07373, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07375 Recordkeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07375, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-

04) § 296-62-07375, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-

62-07375, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07377 Observation of monitoring. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-07377, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24),

§ 296-62-07377, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07381 Appendices. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07381, filed

11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07383 Appendix A--Substance safety data sheet for ethylene oxide (nonmandatory). [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07383, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17

RCW. 88-14-108 (Order 88-11), § 296-62-07383, filed 7/6/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07383, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07385 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for ethylene oxide (nonmandatory). [Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07385, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority:

Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-24-017 (Order 91-07), § 296-62-07385, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; 88-14-108 (Order 88-11), § 296-

62-07385, filed 7/6/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07385, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07387 Appendix C--Medical surveillance guidelines for ethylene oxide (nonmandatory). [Statutory Authority:

Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-14-108 (Order 88-11), § 296-62-07387, filed 7/6/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07387, filed

11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07389 Appendix D--Sampling and analytical methods for ethylene oxide (nonmandatory). [Statutory Authority:

Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-14-108 (Order 88-11), § 296-62-07389, filed 7/6/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), § 296-62-07389, filed

11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-074 Cadmium. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-074, filed 3/13/93,

effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07401 Scope. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07401, filed 3/13/93,

effective 4/27/93.]

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Page v

WAC 296-62-07403 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

07403, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-

07403, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-21-075 (Order 93-06), § 296-62-07403,

filed 10/20/93, effective 12/1/93; 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07403, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07405 Permissible exposure limit (PEL). [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07405, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: :RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10

(Order 98-10) § 296-62-07405, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-

01), § 296-62-07405, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07407 Exposure monitoring. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-07407, filed12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-

62-07407, filed 3/13/93, effective

4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07409 Regulated areas. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07409, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-

62-07409, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07411 Methods of compliance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-07411, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-21-075 (Order 93-06), §

296-62-07411, filed 10/20/93, effective 12/1/93; 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07411, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07413 Respirator protection. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-15-145 (Order 09-04),

§ 296-62-07413, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 07-05-072 (Order

06-39), § 296-62-07413, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-03-093

(Order 04-41), § 296-62-07413, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order

98-10) § § 296-62-07413, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-21-075 (Order 93-06), §

296-62-07413, filed 10/20/93, effective 12/1/93; 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07413, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07415 Emergency situations. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-07415, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-

62-07415, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07417 Protective work clothing and equipment. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07417, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050.

01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07417, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057

(Order 94-16), § 296-62-07417, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; 93-21-075 (Order 93-06), § 296-62-07417, filed 10/20/93, effective

12/1/93; 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07417, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07419 Hygiene areas and practices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-07419, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 03-18-

090 (Order 03-15), § 296-62-07419, filed 09/02/03, effective 11/01/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038

(Order 99-36), § 296-62-07419, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-

01), § 296-62-07419, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07421 Housekeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07421, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 02-12-098 (Order 00-20), §

296-62-07421, filed 06/05/02, effective 08/01/02. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-

07421, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07423 Medical surveillance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07423, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-21-075 (Order 93-06), § 296-

62-07423, filed 10/20/93, effective 12/1/93; 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07423, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07425 Communication of cadmium hazards. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-

094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07425, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07425, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 09-15-145 (Order 09-04), § 296-62-07425, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.020, .040, .050, and .060. 07-03-163 (Order 06-30), § 296-62-07425, filed 01/24/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07425, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07425, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17

RCW. 93-21-075 (Order 93-06), § 296-62-07425, filed 10/20/93, effective 12/1/93; 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07425, filed

3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07427 Recordkeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07427, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-

04) § 296-62-07427, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-

62-07427, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07429 Observation of monitoring. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-07429, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01),

§ 296-62-07429, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

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WAC 296-62-07433 Appendices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-17-094 (Order 99-01), § 296-62-07433,

filed 08/17/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07433, filed

3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07441 Appendix A--substance safety data sheet—Cadmium. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07441, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07271, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-

15-096 (Order 94-07), § 296-62-07441, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 93-21-075 (Order 93-06), § 296-62-07441, filed 10/20/93,

effective 12/1/93; 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07441, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07443 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines for cadmium. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-

07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07443, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07447 Appendix D--Occupational health history interview with reference to cadmium exposure directions.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07447, filed 12/18/2018, effective

01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-21-075 (Order 93-06), § 296-62-07447, filed 10/20/93, effective 12/1/93;

93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07447, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07449 Appendix E--Cadmium in workplace atmospheres. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-21-075

(Order 93-06), § 296-62-07449, filed 10/20/93, effective 12/1/93; 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07449, filed 3/13/93, effective

4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07451 A short description of Appendix F to 29 CFR 1910.1027--Nonmandatory protocol for biological

monitoring. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-07-044 (Order 93-01), § 296-62-07451, filed 3/13/93, effective 4/27/93.]

WAC 296-62-07460 1,3-Butadiene. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07460, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-

08), § 296-62-07460, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071

(Order 12-20), § 296-62-07460, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 09-15-145 (Order 09-04), § 296-62-07460, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.020, .040, .050, and .060. 07-03-163 (Order 06-30), § 296-62-07460, filed 01/24/07, effective 04/01/07. RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07460, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-07460, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 03-18-090 (Order 03-15), § 296-62-07460, filed 09/02/03, effective 11/01/03. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07460, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07460, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99. Statutory Authority: Statutory

Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 97-19-014 (Order 97-07), § 296-62-07460, filed 10/05/97, effective 11/05/97.]

WAC 296-62-07470 Methylene chloride. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07470, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order

13-08), § 296-62-07470, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-15-145

(Order 09-04), § 296-62-07470, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 07-

05-072 (Order 06-39), § 296-62-07470, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-07470, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07470, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07470, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, .060, 97-18-062 (Order 97-08), § 296-62-07470, filed 9/2/97, effective 12/1/97.]

WAC 296-62-07473 Appendix A. Substance Safety Data Sheet and Technical Guidelines for Methylene Chloride. [Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07473, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07473, filed 03/18/14, effective

05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07473, filed 05/09/01, effective

09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, .060,97-18-062 (Order 97-08), § 296-62-07473, filed 9/2/97, effective

12/1/97.]

WAC 296-62-07475 Appendix B. Medical Surveillance for Methylene Chloride. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050,

.060, 97-08-062 (Order 97-08), § 296-62-07475, filed 9/2/97, effective 12/1/97.]

WAC 296-62-07477 Appendix C. Questions and answers--methylene chloride in furniture stripping. [Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.040, .050, .060, 97-18-062 (Order 97-08), § 296-62-07477, filed 9/2/97, effective 12/1/97.]

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WAC 296-62-07517 Reserved. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 90-09-026 (Order 90-01), 296-62-07517, filed 4/10/90,

effective 5/25/90; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07517, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040.

87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07517, filed 4/27/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050 and 49.17.240. 81-18-029

(Order 81-21), 296-62-07517, filed 8/27/81; 81-16-015 (Order 81-20), 296-62-07517, filed 7/27/81; 80-11-010 (Order 80-14), 296-

62-07517, filed 8/8/80; Order 77-12, 296-62-07517, filed 7/11/77; Order 73-3, 296-62-07517, filed 5/7/73.]

WAC 296-62-07519 Thiram. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

07519, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038, (Order 99-36), § 296-

62-07519, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050 and 49.17.240. 81-16-016 (Order 81-

19), 296-62-07519, filed 7/27/81.]

WAC 296-62-07521 Lead. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07521,

filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-

62-07521, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .40, .050, and .060. 12-24-071 (Order 12-20), §

296-62-07521, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-15-145 (Order 09-

04), § 296-62-07521, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 07-05-072

(Order 06-39), § 296-62-07521, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-

03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07521, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-07521, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 03-18-090 (Order 03-15), § 296-62-07521, filed 09/02/03, effective 11/01/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 01-11-038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07521, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07521, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 96-09-

030, 296-62-07521, filed 4/10/96, effective 6/1/96; 95-04-078, 296-62-07521, filed 1/30/95, effective 3/2/95; 91-24-017 (Order 91-

07), 296-62-07521, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91; 90-17-051 (Order 90-10), 296-62-07521, filed 8/13/90, effective 9/24/90; 90-

03-029 (Order 89-20), 296-62-07521, filed 1/11/90, effective 2/26/90; 88-14-108 (Order 88-11), 296-62-07521, filed 7/6/88.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 83-24-013 (Order 83-34), 296-62-07521, filed 11/30/83; 82-13-045 (Order 82-

22), 296-62-07521, filed 6/11/82. Formerly WAC 296-62-07349.]

WAC 296-62-07531 Appendix D sampling and analytical methods for benzene monitoring and measurement procedures.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07531, filed 12/18/2018, effective

01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 90-09-026 (Order 90-01), 296-62-07531, filed 4/10/90, effective 5/25/90; 89-

11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07531, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 88-21-002 (Order 88-23), 296-62-07531, filed 10/6/88,

effective 11/7/88.]

WAC 296-62-07540 Formaldehyde. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07531, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-

08), § 296-62-07540, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-08-087

(Order 05-12), § 296-62-07540, filed 04/04/06, effective 09/01/06. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-

03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07540, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-07540, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050.

02-12-098 (Order 00-20), § 296-62-07540, filed 06/05/02, effective 08/01/02. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-

038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07540, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10

(Order 98-10) § 296-62-07540, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-

07), 296-62-07540, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 92-23-017 (Order 92-13), 296-62-07540, filed 11/10/92, effective 12/18/92; 91-

11-070 (Order 91-01), 296-62-07540, filed 5/20/91, effective 6/20/91; 90-03-029 (Order 89-20), 296-62-07540, filed 1/11/90,

effective 2/26/90; 88-21-002 (Order 88-23), 296-62-07540, filed 10/6/88, effective 11/7/88.]

WAC 296-62-07542 Appendix A--Substance technical guideline for formalin. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07542, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050. 99-17-094 (Order 99-01, § 296-62-07542, filed 08/17/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

94-15-096 (Order 94-07), 296-62-07542, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 92-23-017 (Order 92-13), 296-62-07542, filed 11/10/92,

effective 12/18/92; 88-21-002 (Order 88-23), 296-62-07542, filed 10/6/88, effective 11/7/88.]

WAC 296-62-07544 Appendix B--Sampling strategy and analytical methods for formaldehyde. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07544, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07544, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14.

Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-11-070 (Order 91-01), 296-62-07544, filed 5/20/91, effective 6/20/91; 90-03-029

(Order 89-20), 296-62-07544, filed 1/11/90, effective 2/26/90; 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07544, filed 5/15/89, effective

6/30/89; 88-21-002 (Order 88-23), 296-62-07544, filed 10/6/88, effective 11/7/88.]

WAC 296-62-07546 Appendix C medical surveillance--Formaldehyde. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07546, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

88-21-002 (Order 88-23), 296-62-07546, filed 10/6/88, effective 11/7/88.]

WAC 296-62-07548 Appendix D--Nonmandatory medical disease questionnaire. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

88-21-002 (Order 88-23), § 296-62-07548, filed 10/6/88, effective 11/7/88.]

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WAC 296-62-076 Methylenedianiline. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-076, filed

2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07601 Scope and application. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-07601, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086

(Order 13-08), § 296-62-07601, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038,

(Order 99-36), § 296-62-07601, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-

15), 296-62-07601, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07603 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

077603, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07603,

filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07605 Permissible exposure limits (PEL). [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07605, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order

92-15), 296-62-07605, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07607 Emergency situations. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-07607, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-

62-07607, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07609 Exposure monitoring. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-07609, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-

62-07609, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07611 Regulated areas. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07611, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-

07611, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07613 Methods of compliance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-07613, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15),

296-62-07613, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07615 Respiratory protection. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-07615, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-15-145

(Order 09-04), § 296-62-07615, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 07-

05-072 (Order 06-39), § 296-62-07615, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07615, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07615, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-

111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07615, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07617 Protective work clothing and equipment. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07617, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050.

01-11-038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07617, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057

(Order 94-16), 296-62-07617, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07617, filed 2/3/93, effective

3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07619 Hygiene facilities and practices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07619, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07617, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050.

01-11-038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07617, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057

(Order 94-16), 296-62-07617, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07617, filed 2/3/93, effective

3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07621 Communication of hazards. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-07621, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-

086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07621, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .020, .040, .050, and

.060. 07-03-163 (Order 06-30), § 296-62-07621, filed 01/24/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 01-11-038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07621, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-

04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07621, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07623 Housekeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07623, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-

07623, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07625 Medical surveillance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07625, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-

07625, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07627 Medical removal--Temporary medical removal of an employee. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07627, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter

49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07627, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07629 Medical removal protection benefits. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07629, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order

92-15), 296-62-07629, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

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Page ix

WAC 296-62-07631 Recordkeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07631, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071 (Order 12-

20), § 296-62-07631, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-07631, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050.

01-11-038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07631, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111

(Order 92-15), 296-62-07631, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07633 Observation of monitoring. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-07633, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-

15), 296-62-07633, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07637 Appendices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

07637, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07637,

filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07654 Appendix A to WAC 296-62-076--Substance data sheet, for 4,4'-methylenedianiline. [Statutory Authority::

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07654, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory

Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07654, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07656 Appendix B to WAC 296-62-076--Substance technical guidelines, MDA. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07656, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory

Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07656, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07658 Appendix C to WAC 296-62-076--Medical surveillance guidelines for MDA. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07658, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory

Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07658, filed 2/3/93, effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-07660 Appendix D to WAC 296-62-076--Sampling and analytical methods for MDA monitoring and

measurement procedures. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-04-111 (Order 92-15), 296-62-07660, filed 2/3/93,

effective 3/15/93.]

WAC 296-62-077 Asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040.

87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-077, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07701 Scope and application. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-07701, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and RCW

49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07701, filed 08/10/99, effective 11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,

[49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07701, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07701, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order

87-06), 296-62-07701, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07703 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

07703, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and RCW 49.26.130.

99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07703, filed 08/10/99, effective 11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and

[49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07703, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 89-21-018

(Order 89-10), 296-62-07703, filed 10/10/89, effective 11/24/89; 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07703, filed 5/15/89, effective

6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07703, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008

(Order 87-06), 296-62-07703, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07705 Permissible exposure limits (PEL). [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07705, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and

[49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07705, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 89-11-035

(Order 89-03), 296-62-07705, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07705, filed 11/30/87. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07705, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07706 Multi-employer worksites. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-07706, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-

01-079, 296-62-07706, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-16-145, 296-62-07706, filed

8/3/94, effective 9/12/94; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07706, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07709 Exposure assessment and monitoring. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-

094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07709, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and

.060. 06-05-027 (Order 05-45), § 296-62-07709, filed 02/07/06, effective 04/01/06. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050

and RCW 49.26.130. 00-06-075 (Order 99-40), § 296-62-07709, filed 03/01/00, effective 04/10/00. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and RCW 49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07709, filed 08/10/99, effective

11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07709, filed 12/17/96, effective

3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07709, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-

051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07709, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06),

296-62-07709, filed 4/27/87.]

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WAC 296-62-07711 Regulated areas. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07711, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-19-

014, 296-62-07711, filed 9/5/97, effective 11/5/97. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079,

296-62-07711, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-04-007, 296-62-07711, filed 1/18/95,

effective 3/1/95; 93-19-142 (Order 93-04), 296-62-07711, filed 9/22/93, effective 11/1/93; 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07711,

filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07711, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and

49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07711, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07712 Requirements for asbestos activities in construction and shipyard work. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07712, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-05-027 (Order 05-45), § 296-62-07712, filed 02/07/06, effective 04/01/06.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and RCW 49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07712, filed

08/10/99, effective 11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-19-014, 296-62-07712, filed

9/5/97, effective 11/5/97; 97-01-079, 296-62-07712, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 89-

21-018 (Order 89-10), 296-62-07712, filed 10/10/89, effective 11/24/89; 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07712, filed 5/15/89,

effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07712, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07713 Methods of compliance for asbestos activities in general industry. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07713, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050 and RCW 49.26.130. 00-06-075 (Order 99-40), § 296-62-07713, filed 03/01/00, effective 04/10/00. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and RCW 49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07713, filed 08/10/99,

effective 11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07713, filed 12/17/96,

effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 90-17-051 (Order 90-10), 296-62-07713, filed 8/13/90, effective 9/24/90;

89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07713, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07713, filed 11/30/87.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07713, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07715 Respiratory protection. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-07715, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-15-145

(Order 09-04), § 296-62-07715, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 07-

05-072 (Order 06-39), § 296-62-07715, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10

(Order 98-10) § 296-62-07715, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and

[49.17.]060. 97-19-014, 296-62-07715, filed 9/5/97, effective 11/5/97; 97-01-079, 296-62-07715, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97.

Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), 296-62-07715, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; 89-11-035

(Order 89-03), 296-62-07715, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07715, filed 11/30/87. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07715, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07717 Protective work clothing and equipment. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07717, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07717, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050. 01-11-038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-07717, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,

[49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-19-014, 296-62-07717, filed 9/5/97, effective 11/5/97; 97-01-079, 296-62-07717, filed 12/17/96,

effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), 296-62-07717, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94;

89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07717, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07717, filed 11/30/87.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07717, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07719 Hygiene facilities and practices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07719, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

03-18-090 (Order 03-15), § 296-62-07719, filed 09/02/03, effective 111/01/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050

and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07719, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-03-044

(Order 90-18), 296-62-07719, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07719, filed 5/15/89, effective

6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07719, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008

(Order 87-06), 296-62-07719, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07721 Communication of hazards. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-07721, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-

086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-07721, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038,

(Order 99-36), § 296-62-07721, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and

RCW 49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07721, filed 08/10/99, effective 11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-19-014, 296-62-07721, filed 9/5/97, effective 11/5/97; 97-01-079, 296-62-07721, filed

12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 93-01-005 (Order 92-20), 296-62-07721, filed 12/2/92,

effective 1/15/93; 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), 296-62-07721, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; 89-21-018 (Order 89-10), 296-62-07721,

filed 10/10/89, effective 11/24/89; 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07721, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24),

96-62-07721, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07721, filed

4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07722 Employee information and training. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-07722, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-07722, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050 and

RCW 49.26.130. 00-06-075 (Order 99-40), § 296-62-07722, filed 03/01/00, effective 04/10/00. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and RCW 49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07722, filed 08/10/99, effective

11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07222, filed 05/04/99, effective

09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07722, filed 12/17/96, effective

3/1/97.]

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WAC 296-62-07723 Housekeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07723, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079,

296-62-07723, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07723,

filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07723, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07725 Medical surveillance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07725, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-05-027 (Order

05-45), § 296-62-07725, filed 02/07/06, effective 04/01/06. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-

19-014, 296-62-07725, filed 9/5/97, effective 11/5/97; 97-01-079, 296-62-07725, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority:

Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), 296-62-07725, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-

07725, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07725, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07725, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07727 Recordkeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-07727, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-

04) § 296-62-07727, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050 and RCW 49.26.130. 00-

06-075 (Order 99-40), § 296-62-07727, filed 03/01/00, effective 04/10/00. Statutory Authority: Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,

[49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07727, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07727, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order

87-06), 296-62-07727, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07728 Competent person. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-07728, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and RCW

49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07728, filed 08/10/99, effective 11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,

[49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-19-014, 296-62-07728, filed 9/5/97, effective 11/5/97; 97-01-079, 296-62-07728, filed 12/17/96,

effective 3/1/97.]

WAC 296-62-07733 Appendices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07733, filed

05/04/99, effective 09/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07733, filed

12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), 296-62-07733, filed 1/10/91,

effective 2/12/91; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07733, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040.

87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07733, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07735 Appendix A--WISHA reference method--Mandatory. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-

10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-07735, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040

and RCW 49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07735, filed 08/10/99, effective 11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07735, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter

49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07735, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-

10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07735, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07737 Appendix B--Detailed procedure for asbestos sampling and analysis--Nonmandatory. [Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07737, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, RCW 49.26.040 and RCW 49.26.130. 99-17-026 (Order 98-35), § 296-62-07737, filed

08/10/99, effective 11/10/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07737, filed

12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07737, filed 11/30/87.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07737, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07741 Appendix D--Medical questionnaires--Mandatory. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and

[49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07741, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051

(Order 87-24), 296-62-07741, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06),

296-62-07741, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07743 Appendix E--Interpretation and classification of chest roentgenograms--Mandatory. [Statutory Authority:

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07743, filed 12/18/2018, effective

01/19/2019. Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07743, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2)

and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07743, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07745 Appendix F--Work practices and engineering controls for automotive brake and clutch inspection,

disassembly, repair and assembly--Mandatory. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-07745, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050 and RCW

49.26.130. 00-06-075 (Order 99-40), § 296-62-07745, filed 03/01/00, effective 04/10/00. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,

[49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07745, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW.

89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07745, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07745, filed 11/30/87.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07745, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07747 Appendix G--Substance technical information for asbestos--Nonmandatory. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-07747, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07747, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory

Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), 296-62-07747, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24),

296-62-07747, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07747,

filed 4/27/87.]

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Page xii

WAC 296-62-07749 Appendix H--Medical surveillance guidelines for asbestos--Nonmandatory. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07749, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter

49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), 296-62-07749, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07749, filed

11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.050(2) and 49.17.040. 87-10-008 (Order 87-06), 296-62-07749, filed 4/27/87.]

WAC 296-62-07751 Appendix I--Work practices and engineering controls for Class I asbestos operations--Nonmandatory.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07751, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97.

Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-15-096 (Order 94-07), 296-62-07751, filed 7/20/94, effective 9/20/94; 87-24-051

(Order 87-24), 296-62-07751, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07753 Appendix J--Polarized light microscopy of asbestos--Nonmandatory. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.040, [49.17.]050 and [49.17.]060. 97-01-079, 296-62-07753, filed 12/17/96, effective 3/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter

49.17 RCW. 89-21-018 (Order 89-10), 296-62-07753, filed 10/10/89, effective 11/24/89; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-07753,

filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-07755 Appendix K--Smoking cessation program information for asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, and

actinolite--Nonmandatory. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), 296-62-07755, filed 1/10/91,

effective 2/12/91.]

WAC 296-62-080 Hexavalent chromium. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-106, (Order 06-13), §

296-62-080, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08003 Hexavalent chromium. Scope. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-08003, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

06-16-106, (Order 06-13), § 296-62-08003, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08005 Definitions. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

08005, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-106, (Order 06-13),

§ 296-62-08005, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08007 Permissible exposure limit (PEL). [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-08007, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

06-16-106, (Order 06-13), § 296-62-08007, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/0106.

WAC 296-62-08009 Exposure determination. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-08009, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 10-24-119

(Order 10-40), § 296-62-08009, filed 12/01/10, effective 01/01/11. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-

16-106, (Order 06-13), § 296-62-08009, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08011 Regulated areas. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-08011, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-106, (Order

06-13), § 296-62-08011, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08013 Methods of compliance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-08013, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-106,

(Order 06-13), § 296-62-08013, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08015 Respiratory protection. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-08015, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-15-145,

(Order 09-04), § 296-62-08015, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-

106, (Order 06-13), § 296-62-08015, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08017 Protective work clothing and equipment. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-08017, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-08017, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 06-16-106, (Order 06-13), § 296-62-08017, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08019 Hygiene areas and practices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-08019, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-

106, (Order 06-13), § 296-62-08019, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08021 Housekeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-

62-08021, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-

08), § 296-62-08021, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-106,

(Order 06-13), § 296-62-08021, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08023 Medical surveillance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-08023, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-106, (Order

06-13), § 296-62-08023, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08025 Communication of chromium (VI) hazards. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-08025, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-08025, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 06-16-106, (Order 06-13), § 296-62-08025, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

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WAC 296-62-08027 Recordkeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-08025, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-106, (Order

06-13), § 296-62-08027, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-08029 Dates. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-08025,

filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 06-16-106, (Order 06-13), § 296-

62-08029, filed 08/12/06, effective 09/01/06.

WAC 296-62-090 Physical agents. [Order 73-3, 296-62-090, filed 5/7/73; Order 70-8, 296-62-090, filed 7/31/70, effective 9/1/70;

Rule 9.010, effective 8/1/63.]

WAC 296-62-09001 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

09001, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040, and [49.17].050. WSR 01-17-033,

§ 296-62-09001, filed 8/8/01, effective 9/1/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. WSR 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), §

296-62-09001, filed 12/11/84; Order 73-3, § 296-62-09001, filed 5/7/73.]

WAC 296-62-09004 Ionizing radiation. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-09004, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-

24), 296-62-09004, filed 12/11/84; Order 75-15, 296-62-09004, filed 4/18/75.]

WAC 296-62-09005 Nonionizing radiation. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-09005, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW and RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050

and [49.17].060. 92-22-067 (Order 92-06), 296-62-09005, filed 10/30/92, effective 12/8/92. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040

and 49.17.050. 85-01-022 (Order 84-24), 296-62-09005, filed 12/11/84. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040. 80-16-029 (Order 80-

22), 296-62-09005, filed 10/31/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050 and 49.17.240. 80-11-010 (Order 80-14), 296-

62-09005, filed 8/8/80; Order 73-3, 296-62-09005, filed 5/7/73.]

WAC 296-62-09007 Pressure. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

09007, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 91-11-070 (Order 91-01), 296-62-09007,

filed 5/20/91, effective 6/20/91; Order 73-3, 296-62-09007, filed 5/7/73.]

WAC 296-62-09009 Vibration. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

09009, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Order 73-3, 296-62-09009, filed 5/7/73.]

WAC 296-62-09013 Temperature, radiant heat, or temperature-humidity combinations. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-09013, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050 and 49.17.060. 06-11-144 (Order 06-15), 296-62-09013, filed 05/23/06; Order 73-3, 296-62-

09013, filed 5/7/73.]

WAC 296-62-095 Outdoor heat exposure. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 08-12-109 (Order 06-40),

296-62-095, filed 06/04/08, effective 07/07/08.]

WAC 296-62-09510 Scope and purpose. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, 060. 23-14-042, (Order 21-33), § 296-

62-09510, filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095,

(Order 22-22), § 296-62-09510, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-09510, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 08-12-109 (Order 06-40), 296-62-09510, filed 06/04/08, effective 07/05/08.

WAC 296-62-09520 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, 060. 23-14-042, (Order 21-33), § 296-62-

09520, filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order

22-22), § 296-62-09520, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 21-15-017

(Order 21-25) § 296-62-09520, filed 07/09/21, effective 07/13/21. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-09520, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 08-12-109 (Order 06-40), 296-62-09520, filed 06/04/08, effective 07/05/08.

WAC 296-62-09530 Employer and employee responsibility. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, 060. 23-14-042,

(Order 21-33), § 296-62-09510, filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050,

49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order 22-22), § 296-62-09530, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 21-15-017 (Order 21-25) § 296-62-09530, filed 07/09/21, effective 07/13/21. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 08-12-109 (Order 06-40), 296-62-09530, filed 06/04/08, effective 07/05/08].

WAC 296-62-09535 Access to shade. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, 060. 23-14-042, (Order 21-33), § 296-62-

09535, filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order

22-22), § 296-62-09535, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22.]

WAC 296-62-09540 Drinking water. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, 060. 23-14-042, (Order 21-33), § 296-62-

09540, filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order

22-22), § 296-62-09540, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 21-15-017

(Order 21-25) § 296-62-09540, filed 07/09/21, effective 07/13/21. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 08-

12-109 (Order 06-40), 296-62-09540, filed 06/04/08, effective 07/05/08.

WAC 296-62-09545 Acclimatization. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, 060. 23-14-042, (Order 21-33), § 296-62-

09545, filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order

22-22), § 296-62-09545, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22.

WAC 296-62-09547 High heat procedures. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, 060. 23-14-042, (Order 21-33), §

296-62-09520, filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23.]

WAC 296-62-09550 Responding to signs and symptoms of heat-related illness. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, 060. 23-14-042, (Order 21-33), § 296-62-09550, filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

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49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order 22-22), § 296-62-09550, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 08-12-109 (Order 06-40), 296-62-09550, filed 06/04/08, effective 07/05/08.]

WAC 296-62-09555 Additional requirements when outdoor temperatures meet or exceed 89 degrees Fahrenheit. [Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order 22-22), § 296-62-09555, filed 06/01/22, effective

06/15/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 21-15-017 (Order 21-25) § 296-62-09555, filed 07/09/21,

effective 07/13/21.]

WAC 296-62-09560 Information and training. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, 060. 23-14-042, (Order 21-33), §

296-62-09560 filed 06/27/23, effective 04/17/23. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095,

(Order 22-22), § 296-62-09560, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050,

49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order 22-22), § 296-62-09560, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050, and .060. 21-15-017 (Order 21-25) § 296-62-09560, filed 07/09/21, effective 07/13/21. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 08-12-109 (Order 06-40), 296-62-09560, filed 06/04/08, effective 07/05/08.

WAC 296-62-11015 Abrasive blasting. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060 22-15-095, (Order

22-22), § 296-62-09520, filed 06/01/22, effective 06/15/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060.

WSR 06-12-074, § 296-62-11015, filed 6/6/06, effective 9/1/06. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, [49.17].050 and [49.17].060.

WSR 98-02-006, § 296-62-11015, filed 12/26/97, effective 3/1/98. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. WSR 91-24-017 (Order

91-07), § 296-62-11015, filed 11/22/91, effective 12/24/91. RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, and 49.17.240. WSR 81-16-015 (Order 81-

20), § 296-62-11015, filed 7/27/81; WSR 80-11-010 (Order 80-14), § 296-62-11015, filed 8/8/80; Order 73-3, § 296-62-11015, filed

5/7/73.]

WAC 296-62-11019 Spray-finishing operations. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-11019, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-

10) § 296-62-11019, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, and 49.17.240. 81-16-015

(Order 81-20), 296-62-11019, filed 7/27/81; Order 73-3, 296-62-11019, filed 5/7/73.

WAC 296-62-135 Oxygen deficient atmospheres. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-135, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010

, 49.17.040, 49.17.050,

49.17.060. WSR 07-23-072, § 296-62-135, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08.]

WAC 296-62-136 Ventilation. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. WSR 07-23-072, § 296-62-

136, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08.]

WAC 296-62-13605 Definition. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

13610, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010

, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. WSR 07-23-

072, § 296-62-13605, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08.]

WAC 296-62-13610 Ventilation guide. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. WSR 07-23-072, §

296-62-13610, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08.]

WAC 296-62-13615 Adequate system. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-13615, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010

, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. WSR

07-23-072, § 296-62-13615, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08.]

WAC 296-62-13620 Exhaust. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

13620, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010

, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. WSR 07-23-

072, § 296-62-13620, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08.]

WAC 296-62-13625 Make-up air quality. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-13625, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010

, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060. WSR

07-23-072, § 296-62-13625, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08.]

WAC 296-62-13630 Design and operation. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-13625, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010

, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060.

WSR 07-23-072, § 296-62-13630, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08.]

WAC 296-62-13635 Compatibility of systems. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-13635, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010

, 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.060.

WSR 07-23-072, § 296-62-13635, filed 11/19/07, effective 1/2/08

WAC 296-62-14533 Cotton dust. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

14533, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086 (Order 13-08),

§ 296-62-14533, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071 (Order

12-20), § 296-62-14533, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 09-15-145 (Order 09-04), § 296-62-14533, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,

.050, and .060. 07-05-072 (Order 06-39), § 296-62-14533, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.020, .040, .050, and .060. 07-03-163 (Order 06-30), § 296-62-14533, filed 01/24/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-14533, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-14533, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-19-065 (Order 01-15), § 296-62-14533, filed 09/18/01, effective 11/01/01. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) 21 296-62-14533, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory

Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-14533, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and

49.17.050. 86-16-009 (Order 86-28), 296-62-14533, filed 7/25/86; 82-03-023 (Order 82-1), 296-62-14533, filed 1/15/82. Statutory

Authority: 49.17.040, 49.17.050, and 49.17.240. 81-16-015 (Order 81-20), 296-62-14533, filed 7/27/81. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014 (Order 80-20), 296-62-14533, filed 11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-14535 Appendix A--Air sampling and analytical procedures for determining concentrations of cotton dust.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-14535, filed 12/18/2018, effective

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01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, 49.17.050, 49.17.240, chapters 42.30 and 43.22 RCW. 80-17-014 (Order 80-

20), 296-62-14535, filed 11/13/80.]

WAC 296-62-14537 Appendix B-I through B-III--Respiratory questionnaire. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-

051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-14537, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-14539 Appendix C--Spirometry prediction tables for normal males and females. [Statutory Authority: Chapter

49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-14539, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-14541 Appendix D--Pulmonary function standards for cotton dust standard. [Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17

RCW. 88-14-108 (Order 88-11), 296-62-14541, filed 7/6/88; 87-24-051 (Order 87-24), 296-62-14541, filed 11/30/87.]

WAC 296-62-14543 Appendix E--Vertical elutriator equivalency protocol. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050.

86-16-009 (Order 86-28), 296-62-14543, filed 7/25/86.]

WAC 296-62-200 Coke oven emissions. Scope and application. [Order 77-14, 296-62-200, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20001 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-

20001, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Order 77-14, 296-62-20001, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20003 Permissible exposure limit. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-20003, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Order 77-14, 296-62-20003, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20005 Regulated areas. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-20005, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Order 77-14, 296-62-20005, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20007 Exposure monitoring and measurement. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-

01-094 (Order 16-24), § 296-62-20007, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Order 77-14, 296-62-20007, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20009 Methods of compliance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-

24), § 296-62-20009, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25),

296-62-20009, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-16-009 (Order 86-28), 296-62-20009, filed

7/25/86; Order 77-14, 296-62-20009, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20011 Respiratory protection. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 09-15-145 (Order 09-

04), § 296-62-20011, filed 07/21/09, effective 09/01/09. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 07-05-072

(Order 06-39), § 296-62-20011, filed 02/20/07, effective 04/01/07. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-

03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-20011, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-10

(Order 98-10) § 296-62-20011, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040 and 49.17.050. 86-16-009

(Order 86-28), 296-62-20011, filed 7/25/86. Statutory Authority: 49.17.040, 49.17.050, and 49.17.240. 81-16-015 (Order 81-20),

296-62-20011, filed 7/27/81; Order 77-14, 296-62-20011, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20013 Protective clothing and equipment. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-20013, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-

038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-20013, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Order 77-14, 296-62-20013, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20015 Hygiene facilities and practices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-20015, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

03-18-090 (Order 03-15), § 296-62-20015, filed 09/02/03, effective 11/01/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-

11-038, (Order 99-36), § 296-62-20015, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Order 77-14, 296-62-20015, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20017 Medical surveillance. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24),

§ 296-62-20017, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-17-094 (Order 99-01),

§ 296-62-20017, filed 08/17/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, [49.17].040 and [49.17].050. 98-02-030,

296-62-20017, filed 12/31/97, effective 1/31/98; Order 77-14, 296-62-20017, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20019 Employee information and training. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094

(Order 16-24), § 296-62-20019, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060.

05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-62-20019, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-

10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-20019, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: Order 77-14, 296-62-20019, filed

7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20021 Communication of hazards. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-20021, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-

086 (Order 13-08), § 296-62-20021, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: Order 77-14, 296-62-20021, filed

7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20023 Recordkeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order 16-24), §

296-62-20023, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 12-24-071 (Order

12-20), § 296-62-20023, filed 12/04/12, effective 01/04/13. Statutory Authority: Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050,

and .060. 04-10-026 (Order 03-04) § 296-62-20023, filed 04/27/04, effective 08/01/04. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,

49.17.050 and 49.17.240. 81-18-029 (Order 81-21), 296-62-20023, filed 8/27/81; Order 77-14, 296-62-20023, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20025 Observation of monitoring. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 19-01-094 (Order

16-24), § 296-62-20025, filed 12/18/2018, effective 01/19/2019. Order 77-14, 296-62-20025, filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-20027 Appendix A--Coke oven emissions substance information sheet. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050. 99-17-094 (Order 99-01), § 296-62-20027, filed 08/17/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

.040, .050. 99-10 (Order 98-10) § 296-62-20027, filed 05/04/99, effective 09/01/99.] Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

[49.17].040 and [49.17].050. 98-02-030, 296-62-20027, filed 12/31/97, effective 1/31/98; Order 77-14, Appendix A (codified as WAC

296-62-20027), filed 7/25/77.]

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WAC 296-62-20029 Appendix B--Industrial hygiene and medical surveillance guidelines. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-17-094 (Order 99-01), § 296-62-20029, filed 08/17/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, [49.17].040 and [49.17].050. 98-02-030, 296-62-20029, filed 12/31/97, effective 1/31/98; Order 77-14, Appendix B

(codified as WAC 296-62-20029), filed 7/25/77.]

WAC 296-62-500 Hazardous drugs. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW

49.17.060,and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-500, filed 01/03/12, effective 01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50005 Scope. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-17-094 (Order 99-01), § 296-62-50005, filed

08/17/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW 49.17.060,and Chapter

39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50005, filed 01/03/12, effective 01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50010 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-17-094 (Order 99-01), § 296-62-50010,

filed 08/17/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 16-10-083 (Order 14-07), § 296-62-

50010, filed 05/03/16, effective 06/03/16. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW

49.17.060,and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50010, filed 01/03/12, effective 01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50015 Hazardous drugs control program. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW

49.17.050, RCW 49.17.060, and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50015, filed 01/03/12, effective

01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50020 Hazard assessment.. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW

49.17.060,and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50020, filed 01/03/12, effective 01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50025 Engineering controls. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 16-10-083 (Order 14-07),

§ 296-62-50025, filed 05/03/16, effective 06/03/16. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW

49.17.060, and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50025, filed 01/03/12, effective 01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50030 Personal protective equipment (PPE). [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 16-10-

083 (Order 14-07), § 296-62-50030, filed 05/03/16, effective 06/03/16. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW

49.17.050, RCW 49.17.060, and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50030, filed 01/03/12, effective

01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50035 Safe handling practices. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 16-10-083 (Order 14-

07), § 296-62-50035, filed 05/03/16, effective 06/03/16. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 14-07-086

(Order 13-08), § 296-62-50035, filed 03/18/14, effective 05/01/14. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW

49.17.050, RCW 49.17.060,and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50035, filed 01/03/12, effective

01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50040 Cleaning and housekeeping. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW

49.17.060,and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50040, filed 01/03/12, effective 01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50045 Spill control. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 16-10-083 (Order 14-07), § 296-

62-50045, filed 05/03/16, effective 06/03/16. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW

49.17.060, and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50045, filed 01/03/12, effective 01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50050 Training. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 16-10-083 (Order 14-07), § 296-62-

50050, filed 05/03/16, effective 06/03/16. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW 49.17.060,

and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50050, filed 01/03/12, effective 07/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-50055 Implementation plan. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 99-17-094 (Order 99-01), § 296-62-

50055, filed 08/17/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050, RCW

49.17.060,and Chapter 39, Laws of 2011. 12-02-053 (Order 11-10), § 296-62-50055, filed 01/03/12, effective 01/01/14.]

WAC 296-62-600 Public health emergency reporting and notification requirements for infectious and contagious diseases.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-

600, filed 04/06/22, effective 04/06/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60.

22-01-047 (Order 21-31), § 296-62-600, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040,

RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-600, filed 12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

WAC 296-62-60001 Purpose and scope. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW

49.17.60. 22-09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-60001, filed 04/06/22, effective 04/06/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW

49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-31), § 296-62-60001, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-01-047 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-

60001, filed 12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

WAC 296-62-60002 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-

09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-60002, filed 04/06/22, effective 04/06/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040,

RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-11-047 (Order 21-31), § 296-62-60002, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-60002, filed

12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

WAC 296-62-60003 General guidelines. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW

49.17.60. 22-09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-60003, filed 04/06/22, effective 04/06/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW

49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-31), § 296-62-60003, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-01-047 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-

60003, filed 12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

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WAC 296-62-60004 Reporting requirements for outbreaks during a public health emergency. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-60004, filed 04/06/22,

effective 04/06/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order

21-31), § 296-62-60004, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050

and RCW 49.17.60. 22-01-47 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-60004, filed 12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

WAC 296-62-60005 Notification requirements related to potential exposures. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW

49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-60005, filed 04/06/22, effective 04/06/22.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-31), § 296-62-

60005, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW

49.17.60. 22-11-047 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-60005, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW

49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-11-047 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-60005, filed 12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

WAC 296-62-601 Public health emergency voluntary personal protective equipment usage. [Statutory Authority: RCW

49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-601, filed 04/06/22, effective

04/06/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-31), §

296-62-601, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW

49.17.60. 22-01-047 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-601, filed 12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

WAC 296-62-60101..Purpose and scope. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW

49.17.60. 22-09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-60101, filed 04/06/22, effective 04/06/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW

49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-31), § 296-62-60101, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-01-047 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-

60101, filed 12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

WAC 296-62-60102 Definitions. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-

09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-60102, filed 04/06/22, effective 04/06/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040,

RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-31), § 296-62-60103, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-01-047 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-60102, filed

12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.]

WAC 296-62-60103. Voluntary use of personal protective equipment requirements. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,

RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-09-003 (Order 22-09), § 296-62-60103, filed 04/06/22, effective 04/06/22.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 21-17-051 (Order 21-31), § 296-62-

60103, filed 08/10/21, effective 08/10/21. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW

49.17.60. 22-01-047 (Order 21-44), § 296-62-60103, filed 12/07/21, effective 12/07/21.

WAC 296-62-601 Purpose and scope. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW

49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-601, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW

49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-17-009 (Order 22-33), § 296-62-601, filed 08/04/22, effective 08/04/22.]

WAC 296-62-602 Definitions for WAC 296-62-601 through 296-62-606. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040,

RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-602, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority:

RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-17-009 (Order 22-33), § 296-62-602, filed 08/04/22,

effective 08/04/22.]

WAC 296-62-603 General guidelines. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW

49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-603, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW

49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-17-009 (Order 22-33), § 296-62-603, filed 08/04/22, effective 08/04/22.

WAC 296-62-604 Reporting requirements for outbreaks among covered employees during a public health emergency.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-

604, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60.

22-17-009 (Order 22-33), § 296-62-604, filed 08/04/22, effective 08/04/22.]

WAC 296-62-605 Notification requirements related to potential exposures for employers that are not health care facilities.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-

605, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60.

22-17-009 (Order 22-33), § 296-62-605, filed 08/04/22, effective 08/04/22.]

WAC 296-62-606 Notification requirements related to high risk exposures for employers that are health care facilities. .

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-

606, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60.

22-17-009 (Order 22-33), § 296-62-606, filed 08/04/22, effective 08/04/22.]

WAC 296-62-607 Purpose and scope for voluntary personal protective equipment usage. WAC 296-62-607 through 296-62-

609 provide requirements for employee voluntary use of personal protective equipment during a public health emergency,

consistent with RCW 49.17.485. These requirements apply to all employers in Washington state during a public health

emergency. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-

42), § 296-62-607, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and

RCW 49.17.60. 22-17-009 (Order 22-33), § 296-62-607, filed 08/04/22, effective 08/04/22.]

WAC 296-62-608 Definitions for WAC 296-62-607 through 296-62-609. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040,

RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-608, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority:

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RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-608, filed 12/2/22,

effective 12//2/22. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-17-009 (Order

22-33), § 296-62-608, filed 08/04/22, effective 08/04/22.]

WAC 296-62-609 Voluntary use of personal protective equipment requirements. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW

49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-24-060 (Order 22-42), § 296-62-609, filed 12/2/22, effective 12//2/22. Statutory

Authority: RCW 49.17.010, RCW 49.17.040, RCW 49.17.050 and RCW 49.17.60. 22-17-009 (Order 22-33), § 296-62-609, filed

08/04/22, effective 08/04/22.]